265:, which was 23 miles west of the city. The water supply included a dam, reservoir and 23-mile pipeline and was completed on May 23, 1904. As was common during this time period, no treatment (except for detention and sedimentation fostered by Boonton Reservoir) was provided to the water supply. City officials were not pleased with the project as delivered by the private water company and filed a lawsuit in the
28:
254:"poisonous chemicals" would be added to drinking water to kill bacteria, that some consideration of chemical disinfection might be given in the future. After his presentation, the audience verbally attacked him for even suggesting that chemicals be used for drinking water disinfection. Neither sanitary engineers nor the public at large were ready for chemical disinfection.
400:
Whipple was active in a long list of professional associations and he served on numerous national and international commissions. He was elected to the
American Public Health Association in 1899. Whipple became involved in the Committee on Standard Methods of Water Analysis, which was chaired by his
316:
where he remained until his death. His appointment was somewhat unusual even during this time period due to the fact that he only possessed a bachelor of science degree. However, his extensive research and publications, his technical leadership and his position at the
Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
197:
in a consulting firm venture in 1904. Their offices were in New York City and they served clients throughout the U.S. Hazen took the lead on most of the consulting work and
Whipple "lent nominal consultative association" in the later years. In 1914, the firm's name was changed to Hazen, Whipple and
269:
of New Jersey. Among the many complaints by Jersey City officials was the contention that the water served to the city was not "pure and wholesome" as required by the contract. Whipple testified as an expert witness for the plaintiff in both trials. In the first trial, he testified that the water
843:
Magie, William J. (1910). In
Chancery of New Jersey: Between the Mayor and Aldermen of Jersey City, Complainant, and the Jersey City Water Supply Co., Defendant. Report for Hon. W.J. Magie, special master on cost of sewers, etc., and on efficiency of sterilization plant at Boonton, Press Chronicle
253:
for disinfection of water supplies. In early 1906, Whipple visited Europe and toured several facilities using various forms of chlorine for drinking water disinfection. He presented his findings from the trip at a June 1906 AWWA conference. In his paper, he noted that while it was unlikely that
408:
George C. Whipple was also honored as a Fellow of the following institutions: American
Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Royal Sanitary Institute. In 1973, he was inducted into the American Water Works Association Water Industry Hall of Fame.
174:
It was the first text solely devoted to identifying and cataloging microscopic aquatic organisms that interfered with sources of drinking water. Many noteworthy items were included in the book, but two deserve special mention. First, to determine the transparency/turbidity in reservoirs, Whipple
229:
plant, with a separate sewer system and a treatment plant. They recommended no change in the existing system. At the time, their report was hailed as "The most important sewerage and sewage disposal report made in the United States." Later in the 20th century, with a greater understanding by the
169:
His first two jobs were with water utilities: Boston Water Works as
Director of the Chestnut Hill Laboratory (1889–97) and Brooklyn Department of Water Supply as Director of the Mt. Prospect Laboratory (1897-1904). While at both institutions, he gathered the material to produce his seminal work
1021:"Typhoid Fever . Its Causation, Transmission and Prevention. By George C. Whipple, Consulting Engineer. With an Introductory Essay by William T. Sedgwick, Professor of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. New York, John Wiley and Sons; London, Chapman and Hall, Limited. 1908"
304:. His recommendation was quickly adopted on March 17, 1909, which made the Poughkeepsie water supply the third U.S. drinking water source to receive continuous disinfection by chlorine (after Jersey City and the treatment plant at Little Falls, New Jersey ).
379:
During his adult life, Whipple lived primarily in New York City and
Cambridge, Massachusetts. On June 29, 1893, he married Mary E. Rayner of Chelsea, Massachusetts. They had one daughter and one son: Marion (Mrs. Gerald M. Keith) and Joseph Rayner Whipple.
387:
as a member of the
Hygiene Reference Board—Public Health Administration. The institute, which was formed in 1913, promoted a number of useful public health measures including the development of uncontaminated water supplies. However, it also promoted
324:, Whipple founded the School of Public Health in 1913 which was jointly supported by Harvard University and MIT. In 1922, the joint school became the Harvard School of Public Health and Whipple taught courses under the curriculum.
293:). Instead, he recommended the construction of sewers in the watershed and a treatment plant that would discharge the treated wastes below the reservoir. The chlorination system was declared a success by the Special Master,
184:
investigations and marine water quality studies. Second, Chapter 9 of his book organized for the first time what was known about odors in water supplies and how algae and other microorganisms contributed to problem odors.
