1120:. It is generally leached, and frequently silicified. The colour of the beds alternates between grey and black, but where weathered, it changes to whitish grey. The graptolites appear on the bedding planes as black films. In Canberra, the Acton Shale appears in several outcrops in Acton, in two bands through Aranda, through Bruce near the Calvary Hospital, on the Bruce Ridge behind Lyneham. Also another band starts under the University of Canberra in Belconnen, and heads north east through Lawson and Giralang and folded and faulted into several bands in Crace on Gungahlin Hill. Another band is found on the west side of Queanbeyan, extending north to Dundee, and south around the east side of Jerrabomberra Hill. Acton shale is only preserved in the cores of synclines, being eroded from uplifted parts.
3851:
774:. The host rock is a skarn where Shannons Flat Adamellite baked limestone from the Paddy's River Volcanics. The bulk of the mineral here is magnetite, but other sulfide and minerals of copper, lead zinc and silver attracted miners. Thomas Coyle operated the mine in 1895, producing 2.6 tons of copper and 26.1 kg of silver. In 1907 the Cowley Copper Syndicate Ltd started more work cutting two more adits and winzes. It was abandoned by 1909 as the ore was too low grade. More than a million tons of magnetite remain. Many minerals such as
1993:
2001:
99:
19:
2554:
3720:
3708:
2149:
146:... Came on to one of the plains we saw at 11 o’clock. At half past 1, came to a very extensive plain, fine Rich Soil and plenty of grass. Came to a Beautiful River plains that was running thro’ the plains in a S.W. direction, by the side of which we slept that night. When we made the Hut this evening, we saw several pieces of stone that had been burnt by all appearances. I then examined some of it, which proved to be limestone. ...
580:
2362:
1985:
2737:
2538:. The inclusions are metamorphosed sediments and are common in biotite. It contains quartz and microcline feldspar and brown biotite and also muscovite. It has more biotite and plagioclase than Shannons Flat Granodiorite. The muscovite is distinctly foliated and there is also blue quartz. Texture is fine to medium grained. Close to the Murrumbidgee Fault the texture is
1100:, so the source of the sediments is from another continent. The other evidence from the Ordovician sediments are chemical composition indicates granitic source, with the absence of feldspar. Secondly the fine grained nature shows the sediments have been transported a long way from their ultimate, source, and could have been second cycle, derived from sedimentary rocks.
2054:-units show reddish brown alteration. The unit is of Early Ludlovian age. The rock on Mount Rob Roy and Pemberton Hill used to be known as Tuggeranong Granite, but is actually ignimbrite. The ignimbrite forms escarpments, with the lower-lying land being underlain by tuff. The Deakin Volcanics can be found south of the Deakin Fault between Belconnen and
2820:
of 6.7 to 7.0 km/s between 22 and 47 km. Above this layer is rock with speeds of 6.4 to 6.6 km/s from 22 to 15 km deep probably made from basic igneous rocks that were once oceanic crust. Above 15 km depth the P-wave speed is from 6 to 6.2 km/s and likely to be
Ordovician turbidites as seen at the surface.
1165:
buff-coloured laminated siltstone and shale with fine sandstone beds contorted by slumping. Its top is an unconformity, with Camp Hill
Sandstone lying on top. There is probably up to 200 metres thickness of this shale. The shale was deposited in the deep sea as turbidites. It can be found in Yarralumla,
2819:
depth is about 46–47 km below sea level. South south east of
Canberra to the Tasman Sea is a region of lower Moho depth than the surrounding south-east Australia. Seismic P-waves travel at 8.1 km/s in the mantle below this boundary. Above the Moho is an underplated layer with P-wave speeds
2449:
there is migmatite where the sediments have been partially melted in order to produce the plutonic rocks in the batholith. Variations in their composition are explained by partial mixing with melted oceanic crust. The batholith was largely crystallised before emplacement, and made space for intrusion
436:
The subducting
Pacific plate was old, cold and dense, easily sinking into the mantle at a steep angle. The hinge zone of the plate also migrated oceanwards over time. So the trench retreated oceanwards, and the old trench and ocean floor become part of the continental plate. Volcanoes formed inwards
2373:
capped with black shale. It consists mainly of fine to medium grained quartz rich sandstone and some mostly thin beds of siltstone, shale and slate. The sediments occur in a band on the west side of the ACT on Bulls Head, Mount
Franklin, Mount Ginini and along the upper parts of the Cotter River. A
2246:
A coarse green grey rhyodacitic intrusive with white prominent feldspar crystals appears between the arms of Lake
Ginninderra, McKellar, Evatt, Nine Elms, east Spence, and Nichols. This covers a few square kilometres. A small outcrop of the same material occurs in Cook and Jamison Center. This rock
1566:
sediment. The eruption came from a volcano into shallow sea water. The deposits built above sea level as they progressed. The underlying sediments now make up the
Canberra Formation. Between Hall and Nanima Hill on Spring Range, the Mount Painter Volcanics lie unconformably on top. These rocks date
507:
Several stages of volcanic activity followed. The first stage with Paddys River
Volcanics, Walker Volcanics in west Canberra, Hawkins Volcanics in the north and Ainslie Volcanics in the north east had acidic lava volcanoes erupting. The next stage was Mount Painter Volcanics in middle Canberra, and
1236:
Tidbinbilla
Quartzite has been modified by granite intrusions close by. It consists of medium grained sandstone, partly silicified and changed to quartzite. Belts of silstone and sandstone are included becoming more frequent at the top. The exposure is 300 metres thick. Low down there is a 2-metre
1629:
by Öpik in 1958. It consists mainly of mudstone which may be cemented by lime, or originally derived from tuff. There are some beds inserted of quartz sandstone or limestone. The bottom of the formation is on top of the Mount
Painter Volcanics. The top of the formation grades up into pyroclastics
1586:
north to the east of Woolshed Creek, through Majura and at least to Gooroo Hill and Old Joe on the NSW border. On Mount Ainslie the sequence starts with dacitic tuff, banded dacitic tuff, massive dacitic tuff, fifty metres of agglomeratic tuff, massive dacitic tuff, fifty metres of ashstone and
2431:
lens north of Uriarra Crossing. The outcrop goes from Mountain Creek Road in the west to the Murrumbidgee river in the east. It extends a few kilometres to the north of the ACT border and south to the Winslade Fault near the Cotter River. A wedge extends to the south south west, which includes
