129:
113:
428:
245:. Since the theory of tunneling two-level states (TLSs) does not address the origin of the density of TLSs, this theory cannot explain the universality of internal friction, which in turn is proportional to the density of scattering TLSs. The theoretical significance of this important and unsolved problem was highlighted by
601:
The occurrence of amorphous phases turned out to be a phenomenon of particular interest for the studying of thin-film growth. The growth of polycrystalline films is often used and preceded by an initial amorphous layer, the thickness of which may amount to only a few nm. The most investigated example
339:
technique is performed in transmission electron microscopes capable of reaching sub-Angstrom resolution. A collection of 2D images taken at numerous different tilt angles is acquired from the sample in question, and then used to reconstruct a 3D image. After image acquisition, a significant amount of
302:
diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and diffuse peaks. As a result, detailed analysis and complementary techniques are required to extract real space structural information from the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials. It is useful to obtain
307:
analysis can be performed on diffraction data to determine the probability of finding a pair of atoms separated by a certain distance. Another type of analysis that is done with diffraction data of amorphous materials is radial distribution function analysis, which measures the number of atoms found
289:
Due to the lack of long-range order, standard crystallographic techniques are often inadequate in determining the structure of amorphous solids. A variety of electron, X-ray, and computation-based techniques have been used to characterize amorphous materials. Multi-modal analysis is very common for
120:
Amorphous materials have an internal structure of molecular-scale structural blocks that can be similar to the basic structural units in the crystalline phase of the same compound. Unlike in crystalline materials, however, no long-range regularity exists: amorphous materials cannot be described by
351:
is another transmission electron microscopy based technique that is sensitive to the medium range order of amorphous materials. Structural fluctuations arising from different forms of medium range order can be detected with this method. Fluctuation electron microscopy experiments can be done in
1880:
Hsieh, Yi-Ling; Ilevbare, Grace A.; Van
Eerdenbrugh, Bernard; Box, Karl J.; Sanchez-Felix, Manuel Vincente; Taylor, Lynne S. (2012-05-12). "pH-Induced Precipitation Behavior of Weakly Basic Compounds: Determination of Extent and Duration of Supersaturation Using Potentiometric Titration and
340:
processing must be done to correct for issues such as drift, noise, and scan distortion. High quality analysis and processing using atomic electron tomography results in a 3D reconstruction of an amorphous material detailing the atomic positions of the different species that are present.
606:
to grow out of the amorphous phase only after the latter has exceeded a certain thickness, the precise value of which depends on deposition temperature, background pressure, and various other process parameters. The phenomenon has been interpreted in the framework of
1204:
Yang, Yao; Zhou, Jihan; Zhu, Fan; Yuan, Yakun; Chang, Dillan J.; Kim, Dennis S.; Pham, Minh; Rana, Arjun; Tian, Xuezeng; Yao, Yonggang; Osher, Stanley J.; Schmid, Andreas K.; Hu, Liangbing; Ercius, Peter; Miao, Jianwei (March 31, 2021).
229:
On the phenomenological level, many of these properties were described by a collection of tunneling two-level systems. Nevertheless, the microscopic theory of these properties is still missing after more than 50 years of the research.
273:; nevertheless, relaxation at the surface, along with interfacial effects, distorts the atomic positions and decreases structural order. Even the most advanced structural characterization techniques, such as
2143:
1474:
1573:
Movchan, B. A.; Demchishin, A. V. (1969). "Study of the
Structure and Properties of Thick Vacuum Condensates of Nickel, Titanium, Tungsten, Aluminium Oxide and Zirconium Dioxide".
474:
Amorphous solids typically exhibit higher localization of heat carriers compared to crystalline, giving rise to low thermal conductivity. Products for thermal protection, such as
364:
Simulation and modeling techniques are often combined with experimental methods to characterize structures of amorphous materials. Commonly used computational techniques include
179:
At very low temperatures (below 1-10 K), large family of amorphous solids have various similar low-temperature properties. Although there are various theoretical models, neither
551:
than their crystalline counterparts as a result of the higher solubility of the amorphous phase. However, certain compounds can undergo precipitation in their amorphous form
515:
etc. (and combinations of these) in most cases consist of amorphous phases of these compounds. Much research is carried out into thin amorphous films as a gas separating
1989:
Magnuson, Martin; Andersson, Matilda; Lu, Jun; Hultman, Lars; Jansson, Ulf (2012). "Electronic
Structure and Chemical Bonding of Amorphous Chromium Carbide Thin Films".