213:
was not required. For other water supplies, he had the opposite recommendation. In 1922, he recommended that most surface water supplies be filtered because those water sources were rarely protected from contamination.
833:
Between the Mayor and
Aldermen of Jersey City, Complainant, and Patrick H. Flynn and Jersey City Water Supply Company, Defendants: On Bill, etc. (In Chancery of New Jersey) 12 vols. n.p.:privately printed. 1908-10,
1050:
Pennak, Robert W. (1960). "Fresh-Water
Biology . Henry Baldwin Ward and George Chandler Whipple. W. T. Edmondson, ed. Wiley, New York; Chapman and Hall, London, ed. 2, 1959. Xx + 1248 pp. Illus. $ 34.50".
179:
to "…a disc about 8 inches in diameter, divided into quadrants painted alternately black and white like the target of a level-rod…" The black and white Secchi disk is the standard disk currently used in
117:(March 2, 1866 – November 27, 1924) was an American civil engineer and an expert in the field of sanitary microbiology. His career extended from 1889 to 1924 and he is best known as a co-founder of the
133:, which is located a few miles due west of Manchester, New Hampshire. He spent most of his childhood in the Chelsea suburb of Boston where his father ran a hardware store. He graduated from the
911:
How to Live, Rules for Healthful Living Based on Modern Science, Authorized by and Prepared in Collaboration with the Hygiene Reference Board of the Life Extension Institute, Inc
270:
that was supplied to the city was contaminated with bacteria from sewage discharges in the watershed above the reservoir. Other expert witnesses for the plaintiffs included
202:, joined the firm in 1911 and five years later was made a partner in the firm. With Hazen's death in 1930, the firm's records and books passed into the hands of Pirnie.
1165:
987:"The Microscopy of Drinking Water . By George Chandler Whipple. New York, John Wiley & Sons. 1899. Pp. Xii + 300. With 21 figures and 19 half-tone plates"
300:
Despite his opposition to chlorination of the Jersey City water supply, Whipple recommended the addition of chloride of lime before the slow sand filters at
1120:
621:
Curran, Jean A. (1970). Founders of the Harvard School of Public Health: With Biographical Notes 1909-1946. New York:Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.
1160:
371:, to measure the degree to which respondents' ages in surveys were affected by rounding or other kinds of culturally affected mis-reporting.
507:
1109:
1150:
947:
Mason, W. P. (1907). "The Value of Pure Water . By George C. Whipple. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. 84. Price, $ 1.00".
760:
Tarr, J.A. and McMichael, F.C. (1977). "Historic Turning Points in Municipal Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal, 1950-1932."
234:, and the regulatory requirements for their control, the report would not receive the same plaudits today that it did in 1910.
923:
134:
77:
694:
336:. In 1917 and with the rank of Major, he was appointed Deputy Commissioner to Russia. Whipple, along with his colleagues
312:
Whipple's career took an important turn in 1911 when he was appointed Gordon McKay Professor of Sanitary Engineering at
121:. Whipple published some of the most important books in the early history of public health and applied microbiology.
1155:
105:
237:
While a partner at Hazen and Whipple, he was also consulting professor of water supply and sewage disposal at the
1086:
158:
118:
479:
855:
The Quest for Pure Water: the History of Water Purification from the Earliest Records to the Twentieth Century.
238:
675:
352:
1090:
460:
1115:
266:
1125:
425:
Whipple, George C. (1902). "On the Practical Value of Presumptive Tests for Bacillus Coli in Water."
275:
130:
518:
384:
258:
231:
735:
883:
301:
146:
630:
Whipple, George C. (1901). "The Work of Mt. Prospect Laboratory of the Brooklyn Water Works."
982:
297:, and was judged capable of supplying Jersey City with water that was "pure and wholesome."
1145:
1140:
290:
1007:
8:
279:
198:
Fuller when Weston E. Fuller became a partner. Another pioneer in sanitary engineering,
142:
1068:
964:
915:
491:
475:
368:
344:, was part of a large group of people who traveled to Russia to during the time of the
333:
313:
250:
218:
209:
Water District in 1908 and 1924. He recommended on both occasions that filtration of
1072:
968:
929:
919:
392:
which was a bio-social movement that included the sterilization of defective people.
321:
137:
in 1889 with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering. While a student at
1064:
1060:
1032:
998:
956:
402:
337:
294:
226:
150:
710:
960:
698:
691:
679:
454:
271:
206:
1036:
522:
341:
262:
222:
199:
1002:
1134:
249:
Whipple's early training in bacteriology prepared him to evaluate the use of
933:
802:
Whipple, George C. (1906). "Disinfection as a Means of Water Purification."