1633:
Deposition occurred in a shallow marine environment with a delta. The sea level was relative higher during this depositional phase compared with the earlier and later subaerial volcanic deposit periods. Its age is early Ludlow. This has been determined by shelly marine fossils, and a tonalite
1044:
are found. The geological formation east of Queanbeyan used to be known as the Muriarra Formation. This alternates between sandstone with a high quartz content and mica, and phyllite. Radiolarian chert is found in the central section. The railway forms the border between Queanbeyan in NSW and
417:. The flow was in the northerly direction, indicating that the continental slope was to the south. These deposits occurred during the Ordovician period. The ocean floor was distant from the continental source of the sediment. Towards the end of this period there were isolated parts where no
1164:
is shale, mudstone, siltstone and minor sandstone. In the type location there is about 60 metres of non-calcareous sandy shale and dark grey shale with beds of fine-grained sandstone. Between Kings Avenue and Commonwealth Avenue, there is a good outcrop on State Circle, consisting of
1049:
in the ACT. West of the Queanbeyan railway station is a cutting where folding has overturned the beds, with axes dipping to the east at 50 degrees. 300 metres of thickness is exposed in this cutting. Llanvirnian age (Pygodus serrus conodont zone). Fossils found include Phyllograptus anna,
555:
Horst. This was probably in a different position relative to Canberra, compared to the present. From here, ocean floor turbidite deposits occurred in the Ordovician period. The sediments were deeply buried by being compressed and faulted down. Melting occurred in deep sediments and in the
2828:
Magnetic deviation through the centre of Canberra was measured at 12.00 degrees east in 1985. The contours run North east. Each year it shifts 2.2 minutes to the east. Magnetic field in all three components is measured continuously at a station in Canberra and made available online.
1303:
is a fine grained tuff. In addition to the ashstone the Canberra Formation has layers of green-grey to reddish dacite, also tuff, quartz andesite, but mostly it is calcareous shale, limestone or sandstone. Much is deeply weathered, which has posed difficulties for building foundations.
2386:
The Paddys River Volcanics consist of dacite and tuff with some shale phyllite and limestone. They occur to the west of the Bullen range, along the lower parts of the Paddys River. They were deposited on top of the Ordovician Adaminaby Beds, and intruded by Shannons Flat Adamellite.
1312:
Walker Volcanics appear as purple or greenish-grey dacitic ignimbrite. These volcanics contain chloritised cordierite and some have garnet. They are Wenlock age. They occur in southern Belconnen including Macquarie, Weetangera, Hawker, Page, Scullin, Higgins, Holt and the Pinnacle.
680:
In the east side of the Cullarin Block, in the east-pointing finger of the ACT, the Tabberabberan Orogeny also reached the upper greenschist facies again. East–west pressure caused ruptures forming the Winslade and Deakin Faults and other northwest- or northeast-trending faults.
224:
core of the continent. The Tasmanides are the result of compression, horizontal shortening, and vertical thickening of various "terranes" such as small continental fragments and volcanic island arcs that were plastered against the original continental margin as a result of
1228:. The deposition was in a marine proximal turbidite fan, with the turbidity current flowing to the east. There are no fossils, but there is some sedimentary structure including plane, cross or convolute laminations, load casts, slump units and flute moulds.
3468:
437:
from the trench. The part of the oceanic plate attached to the continent was compressed, the suboceanic crust was severely shortened and thickened as well, giving rise to a duplex structure. This happened at the end of the Ordovician period and in the
1599:, who called it a porphyry. The description is a massive dark bluish-grey dacitic crystal tuff containing garnet and chloritised cordierite. There is a local appearance of agglomerate and pumice. There are prominent quartz and feldspar phenocrysts.
766:
was tunneled in the Balconnel Gold Mine around 1894. No significant gold was ever found there. The mine was 200 m downstream from the Molonglo River on the Murrumbidgee River with coordinates 35°S deg 14' 38.3", 148°E deg 58' 13.6".
2038:. Southwards the section passes up into a massive and partly banded rhyodacitic ignimbrite. The bottom of the Deakin Volcanics is exposed on nearby Heysen Street. At least 400m thickness of beds are exposed in the Parkway cutting. The
2756:
Pool Area. A similar dyke also outcrops on the west side of the Murrumbidgee River near Pine Island. The dyke is less than 0.5 metres thick. The rock is black, showing up well against the reds and browns of the Laidlaw Volcanics.
1103:
At the time these sediments were deposited the location was at least 3,000 km from the Australian continent. Underneath there is no Proterozoic continental basement, instead these sediments are lying on top of oceanic crust.
2882:
is −400, the highest levels in the metropolitan area are at Watson and Mitchell at −350, and at Mulligans Flat at −345. This means that a 50 kg person, if measured on a force scale rather than on a balance, would apparently
1050:
Trigonograptus ensiformus, Pterograptus, Didymograptus, Isograptus, Hallograptus from the Darriwillian age. Near the top of the formation are fossils Dicellograptus sextans, D divaricatus, D salopiensis, which are Gisbornian.
491:
A second unconformity occurred after the Black Mountain Sandstone was uplifted and eroded at the end of the early Silurian. This was called the Quidongan Deformation. The Canberra formation was deposited in shallow water with
95:. At the time these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has since been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting and the Deakin anticline.
1139:
period. Lower beds contains fossils like Dicranograptus nicholsoni. Upper beds contain Climacograptus bicornbis, Chastatus, C tubuliferis, Dicellograptus elegans, and Dicranograptus hians which are late Eastonian in age.
2870:, so this level is –32 milligals. Another high of –330 μm·s is just north of the northernmost point of the ACT. The contours in the ACT run NW–SE. At the Canberra GPO is about −440, at Scriviner Dam −510, at
3667:
1292:. It is also found through North Canberra, excluding Campbell and Russell. It occurs through most of Gungahlin apart from Crace and Nicholls. The beds extend north in a wide band to 35 deg 03S near Bald Hill.