412:), which is the ratio of deposition temperature to melting temperature. According to these models, a necessary condition for the occurrence of amorphous phases is that (
667:
Experimental studies of the phenomenon require a clearly defined state of the substrate surface—and its contaminant density, etc.—upon which the thin film is deposited.
649:
In the case of a hydrogenated amorphous silicon, the missing long-range order between silicon atoms is partly induced by the presence of hydrogen in the percent range.
401:
thickness that are deposited onto a substrate. So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the microstructure of thin films as a function of the
319:
is an atomic scale probe making it useful for studying materials lacking in long range order. Spectra obtained using this method provide information on the
463:
69:" and "glassy solid" are sometimes used synonymously with amorphous solid; however, these terms refer specifically to amorphous materials that undergo a
237:
quantity of internal friction is nearly universal in these materials. This quantity is a dimensionless ratio (up to a numerical constant) of the phonon
308:
at varying radial distances away from an arbitrary reference atom. From these techniques, the local order of an amorphous material can be elucidated.
1603:
Thornton, John A. (1974), "Influence of
Apparatus Geometry and Deposition Conditions on the Structure and Topography of Thick Sputtered Coatings",
184:
640:
For higher values, the surface diffusion of deposited atomic species would allow for the formation of crystallites with long-range atomic order.
1187:
1932:
Dengale, Swapnil Jayant; Grohganz, Holger; Rades, Thomas; Löbmann, Korbinian (May 2016). "Recent
Advances in Co-amorphous Drug Formulations".
450:
made by Buckel and Hilsch. The superconductivity of amorphous metals, including amorphous metallic thin films, is now understood to be due to
2110:
1700:
Baggioli, Matteo; Setty, Chandan; Zaccone, Alessio (2020). "Effective Theory of
Superconductivity in Strongly Coupled Amorphous Materials".
210:. From 1970s, low-temperature properties of amorphous solids were studied experimentally in great detail. For all of these substances,
1340:"Synchrotron X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction, Total Scattering, and Small-Angle Scattering Techniques for Rechargeable Battery Research"
608:
720:"True intrinsic mechanical behaviour of semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers: Influences of volume deformation and cavities shape"
353:
1605:
303:
diffraction data from both X-ray and neutron sources as they have different scattering properties and provide complementary data.
1162:
Goldstein, Joseph I.; Newbury, Dale E.; Michael, Joseph R.; Ritchie, Nicholas W. M.; Scott, John Henry J.; Joy, David C. (2018).
981:
Anderson, P.W.; Halperin, B.I.; Varma, C.M (1972). "Anomalous low-temperature thermal properties of glasses and spin glasses".
602:
is represented by the unoriented molecules of thin polycrystalline silicon films. Wedge-shaped polycrystals were identified by
2257:
1552:
1076:
957:
906:
777:
702:
932:
Low-Temperature
Thermal and Vibrational Properties of Disordered Solids. A Half-Century of Universal "Anomalies" of Glasses
611:
of stages that predicts the formation of phases to proceed with increasing condensation time towards increasing stability.
139:
Although amorphous materials lack long range order, they exhibit localized order on small length scales. By convention,
1171:
2089:
628:
603:
278:
1856:
1092:
Pohl, R.O.; etc, etc (2002). "Low-temperature thermal conductivity and acoustic attenuation in amorphous solids".
348:
2057:"Amorphous-crystalline phase transition during the growth of thin films: The case of microcrystalline silicon"
1639:
Buckel, W.; Hilsch, R. (1956). "Supraleitung und elektrischer
Widerstand neuartiger Zinn-Wismut-Legierungen".
1811:
de Vos, Renate M.; Verweij, Henk (1998). "High-Selectivity, High-Flux Silica
Membranes for Gas Separation".
168:
122:
17:
519:
layer. The technologically most important thin amorphous film is probably represented by a few nm thin SiO
891:
Low-Energy
Excitations in Disordered Solids. A Story of the 'Universal' Phenomena of Structural Tunneling
1453:
419:) has to be smaller than 0.3. The deposition temperature must be below 30% of the melting temperature.