789:
Whipple, George C. (1906). "Disinfection as a Means of Water Purification."
439:
Whipple, George C. (1906). "Disinfection as a Means of Water Purification."
432:
Whipple, George C. (1906). "Disinfection as a Means of Water Purification."
286:
909:
822:
The Chlorine Revolution: Water Disinfection and the Fight to Save Lives.
210:
194:
176:
154:
643:
Cialdi, M. and Secchi, P. A. (1865). "Sur la Transparence de la Mer."
355:
in Geneva, Switzerland. In this capacity he studied typhus fever in
181:
1020:
986:
857:
2nd Edition. Vol. 1. Denver: American Water Works Association, 153.
389:
345:
27:
844:
Co., Jersey City, New Jersey, (Case Number 27/475-Z-45-314), 1-15.
672:
356:
866:
Winslow, Charles E.A. (1953). "They Were Giants in Those Days."
907:
492:
Vital Statistics: An introduction to the science of democracy.
497:
Jordan, E. O., Whipple, G. C., and Winslow, C.-E. A. (1924).
289:
to treat the water from the reservoir with chloride of lime (
261:
contracted for the construction of a new water supply on the
221:
in 1910 to investigate the necessity of replacing the city's
405:. In 1922, he was elected as a Charter Fellow of the APHA.
395:
351:
He also served Chief of the Department of Sanitation in the
1085:
456:
Typhoid Fever: Its Causation, Transmission and Prevention.
327:
244:
736:
The History of the Protection of Sebago Lake, 1908 – 1925
138:
605:"Heart Attack Fatal to Professor G. C Whipple." (1924).
230:
engineering profession of the environmental impacts of
569:
Marquis, A.N. ed. "Whipple, George Chandler." (1910).
499:
A Pioneer of Public Health: William Thompson Sedgwick.
285:
In the second trial, Whipple attacked the proposal by
157:. Later, Whipple undertook postgraduate work at the
773:"A New Professor of Sanitary Engineering." (1911).
517:is used to indicate this person as the author when
367:Whipple was also the author of a technique, called
332:Whipple was an active volunteer and advisor to the
307:
1166:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health faculty
1132:
320:Along with his mentor, William T. Sedgwick, and
96:Cofounder of the Harvard School of Public Health
412:
129:Whipple was born in 1866 in the small town of
1112:, enter search term: George Chandler Whipple.
1110:Papers of George Chandler Whipple, 1869-1924
824:Denver, CO:American Water Works Association.
655:
653:
317:prepared him for his new responsibilities.
124:
908:Fisher, Irving; Eugene Lyman Fisk (1916).
816:
814:
812:
26:
881:Wall Street and the Bolshevik Revolution.
650:
645:Comptes Rendu de l'Acadamie des Sciences.
601:
599:
597:
396:Professional associations and commissions
617:
615:
501:New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
328:American Red Cross and mission to Russia
809:
785:
783:
747:"Favors Filtration of Surface Waters."
555:Jour. American Water Works Association.
245:Chlorination and the Jersey City trials
141:, Whipple was profoundly influenced by
1133:
1049:
1018:
981:
594:
583:
581:
579:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
1161:People from New Boston, New Hampshire
946:
612:
565:
563:
135:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
78:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
32:George C. Whipple, Harvard University
894:"Europe's Health Frontier." (1920).
780:
217:Hazen and Whipple were hired by the
188:
88:Microbiologist and sanitary engineer
587:"George Chandler Whipple." (1925).
576:
553:"George Chandler Whipple." (1925).
536:
472:Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
13:
914:(9th ed.). New York; London:
868:American Journal of Public Health.
692:Why a Black and White Secchi Disk?
560:
362:
14:
1177:
1103:
724:Municipal and County Engineering.
661:The Microscopy of Drinking-Water.
420:The Microscopy of Drinking-Water.
205:Whipple worked directly with the
172:The Microscopy of Drinking Water.
1151:MIT School of Engineering alumni
1121:AWWA Water Industry Hall of Fame
634:22: 23rd Annual Mtg. (May) 25-40
374:
175:modified the original all-white
106:American Water Works Association
1087:International Plant Names Index
1079:
1043:
1012:
975:
940:
901:
888:
873:
860:
847:
837:
827:
796:
767:
754:
741:
729:
716:
704:
685:
663:New York:John Wiley & Sons.