676:
schist occur there. Within this region, there are two parallel belts of knotted schist even more strongly heated to over 525 °C. The temperature gradient in the area was high at 70 °C per kilometre.
3687:
2414:
bed called the Tarpaulin Creek Ashstone Member outcrops in an approximate north–south line and acts as a marker within the volcanics. Tuff and flows above and below the ashstone member contain obvious pink
1321:
Hawkins Volcanics is a green-grey dacite or dacitic tuff. These volcanics contain chloritised cordierite, and some have garnet. Their age is Ludlow to Wenlock. The volcanics occur in northern Belconnen, in
3662:
2527:
441:. The sediments were heavily folded and overthrusted resulting in severe crustal shortening. In the Canberra area the sediments were raised above sea level and eroded. The land to the west (around
429:
debris were deposited into oxygen-depleted deep water. This ocean basin has been called the Monaro Basin. To the north west was a volcanic chain of islands, the Macquarie arc, with an associated
3114:
Plate tectonic processes in the southwest Pacific: a spatial and temporal context Barry Drummond, B. L. N. Kennett, R. J. Korsch, B. R. Goleby & P. A. Symonds Penrose Conference March 1999
138:. Detailed instructions had been given to the explorers by Charles Throsby, who had accompanied the Lake George exploration party earlier in the year. They were provided with acid to test for
1609:
Mount Painter Volcanics overlie the Walker Volcanics unconformably. The top is also an unconformity with Yarralumla Formation and Deakin Volcanics and Yass Formation. The age is of Late
3682:
1273:
These fossils were from the Canberra Formation. In the past these rocks were known as the Canberra Group with components of Turner Shale, Riverside Formation, and City Hill Shale.
2674:
The Tharwa Adamellite resembles Shannons Flat Adamellite, but with more strongly zoned plagioclase (An50-20) contains microcline, it is poor in xenoliths and is coarse grained.
2703:
2263:
A line of outcrops of coarse pink-brown rhyodacitic porphyry outcrops on the north side of Canberra on Forster Hill, MCquoids Hill and Neighbour Hill, and on East side of
3692:
127:
2445:
The Murrumbidgee Batholith formed by melting different sediments to the Ordovician Pittman Formations, as the granites contain more feldspar elements Ca, Na and K. At
2257:
intrusions could also be volcanic necks. If so they have been responsible for the Laidlaw Volcanics. They are all unnamed. The first three intrude Laidlaw Volcanics.
594:
The Bowning Deformation caused the north–south faulting and long folding in the area surrounding the ACT. This deformation was connected with the attachment of the
588:
131:
3757:
3375:
1096:
with age ranges of 0.46 and 0.60 Gya, 1.0 and 1.2 Gya, and at ~1.8 Gya, ~2.2 Gya and ~2.7 Gya. These do not match the age of zircons from the interior of the
3820:
3976:
2202:
and water deposited tuff occur to the west of Pine Island and Point Hut Crossing. North west of Mount Stromlo, on Uriarra Road, there is an occurrence of
3534:
Henderson, G. A. M. and Matveev, G., Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs 1:50000 1980. This was used to determine the rock types in each suburb.
3151:
McQueen, Ken G.; J. R. Caldwell; P. W. Millsteed (July 1988). "Primary and Secondary Minerals at the Paddy's River Mine, Australian Capital Territory".
2260:
A coarse rhyodacitic intrusive outcrops to the north west of Charnwood intrudes Laidlaw Volcanics, with about half a square kilometre of surface area.
1685:. Exposures can be seen at the Deakin Anticline—with pale brown siltstone; and also at the Yarralumla brickworks with olive-green calcareous mudstone.
1658:
in the north. The formation is evidence of the last major period when eastern Australia was still covered by shallow seas. It shows fossil evidence of
1539:. The lithology is bluish grey dacitic tuff, which can be massive or foliated, also dacitic agglomerate and shale. These volcanics contain chloritised
3815:
2285:
A coarse porphyritic micro-adamellite was intruded sometime from late Silurian to early Devonian. It intrudes the Hawkins Volcanics in Belconnen in
3240:
2995:
3359:
3805:
3562:
3323:
2134:
1271:
1135:
are rarely found. The beds are up to 60 metres thick and appear high in the Pittman Formation. The age range is Gisbornian to Bolindian of the
3795:
3785:
3125:
2769:
1213:
1174:
779:
466:
450:
217:
811:
209:
1143:
The sediments making the Acton Shale were deposited in the ocean in a reducing environment starved of oxygen, and lacking fresh sediment.
3936:
3840:
3810:
3780:
2250:
East and north east of Watson is an intrusion of grey and cream dacite. This may correspond to the lower layer of the Ainslie Volcanics.
1525:
771:
3890:
3750:
3218:
2558:
2264:
2063:
309:
3875:
3835:
2039:
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The Laidlaw Volcanics: a Late Silurian point on the geological time scale by D. Wyborn and M. Owen, W. Compston and I. McDougall in
3790:
1651:
1626:
747:
which excavates Camp Hill Sandstone, and a large quarry on Mount Mugga Mugga which excavates Mugga Mugga Porphyry for construction
517:
2176:
2059:
2055:
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1186:
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In an intervening phase in volcanism predominantly sediments were deposited. Yarralumla Formation was named after the suburb of
3677:
2290:
1643:
1281:
1277:
1267:
744:
567:
mingled and intruded upwards. The Murrumbidgee Batholith was formed, with several intrusions. The faults were reversed and the
88:
1000:
and north are very thick and heavily overturned and thrusted. At Etheridge Creek, the type locality is a repeating pattern of
3885:
3743:
2067:
1606:
sediments and there are some beds of tuffaceous siltstone and sandstone. It was mostly deposited from the air without water.
3880:
2550:
Shannons Flat Granodiorite is poor in xenoliths and is coarse grained. It was intruded after the clear Range Granodiorite.