304:
31:
851:
719:
2252:
2247:
1764:
Zhou, Wu-Xing; Cheng, Yuan; Chen, Ke-Qiu; Xie, Guofeng; Wang, Tian; Zhang, Gang (September 9, 2019).
442:
Regarding their applications, amorphous metallic layers played an important role in the discovery of
365:
121:
the repetition of a finite unit cell. Statistical measures, such as the atomic density function and
1991:
1397:"Theoretical formulation of amorphous radial distribution function based on wavelet transformation"
801:
Mavračić, Juraj; Mocanu, Felix C.; Deringer, Volker L.; Csányi, Gábor; Elliott, Stephen R. (2018).
570:
195:
38:
1287:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
553:
544:
327:, and species surrounding the atom in question as well as the distances at which they are found.
128:
1532:
281:, can have difficulty distinguishing amorphous and crystalline structures at short size scales.
402:
1283:"The rise of the X-ray atomic pair distribution function method: a series of fortunate events"
658:
An initial amorphous layer was observed in many studies of thin polycrystalline silicon films.
1765:
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2010:
1822:
1719:
1648:
1614:
1486:
1408:
1294:
1228:
1136:
1127:
Leggett, A.J. (1991). "Amorphous materials at low temperatures: why are they so similar?".
1101:
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990:
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8:
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2014:
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has nearly quadratic temperature dependence. These properties are conventionally called
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316:
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Birkholz, M.; Selle, B.; Fuhs, W.; Christiansen, S.; Strunk, H. P.; Reich, R. (2001).
802:
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112:
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735:
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548:
498:
487:
475:
447:
431:
320:
246:
1731:
852:"Atomic-level structure and structure–property relationship in metallic glasses"
824:
143:
extends only to the nearest neighbor shell, typically only 1-2 atomic spacings.
2118:
2085:
1945:
1240:
578:
478:
coatings and insulation, rely on materials with ultralow thermal conductivity.
299:
242:
94:
1894:
1544:
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1002:
769:
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1953:
1902:
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1365:
1248:
875:
743:
427:
262:
211:
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1961:
1910:
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1356:
1339:
1324:
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833:
566:
174:
2056:
1842:
1473:
Zhou, Jihan; Yang, Yongsoo; Ercius, Peter; Miao, Jianwei (April 9, 2020).
1207:"Determining the three-dimensional atomic structure of an amorphous solid"
557:, and can then decrease mutual bioavailability if administered together.
455:
203:
1739:
1498:
1660:
1037:
582:
398:
336:
238:
1626:
1421:
1396:
1373:
585:
are mostly due to glass shards and other porous minerals not becoming
1857:"Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
803:"Similarity Between Amorphous and Crystalline Phases: The Case of TiO
764:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 1015 (1st ed.). Springer.
435:
394:
390:
1685:
Buckel, W. (1961). "The influence of crystal bonds on film growth".
1531:
Voyles, Paul; Hwang, Jinwoo (2012-10-12), Kaufmann, Elton N. (ed.),
1714:
1223:
940:
214:
has a (nearly) linear dependence as a function of temperature, and
125:, are more useful in describing the structure of amorphous solids.
2216:
2005:
1539:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. com138,
949:
898:
2182:
590:
266:
82:
78:
62:
1879:
1687:
Elektrische en Magnetische Eigenschappen van dunne Metallaagies
1016:
Phillips, W.A. (1972). "Tunneling states in amorphous solids".
524:
451:
311:
261:
at the atomic-length scale due to the nature of intermolecular
2207:
2201:
The Physics of Structurally Disordered Matter: An Introduction
1161:
198:
aiming to understand these substances at high temperatures of
2054:
523:
layers serving as isolator above the conducting channel of a
150:
132:
66:
54:
1395:
Senjaya, Deriyan; Supardi, Adri; Zaidan, Andi (2020-12-09).
800:
1931:
631:
for more information on non-crystalline material structure.
270:
1988:
593:
soils contain the highest amounts of amorphous materials.
1475:"Atomic electron tomography in three and four dimensions"
269:, short-range order encompasses a large fraction of the
175:
Universal low-temperature properties of amorphous solids
155:
147:
may extend beyond the short range order by 1-2 nm.
