307:. A major distinctive feature of the purine biosynthetic pathways in Bacteria is the prevalence of gene fusions where two or more purine biosynthetic enzymes are encoded by a single gene. Such gene fusions are almost exclusively between genes that encode enzymes that perform sequential steps in the biosynthetic pathway. Eukaryotic species generally exhibit the most common gene fusions seen in the Bacteria, but in addition have new fusions that potentially increase metabolic flux.
66:
332:
to the regulatory elements of genes of interest allows researches to study gene expression. Reporter gene fusions can be used to measure activity levels of gene regulators, identify the regulatory sites of genes (including the signals required), identify various genes that are regulated in response
266:
Gene fusion plays a key role in the evolution of gene architecture. We can observe its effect if gene fusion occurs in coding sequences. Duplication, sequence divergence, and recombination are the major contributors at work in gene evolution. These events can probably produce new genes from already
271:
sequence of another gene. If it happens in coding sequences, gene fusion cause the assembly of a new gene, then it allows the appearance of new functions by adding peptide modules into a multi-domain protein. The detecting methods to inventory gene fusion events on a large biological scale can
134:
It has been known for 30 years that the corresponding gene fusion plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Fusion genes can contribute to tumor formation because fusion genes can produce much more active abnormal protein than non-fusion genes. Often, fusion genes are
221:
Since chromosomal translocations play such a significant role in neoplasia, a specialized database of chromosomal aberrations and gene fusions in cancer has been created. This database is called
Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer.
167:, often occurring in prostate cancer. In the case of TMPRSS2-ERG, by disrupting androgen receptor (AR) signaling and inhibiting AR expression by oncogenic ETS transcription factor, the fusion product regulates the prostate cancer. Most fusion genes are found from
315:
In recent years, next generation sequencing technology has already become available to screen known and novel gene fusion events on a genome wide scale. However, the precondition for large scale detection is a paired-end sequencing of the cell's
320:. The direction of fusion gene detection is mainly towards data analysis and visualization. Some researchers already developed a new tool called Transcriptome Viewer (TViewer) to directly visualize detected gene fusions on the transcript level.
667:
Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, Dhanasekaran SM, Mehra R, Sun XW, et al. (October 2005). "Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer".
333:
to the same stimulus, and artificially control the expression of desired genes in particular cells. For example, by creating a fusion gene of a protein of interest and
230:
Presence of certain chromosomal aberrations and their resulting fusion genes is commonly used within cancer diagnostics in order to set a precise diagnosis. Chromosome
190:
Oncogenic fusion genes may lead to a gene product with a new or different function from the two fusion partners. Alternatively, a proto-oncogene is fused to a strong
267:
existing parts. When gene fusion happens in non-coding sequence region, it can lead to the misregulation of the expression of a gene now under the control of the
246:(RT-PCR) are common methods employed at diagnostic laboratories. These methods all have their distinct shortcomings due to the very complex nature of cancer
1404:
Prendergast FG, Mann KG (August 1978). "Chemical and physical properties of aequorin and the green fluorescent protein isolated from
Aequorea forskĂĄlea".
110:, and not through a simple deletion of chromosome 22 as was previously thought. Several investigators in the early 1980s showed that the Philadelphia
1470:: a new, comprehensive database of human CR events and associated diseases (both tumor and non-tumor) with detailed documentation of the CR events.
1508:
243:
1655:
180:
295:. Biosynthesis of these purines occurs by similar, but not identical, pathways in different species of the three domains of life, the
122:
in the breakpoint in chromosome 22. In 1985 it was clearly established that the fusion gene on chromosome 22 produced an abnormal
1461:
1191:"Genes linked by fusion events are generally of the same functional category: a systematic analysis of 30 microbial genomes"
398:
1476:
908:
78:
The first fusion gene was described in cancer cells in the early 1980s. The finding was based on the discovery in 1960 by
1501:
1483:: a database relates chromosomal aberrations to tumor characteristics, based either on individual cases or associations.
1388:
235:
428:
Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F (April 2007). "The impact of translocations and gene fusions on cancer causation".
809:
720:"An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression"
1103:
Eichler EE (November 2001). "Recent duplication, domain accretion and the dynamic mutation of the human genome".
858:"Deep RNA sequencing analysis of readthrough gene fusions in human prostate adenocarcinoma and reference samples"
195:
1494:
1486:
102:
in
Chicago showed that the Philadelphia chromosome had originated through a translocation between chromosomes
148:
1451:
17:
1467:
1140:"Functional associations of proteins in entire genomes by means of exhaustive detection of gene fusions"
1291:"Surveying purine biosynthesis across the domains of life unveils promising drug targets in pathogens"
821:
Vega F, Medeiros LJ (September 2003). "Chromosomal translocations involved in non-Hodgkin lymphomas".