2519:
2180:
2071:
2009:
1639:
1635:
1583:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1289:
1285:
1178:
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985:
3073:
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3623:
3579:
3191:
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2075:
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1339:
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1182:
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704:
643:
151:
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intrusion southwest of Red Hill with age determined as 417±8 Mya. Outcrops occur on Red Hill (the hill) and throughout
1343:
1693:
Dated early Ludlow to Wenlock. This may outcrop in Belconnen and Florey. The composition is calcareous and tuffaceous
1197:
Black Mountain Sandstone is deposited on top of State Circle Shale conformably. It is made up from thick beds of grey
3642:
3537:
Henderson, G. A. M., Geology of Canberra, Queanbeyan and Environs Notes to Accompany the 1980 1:50000 Geological map.
3452:
3383:
1270:. At the time these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed.
984:
The Pittman Formation was described originally by Öpik in 1958 who named it after the Pittman Valley, southeast of
1156:
The State Circle Shale was named by Öpik in 1958. It is named after the street where it was described. Its age is
188:
explains the large-scale structure of the Earth's crust and its constituent rocks in terms of blocks moving along
3344:
3262:
3284:
2854:
over the ACT has been measured and published on the 1:100000 Canberra Geological Map. High level points in the
2816:
2710:
3548:
513:
606:
stage, with shallow burial and temperature below 350 °C. This changed the volcanics and sediments with
366:
A plate with a continent fragment on board bumped into the east coast of what is now Australia, forming the
3830:
3766:
3612:
3196:
3048:
3018:
2277:
Another pink and green rhyolite porphyry occurs in Holder, Weston and Lyons. It intrudes Deakin Volcanics.
708:
170:
107:
46:
consisting largely of quartz-rich sandstone, siltstone and shale; the Adaminaby Beds and the Acton Shale.
3981:
3672:
3355:
2917:
The ACT is moving 24 degrees east of north with a velocity of 54.5 mm/yr along with the rest of the
997:
540:. At least four large eruptions made up this volcanic deposit. Over the top of this in the west near the
528:
deposits. Volcanic activity resumed with Deakin Volcanics in the north west and south of Canberra. First
3597:
3587:
2992:
2752:
occurs in the Red Rocks Gorge near Allens Creek. It is oriented northwest–southeast and heads towards
2097:
The Mugga Mugga Porphyry is a lava flow. It is blue or mauve grey in a mass. The rock is veined with
587:
Small granite intrusions injected the rocks in the Canberra Graben around 408 million years ago. The
106:
The early European name for the district was "Limestone Plains". In 1820, following the discovery of
3101:
2977:
2863:
2523:
1085:
481:
216:
that make up the core of the old mountain range that makes up the Australian continent east of the
92:
3405:
3129:
2016:
between Hindmarsh Drive and Cotter Road. The visible base shows a weathered repeating sequence of
3519:
Richardson, S. J. and Barron L., 1977 Michelago 1:100000 Geological, Sheet 8726, Geol Surv Sydney
2933:. They have a duplex structure with red or brown clayey layer. Typical thicknesses are 2 metres.
1575:
period. They were formed about the same time as the Walker Volcanics and Paddys River Volcanics.
480:
area. The Canberra area was on the proto-Canberra-Yass Shelf. East of Canberra deep water of the
723:
operations have occurred historically throughout the region, both for precious metals including
2042:
area has the thickest deposits. Rock types in the Deakin Volcanics are rhyodacitic ignimbrite,
1093:
763:
3181:
Basement of the Lachlan Fold Belt: the Evidence From S-Type Granites B. W. Chappell, GEMOC ANU
3592:
3201:
3088:
3053:
3023:
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1617:. These rocks form a belt from Coppins Crossing towards Narrabundah and Jerrabomberra Creek.
1013:
521:
201:
739:, and for construction materials. The only commercial operations now here are the Stockmans
3571:
2839:
2835:
2337:. Minor minerals are apatite and zircon. The surrounding Pittman formation rocks have been
602:
occurred. In the Canberra Graben and Cullarin Block, metamorphism mostly reached the upper
379:
256:
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The gravity lows are due to the Murrumbidgee Batholith which is compose of lighter rocks.
8:
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3310:
2535:
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2013:
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where it is found. Originally it was believed to be Ordovician, but is actually from the
155:
3921:
2424:
2271:
2214:
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1568:
1212:. The grain size is fine to medium. It was originally named by Öpik after the mountain—
696:
541:
367:
119:
3498:
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2313:. The outcrop covers 4 square kilometres in the ACT. It was intruded during the late
2086:. The different colours found in the rocks are due to weathering, the red being from
1647:
1097:
418:
414:
410:
248:
115:
22:
Australia grew around three fused pieces of very ancient continental crust (cratons).
1992:
1587:
topped with massive dacitic tuff. The rocks on top of the eastern ridge is altered.
1084:, are very similar in all parts of the Tasman Orogen, including New Zealand and the
988:. It is entirely of Ordovician age and about 800 metres thick near Canberra, but at
707:
areas. This uplift reactivated the Murrumbidgee Fault, the Queanbeyan Fault and the
240:
in the north, as these continental units were attached to Australia at the time, in
150:
There is little limestone evident at the surface in the district, but an outcrop at
3957:
3941:
3712:
2918:
2871:
2765:
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2310:
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Narrabundah Ashstone is a member of the Canberra formation and is found is eastern
438:
430:
3074:"1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 1931 — Special Article - Canberra Past and Present"
496:, and shale forming. There were some small volcanic activities at this stage with
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facies was achieved. This was not sufficient to convert plagioclase to albite.
627:
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Temperature gradients in the Canberra area vary from 20 to 30 °C/km. At
3970:
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2353:. A magnetic high matches the location indicating the presence of magnetite.
2338:
2240:
2228:
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989:
803:
560:
516:. Then came a pause in volcanism at the start of the Upper Silurian with the
485:
158:. These formations became exposed when the ocean floor was raised by a major
2000:
1596:
1237:
thick bed of ashstone across a broad area that can be used as a marker bed.
665:, east of the ACT on the Molonglo Range and Yarrow Peak and Taliesin Hills.