2111:"Studien über die Bildung und Umwandlung fester Körper"
547:, some amorphous drugs have been shown to offer higher
284:
135:
is a commonly encountered example of amorphous solids.
2217:
D.A. Adler; B.B. Schwartz; M.C. Steele, eds. (1969).
1061:
Tunneling Systems in Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
980:
1699:
1394:
1164:
Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis
163:
The freezing from liquid state to amorphous solid -
2225:
717:
697:(1st ed.). Springer Dordrecht. pp. 1–11.
1472:
718:Ponçot, M.; Addiego, F.; Dahoun, A. (2013-01-01).
695:Properties and Applications of Amorphous Materials
343:
298:Unlike crystalline materials which exhibit strong
2208:N.H. March; R.A. Street; M.P. Tosi, eds. (1969).
1572:
525:metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor
462:can be rationalized based on the strong-coupling
2239:
1763:
293:
73:. Examples of amorphous solids include glasses,
30:"Amorphous" redirects here. For other uses, see
1203:
565:Amorphous materials in soil strongly influence
389:Amorphous phases are important constituents of
167:- is considered one of the very important and
1810:
1766:"Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Materials"
1052:
330:
257:Amorphous materials will have some degree of
1638:
930:Grushin, Adolfo G. (2022). Ramos, M. (ed.).
692:
317:X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy
312:X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy
252:
2176:
2050:
2048:
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1120:
1009:
888:
882:
359:
2219:Physical Properties of Amorphous Materials
2189:
1186:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
151:Fundamental properties of amorphous solids
2198:
2163:
2004:
1713:
1420:
1355:
1314:
1222:
1058:
939:
823:
354:scanning transmission electron microscope
194:Amorphous solids is an important area of
2099:
2045:
1881:Correlation to Solid State Properties".
1693:
1675:
1632:
1606:Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology
1602:
1596:
1566:
1451:
1280:
1085:
1015:
923:
581:of soils. The low bulk density and high
531:(Si:H) is of technical significance for
426:
379:
222:being very different from properties of
127:
111:
2228:Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Materials
2105:
1804:
1338:Ren, Yang; Zuo, Xiaobing (2018-06-13).
1126:
1091:
929:
889:Stephens, Robert B.; Liu, Xiao (2021).
849:
759:
393:. Thin films are solid layers of a few
384:
14:
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1684:
1337:
974:
2210:Amorphous Solids and the Liquid State
1759:
1757:
1526:
1524:
1468:
1466:
1276:
1274:
1199:
1197:
538:
481:
469:
2226:A. Inoue; K. Hasimoto, eds. (1969).
1281:Billinge, Simon J. L. (2019-06-17).
845:
843:
755:
753:
688:
686:
684:
422:
285:Characterization of amorphous solids
1452:Newville, Matthew (July 22, 2004).
850:Cheng, Y. Q.; Ma, E. (2011-05-01).
724:International Journal of Plasticity
24:
2179:The Physics of Amorphous Materials
2157:
1754:
1521:
1463:
1271:
1194:
183:nor low-temperature properties of
25:
2269:
1533:"Fluctuation Electron Microscopy"
1166:(Fourth ed.). New York, NY.
840:
750:
693:Thorpe., M.F.; Tichy, L. (2001).
681:
2149:from the original on 2017-03-08.
2095:from the original on 2010-03-31.
1978:. Marcel Dekker. pp. 93–94.
629:structure of liquids and glasses
604:transmission electron microscopy
279:transmission electron microscopy
2166:The Physics of Amorphous Solids
1982:
1968:
1925:
1873:
1849:
1445:
1388:
1331:
1155:
661:
652:
643:
634:
621:
349:Fluctuation electron microscopy
344:Fluctuation electron microscopy
116:Crystalline vs. amorphous solid
2023:10.1088/0953-8984/24/22/225004
1934:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1059:Esquinazi, Pablo, ed. (1998).
