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45:
612:, the 7920H-10. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later. They arrived at their orbits around the Moon 25 hours apart. The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012. The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on December 17, 2012.
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from the other spacecraft and Earth-based facilities. By measuring the change in distance between the two spacecraft, the gravity field and geological structure of the Moon was obtained. The two spacecraft were able to detect very small changes in the distance between one another. Changes in distance
1367:
impacted moments later. Each spacecraft was traveling at 3,760 miles per hour (1.68 km/s). A final experiment was conducted during the final days of the mission. Main engines aboard the spacecraft were fired, depleting remaining fuel. Data from that effort will be used by mission planners to
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The data collection phase of the mission lasted from 7 March 2012 to 29 May 2012, for a total of 88 days. A second phase, at a lower altitude, of data collection began 31 August 2012, and was followed by 12 months of data analysis. On 5 December 2012 NASA released a gravity map of the Moon made from
1472:
discovered by Muller and
Sjogren. The strongest gravity anomalies are from basins filled with dense mare material, but the strong gravity also requires that the boundary between the crust and denser mantle be warped upward. Where the crust is thicker, there may be no mare fill but the crust-mantle
659:
managed the project. NASA budgeted US$ 496 million for the program to include spacecraft and instrument development, launch, mission operations, and science support. Upon launch the spacecraft were named GRAIL A and GRAIL B and a contest was opened to school children to select names. Nearly 900
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before looping back to rendezvous with the Moon. This extended and circuitous trajectory enabled the mission to reduce fuel requirements, protect instruments and reduce the velocity of the two spacecraft at lunar arrival to help achieve the extremely low 50 km (31 mi) orbits with
1155:
separation between the spacecraft (arriving 25 hours apart) of 175 to 225 km (109 to 140 mi). The very tight tolerances in the flight plan left little room for error correction leading to a launch window lasting one second and providing only two launch opportunities per day.
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and main engine to enable the spacecraft to enter lunar orbit and transition to the science phase of its mission. The propulsion subsystem consisted of a main fuel tank and a Re-repressurization system which were activated shortly after lunar orbit insertion.
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At the end of the science phase and a mission extension, the spacecraft were powered down and decommissioned over a five-day period. The spacecraft impacted the lunar surface on
December 17, 2012. Both spacecraft impacted an unnamed lunar mountain between
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Gravity passes through matter. In addition to surface mass, a high-resolution gravity field gives a blurred, but useful, look below the surface. Analyses of the GRAIL data have produced a series of scientific results for the Moon.
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This animation shows the last three orbits of the spacecraft, with views of the impact site. The impact occurs on the night side of a waxing crescent Moon, so the view shifts from a natural color Moon to a false-color elevation
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1306:
LRO flies over the north pole of the Moon, where it has a very good view of the GRAIL impact. The second part of this video is the view from LRO through LAMP's slit, showing the impact and the resulting
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The first student-requested MoonKam images were taken by Ebb from 2012 March 15–17 and downlinked to Earth March 20. More than 2,700 schools spanning 52 countries were using the MoonKAM cameras.
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A weather balloon was released minutes before the decision point to take the latest readings of upper level winds and Air Force weather reconnaissance aircraft were aloft beginning at 7 am.
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missions, which took three days to reach the Moon, GRAIL made use of a three- to four-month low-energy trans-lunar cruise well outside the Moon's orbit and passing near the Sun-Earth
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Flow's MoonKam camera captured LRO as it flew by at a distance of about 12 miles (20 km) on May 3. It's the first footage of a moon-orbiting robotic spacecraft taken by another one.
2008:
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1193:(for GRAIL-B). The initial lunar orbits were highly elliptical near-polar, and were later lowered to near-circular at about 25-86 km altitude with a period of about 114 minutes.
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The primary science phase of GRAIL lasted for 88 days, from 7 March 2012 to 29 May 2012. It was followed by a second science phase that ran from 8 Aug 2012 into early Dec 2012.
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classrooms from 45 states, Puerto Rico and the
District of Columbia, participated in the contest. The winning names, Ebb and Flow, were suggested by 4th grade students at
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to improve predictions of fuel needs for future missions. NASA has announced that the crash site will be named after GRAIL collaborator and first
American woman in space,
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Moon
Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students (MoonKAM). Each MoonKAM system (one per spacecraft) consists of a digital video controller and four camera heads.
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17:
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with fields of degree and order 420 and 660. Subsequent analyses have resulted in higher degree and order fields. Maps of the gravity field were made.
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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is the youngest and best-preserved impact basin on the Moon. The gravity field of this 3-ring basin was mapped at high resolution.
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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Long narrow linear features were found that are interpreted to be ancient tabular intrusions or dikes formed by magma.
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The resolution of the gravity field has improved by a large amount over pre-GRAIL results. Early analyses gave the
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2041:"The JPL lunar gravity field to spherical harmonic degree 660 from the GRAIL Primary Mission: GRAIL LUNAR GRAVITY"
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1988:
Gravity
Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission: Status at the Initiation of the Science Mapping Phase
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715:
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1985:
M. T. Zuber; D. E. Smith; S. W. Asmar; Alomon; A. S. Konopliv; F. G. Lemoine; et al. (19–23 March 2012).
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2716:
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4348:
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1960:
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608:) were launched on 10 September 2011 aboard a single launch vehicle: the most-powerful configuration of a
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An issue with the rocket's propulsion system was detected while the Delta 2 rocket was drained of fuel.
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The crustal density and porosity were determined. The crust was fragmented by large ancient impacts.
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3049:"Ancient Igneous Intrusions and Early Expansion of the Moon Revealed by GRAIL Gravity Gradiometry"
2205:
F. G. Lemoine; S. Goossens; T. J. Sabaka; J. B. Nicholas; E. Mazarico; et al. (28 May 2014).
1920:
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8148:
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6577:
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The spacecraft were operated over the 88-day acquisition phase, divided into three 27.3 day long
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3350:"Gravity field of the Orientale basin from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory Mission"
3047:
J. C. Andrews-Hanna; S. W. Asmar; J. W. Head; W. S. Kiefer; A. S. Konopliv; et al. (2013).
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7871:
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6720:
6666:
6629:
6429:
6403:
6358:
6114:
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5044:
4005:
3648:
3577:
3348:
M. T. Zuber; D. E. Smith; G. A. Neumann; S. Goossens; J. C. Andrews-Hanna; et al. (2016).
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2458:
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data gives the 3 principal moments of inertia. The moments indicate that a dense core is small.
1038:
914:
Range was reconfigured for omni antennae instead of tracked ones to support 99 degree azimuth.
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7017:
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5115:
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3161:
G. A. Neumann; M. T. Zuber; M. A. Wieczorek; J. W. Head; D. M. H. Baker; et al. (2015).
2919:"Gravity Field of the Moon from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) Mission"
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GRAIL data. The knowledge acquired will aid understanding of the evolutionary history of the
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3241:
3227:
3174:
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2930:
2218:
2174:
2112:
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F. G. Lemoine; S. Goossens; T. J. Sabaka; J. B. Nicholas; E. Mazarico; et al. (2013).
2052:
1885:
1519:
1403:– rectangular structure (visible – topography – GRAIL gravity gradients) (October 1, 2014).