494:New York:John Wiley & Sons.
484:New York:John Wiley & Sons.
478:and Whipple, George C. (1918).
450:New York:John Wiley & Sons.
422:New York:John Wiley & Sons.
308:Harvard School of Public Health
159:Stevens Institute of Technology
119:Harvard School of Public Health
1065:10.1126/science.131.3396.296.a
666:
637:
624:
239:Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
1:
632:Trans. Am. Microscopical Soc.
529:
383:Whipple lent his name to the
353:League of Red Cross Societies
104:Water Industry Hall of Fame,
961:10.1126/science.25.646.787.a
820:McGuire, Michael J. (2013).
413:Limited list of publications
7:
916:Funk & Wagnalls Company
673:The Secchi Disk—What Is It?
659:Whipple, George C. (1899).
487:Whipple, George C. (1919).
468:Whipple, George C. (1917).
453:Whipple, George C. (1908).
446:Whipple, George C. (1907).
418:Whipple, George C. (1899).
10:
1182:
1126:Death of George C. Whipple
1116:A Public Health Giant Step
1037:10.1126/science.28.725.733
879:Sutton, Antony C. (2001).
722:"Personal Items." (1922).
145:. He also interacted with
1003:10.1126/science.12.289.69
806:30:768, October 5. 413-6.
443:30:768, October 5. 413–6.
276:Charles-Edward A. Winslow
164:
131:New Boston, New Hampshire
100:
92:
84:
72:
56:
51:New Boston, New Hampshire
37:
25:
18:
1156:American civil engineers
853:Baker, Moses N. (1981).
775:Harvard Alumni Bulletin.
589:Am. Jour. Public Health.
448:The Value of Pure Water.
385:Life Extension Institute
232:combined sewer overflows
161:at Hoboken, New Jersey.
125:Early life and education
67:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1019:Blumer, George (1908).
259:Jersey City, New Jersey
115:George Chandler Whipple
427:Public Health Pap Rep.
302:Poughkeepsie, New York
571:Who's Who in America.
225:system, which had no
738:Accessed 2012-07-05.
711:Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.
701:Accessed 2012-07-05.
682:Accessed 2012-07-05.
607:The Harvard Crimson.
481:Fresh-Water Biology.
291:calcium hypochlorite
149:and fellow students
508:author abbreviation
280:William T. Sedgwick
241:from 1907 to 1911.
147:Dr. Thomas M. Drown
143:William T. Sedgwick
983:Kofoid, Charles A.
896:American Medicine.
726:63: (November) 25.
713:Accessed 12-06-29.
697:2012-06-22 at the
678:2012-08-14 at the
334:American Red Cross
314:Harvard University
219:City of Pittsburgh
1092: G.C.Whipple
925:978-1-59605-035-8
791:Proceedings AWWA.
751:January 15, 1922.
470:State Sanitation.
434:Proceedings AWWA.
322:Milton J. Rosenau
189:Hazen and Whipple
112:
111:
60:November 27, 1924
20:George C. Whipple
1173:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1016:
1010:
1006:
979:
973:
972:
944:
938:
937:
905:
899:
892:
886:
877:
871:
864:
858:
851:
845:
841:
835:
831:
825:
818:
807:
800:
794:
787:
778:
771:
765:
758:
752:
745:
739:
733:
727:
720:
714:
708:
702:
689:
683:
670:
664:
657:
648:
641:
635:
628:
622:
619:
610:
603:
592:
585:
574:
567:
558:
551:
526:
516:
515:
514:
459:New York:Wiley.
403:George W. Fuller
338:C.-E. A. Winslow
295:William J. Magie
227:sewage treatment
151:George W. Fuller
63:
47:
45:
30:
16:
15:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1131:
1130:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1048:
1044:
1017:
1013:
980:
976:
945:
941:
926:
906:
902:
893:
889:
878:
874:
870:43: June, 15-9.
865:
861:
852:
848:
842:
838:
832:
828:
819:
810:
801:
797:
788:
781:
772:
768:
762:Civil Engineer.
759:
755:
749:New York Times.
746:
742:
734:
730:
721:
717:
709:
705:
699:Wayback Machine
690:
686:
680:Wayback Machine
671:
667:
658:
651:
642:
638:
629:
625:
620:
613:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
561:
552:
537:
532:
527:
512:
511:
510:
505:
415:
398:
377:
369:Whipple's Index
365:
363:Whipple's Index
330:
310:
272:Earle B. Phelps
247:
207:Portland, Maine
193:Whipple joined
191:
167:
127:
68:
65:
61:
52:
49:
43:
41:
33:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1105:
1104:External links
1102:
1099:
1098:
1078:
1042:
1011:
997:(289): 69–71.