794:
711:
529:hydrogenated amorphous silicon
13:
1:
1835:10.1126/science.279.5357.1710
1770:Advanced Functional Materials
1537:Characterization of Materials
868:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2010.12.002
856:Progress in Materials Science
674:
294:X-ray and neutron diffraction
265:. Furthermore, in very small
2258:Unsolved problems in physics
1976:Encyclopedia of Soil Science
1149:10.1016/0921-4526(91)90246-B
736:10.1016/j.ijplas.2012.07.007
169:unsolved problems of physics
123:radial distribution function
107:
88:
61:that is characteristic of a
7:
2192:Theory of Disordered Solids
1732:10.1103/PhysRevB.101.214502
825:10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01067
762:Theory of Disordered Solids
560:
187:are well understood on the
10:
2274:
2086:10.1103/PhysRevB.64.085402
1946:10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.009
1585:Russian-language version:
1401:AIP Conference Proceedings
1241:10.1038/s41586-021-03354-0
1018:J. Low Temp. Phys., Pp 751
331:Atomic electron tomography
305:Pair distribution function
32:Amorphous (disambiguation)
29:
1895:10.1007/s11095-012-0759-8
1545:10.1002/0471266965.com138
1114:10.1080/14786437208229210
1069:10.1007/978-3-662-03695-2
1003:10.1080/14786437208229210
770:10.1007/978-3-031-24706-4
366:density functional theory
253:Nano-structured materials
1992:J. Phys. Condens. Matter
614:
596:
360:Computational techniques
196:condensed matter physics
93:The term comes from the
39:condensed matter physics
1883:Pharmaceutical Research
545:pharmaceutical industry
77:, and certain types of
2132:10.1515/zpch-1897-2233
1782:10.1002/adfm.201903829
1454:"Fundamentals of XAFS"
1357:10.1002/smtd.201800064
1307:10.1098/rsta.2018.0413
983:Philosophical Magazine
579:water holding capacity
466:of superconductivity.
439:
403:homologous temperature
136:
117:
1861:www.sciencedirect.com
1587:Fiz. Metal Metalloved
1576:Phys. Met. Metallogr.
533:thin-film solar cells
430:
380:Uses and observations
290:amorphous materials.
131:
115:
51:non-crystalline solid
27:Non-crystalline solid
2177:S.R. Elliot (1990).
812:J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
760:Zaccone, A. (2023).
385:Amorphous thin films
335:The atomic electron
216:thermal conductivity
159:at high temperatures
2190:A. Zaccone (2023).
2078:2001PhRvB..64h5402B
2015:2012JPCM...24v5004M
1827:1998Sci...279.1710D
1821:(5357): 1710–1711.
1724:2020PhRvB.101u4502B
1653:1956ZPhy..146...27B
1619:1974JVST...11..666T
1499:10.1557/mrs.2020.88
1491:2020MRSBu..45..290Z
1413:2020AIPC.2314b0001S
1299:2019RSPTA.37780413B
1233:2021Natur.592...60Y
1141:1991PhyB..169..322L
1106:1972PMag...25....1A
1030:1972JLTP....7..351P
995:1972PMag...25....1A
571:aggregate stability
460:structural disorder
438:, but high strength
325:coordination number
189:fundamental physics
2199:N. Cusack (1969).
2170:Wiley Interscience
2164:R. Zallen (1969).
1689:. Leuven, Belgium.
1661:10.1007/BF01326000
1293:(2147): 20180413.
1038:10.1007/BF00660072
539:Pharmaceutical use
482:Technological uses
470:Thermal protection
440:
370:molecular dynamics
224:crystalline solids
145:Medium range order
137:
118:
2203:. IOP Publishing.
1889:(10): 2738–2753.
1702:Physical Review B
1627:10.1116/1.1312732
1554:978-0-471-26696-9
1422:10.1063/5.0034410
1078:978-3-642-08371-6
959:978-1-80061-257-0
908:978-981-12-1724-1
818:(11): 2985–2990.
779:978-3-031-24705-7
704:978-0-7923-6811-3
464:Eliashberg theory
444:superconductivity
423:Superconductivity
275:X-ray diffraction
259:short-range order
141:short range order
104:("shape, form").
100:("without"), and
43:materials science
16:(Redirected from
2265:
2253:Phases of matter
2248:Amorphous solids
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2213:
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2181:(2nd ed.).
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2107:Ostwald, Wilhelm
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1024:(3–4): 351–360.