3426:
2980:
M. A. Wieczorek; G. A. Neumann; F. Nimmo; W. S. Kiefer; G. J. Taylor; et al. (2013).
2917:
M. T. Zuber; D. E. Smith; M. M. Watkins; S. W. Asmar; A. S. Konopliv; et al. (2013).
8:
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3738:
3706:
3600:
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3112:
J. G. Williams; A. S. Konopliv; D. H. Boggs; R. S. Park; D. N. Yuan; et al. (2014).
2531:
2207:"GRGM900C: A degree 900 lunar gravity model from GRAIL primary and extended mission data"
2014:
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685:
585:
548:
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214:
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A. S. Konopliv; R. S. Park; D. N. Yuan; S. W. Asmar; M. M. Watkins; et al. (2014).
2116:
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A. S. Konopliv; R. S. Park; D. N. Yuan; S. W. Asmar; M. M. Watkins; et al. (2013).
1557:
8389:
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6512:
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6393:
6333:
6317:
6293:
5585:
5511:
5481:
5049:
4602:
4289:
3791:
3392:
3349:
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3163:"Lunar impact basins revealed by Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory measurements"
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3003:
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2163:"High-resolution lunar gravity fields from the GRAIL Primary and Extended Missions"
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665:
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2098:
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1054:
793:
Thrusters aboard each spacecraft were capable of producing 22 newtons (4.9 lb
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1200:-pointed mapping cycles. Twice each day there was an 8-hour pass in view of the
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Artist's interpretation of the GRAIL tandem spacecraft above the lunar surface.
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3015:
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1614:"Is XSS-11 the answer to America's quest for Operationally Responsive Space?"
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802:
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Spacecraft technicians close the payload fairing around GRAIL before launch.
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Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
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3138:
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1400:
721:
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3293:"GRAIL, LLR, and LOLA constraints on the interior structure of the Moon"
2073:
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NASA Science
Missions: GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)
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1984:
1878:"GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission"
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681:
672:
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8059:
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3291:
I. Matsuyama; F. Nimmo; J. T. Keane; N. H. Chan; et al. (2016).
2750:
798:
797:). Each spacecraft was fueled with 103.5 kilograms (228 lb) of
725:
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2436:
2333:
1815:"New NASA Mission to Reveal Moon's Internal Structure and Evolution"
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2500:
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778:(GRACE) instrument. 90% of the GRACE software was reused for GRAIL.
609:
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3439:
2856:
2295:
1742:"Montana Students Submit Winning Names for NASA Lunar Spacecraft"
1739:
1680:
1476:
The radius, density, and rigidity of interior layers is inferred.
767:
553:
169:
9017:
8996:
8951:
8844:
8710:
8585:
8506:
7957:
7843:
7838:
7458:
7438:
7424:
7400:
6801:
6732:
6229:
6094:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5225:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5064:
5059:
5054:
4937:
4781:
4715:
4710:
4692:
4423:
4376:
4371:
4343:
4255:
2835:
1171:
620:
2650:
1906:
1641:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space
Exploration, 1958–2016
592:
to determine its interior structure. The two small spacecraft
8902:
8780:
8706:
8626:
8529:
8441:
7921:
7515:
6825:
6598:
6557:
6348:
5195:
4607:
3638:
1711:"Bozeman class wins contest to name satellites orbiting moon"
1197:
1094:
379:
369:
5876:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
3456:
Behind The Scenes of My NASA GRAIL Experience – Day One (AM)
2101:"High‒degree gravity models from GRAIL primary mission data"
1177:
The orbital insertion dates were
December 31, 2011
978:
949:
922:
906:
892:
876:
862:
8502:
8313:
8187:
5920:
5383:
4857:
4226:
4167:
4149:
3491:
3421:
2866:
2724:
2693:
2660:
2594:
2564:
2305:
2271:
1992:
1991:. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Texas, USA:
1956:
1916:
1822:
1749:
1139:
1118:
1080:
652:
589:
468:
407:
81:
70:
3490:
3225:
2857:
D. C. Agle; D. C. Brown; S. McDonnell (13 December 2012).
1166:
The gravity mapping technique was similar to that used by
2296:
D. C. Agle; D. C. Brown; S. McDonnell (5 December 2012).
2261:
1740:
D. C. Brown; D. C. Agle; W. L. Mullen (17 January 2012).
963:
824:
8262:
2264:"NASA's GRAIL Moon Twins Begin Extended Mission Science"
44:
5889:
2653:"NASA GRAIL Returns First Student-Selected Moon Images"
1907:
D. C. Agle; D. C. Brown; C. McCall (31 December 2011).
707:
Understand the asymmetric thermal evolution of the Moon
131:
774:
Lunar
Gravity Ranging System (LGRS), derived from the
3427:
NASA GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)
2298:"NASA's GRAIL Creates Most Accurate Moon Gravity Map"
1204:
for transmission of science and "E/PO MoonKam" data.
1062:
trajectory from 10 September 2011 to 17 December 2012
4031:
2859:"NASA Probes Prepare for Mission-Ending Moon Impact"
2651:
D. C. Agle; D. C. Brown; C. McCall (22 March 2012).
1909:"First of NASA's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit"
1491:
1363:, the lead spacecraft in formation, impacted first.
4144:
1314:
3114:"Lunar interior properties from the GRAIL mission"
3040:
2459:"GRAIL (Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory)"
2007:
1427:Ancient rift valleys – closeup (artist's concept).
580:) was an American lunar science mission in NASA's
2831:"NASA Prepares To Crash Its Probes Into The Moon"
2804:"Twin NASA spacecraft prepare to crash into moon"
2587:"Flying Formation - Around the Moon at 3,600 MPH"
2395:"GRAIL: Mission Operations & Data Processing"
2360:
2358:
1850:"Moon-bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success"
730:Constrain the deep interior structure of the Moon
9127:
2893:"Moon Probes' Crash Site Named After Sally Ride"
2156:
2154:
2034:
2032:
1647:(second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
1170:(GRACE), and the spacecraft design was based on
688:of the Moon was mapped in unprecedented detail.
2779:"Twin NASA Probes to Crash into Moon Next Week"
2751:"Twin GRAIL probes readied for crash into Moon"
2525:
2523:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2328:
2326:
2200:
2198:
2094:
2092:
1812:
1708:
1611:
3284:
2973:
2451:
2387:
2355:
2262:D. C. Agle; Caroline McCall (31 August 2012).