476:. The source of the Black Mountain sand was near by from the west, from the
3906:
3825:
2884:
2706:
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2192:
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1558:. The thickness is at least 700 metres. The magma was formed by melting an
1225:
1221:
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791:
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552:
536:, more rhyodacite, tuff with some underwater sediments, and finishing with
446:
98:
18:
3044:"Deakin Anticlines, Macgregor St, Deakin, ACT, Australia (Place ID 13312)"
3014:"State Circle Cutting, State Ccl, Parkes, ACT, Australia (Place ID 13321)"
1080:, feldspathic sandstone, micaceous siltstone, micaceous shale, chert, and
770:
Paddys River Mine or Cowley copper mine is located 700 m upstream on
2879:
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2530:. Clear Range ridge forms the ACT border in the south east. Described as
2118:
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there was a further massive volcanic eruption, called Laidlaw Volcanics.
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293:
221:
123:
58:
2374:
separate outcrop extends into the ACT from the south in the area of the
1528:
where their type location occurs, the Ainslie Volcanics are composed of
173:(ACT) are made from granite-like rocks. These are from the Murrumbidgee
118:
decided to send a party, with provisions for one month, to discover the
3926:
3540:
2859:
2773:
2749:
2330:
2232:
2160:
2157:
2110:
2091:
2023:
2020:
1710:
1540:
1532:
1255:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1037:
1025:
783:
611:
529:
509:
402:
398:
289:
233:
111:
80:
31:
3719:
3522:
Richardson, S. J., 1976, Geology of the Michelago 1:100000, Sheet 8726
3356:
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13363/78.pdfACT
2270:
A distorted band of coarse grey rhyodacitic porphyry occurs along the
2191:
age 420.7±2.2 m.y. and have been used to set an absolute date for the
1276:
Canberra Formation can be found in the east part of South Canberra in
547:
West of the Murrumbidgee is another different geological setting. The
449:
resulted between the Pittman Formation and the State Circle Shale and
2780:
2776:
2725:
2699:
2539:
2428:
2427:
to the north of the Cotter Dam is actually a dacite flow. There is a
2370:
2317:
and is dated at 410+4Mya. The colour is pale grey with mineral white
2217:
2203:
2188:
2031:
2027:
1706:
1698:
1659:
1559:
1544:
1259:
1205:
1201:
1161:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1001:
993:
787:
639:
493:
473:
469:
391:
185:
174:
139:
84:
69:
65:
39:
38:. During the Ordovician period the region—along with most of eastern
3528:
Strusz, D. L., 1:250000 Geological Series-Explanatory Notes Canberra
3305:
A. A. Öpik, "The Geology of the Canberra City District", chapter in
3150:
2148:
3865:
3445:
A Geological Guide to the Canberra Region and Namadgi National Park
2867:
2788:
2784:
2695:
2416:
2411:
2346:
2334:
2318:
2314:
2254:
2224:
2168:
2130:
2122:
2106:
2087:
1702:
1614:
1572:
1536:
1300:
1263:
1217:
1125:
1081:
1066:
1033:
1009:
807:
799:
752:
666:
651:
631:
607:
548:
537:
501:
406:
387:
383:
241:
205:
163:
61:
35:
3447:. Geological Society of Australia (ACT Division). pp. 91–92.
2887:
1.3 grams more in Watson, than they would in western Kambah.
2842:
I = -65.856° dD = -0.008 deg/yr dF = -28 nT/yr dI = 0.014 deg/yr
2309:
intruding the Pittman formation in the hills to the north east of
650:
in the Laidlaw and Walker Volcanics the temperature was lower and
579:
49:
Most of the younger rocks are pyroclastic deposits from explosive
2855:
2761:
2721:
2420:
2361:
2326:
2306:
2126:
2102:
2098:
2051:
1667:
1563:
1058:
1021:
689:
635:
623:
595:
568:
370:. The remains of the mountains of this orogeny can be found near
252:
159:
50:
2163:
in the form of pale to dark grey rhyodacitic to dacitic crystal
409:
were deposited in the ocean floor in the form of fans formed by
386:. This happened between 520 and 480 million years ago up to the
87:
from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near
3501:
Is the Australian Plate deforming? A space geodetic perspective
3406:"Australian Stratigraphic Units Database, Geoscience Australia"
3170:
Crustal Evolution in Southeastern Australia: A Zircon Viewpoint
2930:
2875:
2753:
2396:
2350:
2322:
2184:
2137:
2114:
1984:
1714:
1603:
1551:
1547:
1529:
1251:
1198:
1132:
1089:
1054:
1041:
759:
748:
740:
736:
728:
720:
673:
669:
647:
619:
557:
497:
426:
401:
era at least a few thousand kilometres of the ocean floor were
213:
197:
76:
2736:
2446:
2199:
2035:
1694:
1663:
1209:
1113:
1017:
1005:
564:
462:
349:
297:
237:
34:
around 480 million years ago, whilst most rocks are from the
2690:. The total outcrop is 52 square kilometres. It is coarsely
2171:
in the ACT. The Laidlaw Volcanics occur in a band along the
2050:, tuffaceous shale and minor quartz sandstones and volcanic
251:, which is located on a terrane that is called the Benambra
177:
intruding during the late Silurian or early Devonian times.
2894:. This can measure changes in the gravity field over time.
2717:
2518:
Clear Range Granodiorite covers 475 square kilometres from
2407:
2399:
2164:
2152:
Ignimbrite from the Red Rocks Gorge has a strong red colour
2047:
2043:
1224:
epoch. Some of the slopes of Black mountain are covered in
732:
724:
533:
422:
1112:
Acton Shale is a grey to black thinly laminated siliceous
591:
was carried into position on the east coast of Australia.
2239:
in the Walker Volcanic sediments. It is likely to be the
1020:. In the sandstone beds there are occurrences of graded
638:
and opaque minerals. On the western margin in southwest
390:
period. No associated ocean floor has been preserved by
308:
Canberra Graben (north east ACT including Canberra, and
2949:
2890:
A sensitive gravity measuring station is positioned on
2832:
Magnetic Field Components at Civic at the end of 2013:
2702:
occurs in unweathered rock. This leucogranite intrudes
2423:, and the flows have banded flow structure. The Cotter
2909:
heat flow is 73 mWm with a gradient of 27 °C/km.
2862:
just north of the east finger of the ACT of –320
2175:
to the south west of Canberra, and also north west of
661:
More intense metamorphism occurred to the east of the
2235:
intrusive outcrops over one square kilometre west of
1299:
and in a geological monument along Fairbairn avenue.