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827:
798:
792:
791:
757:
748:
747:
715:
709:
708:
690:
668:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
625:
527:(MOSFET). Also,
488:optical coatings
448:amorphous metals
432:Amorphous metals
352:conventional or
263:chemical bonding
200:glass transition
181:glass transition
165:glass transition
157:Glass transition
75:metallic glasses
71:glass transition
59:long-range order
21:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2160:
2158:Further reading
2155:
2154:
2146:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2059:
2053:
2046:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1930:
1926:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1809:
1805:
1762:
1755:
1698:
1694:
1683:
1676:
1637:
1633:
1601:
1597:
1584:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1529:
1522:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1393:
1389:
1336:
1332:
1279:
1272:
1217:(7852): 60–64.
1202:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1160:
1156:
1125:
1121:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1057:
1053:
1014:
1010:
979:
975:
960:
928:
924:
909:
887:
883:
848:
841:
806:
799:
795:
780:
758:
751:
716:
712:
705:
691:
682:
677:
672:
671:
666:
662:
657:
653:
648:
644:
639:
635:
626:
622:
617:
599:
563:
549:bioavailability
541:
522:
513:
509:
502:
495:
484:
476:thermal barrier
472:
425:
417:
410:
387:
382:
362:
346:
333:
321:oxidation state
314:
296:
287:
255:
247:Anthony Leggett
177:
161:
153:
110:
91:
57:that lacks the
47:amorphous solid
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2233:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2119:Z. Phys. Chem.
2098:
2044:
1999:(22): 225004.
1981:
1967:
1924:
1872:
1848:
1803:
1776:(8): 1903829.
1753:
1708:(21): 214502.
1692:
1674:
1631:
1613:(4): 666–670,
1595:
1565:
1553:
1520:
1485:(4): 290–297.
1462:
1444:
1387:
1350:(8): 1800064.
1330:
1270:
1193:
1173:978-1493966745
1172:
1154:
1119:
1094:Revs. Mod Phys
1084:
1077:
1051:
1008:
973:
958:
922:
907:
881:
862:(4): 379–473.
839:
804:
793:
778:
749:
710:
703:
679:
678:
676:
673:
670:
669:
660:
651:
642:
633:
619:
618:
616:
613:
609:Ostwald's rule
598:
595:
562:
559:
540:
537:
520:
511:
507:
500:
493:
483:
480:
471:
468:
458:. The role of
456:Cooper pairing
424:
421:
415:
408:
386:
383:
381:
378:
372:, and reverse
361:
358:
345:
342:
332:
329:
313:
310:
295:
292:
286:
283:
254:
251:
243:mean free path
241:to the phonon
233:Remarkably, a
176:
173:
160:
154:
152:
149:
109:
106:
90:
87:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:(in German).
2121:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:(8): 085402.
2071:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
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1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
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1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1666:
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1658:
1654:
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1646:
1642:
1635:
1628:
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1612:
1608:
1607:
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1496:
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1476:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(1): 020001.
1406:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:Small Methods
1341:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
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1234:
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1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
977:
969:
965:
961:
955:
951:
950:10.1142/q0371
947:
942:
937:
933:
926:
918:
914:
910:
904:
900:
899:10.1142/11746
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
835:
831:
826:
821:
817:
814:
813:
808:
797:
789:
785:
781:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
754:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
706:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
680:
664:
655:
646:
637:
630:
624:
620:
612:
610:
605:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
558:
556:
555:
550:
546:
536:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
503:
496:
489:
479:
477:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
437:
433:
429:
420:
418:
411:
404:
400:
396:
392:
377:
375:
371:
367:
357:
355:
350:
341:
338:
328:
326:
322:
318:
309:
306:
301:
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
235:dimensionless
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:specific heat
209:
208:absolute zero
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:glassy solids
182:
172:
170:
166:
158:
148:
146:
142:
134:
130:
126:
124:
114:
105:
103:
99:
96:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:. The terms "
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2069:
2065:Phys. Rev. B
2063:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1975:
1970:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1773:
1769:
1740:10486/703598
1705:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1647:(1): 27–38.
1644:
1640:
1634:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1558:, retrieved
1536:
1482:
1479:MRS Bulletin
1478:
1447:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1290:
1286:
1214:
1210:
1163:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1060:
1054:
1021:
1017:
1011:
986:
982:
976:
931:
925:
890:
884:
859:
855:
815:
810:
796:
761:
727:
723:
713:
694:
663:
654:
645:
636:
623:
600:
567:bulk density
564:
552:
542:
485:
473:
441:
413:
406:
388:
363:
347:
334:
315:
297:
288:
256:
234:
232:
228:
219:
204:temperatures
193:
178:
162:
144:
140:
138:
119:
101:
97:
92:
50:
46:
36:
18:Glassy phase
2230:. Springer.