1607:
1605:
1572:
8248:
7350:
7336:
5905:
5854:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
4130:
3476:
3105:
2796:
2717:"NASA GRAIL Twins Complete Their Moon Impact"
2617:
2615:
2421:
2151:
2029:
2005:
1847:
1548:"Delta II Set to Launch NASA's GRAIL Mission"
5834:List of species that have landed on the Moon
3219:
3154:
2850:
2708:
2678:
2644:
2578:
2520:
2476:
2323:
2289:
2255:
2195:
2089:
2009:"NASA to send probes smashing into the Moon"
1978:
1900:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1637:
720:Ascertain the temporal evolution of crustal
27:NASA orbiter mission to the Moon (2011–2012)
1999:
1940:
1938:
1806:
1602:
1185:(for GRAIL-A) and January 1, 2012
8255:
8241:
7343:
7329:
6284:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
5912:
5898:
4137:
4123:
3483:
3469:
3341:
2910:
2884:
2828:
2770:
2714:
2612:
2584:
2529:
1872:
1870:
146:1 year, 3 months and 7 days
43:
7178:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
3837:
3391:
3324:
3202:
3137:
3023:
2890:
2776:
2748:
2238:
2186:
2134:
2124:
2072:
1841:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1668:
957:0 days 23 hours 56 minutes
930:0 days 23 hours 17 minutes
3118:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2982:"The Crust of the Moon as Seen by GRAIL"
2686:"Spacecraft Pass Each Other at the Moon"
2105:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
2045:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
1935:
1209:
1108:
1100:
1053:
1037:Fire and smoke light up a blue sky as a
986:0 days 0 hours 39 minutes
900:0 days 0 hours 39 minutes
757:
619:
574:Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
563:
38:Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
18:Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
7263:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
4047:
3853:
3450:NASA 360 New Worlds New Discoveries 2/2
2822:
1867:
1702:
1168:Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
776:Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
733:Place limits on the size of the Moon's
14:
9128:
6051:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
5829:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1728:
1510:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1121:from 31 December 2011 to 30 April 2012
1044:Heavy rocket propels GRAIL into space.
710:Determine the subsurface structure of
8236:
7324:
6841:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
5893:
4118:
4030:
3836:
3506:
3505:
3464:
3226:P. M. Mueller; W. L. Sjogren (1968).
2557:"GRAIL (Ebb and Flow) - NASA Science"
2549:
2494:William Harwood (10 September 2011).
1631:
1542:
1540:
649:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7303:
5530:International Lunar Research Station
3228:"Mascons: Lunar Mass Concentrations"
2742:
2508:from the original on 4 November 2012
1813:Grey Hautaluoma (10 December 2007).
1612:Taylor Dinerman (31 December 2007).
684:were detectable and measurable. The
651:was GRAIL's principal investigator.
487:December 17, 2012, 22:29:21 UTC
426:December 17, 2012, 22:28:51 UTC
1848:Laura Dattaro (10 September 2011).
1768:
1709:Gail Schontzler (18 January 2012).
24:
5957:National Aeronautics and Space Act
4244:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
2496:"NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes"
2006:Emil Kolawole (17 December 2012).
1537:
814:
809:
745:and computations of lunar orbits.
25:
9197:
9171:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
8217:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
6911:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
6465:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
4096:indicates active current missions
3495:Planetary Missions Program Office
3412:
2409:from the original on 5 March 2012
1580:"The GRAIL Mission: A Fact Sheet"
1229:
662:Emily Dickinson Elementary School
626:Emily Dickinson Elementary School
364:1,788.0 km (1,111.0 mi)
9166:Spacecraft that orbited the Moon
8110:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
7302:
7291:
7290:
7206:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
6964:Space Flight Operations Facility
6150:Operations and Checkout Building
5849:Moon landing conspiracy theories
4033:Solar System Exploration program
3896:
3675:
1776:Delta II: The Industry Workhorse
1494:
1473:boundary is still warped upward.
1420:
1408:
1392:
1315:Final experiment and mission end
1290:
1268:
1250:
1238:
1158:
1049:
1030:
1023:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
1014:
1002:
762:Gravity map of the Moon by GRAIL
533:
238:September 10, 2011, 13:08:52.775
6425:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
5566:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
4102:indicate missions yet to launch
2829:Alex Knapp (14 December 2012).
2715:D. C. Agle (17 December 2012).
2366:"GRAIL: Spacecraft and Payload"
1884:. 19 March 2013. Archived from
1415:Ancient rift valleys – context.
697:Map the structure of the lunar
2891:Mike Wall (18 December 2012).
2777:Mike Wall (12 December 2012).
2749:Mike Wall (13 December 2012).
1787:(Report). 2010. Archived from
753:
114:
13:
1:
9146:Space probes launched in 2011
2530:Justin Ray (17 August 2011).
1530:
1245:Ebb and Flow's final moments.
788:
748:
691:
7444:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
7243:Space program on U.S. stamps
7168:Gemini and Apollo medallions
7118:Solar System Family Portrait
6894:Joint Polar Satellite System
6763:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
6017:Vision for Space Exploration
5987:Space Exploration Initiative
5864:List of crewed lunar landers
5824:List of missions to the Moon
5647:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
5606:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
5378:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
4693:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
4349:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
3297:Geophysical Research Letters
3254:10.1126/science.161.3842.680
2585:D. C. Agle (27 March 2012).
2211:Geophysical Research Letters
2167:Geophysical Research Letters
1515:List of missions to the Moon
1464:Combining gravity and lunar
7:
8207:List of Solar System probes
7238:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
7195:We choose to go to the Moon
7158:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
6716:International Space Station
6696:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
6435:Great Observatories program
6279:International Space Station
6257:Roscosmos State Corporation
6174:Science Mission Directorate
6120:Manned Space Flight Network
5706:International Lunar Network
2532:"GRAIL Launch Window Chart"
1487:
1257:GRAIL's final resting spot.