974:
939:
924:
900:
887:
872:
859:
846:
836:
826:
808:
795:
779:
766:
753:
740:
728:
715:
703:
684:
665:
649:
636:
623:
611:
593:
575:
559:
534:
533:
531:
528:
523:botanical name
504:
503:
502:
495:
485:
476:Ward, Henry B.
473:
466:
451:
444:
437:
430:
423:
414:
411:
397:
394:
376:
373:
364:
361:
342:Malcolm Pirnie
329:
326:
309:
306:
267:Chancery Court
263:Rockaway River
246:
243:
223:combined sewer
200:Malcolm Pirnie
190:
187:
166:
163:
126:
123:
110:
109:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:Known for
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
74:
70:
69:
66:
64:(aged 58)
58:
54:
53:
50:
39:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:(3396): 296.
1058:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
943:
935:
931:
927:
921:
917:
913:
912:
904:
898:15:11, 606-9.
897:
891:
884:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
840:
830:
823:
817:
815:
813:
805:
804:The Surveyor.
799:
792:
786:
784:
776:
770:
763:
757:
750:
744:
737:
732:
725:
719:
712:
707:
700:
696:
693:
688:
681:
677:
674:
669:
662:
656:
654:
646:
640:
633:
627:
618:
616:
608:
602:
600:
598:
590:
584:
582:
580:
572:
566:
564:
556:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
535:
524:
520:
509:
506:The standard
500:
496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
482:
477:
474:
471:
467:
465:
464:, archive.org
463:
462:Typhoid Fever
458:
457:
452:
449:
445:
442:
441:The Surveyor.
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
416:
410:
406:
404:
393:
391:
386:
381:
375:Personal life
372:
370:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
325:
323:
318:
315:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
255:
252:
242:
240:
235:
233:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
203:
201:
196:
186:
183:
178:
173:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:Occupation(s)
83:
79:
75:
71:
59:
55:
48:March 2, 1866
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
1091:
1081:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1031:(725): 733.
1028:
1024:
1014:
994:
990:
977:
955:(646): 787.
952:
948:
942:
910:
903:
895:
890:
880:
875:
867:
862:
854:
849:
839:
829:
821:
803:
798:
790:
774:
769:
761:
756:
748:
743:
731:
723:
718:
706:
687:
668:
660:
647:61: 100-104.
644:
639:
631:
626:
609:November 29.
606:
588:
570:
554:
498:
488:
480:
469:
461:
455:
447:
440:
433:
426:
419:
407:
399:
382:
378:
366:
350:
348:government.
331:
319:
311:
299:
287:John L. Leal
284:
256:
248:
236:
216:
204:
192:
171:
168:
128:
114:
113:
62:(1924-11-27)
1146:1924 deaths
1141:1866 births
591:15:1, 93-4.
573:v. 6, 2058.
557:13:1, 93-4.
513:G.C.Whipple
429:28: 422–31.
211:Sebago Lake
195:Allen Hazen
177:Secchi disk
155:Allen Hazen
1135:Categories
885:Chapter 5.
530:References
44:1866-03-02
1073:239844116
969:239875329
257:In 1899,
182:limnology
73:Education
985:(1900).
934:17979944
695:Archived
676:Archived
390:eugenics
346:Kerensky
251:chlorine
1053:Science
1025:Science
991:Science
949:Science
834:1-6987.
793:266-80.
436:266–80.
401:friend
357:Romania
108:, 1973.
1071:
967:
932:
922:
777:470-2.
764:47:10.
519:citing
165:Career
101:Awards
80:, 1889
1069:S2CID
1008:p. 71
965:S2CID
930:OCLC
920:ISBN
340:and
278:and
153:and
76:BS,
57:Died
38:Born
1061:doi
1057:131
1033:doi
999:doi
957:doi
139:MIT
1137::
1089:.
1067:.
1055:.
1029:28
1027:.
1023:.
995:12
993:.
989:.
963:.
953:25
951:.
928:.
918:.
811:^
782:^
652:^
614:^
596:^
578:^
562:^
538:^
521:a
359:.
282:.
274:,
1095:.
1075:.
1063::
1039:.
1035::
1005:.
1001::
971:.
959::
936:.
525:.
489:.
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