142:. On 7 December 1820, Smith recorded in his journal:
3531:
Packham, G. H., 1969, The Geology of New South Wales
3469:"Australian Geomagnetic Reference Field Computation"
2274:
from 1 to 4 kilometres south of Point Hut Crossing.
2129:. It is dated at 414±9 Mya. The Federal Golf Course
2012:
Volcanics can be seen in the road cutting along the
1996:
Deakin Volcanics rhyodacite modified to green colour
992:
it is over 1,200 metres thick. The lower levels are
280:
Captains Flat Graben (easternmost 3 km of ACT)
42:—was part of the ocean floor. The area contains the
2921:. It is sinking at a rate of 3.5 mm per year.
2435:
338:also known as Canberra-Yass Synclinorial Zone west
315:also known as Canberra-Yass Synclinorial Zone East
3525:Canberra 1:250000 Geological Sheet, SI 55–16, 1964
3241:"Definition card for: Narrabundah Ashstone Member"
2526:on the west side of the Murrumbidgee batholith on
2247:matches the upper layer of the Hawkins Volcanics.
1595:This was named after Mount Painter in Canberra by
405:, taking of the order of a hundred million years.
154:, near the Museum of Australia, by the shores of
3968:
3765:
3505:Geological Society of Australia Special Bulletin
2243:for the uppermost eruption of Walker Volcanics.
1361:Ainslie Volcanics oxide & element chemistry
1053:Chemical analysis reveals low concentrations of
1024:, clay pellets, and current bedding. Fossils of
3376:"Yarralumla Brickpits, Yarralumla, ACT Profile"
3076:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. January 1931
1554:is found on low hills on the north side of the
699:. The Kosiusko uplift elevated the land in the
3324:"Definition card for: Mount Painter Volcanics"
2728:than other Murrumbidgee Batholith intrusions.
2378:. Yet another outcrop is on the Bullen Range.
1578:The Ainslie Volcanics occur on Mount Ainslie,
1266:period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near
695:intruded into the Red Rocks Gorge area of the
204:, which was once a part of the supercontinent
169:Much of the western and southern parts of the
3751:
3556:
2874:Dam −600, and Banks −590. The western end of
166:forming much of the east coast of Australia.
2802:The dyke is believed to be Tertiary in age.
266:
3977:Geology of the Australian Capital Territory
2369:The Adaminaby Beds were formed from quartz
2090:, and the green from clay minerals such as
1582:, and in a band extending from Bonshaw and
1526:Mount Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory
28:geology of the Australian Capital Territory
3758:
3744:
3563:
3549:
2878:has the lowest level in Canberra at −610.
1535:and minor volcaniclastic and argillaceous
3442:
3426:Volume 59, Issue 1, June 1982, pp. 90–100
3219:"Definition card for: Canberra Formation"
2838:D = 12.273° field strength F = 58096 nT
2760:The rock consists of microphenocrysts of
2740:Black teschenite from the Red Rocks Gorge
2450:by displacement rather than dissolution.
2305:, the Sutton Granite is a medium grained
2094:. The pink crystals are potash feldspar.
303:Collingwood, Queanbeyan, Sullivans Faults
272:Rocky Pic Horst outside the east of ACT.
3570:
3285:"Stratigraphic Search Hawkins Volcanics"
2735:
2552:
2360:
2147:
1999:
1991:
1983:
578:
97:
17:
3263:"Stratigraphic Search Walker Volcanics"
3255:
3213:
3211:
2732:Olivine Teschenite from Red Rocks Gorge
2365:Adaminaby Beds outcrop south of the ACT
1683:Symonston, Australian Capital Territory
1240:
3969:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3144:
1204:mostly, but has some beds included of
1146:
456:
321:Murrumbidgee, Winslade, Pig Hill Fault
3739:
3544:
3233:
3190:
3172:Ian S. Williams and Bruce W. Chappell
2187:, and Greenway. The volcanics are of
1988:Banded Tuff from the Deakin Volcanics
1638:and in southern Yarralumla, and also
472:deposited in a marine environment as
356:
220:. These rocks are an addition to the
68:formation that was formed around 425
3345:Geoscience Australia database record
3277:
3208:
3123:
3042:
3012:
2557:Shannons Flat Granodiorite from the
1640:Hughes, Australian Capital Territory
1636:Deakin, Australian Capital Territory
1346:. Maximum thickness is 1770 m.
986:Aranda, Australian Capital Territory
598:to the continent. During this stage
571:from the batholith became elevated.
3429:
3424:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
3117:
2195:. They are up to 850 metres thick.
1675:Lyons, Australian Capital Territory
259:, but the Molong-Monaro Terrane in
180:
13:
2542:and the rock is easily weathered.
2395:The Uriarra Volcanics consists of
352:Trough outside the west of the ACT
232:The Tasmanides also extended into
14:
3993:
3688:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
2823:
2078:apart from Curtin, and across to
814:have been found at the location.
3849:
3718:
3706:
3489:1:100000 Canberra Geological Map
2845:
2810:
2787:groundmass. Kaersutite contains
2694:and pale in comparison to other
2436:Late Silurian to Middle Devonian
2125:in lesser amounts and flakes of
3513:
3492:
3483:
3461:
3416:
3398:
3368:
3349:
3338:
3316:
3299:
3184:
3175:
2179:. They exist in the suburbs of
2046:(Mugga Mugga Porphyry Member),
1681:. There may also be a patch in
822:
247:The ACT is part of the Eastern
200:. The ACT is positioned on the
30:includes rocks dating from the
3668:Australian Antarctic Territory
3163:
3108:
3066:
3036:
3006:
2984:
2942:
2686:is found at Mount Tennant and
2658:
2650:
2642:
2634:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2206:over a few square kilometres.
1973:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1918:
1900:
1886:
1875:
1860:
1846:
1828:
1817:
1806:
1791:
1776:
1758:
1513:
1499:
1484:
1473:
1458:
1447:
1432:
1414:
1403:
1385:
1092:from the turbidites have been
968:
960:
952:
937:
925:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
866:
855:
1:
2936:
2805:
2293:, the Town Center and Bruce.