615:
201:132.6 kg (292 lb)
10:
9202:
7055:NASA cameras on spacecraft
6866:James Webb Space Telescope
6778:Solar Dynamics Observatory
5999:U.S. National Space Policy
1434:
1368:validate fuel consumption
781:Radio science beacon (RSB)
29:
9109:
9005:
8922:
8814:
8750:
8659:
8563:
8515:
8464:
8409:
8369:
8323:
8287:
8202:
8088:
7854:
7720:
7709:
7680:
7627:
7562:
7479:
7391:
7370:
7359:
7286:
7186:
7063:
6978:
6923:
6886:
6685:
6495:
6482:
6412:
6326:
6316:
6271:
6197:
6186:
6130:Vehicle Assembly Building
6038:
5937:
5927:
5872:
5801:
5667:
5624:
5558:
5549:
5474:
5449:
5400:
5368:
5292:
5283:
5114:
5032:
4952:
4866:
4754:
4701:
4521:
4512:List of Apollo astronauts
4461:
4452:
4432:
4416:
4390:
4314:
4305:
4156:
4089:
4043:
4039:
4026:
3958:
3912:
3905:
3894:
3849:
3845:
3832:
3754:
3691:
3684:
3673:
3624:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3436:– mission home page
2334:"GRAIL: Mission Overview"
1222:Footage of LRO by MoonKam
675:transmitted and received
657:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
624:Fourth grade students at
532:
528:
491:
483:
475:
467:
430:
422:
414:
406:
402:
398:
388:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
333:
329:
325:
317:
309:
304:
300:
296:
286:
276:
263:
250:
234:
229:
225:
221:
205:
197:
189:
175:
163:
158:
154:
150:
142:
126:
111:
91:
77:
66:
62:
54:
42:
8222:List of space telescopes
7201:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
7125:The Day the Earth Smiled
6460:Solar Terrestrial Probes
5919:
5809:Colonization of the Moon
1946:"GRAIL Launch Press Kit"
1105:GRAIL-transit-Earth-Moon
714:and the origin of lunar
584:which used high-quality
8982:Mars Science Laboratory
7258:Other primates in space
6970:Deep Space Atomic Clock
6790:Mars Science Laboratory
6578:Spitzer Space Telescope
6167:Lunar Sample Laboratory
6110:Launch Services Program
5859:Apollo 11 anniversaries
5696:European Lunar Explorer
4919:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
3376:10.1126/science.aag0519
3075:10.1126/science.1231753
3008:10.1126/science.1231530
2943:10.1126/science.1231507
2623:"GRAIL: Mission Design"
1715:Bozeman Daily Chronicle
1446:Gravitation of the Moon
1021:GRAIL awaits launch at
979:10 Sep 2011, 9:08:52 am
950:10 Sep 2011, 8:29:45 am
384:86 km (53 mi)
374:25 km (16 mi)
290:December 31, 2011 (Ebb)
9156:Destroyed space probes
7273:National Astronaut Day
7216:The Astronaut Monument
7038:Space Shuttle missions
6738:Mars Exploration Rover
6721:Hubble Space Telescope
6630:Kepler space telescope
6430:Earth Observing System
6404:Mars Exploration Rover
6115:Mercury Control Center
5045:Emirates Lunar Mission
3649:Moon Mineralogy Mapper
3187:10.1126/sciadv.1500852
2435:. 2010. Archived from
1784:United Launch Alliance
1586:. 2010. Archived from
1556:. 2011. Archived from
1553:United Launch Alliance
1457:Combining gravity and
1223:
1143:
1106:
1098:
1039:United Launch Alliance
923:9 Sep 2011, 8:33:25 am
893:8 Sep 2011, 9:16:12 am
863:8 Sep 2011, 8:37:06 am
763:
641:
569:
292:January 1, 2012 (Flow)
281:United Launch Alliance
242:2011-09-10UTC13:08:52Z
32:Grail (disambiguation)
8170:Peregrine Mission One
7714:(by termination date)
7489:Emirates Mars Mission
7364:(deep space missions)
7221:Lunar sample displays
7211:Space Mirror Memorial
7153:Voyager Golden Record
7045:United States rockets
6237: (with the
6145:Launch Control Center
5654:Lunar Orbital Station
5106:Peregrine Mission One
3839:New Frontiers program
3762:Enceladus Life Finder
2429:"About GRAIL MoonKAM"
1995:. GSFC.CP.00105.2012.
1638:Asif Siddiqi (2018).
1221:
1112:
1104:
1057:
761:
623:
567:
339:Reference system
159:Spacecraft properties
9151:Missions to the Moon
8271:Orbital launches in
8212:List of lunar probes
7799:Mars Global Surveyor
7711:Completed after 2000
6239:Soviet space program
6157:Johnson Space Center
6125:Kennedy Space Center
6088:spinoff technologies
5819:List of lunar probes
5814:Google Lunar X Prize
5763:Project Harvest Moon
4876:Lunar Roving Vehicle
4356:(relay satellite at
3317:10.1002/2016GL069952
3139:10.1002/2013JE004559
2231:10.1002/2014GL060027
2188:10.1002/2013GL059066
1953:solarsystem.nasa.gov
1794:on 30 September 2011
1520:Satellite gravimetry
1113:Animation of GRAIL-A
1058:Animation of GRAIL-A
964:10 Sep 2011, 8:21 am
632:who suggested names
476:Spacecraft component
415:Spacecraft component
30:For other uses, see
7361:Active space probes
7248:Apollo 17 Moon mice
7104:Pillars of Creation
7011:Space Shuttle crews
6489:(human and robotic)
6483:Individual featured
6066:Ranks and positions
5844:Apollo 17 Moon mice
5773:Resource Prospector
5701:First Lunar Outpost
5684:Baden-Württemberg 1
5640:Boeing Lunar Lander
4765:Apollo Lunar Module
4579:(propulsion module)
4544:Apollo Lunar Module
4146:Spacecraft missions
3739:Io Volcano Observer
3707:Titan Mare Explorer
3452:Retrieved 6/3/2011.
3440:MIT GRAIL Home Page
3368:2016Sci...354..438Z
3309:2016GeoRL..43.8365M
3246:1968Sci...161..680M
3179:2015SciA....1E0852N
3130:2014JGRE..119.1546W
3067:2013Sci...339..675A
3000:2013Sci...339..671W
2935:2013Sci...339..668Z
2223:2014GeoRL..41.3382L
2179:2014GeoRL..41.1452K
2117:2013JGRE..118.1676L
2057:2013JGRE..118.1415K
2015:The Washington Post
1923:on 25 February 2021
1888:on 11 February 2015
1829:on 24 February 2021
1756:on 25 February 2021
1560:on 1 September 2011
1459:Lunar Laser Ranging
1386:("Ocean of Storms")
1384:Oceanus Procellarum
1343: /
907:8 Sep 2011, 9:07 am
877:8 Sep 2011, 8:30 am
743:terrestrial planets
686:gravitational field
586:gravitational field
513:75.6504°N 33.1643°E
509: /
452:75.6083°N 33.4043°E
448: /
370:Periselene altitude
39:
8135:Hakuto-R Mission 1
7681:Interstellar space
7378:Parker Solar Probe
7050:NASA cancellations
6945:Deep Space Network
6935:Near Earth Network
6420:Living With a Star
6394:Project Prometheus
6374:Planetary Observer
5512:Cislunar Explorers
3792:Mars Geyser Hopper
3735:Mission 15 and 16
3432:2022-11-26 at the
2810:. 13 December 2012
2696:. 13 December 2012
2433:Sally Ride Science
2126:10.1002/jgre.20118
2065:10.1002/jgre.20097
1882:Spaceflight101.com
1584:Sally Ride Science
1502:Spaceflight portal
1224:
1202:Deep Space Network
1144:
1117:trajectory around
1107:
1099:
801:to be used by the
764:
642:
570:
380:Aposelene altitude
334:Orbital parameters
37:
9161:NASA space probes
9141:Discovery Program
9121:
9120:
8507:GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G
8230:
8229:
8198:
8197:
7705:
7704:
7510:2001 Mars Odyssey
7318:
7317:
7231:stolen or missing
7028:uncrewed missions
7006:Apollo astronauts
7001:Gemini astronauts
6919:
6918:
6703:2001 Mars Odyssey
6478:
6477:
6354:Mars Surveyor '98
6312:
6311:
6255: (with
6188:Human spaceflight
6182:
6181:
6140:Launch Complex 48
6135:Launch Complex 39
5887:
5886:
5733:Lunar Mission One
5690:#dearMoon project
5663:
5662:
5545:
5544:
5390:Lunar Trailblazer
5279:
5278:
4721:Moon Impact Probe
4448:
4447:
4112:
4111:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4061:JUICE instruments
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4013:
3892:
3891:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3714:Mission 13 and 14
3671:
3670:
3508:Discovery program
3362:(6311): 438–441.
3303:(16): 8365–8375.
3240:(3842): 680–684.
3061:(6120): 675–678.
2994:(6120): 671–675.
2929:(6120): 668–671.
2217:(10): 3382–3389.