58:. The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent role in being a diagnostic and prognostic
1596:
1552:
618:
520:
334:
43:
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94:—the first consistent chromosome abnormality detected in a human malignancy, later designated the
1547:
1525:
403:
144:
95:
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268:
992:"A universal assay for detection of oncogenic fusion transcripts by oligo microarray analysis"
1576:
1542:
990:
Skotheim RI, Thomassen GO, Eken M, Lind GE, Micci F, Ribeiro FR, et al. (January 2009).
933:
Maher CA, Kumar-Sinha C, Cao X, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Jing X, et al. (March 2009).
184:
164:
107:
51:
1372:
1250:"Gene fusion/fission is a major contributor to evolution of multi-domain bacterial proteins"
1601:
1202:
1057:
946:
676:
633:
535:
103:
328:
Biologists may also deliberately create fusion genes for research purposes. The fusion of
8:
1373:
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Supper J, Gugenmus C, Wollnik J, Drueke T, Scherf M, Hahn A, et al. (January 2013).
191:
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caused by the strong promoter of the upstream fusion partner. The latter is common in
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led to the formation of a new BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, composed of the 3' part of the
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Nacu S, Yuan W, Kan Z, Bhatt D, Rivers CS, Stinson J, et al. (January 2011).
645:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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355:
338:
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215:
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123:
59:
735:
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1644:
571:"Fusion genes and chromosome translocations in the common epithelial cancers"
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99:
79:
69:
A schematic showing the ways a fusion gene can occur at a chromosomal level
1008:
54:. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human
42:
formed from two previously independent genes. It can occur as a result of
1629:
767:
Teixeira MR (December 2006). "Recurrent fusion oncogenes in carcinomas".
1425:
1417:
958:
909:"Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer"
126:
BCR::ABL1 protein with the capacity to induce chronic myeloid leukemia.
118:
gene in the breakpoint on chromosome 9 and the 5' part of a gene called
1534:
1307:
1290:
718:
Yu J, Yu J, Mani RS, Cao Q, Brenner CJ, Cao X, et al. (May 2010).
346:
160:
87:
587:
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304:
55:
1046:"Fusion and fission of genes define a metric between fungal genomes"
441:
65:
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300:
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provide insights about the multi modular architecture of proteins.
199:
136:
31:
1445:: The Improved Database of Chimeric Ttanscripts and RNA-seq Data.
296:
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172:
156:
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are two of the four information encoding bases of the universal
1442:
666:
281:
247:
152:
140:
1458:: The Server Protein-Protein Interaction of Chimeric Proteins.
1448:
194:, and thereby the oncogenic function is set to function by an
1611:
1329:
935:"Transcriptome sequencing to detect gene fusions in cancer"
183:
is a fusion gene that is specific and unique to high-grade
39:
906:
989:
202:, where oncogenes are juxtaposed to the promoters of the
427:
258:
bear promise of introduction of more efficient methods.
27:
Gene formed by the combination of two independent genes
1043:
1247:
470:
1044:Durrens P, Nikolski M, Sherman D (October 2008).
473:"Oncogenic gene fusions in epithelial carcinomas"
1642:
1379:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
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855:
349:. The protein synthesized when a fusion gene is
1403:
1137:
823:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
244:reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
1039:
1037:
423:
421:
419:
1502:
1248:Pasek S, Risler JL, Brézellec P (June 2006).
477:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
337:, the protein of interest may be observed in
820:
471:Prensner JR, Chinnaiyan AM (February 2009).
1464:: a knowledgebase for fusion genes updated.
1034:
717:
416:
86:in Philadelphia of a small abnormal marker
1509:
1495:
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810:Deciphering the Cancer Transcriptome. 2016
1371:Hartwell, Leland H.; et al. (2011).
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1007:
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1370:
1332:"Detecting and visualizing gene fusions"
1189:Yanai I, Derti A, DeLisi C (July 2001).
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323:
64:
1102:
568:
14:
1643:
275:
1490:
1375:Genetics : from genes to genomes
1289:Chua SM, Fraser JA (November 2020).
907:Mitelman F; Johansson B; Mertens F.
399:List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
1656:Modification of genetic information
24:
25:
1667:
1436:
632:(3438): 1488–501. November 1960.
534:(3438): 1488–501. November 1960.
163:with an interstitial deletion on
151:with t(12 ; 21)), AML1-ETO (
1157:10.1186/gb-2001-2-9-research0034
1138:Enright AJ, Ouzounis CA (2001).
781:10.1615/critrevoncog.v12.i3-4.40
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769:Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis
803:
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619:"National Academy of Sciences"
611:
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521:"National Academy of Sciences"
513:
464:
250:. Recent developments such as
225:
13:
1:
1295:Immunology & Cell Biology
1267:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl135
1117:10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02492-1
646:10.1126/science.132.3438.1488
548:10.1126/science.132.3438.1488
409:
1071:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000200
835:10.5858/2003-127-1148-CTIINL
310:
261:
129:
7:
1349:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.013
569:Edwards PA (January 2010).