2221:. Springer.
2212:. Springer.
2194:. Springer.
2126:: 289–330.
1940:: 116–125.
730:: 126–139.
583:void ratios
399:micrometres
397:to tens of
374:Monte Carlo
202:and at low
2242:Categories
1866:2023-10-17
1715:2001.00404
1593:: 653-660.
1560:2022-12-07
1224:2004.02266
1100:(1): 991.
989:(1): 1–9.
941:2010.02851
675:References
575:plasticity
490:made from
454:-mediated
395:nanometres
391:thin films
337:tomography
239:wavelength
2140:100328323
2006:1205.0678
1954:0169-409X
1903:0724-8741
1798:203143442
1790:1616-301X
1748:209531947
1669:119405703
1515:216408488
1507:0883-7694
1439:234542087
1431:0094-243X
1382:139693137
1366:2366-9608
1265:214802235
1249:1476-4687
1182:cite book
1129:Physica B
1046:119873202
968:222140882
917:224844997
876:0079-6425
788:259299183
744:0749-6419
587:compacted
436:toughness
434:have low
220:anomalous
108:Structure
89:Etymology
2144:Archived
2109:(1897).
2090:Archived
2039:13135386
2031:22553115
1962:26805787
1919:15502736
1911:22580905
1582:: 83–90.
1325:31030657
1257:33790443
834:29763315
627:See the
561:In soils
517:membrane
267:crystals
206:towards
83:polymers
79:plastics
2183:Longman
2074:Bibcode
2011:Bibcode
1843:9497287
1823:Bibcode
1814:Science
1720:Bibcode
1649:Bibcode
1641:Z. Phys
1615:Bibcode
1589:(1969)
1487:Bibcode
1409:Bibcode
1374:1558997
1316:6501893
1295:Bibcode
1229:Bibcode
1137:Bibcode
1102:Bibcode
1026:Bibcode
991:Bibcode
591:Andisol
554:in vivo
543:In the
486:Today,
191:level.
63:crystal
53:) is a
2138:
2037:
2029:
1960:
1952:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1841:
1796:
1788:
1746:
1667:
1551:
1513:
1505:
1437:
1429:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1323:
1313:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1211:Nature
1170:
1075:
1044:
966:
956:
915:
905:
874:
832:
786:
776:
742:
701:
577:, and
452:phonon
356:mode.
102:morphé
2147:(PDF)
2136:S2CID
2114:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2035:S2CID
2001:arXiv
1915:S2CID
1794:S2CID
1744:S2CID
1710:arXiv
1665:S2CID
1511:S2CID
1457:(PDF)
1435:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1261:S2CID
1219:arXiv
1042:S2CID
964:S2CID
936:arXiv
913:S2CID
784:S2CID
615:Notes
597:Phase
300:Bragg
271:atoms
133:Glass
95:Greek
67:glass
55:solid
45:, an
2027:PMID
1958:PMID
1950:ISSN
1907:PMID
1899:ISSN
1839:PMID
1786:ISSN
1549:ISBN
1503:ISSN
1427:ISSN
1405:2314
1370:OSTI
1362:ISSN
1321:PMID
1253:PMID
1245:ISSN
1188:link
1168:ISBN
1073:ISBN
954:ISBN
903:ISBN
872:ISSN
830:PMID
774:ISBN
740:ISSN
699:ISBN
277:and
81:and
49:(or
41:and
2128:doi
2082:doi
2019:doi
1942:doi
1938:100
1891:doi
1831:doi
1819:279
1778:doi
1736:hdl
1728:doi
1706:101
1657:doi
1645:146
1623:doi
1541:doi
1495:doi
1417:doi
1352:doi
1311:PMC
1303:doi
1291:377
1237:doi
1215:592
1145:doi
1133:169
1110:doi
1065:doi
1034:doi
999:doi
946:doi
895:doi
864:doi
820:doi
766:doi
732:doi
499:SiO
492:TiO
446:in
37:In
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2142:.
2134:.
2124:22
2116:.
2088:.
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2009:.
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1995:.
1956:.
1948:.
1936:.
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