1677:north north west towards the
1642:. The formation extends from
361:
3767:Australian Capital Territory
3633:Australian Capital Territory
3307:Canberra, a nation's Capital
3221:. Geoscience Australia. 1990
3197:Australian Heritage Database
3049:Australian Heritage Database
3019:Australian Heritage Database
2900:
2616:
2564:
2457:
2167:. They are the top layer of
2156:The Laidlaw volcanics are a
1726:
1673:Another band stretches from
1353:
826:
817:
508:Colinton Volcanics south of
453:Sandstone deposited on top.
212:, the deformed rocks of the
171:Australian Capital Territory
7:
3663:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
2912:
2858:field occur at the head of
2791:and has a formula near NaCa
2783:, embedded in a colourless
2572:Shannons Flat Granodiorite
2220:occur throughout the area.
2062:. It also is found through
1734:Deakin Volcanics chemistry
1630:from the Deakin Volcanics.
574:
134:, a nephew of the explorer
10:
3998:
2993:Woolshed Creek Fossil Site
2929:Most soils in the ACT are
2866:. 1 μm·s is 0.1
2546:Shannons Flat Granodiorite
2133:introduces some veins and
236:in the south and northern
102:Limestone outcrop at Acton
3955:
3899:
3858:
3847:
3773:
3701:
3651:
3621:
3578:
3443:Finlayson, D. M. (2008).
3380:www.aussieheritage.com.au
3126:"The Balconnel Gold Mine"
2623:
2571:
2465:Clear Range Granodiorite
2464:
2419:crystals. The tuff shows
2004:Deakin Volcanics red tuff
1733:
1360:
833:
714:
288:Cullarin Horst (north of
267:Canberra region structure
2454:Clear Range Granodiorite
1193:Black Mountain Sandstone
1086:Transantarctic Mountains
532:was erupted followed by
445:) was raised higher. An
93:William Branwhite Clarke
3678:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3153:Australian Mineralogist
2952:. Australian Government
2924:
2253:Late Silurian to early
1709:. These volcanics lack
1591:Mount Painter Volcanics
425:and animal organic and
3471:. Geoscience Australia
3326:. Geoscience Australia
3309:, ed H. L. White 1954
3287:. Geoscience Australia
3265:. Geoscience Australia
3243:. Geoscience Australia
3096:Cite journal requires
2990:ACT Heritage Council:
2972:Cite journal requires
2950:"Geoscience Australia"
2741:
2678:Booroomba Leucogranite
2640:Microcline K-feldspar
2588:Microcline K-feldspar
2562:
2481:Microcline K-feldspar
2441:Murrumbidgee Batholith
2382:Paddys River Volcanics
2366:
2231:. A coarse green grey
2153:
2005:
1997:
1989:
584:
484:Basin remained in the
421:reached and only fine
148:
103:
23:
3202:Australian Government
3054:Australian Government
3024:Australian Government
2739:
2556:
2364:
2281:Glebe Farm Adamellite
2151:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1232:Tidbinbilla Quartzite
1173:, north and south of
589:Molong-Monaro Terrane
582:
144:
132:Charles Throsby Smith
101:
21:
3816:Legislative Assembly
3713:Australia portal
3654:External territories
3638:Jervis Bay Territory
3624:Mainland territories
3572:Geology of Australia
2840:Magnetic inclination
2836:Magnetic declination
2626:Mineral Composition
2574:Mineral Composition
2467:Mineral Composition
2227:intrusions could be
2082:, and south through
1621:Yarralumla Formation
1241:Late Middle Silurian
622:, and conversion of
551:block is called the
208:. The ACT is in the
202:Australian continent
55:Yarralumla Formation
3311:Angus and Robertson
3132:on 28 December 2013
2034:and red and yellow
2014:Tuggeranong Parkway
1656:Lake Burley Griffin
1147:Late Early Silurian
1065:because of the low
1036:, and occasionally
457:Silurian deposition
334:Goodradigbee Graben
196:or downthrown into
156:Lake Burley Griffin
130:, a constable, and
126:was accompanied by
3982:Silurian volcanism
3725:Geology portal
3643:Northern Territory
3362:2008-07-25 at the
3358:Heritage Register
2998:2008-07-25 at the
2907:Blundell's Cottage
2742:
2624:Tharwa Adamellite
2563:
2367:
2301:Also known as the
2272:Murrumbidgee River
2173:Murrumbidgee River
2154:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1602:Xenoliths include
1543:and some have red
1246:Canberra Formation
1152:State Circle Shale
1094:isotopically dated
1004:, micaceous sandy
996:, exposed east of
836:Chemical Analysis
834:Pittman Formation
705:Southern Highlands
697:Murrumbidgee River
585:
583:Dyke of teschenite
542:Murrumbidgee River
419:turbidity currents
413:off the side of a
411:turbidity currents
368:Delamerian Orogeny
357:Geological history
120:Murrumbidgee River
104:
51:volcanic eruptions
24:
3964:
3963:
3733:
3732:
3683:Coral Sea Islands
3613:Western Australia
3386:on 14 August 2008
3192:"Place ID 105733"
2670:Tharwa Adamellite
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2391:Uriarra Volcanics
2303:Greenwood Granite
2144:Laidlaw Volcanics
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1350:Ainslie Volcanics
1317:Hawkins Volcanics
1098:Australian Shield
980:Pittman Formation
977:
976:
973:
972:
504:layers included.
