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decisions, and a 1994 decision officially narrowed it to sex acts that occurred in a public place or that involved a minor, the application of force, or a monetary transaction. Michigan now has separate statutes addressing all four aforementioned acts in statutes regarding indecent exposure, criminal
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Gross indecency between male persons was codified first, and the other two were made into laws later. Historically, the definition of gross indecency was unclear, and courts relied on nebulous notions such as the "common sense of society". The vagueness of the term allowed for adults who engaged in
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was the last person in Canada to be arrested, charged, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned for gross indecency for homosexuality before the decriminalization of homosexual acts in 1969; the reform was a direct result of the
Klippert case. In 1965 Everett George Klippert was interrogated by the
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police as part of an arson investigation in the
Northwest Territories. Klippert was arrested after admitting that he had had sex with other men. When psychiatrists determined that he was unlikely to stop having sex with men, he was declared a dangerous offender and sentenced to life in prison.
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Gross indecency between male persons of any age, in public or private, is a felony punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. Gross indecency is a lesser offence than sodomy, which is punishable by up to 14 years' imprisonment. LGBT rights activists are trying to repeal the law.
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pleaded guilty to the crime in 1952, the consequences of which led to his alleged suicide in 1954. Turing, who had been convicted of gross indecency for consensual, private homosexual acts, received a posthumous pardon in 2013. In 2017, under the
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148:, Canada's popular newsweekly, then printed an article sympathetic to homosexuals. This led to increasing calls to reform Canada's law on homosexuality. Klippert was released in 1971.
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A minor indictable offence, gross indecency carries a maximum term of imprisonment of three years for a first time offence, and five years for a subsequent offence.
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92:(1968–1969, section 7); however, all statutes that used the term were repealed in 1985 with an amendment to both the Criminal Code and the
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that currently has gross indecency statutes. Michigan has three types of gross indecency crimes, all of which are five-year felonies:
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consensual sex with no monetary transactions in the privacy of their own homes to be charged with the crime, and
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was charged and convicted of gross indecency in 1895. His trial and punishment is the subject of the 1997 play
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were particularly vulnerable to prosecution. Over time, the definition increasingly narrowed through
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sexual conduct (CSC), and prostitution; however, the gross indecency statutes remain in effect.
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88:(sections 206 (1906, 1927), 149 (1953–1954), 157 (1970), 161 (1985)) as well as in the
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Lesbian and gay liberation in Canada: a selected annotated chronology, 1964-1975
73:), which criminalized sexual acts between men, including those done in private.
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in some parts of the
English-speaking world, originally used to criminalize
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399:"Civil rights group launches challenge to Kenya's strict anti-gay laws"
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in 1885 and was carried forward in other statutes throughout the
576:"Viewpoint: Keep crying, Corvino - Michigan remains far behind"
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45:. The term was first used in British law in a statute of the
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Gross indecency statutes consequently spread throughout the
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Gross indecency is an indictable offence in the state of
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The gross indecency statutes have been criticized by
492:"Lexis Advance - Online Legal Research -LexisNexis"
467:"Gross indecency; between male and female persons"
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121:Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde
80:. Canada adopted the term in section 178 of the
21:Gross Indecency: The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde
301:"Men to be pardoned for abolished sex offences"
223:Gross indecency between male and female persons
368:"Kenya Penal Code, Sections 162, 163, and 165"
99:The United Kingdom later used the term in the
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331:: Toronto: ECW Press/Homewood Books, 1996:
612:1885 establishments in the United Kingdom
521:"Michigan Legislature - Section 750.335a"
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557:"Michigan Legislature - 328-1931-LXVII"
539:"Michigan Legislature - 328-1931-LXXVI"
417:"Gross indecency; between male persons"
84:in 1892. The term was also used in the
16:Any of various sexual criminal offenses
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220:Gross indecency between female persons
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496:litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com
217:Gross indecency between male persons
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442:"Gross indecency; female persons"
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105:Indecency with Children Act 1960
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71:Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885
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299:Craig, Jon (19 October 2016).
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627:Common law legal terminology
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103:and in section 1(1) of the
35:sexual activity between men
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90:Criminal Law Amendment Act
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350:"Acts of gross indecency"
283:www.constancebackhouse.ca
279:"Acts of Gross Indecency"
254:Outraging public decency
230:men who had sex with men
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101:Sexual Offences Act 1956
139:Everett George Klippert
561:www.legislature.mi.gov
543:www.legislature.mi.gov
525:www.legislature.mi.gov
234:Michigan Supreme Court
65:was first used in the
183:LGBT rights in Kenya
67:Labouchere Amendment
152:Current legislation
94:Canada Evidence Act
69:(section 11 of the
37:that fell short of
471:Legislature.MI.gov
446:Legislature.MI.gov
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47:British Parliament
19:For the play, see
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242:LGBT rights
128:Alan Turing
116:Oscar Wilde
43:penetration
622:Sex crimes
606:Categories
506:2018-07-23
384:2018-01-04
303:. Sky News
265:References
181:See also:
157:Australia
145:Maclean's
61:The term
248:See also
207:Michigan
197:Michigan
201:In the
57:History
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39:sodomy
378:(PDF)
371:(PDF)
211:state
177:Kenya
31:crime
29:is a
592:2017
478:2017
453:2017
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333:ISBN
309:2017
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