1966:on 5 October 2012
1654:978-1-626-83043-1
1301:
1279:
1219:
1152:Lagrange point L1
998:
997:
933:rocket propulsion
819:All times are in
582:Discovery Program
562:
561:
541:Discovery program
321:December 17, 2012
16:(Redirected from
9193:
9176:2012 on the Moon
8968:Shiyan Weixing 4
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8881:
8856:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8234:
8233:
7718:
7717:
7368:
7367:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7322:
7321:
7306:
7305:
7294:
7293:
7132:Fallen Astronaut
6773:Van Allen Probes
6493:
6492:
6399:Mars Exploration
6324:
6323:
6195:
6194:
5963:Space Task Group
5935:
5934:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5556:
5555:
5506:Lunar Pathfinder
5290:
5289:
5186:Lunar Flashlight
4673:Lunar Prospector
4459:
4458:
4340:(service module)
4312:
4311:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
3910:
3909:
3900:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3689:
3688:
3679:
3543:Lunar Prospector
3523:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3167:Science Advances
3158:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3124:(7): 1546–1578.
3109:
3103:
3102:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3027:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2690:science.nasa.gov
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2561:science.nasa.gov
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2491:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2439:on 27 April 2010
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2173:(5): 1452–1458.
2158:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2136:2060/20140010292
2128:
2111:(8): 1676–1698.
2096:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2051:(7): 1415–1434.
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:. Archived from
1950:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1752:. Archived from
1737:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1618:The Space Review
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:on 28 April 2010
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1544:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1424:
1412:
1396:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1303:
1302:
1281:
1280:
1254:
1242:
1220:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1097:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1034:
1018:
1006:
980:
965:
960:high level winds
951:
924:
908:
903:high level winds
894:
878:
873:high level winds
864:
830:
829:
680:as small as one
666:Bozeman, Montana
630:Bozeman, Montana
537:
524:
523:
521:
520:
519:
518:75.6504; 33.1643
514:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
463:
462:
460:
459:
458:
457:75.6083; 33.4043
453:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
245:
243:
230:Start of mission
143:Mission duration
138:
135:
133:
116:
107:
101:
47:
40:
36:
21:
9201:
9200:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9192:
9191:
9190:
9181:Twin satellites
9136:LQ01 quadrangle
9126:
9125:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9105:
9101:Globalstar M092
9097:Globalstar M090
9093:Globalstar M086
9089:Globalstar M084
9085:Globalstar M082
9081:Globalstar M080
9001:
8918:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8869:Galileo-IOV FM2
8865:Galileo-IOV FM1
8852:
8841:Megha-Tropiques
8810:
8791:Atlantic Bird 7
8746:
8655:
8617:Globalstar M089
8613:Globalstar M081
8609:Globalstar M085
8605:Globalstar M091
8601:Globalstar M088
8597:Globalstar M083
8559:
8511:
8460:
8405:
8365:
8342:Johannes Kepler
8319:
8283:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8261:
8231:
8226:
8194:
8084:
8004:LISA Pathfinder
7850:
7713:
7701:
7676:
7623:
7558:
7475:
7387:
7363:
7355:
7349:
7319:
7314:
7282:
7182:
7173:Mission patches
7148:Pioneer plaques
7111:Mystic Mountain
7088:Family Portrait
7081:The Blue Marble
7065:
7059:
7033:Apollo missions
6974:
6926:
6915:
6882:
6687:
6681:
6518:Mercury-Atlas 6
6488:
6484:
6474:
6408:
6344:Mariner Mark II
6308:
6289:Commercial Crew
6267:
6190:
6178:
6162:Mission Control
6061:Astronaut Corps
6056:Chief Scientist
6034:
5939:
5923:
5918:
5888:
5883:
5868:
5839:Lunar resources
5797:
5669:
5659:
5620:
5551:
5541:
5470:
5445:
5396:
5364:
5285:
5275:
5110:
5102:(Chandrayaan-2)
5033:Failed landings
5028:
4948:
4924:(Chandrayaan-3)
4862:
4849:(Chandrayaan-3)
4750:
4697:
4648:Lunar Orbiter 1
4517:
4462:Crewed landings
4454:
4444:
4428:
4412:
4386:
4361:
4307:
4301:
4193:Lunar Precursor
4160:
4152:
4143:
4113:
4108:
4073:
4035:
4010:
3954:
3901:
3888:
3841:
3816:
3807:Phobos Surveyor
3767:Icebreaker Life
3750:
3680:
3667:
3620:
3538:Mars Pathfinder
3510:
3497:
3489:
3434:Wayback Machine
3415:
3410:
3409:
3346:
3342:
3289:
3285:
3224:
3220:
3173:(9): e1500852.
3159:
3155:
3110:
3106:
3045:
3041:
2978:
2974:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2536:Spaceflight Now
2528:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2492:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2260:
2256:
2203:
2196:
2159:
2152:
2097:
2090:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2004:
2000:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1481:Orientale basin
1437:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1370:computer models
1351:
1349:
1347:75.62°N 26.63°W
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1210:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1161:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1090:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1010:
1007:
817:
815:Launch attempts
812:
810:Mission profile
796:
791:
771:
756:
751:
694:
618:
588:mapping of the
558:
557:
551:
544:
517:
515:
511:
508:
503:
500:
498:
496:
495:
456:
454:
450:
447:
442:
439:
437:
435:
434:
360:Semi-major axis
291:
287:Entered service
258:
241:
239:
193:202.4 kg (each)
184:Lockheed Martin
182:
130:
121:
103:
102:
97:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9199:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9119:
9118:
9114:Crewed flights
9110:
9107:
9106:
9104:
9103:
9078:
9071:
9066:
9059:
9054:
9032:Pléiades-HR 1A
9029:
9024:
9015:
9009:
9007:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8979:
8974:
8965:
8958:
8949:
8940:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8919:
8917:
8916:
8911:
8909:Progress M-13M
8906:
8871:
8862:
8857:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8818:
8816:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8747:
8745:
8744:
8741:Progress M-12M
8737:
8730:
8725:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8669:
8663:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8624:
8619:
8594:
8589:
8573:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8545:Progress M-11M
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8519:
8517:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8500:
8495:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8458:
8456:Progress M-10M
8453:
8444:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8413:
8411:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8346:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8317:
8310:Progress M-09M
8307:
8302:
8297:
8295:Elektro-L No.1
8291:
8289:
8285:
8284:
8278:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8237:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8162:
8154:
8142:
8137:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8080:
8068:
8063:
8056:
8045:
8037:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8014:
8013:
8006:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7986:
7978:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7869:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7824:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7733:
7731:NEAR Shoemaker
7724:
7722:
7715:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7700:
7699:
7692:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7657:
7650:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7554:
7541:
7534:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7506:
7499:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7461:
7459:Tiandu 1 and 2
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7397:
7395:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7374:
7372:
7365:
7357:
7356:
7348:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7325:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7300:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7268:Astronauts Day
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7084:
7077:
7069:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7020:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6927:and navigation
6925:Communications
6921:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6905:Europa Clipper
6901:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6677:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6645:
6632:
6627:
6620:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6596:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6480:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6359:New Millennium
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6247:
6242:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6201:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5984:
5978:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5947:
5945:
5932:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5894:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Lunar Observer
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
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4906:
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4707:
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4690:
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4405:
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4364:
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4351:
4346:
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4335:
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4309:
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4299:
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4260:
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4141:
4134:
4127:
4119:
4110:
4109:
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4106:
4103:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4068:Europa Clipper
4064:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4037:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3942:
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3935:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
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3741:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
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3710:
3709:
3704:
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3682:
3681:
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3672:
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3668:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3533:NEAR Shoemaker
3529:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3424:
3419:GRAIL: Mission
3414:
3413:External links
3411:
3408:
3407:
3340:
3283:
3218:
3153:
3104:
3039:
2972:
2909:
2883:
2849:
2821:
2795:
2769:
2741:
2707:
2677:
2643:
2611:
2577:
2548:
2519:
2475:
2450:
2420:
2386:
2354:
2322:
2288:
2254:
2194:
2150:
2088:
2028:
1998:
1977:
1934:
1899:
1866:
1840:
1805:
1767:
1727:
1701:
1667:
1653:
1630:
1601:
1571:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1436:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1316:
1313:
1305:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:Terminal phase
1228:
1160:
1157:
1148:Apollo program
1127: GRAIL-A
1068: GRAIL-A
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
984:
981:
976:
972:
971:
969:
966:
961:
958:
955:
952:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
925:
920:
916:
915:
912:
909:
904:
901:
898:
895:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
874:
871:
868:
865:
860:
856:
855:
852:
851:Weather go (%)
849:
848:Decision point
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
816:
813:
811:
808:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
779:
769:
755:
752:
750:
747:
738:
737:
731:
728:
718:
708:
705:
693:
690:
617:
614:
560:
559:
552:
546:
545:
538:
530:
529:
526:
525:
493:
489:
488:
485:
481:
480:
477:
473:
472:
465:
464:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
366:
365:
362:
356:
355:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
305:End of mission
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
284:
283:
278:
274:
273:
268:Cape Canaveral
265:
261:
260:
252:
248:
247:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:Li-ion battery
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
128:
124:
123:
118:
109:
108:
95:
89:
88:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
63:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9198:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9124:
9115:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9076:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9063:Soyuz TMA-03M
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9013:Compass-IGSO5
9011:
9010:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8972:Chuang Xin 1C
8969:
8966:
8964:
8963:
8959:
8957:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8921:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8898:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8855:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8826:GLONASS-M 742
8823:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8786:IGS Optical 4
8784:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8756:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8743:
8742:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8734:Shijian XI-04
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8658:
8652:
8651:Shijian XI-02
8649:
8647:
8646:Compass-IGSO4
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8592:Tianlian I-02
8590:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8572:
8571:Shijian XI-03
8569:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8525:
8524:Soyuz TMA-02M
8521:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8434:Resourcesat-2
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8424:Compass-IGSO3
8422:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8322:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8292:
8290:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8266:
8258:
8253:
8251:
8246:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8153:
8151:
8146:
8145:Chandrayaan-3
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8111:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8079:
8077:
8072:
8071:Chandrayaan-2
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7979:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7928:Venus Express
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7834:Chandrayaan-1
7832:
7830:
7829:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7679:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7656:
7655:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7629:Minor planets
7626:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7563:Other planets
7561:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7411:Chandrayaan-2
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7390:
7384:
7383:Solar Orbiter
7381:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7351:21st-century
7346:
7341:
7339:
7334:
7332:
7327:
7326:
7323:
7311:
7310:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7279:
7278:Nikon NASA F4
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:NASA insignia
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7143:Lunar plaques
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7095:Pale Blue Dot
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7062:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7023:NASA missions
7021:
7019:
7018:NASA aircraft
7016:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:Space Network
6938:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6922:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:Space Shuttle
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6487:
6481:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:New Frontiers
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Lunar Orbiter
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6305:
6304:Lunar Gateway
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6263:Constellation
6261:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6246:
6245:Space Shuttle
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6083:NASA research
6081:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6030:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5666:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5548:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5311:Lunar Gateway
5308:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5282:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5191:Lunar IceCube
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4954:Sample return
4951:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4577:Chandrayaan-3
4575:
4573:
4572:Chandrayaan-1
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:Chandrayaan-2
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Lunar Orbiter
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
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3911:
3908:
3904:
3899:
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3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3858:
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3852:
3848:
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3840:
3835:
3831:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
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3780:
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3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
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3722:
3720:
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3716:
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3712:
3708:
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3486:
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3479:
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3467:
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3463:
3457:
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3420:
3417:
3416:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
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2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2632:
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2618:
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2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2537:
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2526:
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2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2490:
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2486:
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2482:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:"About GRAIL"
1676:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1492:
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1478:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
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1443:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:75.62; -26.63
1327:
1323:
1253:
1241:
1227:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:Science phase
1156:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1056:
1050:Transit phase
1043:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
999:
994:
992:
990:
988:
985:
982:
977:
974:
973:
970:
967:
962:
959:
956:
953:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
921:
918:
917:
913:
910:
905:
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899:
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872:
869:
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844:
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838:
835:
832:
831:
828:
826:
822:
807:
804:
800:
783:
780:
777:
773:
766:
765:
760:
746:
744:
736:
732:
729:
727:
723:
719:
717:
713:
712:impact basins
709:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
566:
556: →
555:
550:
547:←
543:
542:
536:
531:
527:
522:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
344:
343:Selenocentric
341:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
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269:
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256:
253:
249:
237:
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228:
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196:
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185:
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157:
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137:
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119:
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100:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
9123:
9113:
9073:
9061:
9057:NigComSat-1R
8962:Soyuz TMA-22
8960:
8836:Eutelsat 16A
8767:Zhongxing-1A
8739:
8732:
8728:Ekspress-AM4
8703:NigeriaSat-X
8699:NigeriaSat-2
8575:
8522:
8481:
8418:Soyuz TMA-21
8416:
8376:
8348:
8341:
8175:
8157:
8149:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8075:
8058:
8051:
8025:
8008:
7993:Schiaparelli
7991:
7981:
7973:
7967:
7950:
7943:
7934:Chang'e 5-T1
7926:
7909:
7899:
7887:
7875:
7864:
7826:
7809:
7797:
7785:
7773:
7761:
7754:
7747:
7737:Deep Space 1
7735:
7694:
7687:
7661:New Horizons
7659:
7652:
7641:
7611:
7597:
7583:
7569:
7550:Perseverance
7549:
7536:
7529:
7508:
7503:Mars Express
7501:
7425:
7353:space probes
7308:
7296:
7130:
7123:
7117:
7109:
7102:
7093:
7086:
7079:
7072:
6903:
6852:Perseverance
6851:
6813:
6806:
6783:
6743:
6726:
6710:New Horizons
6708:
6701:
6694:
6667:
6659:
6635:
6623:
6616:
6603:
6591:
6583:
6562:
6544:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6251:
6235:Apollo–Soyuz
5877:
5728:Lunar Lander
5715:
5688:
5676:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5532:(late 2020s)
5358:Artemis VIII
5356:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5136:Chang'e 5-T1
5128:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4763:
4597:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4338:Chang'e 5-T1
4251:South Korean
4099:
4093:
4066:
4059:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3862:New Horizons
3860:
3702:Comet Hopper
3660:
3653:
3631:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3582:
3359:
3353:
3343:
3326:10150/621595
3300:
3296:
3286:
3237:
3231:
3221:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3058:
3052:
3042:
2991:
2985:
2975:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2863:jpl.nasa.gov
2862:
2852:
2840:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2807:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2754:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2721:jpl.nasa.gov
2720:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2689:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2657:jpl.nasa.gov
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2627:moon.mit.edu
2626:
2602:. Retrieved
2591:jpl.nasa.gov
2590:
2580:
2570:10 September
2568:. Retrieved
2560:
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:
2512:11 September
2510:. Retrieved
2499:
2466:. Retrieved
2463:eoPortal.org
2462:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2432:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2399:moon.mit.edu
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2370:moon.mit.edu
2369:
2347:10 September
2345:. Retrieved
2338:moon.mit.edu
2337:
2313:. Retrieved
2302:jpl.nasa.gov
2301:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2268:jpl.nasa.gov
2267:
2257:
2214:
2210:
2170:
2166:
2108:
2104:
2074:1721.1/85858
2048:
2044:
2019:. Retrieved
2013:
2001:
1987:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1961:the original
1952:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
1912:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1881:
1857:. Retrieved
1854:EarthSky.org
1853:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1818:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1789:the original
1782:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:the original
1745:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1685:moon.mit.edu
1684:
1658:. Retrieved
1640:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1617:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1583:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1551:
1438:
1401:rift valleys
1364:
1360:
1318:
1225:
1206:
1195:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1145:
1130:
1085:
1071:
818:
792:
739:
670:
643:
637:
633:
605:
601:
597:
593:
577:
573:
571:
568:MoonKAM shot
539:
176:Manufacturer
84: /
67:Mission type
9027:IGS Radar 3
8992:Kosmos 2478
8943:Fobos-Grunt
8938:Kosmos 2477
8934:Kosmos 2476
8930:Kosmos 2475
8849:VesselSat-1
8831:Intelsat 18
8822:Kosmos 2474
8772:Kosmos 2473
8719:AprizeSat-6
8715:AprizeSat-5
8690:Hai Yang 2A
8550:Kosmos 2472
8540:ChinaSat 10
8498:Telstar 14R
8382:Explorer-1
8361:Kosmos 2471
8331:Kosmos 2470
8305:Kounotori 2
8066:Longjiang-2
8052:Opportunity
8033:Longjiang-1
7911:Deep Impact
7571:BepiColombo
7138:Deep fields
7066:and artwork
7064:NASA images
6636:Opportunity
6105:NASA Social
5931:and history
5758:OrbitBeyond
5668:Cancelled /
5536:Argonaut M1
5494:Beresheet 2
5482:Hakuto-R M2
5350:Artemis VII
5318:Artemis III
5156:Longjiang-1
5050:Hakuto-R M1
4613:Longjiang-2
4588:Explorer 35
4232:Chandrayaan
4158:Exploration
3698:Mission 12
3625:Opportunity
3568:Deep Impact
2902:18 February
2876:18 February
2842:15 December
2814:14 December
2788:18 February
2762:18 February
2734:18 December
2541:9 September
2413:14 December
1720:18 December
1660:30 November
1564:2 September
1350: /
1146:Unlike the
754:Instruments
722:brecciation
703:lithosphere
645:Maria Zuber
516: /
492:Impact site
484:Impact date
455: /
431:Impact site
423:Impact date
394:113 minutes
353:Polar orbit
264:Launch site
235:Launch date
211:Solar array
190:Launch mass
9186:Gravimetry
9130:Categories
9075:Meridian 5
8956:Tian Xun-1
8914:Shenzhou 8
8879:AubieSat-1
8806:QuetzSat 1
8801:Tiangong-1
8777:Arabsat 5C
8680:JCSAT-110R
8472:Meridian 4
8178:helicopter
8117:Mangalyaan
7749:Pioneer 10
7667:OSIRIS-REx
7648:MINERVA-II
7226:Moon rocks
6986:Astronauts
6979:NASA lists
6836:OSIRIS-REx
6670:helicopter
6538:Pioneer 11
6531:Pioneer 10
6334:Hitchhiker
6209:suborbital
6046:Space Race
5768:Prospector
5743:Lunokhod 3
5616:Moon Diver
5611:McCandless
5524:MoonRanger
5342:Artemis VI
5326:Artemis IV
5303:Artemis II
5201:Mariner 10
5090:Surveyor 2
5085:OMOTENASHI
4904:Lunokhod 1
4822:Surveyor 1
4583:Clementine
3959:Candidates
3944:Mission 4
3929:Mission 3
3919:Mission 2
3876:OSIRIS-REx
3797:Moon Diver
3755:Candidates
2468:3 December
1760:18 January
1531:References
1466:Topography
1374:Sally Ride
1189:2012-01-01
1181:2011-12-31
842:Turnaround
789:Propulsion
749:Spacecraft
735:inner core
692:Objectives
682:micrometre
673:spacecraft
504:33°09′51″E
501:75°39′01″N
443:33°24′15″E
440:75°36′30″N
318:Decay date
277:Contractor
9069:Ziyuan-1C
8997:Yaogan 13
8986:Curiosity
8977:AsiaSat 7
8952:Yaogan 12
8947:Yinghuo-1
8751:September
8685:Paksat-1R
8582:Raffaello
8447:Yahsat 1A
8176:Ingenuity
8099:Chang'e 5
8060:Beresheet
7945:MESSENGER
7822:Chang'e 1
7696:Voyager 2
7689:Voyager 1
7643:Hayabusa2
7637:Chang'e 2
7544:Mars 2020
7538:Tianwen-1
7530:Curiosity
7464:Chang'e 6
7454:Queqiao 2
7434:Chang'e 5
7421:Chang'e 4
7416:Chang'e 3
7253:Moon tree
7074:Earthrise
6949:Goldstone
6846:Mars 2020
6815:Voyager 2
6808:Voyager 1
6744:Curiosity
6688:operating
6686:Currently
6668:Ingenuity
6605:MESSENGER
6584:Sojourner
6513:Mercury 3
6503:Apollo 11
6450:Discovery
6440:Explorers
6029:Augustine
5993:Augustine
5783:Ukrselena
5633:DSE-Alpha
5591:Garatéa-L
5581:Blue Moon
5576:Artemis-7
5500:ispace M3
5465:Chang'e 8
5459:Chang'e 7
5402:Luna-Glob
5334:Artemis V
5216:Pioneer 4
5206:NEA Scout
5181:LunaH-Map
5130:Apollo 13
5040:Beresheet
5019:Chang'e 5
4963:Apollo 11
4882:Apollo 15
4772:Chang'e 5
4703:Impactors
4557:Chang'e 1
4552:Artemis I
4470:Apollo 11
4398:Chang'e 3
4354:Queqiao 1
4268:Luna-Glob
4094:Underline
3913:Finalists
3906:Proposals
3883:Dragonfly
3692:Finalists
3685:Proposals
3563:MESSENGER
3384:0036-8075
3262:0036-8075
3195:2375-2548
3083:0036-8075
3016:0036-8075
2967:206545934
2951:0036-8075
2897:Space.com
2783:Space.com
2145:2169-9097
1970:31 August
1927:1 January
1833:31 August
1623:31 August
1322:Philolaus
927:abandoned
803:thrusters
799:hydrazine
726:magmatism
677:telemetry
313:Deorbited
246: UTC
105:2011-046B
99:2011-046A
93:COSPAR ID
9006:December
8923:November
8860:ViaSat-1
8796:TacSat-4
8672:Astra 1N
8641:Spektr-R
8631:KazSat-2
8451:New Dawn
8438:YouthSat
8355:Leonardo
8324:February
7889:Stardust
7866:Hayabusa
7585:Akatsuki
7406:CAPSTONE
7297:Category
6959:Canberra
6871:timeline
6859:timeline
6795:timeline
6751:timeline
6648:observed
6643:timeline
6611:Aquarius
6551:timeline
6524:Magellan
6486:missions
6384:Surveyor
6320:programs
6250:Shuttle–
6191:programs
6023:Aldridge
5942:creation
5778:SELENE-2
5753:MoonRise
5748:MoonLITE
5670:concepts
5596:ISOCHRON
5552:missions
5550:Proposed
5286:missions
5221:Ranger 5
4853:EagleCam
4726:Ranger 4
4530:Apollo 8
4522:Orbiters
4455:missions
4440:ArgoMoon
4372:Tiandu-1
4327:CAPSTONE
4315:Orbiters
4308:missions
4290:Lunokhod
4239:Japanese
4208:Surveyor
4168:American
4161:programs
4048:Missions
3933:MoonRise
3923:MoonRise
3854:Missions
3772:ISOCHRON
3633:ASPERA-3
3548:Stardust
3519:Missions
3430:Archived
3402:27789835
3335:36834256
3278:40110502
3270:17801458
3213:26601317
3099:18004181
3091:23223393
3034:23223394
2959:23223395
2808:Phys.org
2756:NBC News
2506:Archived
2501:CBS News
2443:15 April
2407:Archived
2249:26074638
2083:16559256
1913:nasa.gov
1819:nasa.gov
1798:2 August
1746:nasa.gov
1694:12 March
1594:15 April
1525:Selenoid
1488:See also
1399:Ancient
1042:Delta II
954:scrubbed
897:scrubbed
867:scrubbed
616:Overview
610:Delta II
471:impactor
410:impactor
310:Disposal
257:7920H-10
255:Delta II
198:Dry mass
78:Operator
73:orbiters
9052:ELISA 4
9048:ELISA 3
9044:ELISA 2
9040:ELISA 1
9022:Luch 5A
8897:M-Cubed
8815:October
8762:GRAIL-B
8758:GRAIL-A
8676:BSAT-3c
8636:USA-232
8622:GSAT-12
8577:STS-135
8555:USA-231
8535:Rasad 1
8483:STS-134
8477:USA-230
8429:USA-229
8401:USA-227
8396:USA-226
8386:KySat-1
8350:STS-133
8336:USA-225
8300:USA-224
8288:January
8158:Zhurong
8150:Pragyan
8140:Luna 25
8124:InSight
8076:Pragyan
8010:Cassini
7989:ExoMars
7969:Rosetta
7952:PROCYON
7828:Ulysses
7811:Phoenix
7787:Huygens
7775:Genesis
7756:Galileo
7618:Jupiter
7605:Jupiter
7577:Mercury
7494:ExoMars
7469:ICUBE-Q
7449:Queqiao
7401:ARTEMIS
7309:Commons
7187:Related
6996:by year
6991:by name
6768:GOES 15
6758:GOES 14
6675:flights
6661:InSight
6617:Cassini
6545:Galileo
6470:SIMPLEx
6445:Voyager
6413:Current
6369:Pioneer
6339:Mariner
6318:Robotic
6299:Artemis
6272:Current
6215:Mercury
6207: (
6100:NASA TV
6039:General
5938:History
5878:italics
5802:Related
5723:Lunar-A
5601:LunaNet
5559:Robotic
5526:(2020s)
5520:(2020s)
5514:(2020s)
5488:DESTINY
5442:(2030s)
5440:Luna 31
5436:(2030s)
5434:Luna 30
5430:(2030s)
5428:Luna 29
5422:Luna 28
5416:Luna 27
5410:Luna 26
5386:(2025)
5294:Artemis
5284:Planned
5146:Galileo
5141:Geotail
5004:Luna 16
4944:Jinchan
4756:Landers
4688:SMART-1
4618:Luna 10
4391:Landers
4382:ICUBE-Q
4334:Orbiter
4322:ARTEMIS
4263:Russian
4220:Chang'e
4215:Chinese
4198:Pioneer
4178:Artemis
4148:to the
4100:Italics
3986:Oceanus
3971:CORSAIR
3812:Whipple
3744:Trident
3729:VERITAS
3719:DAVINCI
3655:Strofio
3615:DAVINCI
3608:VERITAS
3588:InSight
3558:CONTOUR
3553:Genesis
3393:7462089
3364:Bibcode
3355:Science
3305:Bibcode
3242:Bibcode
3233:Science
3204:4646831
3175:Bibcode
3148:7045590
3126:Bibcode
3063:Bibcode
3054:Science
3025:6693503
2996:Bibcode
2987:Science
2931:Bibcode
2923:Science
2700:24 July
2670:24 July
2636:24 July
2604:24 July
2379:24 July
2315:21 July
2281:21 July
2240:4459205
2219:Bibcode
2175:Bibcode
2113:Bibcode
2053:Bibcode
2021:24 July
1892:23 July
1859:23 July
1470:mascons
1435:Results
1382:Moon –
1338:26°38′W
1335:75°37′N
1326:Mouchez
1187: (
1179: (
983:Success
836:Planned
833:Attempt
716:mascons
647:of the
602:GRAIL B
594:GRAIL A
554:InSight
271:SLC-17B
240: (
127:Website
113:SATCAT
9018:Amos-5
8891:DICE-2
8885:DICE-1
8845:SRMSAT
8711:EduSAT
8695:Sich 2
8660:August
8586:PSSC-2
8488:AMS-02
8390:Hermes
8280:2012 →
8265:← 2010
8021:MASCOT
7975:Philae
7958:IKAROS
7876:Spirit
7844:LCROSS
7839:SELENE
7763:Nozomi
7672:Psyche
7439:Danuri
7426:Yutu-2
6954:Madrid
6887:Future
6802:NuSTAR
6733:THEMIS
6655:RHESSI
6592:Spirit
6389:Viking
6379:Ranger
6230:Skylab
6225:Apollo
6220:Gemini
6078:Budget
6031:(2009)
6025:(2004)
6019:(2004)
6013:(2003)
6007:(2002)
6005:CFUSAI
6001:(1996)
5995:(1990)
5989:(1989)
5983:(1987)
5977:(1986)
5975:Rogers
5971:(1986)
5965:(1958)
5959:(1958)
5953:(1915)
5929:Policy
5678:Altair
5625:Crewed
5538:(2031)
5508:(2026)
5502:(2026)
5496:(2025)
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