362:
10:
1672:
1050:PLOS Computational Biology
252:high-throughput sequencing
155:with t(8 ; 21)), and
73:
1610:
1597:Sister chromatid exchange
1561:
1532:
736:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.03.018
489:10.1016/j.gde.2008.11.008
335:green fluorescent protein
1592:Horizontal gene transfer
1522:homologous recombination
575:The Journal of Pathology
394:Horizontal gene transfer
112:chromosome translocation
92:chronic myeloid leukemia
1526:mobile genetic elements
689:10.1126/science.1117679
404:Mobile genetic elements
96:Philadelphia chromosome
1216:10.1073/pnas.141236298
875:10.1186/1755-8794-4-11
379:ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion
210:may also be caused by
70:
1577:Chromosomal crossover
1009:10.1186/1476-4598-8-5
430:Nature Reviews Cancer
324:Research applications
185:serous ovarian cancer
169:hematological cancers
68:
52:chromosomal inversion
48:interstitial deletion
862:BMC Medical Genomics
1418:10.1021/bi00610a004
1207:2001PNAS...98.7940Y
1150:(9): RESEARCH0034.
1062:2008PLSCB...4E0200D
959:10.1038/nature07638
951:2009Natur.458...97M
681:2005Sci...310..644T
638:1960Sci...132.1488.
540:1960Sci...132.1488.
345:using fluorescence
276:Purine biosynthesis
1479:2016-05-25 at the
1454:2021-11-10 at the
1308:10.1111/imcb.12389
1105:Trends in Genetics
374:De novo gene birth
208:fusion transcripts
165:chromosome 21
71:
1638:
1637:
1474:Mitelman Database
588:10.1002/path.2632
206:genes. Oncogenic
90:in patients with
16:(Redirected from
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996:Molecular Cancer
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232:banding analysis
143:; these include
84:David Hungerford
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1456:Wayback Machine
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1412:(17): 3448–53.
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1301:(10): 819–831.
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442:10.1038/nrc2091
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44:translocation
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1625:Reassortment
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1572:Transfection
1548:Transduction
1462:ChimerDB 2.0
1409:
1406:Biochemistry
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353:is called a
327:
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293:genetic code
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242:(FISH), and
237:
229:
220:
216:read-through
196:upregulation
189:
147:, TEL-AML1 (
133:
119:
115:
100:Janet Rowley
80:Peter Nowell
77:
38:is a hybrid
35:
29:
1630:Viral shift
1587:Fusion gene
1543:Conjugation
1535:prokaryotic
1443:ChiTaRS 5.0
724:Cancer Cell
254:and custom
226:Diagnostics
139:that cause
98:. In 1973,
36:fusion gene
18:Gene fusion
1645:Categories
1602:Transposon
1564:eukaryotes
1562:Occurs in
1533:Primarily
919:2014-09-13
410:References
347:microscopy
305:Eukaryotes
88:chromosome
868:(1): 11.
351:expressed
311:Detection
262:Evolution
200:lymphomas
181:BCAM-AKT2
137:oncogenes
130:Oncogenes
56:neoplasia
1651:Mutation
1518:Genetics
1477:Archived
1452:Archived
1358:23036331
1317:32748425
1276:16601004
1235:11438739
1176:11820254
1125:11672867
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654:17739576
605:46435450
597:19921709
556:17739576
507:19233641
458:26093482
450:17361217
363:See also
301:Bacteria
218:events.
192:promoter
173:sarcomas
124:chimeric
32:genetics
1336:Methods
1203:Bibcode
1081:2557144
1058:Bibcode
1019:2633275
968:2725402
947:Bibcode
885:3041646
745:2874722
677:Bibcode
669:Science
634:Bibcode
626:Science
536:Bibcode
528:Science
498:2676581
297:Archaea
289:guanine
285:adenine
282:purines
248:genomes
238:in situ
157:TMPRSS2
145:BCR-ABL
74:History
1468:dbCRID
1449:ChiPPI
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141:cancer
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1426:28749
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793:S2CID
701:S2CID
622:(PDF)
601:S2CID
524:(PDF)
454:S2CID
339:cells
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1422:PMID
1385:ISBN
1354:PMID
1313:PMID
1272:PMID
1231:PMID
1172:PMID
1121:PMID
1086:PMID
1024:PMID
973:PMID
890:PMID
839:PMID
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693:PMID
650:PMID
593:PMID
552:PMID
503:PMID
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303:and
287:and
280:The
116:ABL1
106:and
82:and
40:gene
34:, a
1414:doi
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1344:doi
1303:doi
1262:doi
1221:PMC
1211:doi
1162:PMC
1152:doi
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1014:PMC
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