415:continental slope
249:Lachlan Fold Belt
160:volcanic activity
116:Lachlan Macquarie
70:million years ago
44:Pittman Formation
3989:
3958:Australia portal
3859:Cities and towns
3853:
3831:Public transport
3760:
3753:
3746:
3737:
3736:
3723:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3673:Christmas Island
3656:
3626:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3382:. Archived from
3372:
3366:
3353:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3320:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3128:. Archived from
3121:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3010:
3004:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2919:Australian Plate
2872:Lake Tuggeranong
2779:, and about 15%
2768:, pinkish brown
2724:, and higher in
2621:
2620:
2617:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:Tracking Station
2462:
2461:
2458:
2311:Canberra Airport
1731:
1730:
1727:
1723:Deakin Volcanics
1650:in the South to
1358:
1357:
1354:
1334:, Mount Rogers,
1308:Walker Volcanics
1076:, consisting of
1016:and radiolarian
831:
830:
827:
764:copper carbonate
614:, conversion of
612:saussuritisation
431:submarine trench
344:Long Plain Fault
329:Tantangara Fault
283:Ballallaba Fault
192:, uplifted into
181:Tectonic context
91:by the Reverend
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3951:
3895:
3854:
3845:
3769:
3764:
3734:
3729:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3652:
3647:
3622:
3617:
3598:South Australia
3588:New South Wales
3574:
3569:
3516:
3511:
3507:22, 2003, p. 46
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3441:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3364:Wayback Machine
3354:
3350:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3000:Wayback Machine
2989:
2985:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2903:
2852:gravity anomaly
2848:
2843:
2826:
2815:In the ACT the
2813:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2688:Booroomba Rocks
2438:
2432:Pierces Creek.
2343:contact aureole
2105:, and deep red
1916:
1912:
1898:
1872:
1858:
1844:
1840:
1803:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1756:
1511:
1496:
1470:
1444:
1430:
1426:
1401:
1397:
1383:
1243:
1149:
1072:The Ordovician
950:
946:
934:
922:
879:
875:
864:
853:
825:
820:
717:
701:Snowy Mountains
577:
459:
376:South Australia
374:and in eastern
364:
359:
269:
261:New South Wales
183:
136:Charles Throsby
12:
11:
5:
3995:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3693:Norfolk Island
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3491:
3482:
3460:
3453:
3428:
3415:
3410:asud.ga.gov.au
3397:
3367:
3348:
3337:
3315:
3298:
3276:
3254:
3232:
3207:
3183:
3174:
3162:
3143:
3116:
3107:
3098:|journal=
3065:
3035:
3005:
2983:
2974:|journal=
2940:
2938:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2914:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2847:
2844:
2834:
2825:
2824:Magnetic field
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2734:
2733:
2713:Granodiorite.
2680:
2679:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2548:
2547:
2534:with numerous
2514:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2376:Gudgenby River
2359:
2358:
2357:Adaminaby Beds
2299:
2298:
2297:Sutton Granite
2283:
2282:
2229:volcanic necks
2212:
2211:
2146:
2145:
2121:, pink potash
2101:, light green
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1691:
1690:
1679:Molonglo River
1666:and primitive
1623:
1622:
1613:or early Late
1593:
1592:
1567:from the Late
1556:Molonglo River
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1309:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1214:Black Mountain
1195:
1194:
1175:Black Mountain
1154:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1110:
1109:
982:
981:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
948:
944:
940:
939:
936:
932:
928:
927:
924:
920:
916:
915:
912:
908:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
892:
891:
888:
884:
883:
880:
877:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
839:
838:
824:
821:
819:
816:
716:
713:
608:sericitisation
576:
573:
520:Formation and
467:Black Mountain
458:
455:
451:Black Mountain
439:Early Silurian
382:, and western
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
347:
346:
345:
336:
335:
332:
331:
330:
324:
323:
322:
313:
312:
306:
305:
304:
286:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:
268:
265:
227:plate tectonic
182:
179:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3994:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3561:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:P. Tregoning:
3495:
3486:
3470:
3464:
3456:
3454:9780646487342
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3280:
3264:
3258:
3242:
3236:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3131:
3127:
3124:Mark (2006).
3120:
3111:
3103:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2987:
2979:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:Mount Stromlo
2888:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2846:Gravity field
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2821:
2818:
2811:Seismic waves
2803:
2800:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:It is low in
2714:
2712:
2711:Shannons Flat
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:metamorphosed
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:, milky grey
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:magma chamber
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1974:100 ppm
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:125 ppm
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:210 ppm
1948:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:540 ppm
1926:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:Yass Subgroup
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:Wenlock epoch
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1571:epoch of the
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1250:In the 1840s
1245:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:period, late
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Captains Flat
987:
979:
978:
965:
964:
961:168 ppm
957:
956:
942:
941:
930:
929:
918:
917:
910:
909:
902:
901:
894:
893:
886:
885:
871:
870:
860:
859:
849:
848:
844:
841:
840:
837:
832:
829:
828:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:native silver
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
758:A deposit of
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
590:
581:
572:
570:
566:
563:beneath. The
562:
561:oceanic crust
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
503:
499:
495:
489:
487:
486:Captains Flat
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:State Circle
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
351:
348:
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
333:
328:
327:
326:Cotter Horst
325:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
307:
302:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
281:
279:
275:Narongo Fault
274:
273:
271:
270:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
147:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:James Vaughan
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:In the 1840s
73:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
20:
16:
3922:Murrumbidgee
3891:Williamsdale
3800:
3632:
3514:Bibliography
3504:
3500:
3494:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3463:
3444:
3423:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3379:
3370:
3351:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3318:
3306:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3279:
3267:. Retrieved
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3134:. Retrieved
3130:the original
3119:
3110:
3089:cite journal
3078:. Retrieved
3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3047:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3017:
3008:
2991:
2986:
2965:cite journal
2954:. Retrieved
2944:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2849:
2831:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2759:
2743:
2715:
2707:Granodiorite
2684:Leucogranite
2681:
2673:
2648:Plagioclase
2625:
2596:Plagioclase
2573:
2549:
2517:
2489:Plagioclase
2466:
2444:
2406:deposits of
2394:
2385:
2368:
2349:and spotted
2302:
2300:
2284:
2276:
2269:
2265:Mount Taylor
2262:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2222:
2213:
2197:
2193:Ludlow epoch
2155:
2135:saccharoidal
2096:
2064:Weston Creek
2007:
1719:
1692:
1672:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1580:Mount Majura
1577:
1524:Named after
1523:
1320:
1311:
1294:
1275:
1249:
1235:
1226:fanglomerate
1222:Llandoverian
1196:
1158:Llandoverian
1155:
1142:
1111:
1102:
1071:
1052:
1030:radiolarians
1014:argillaceous
983:
969:64 ppm
835:
796:hydrozincite
792:hemimorphite
776:aurichalcite
772:Paddys River
769:
757:
718:
683:
679:
660:
600:metamorphism
593:
586:
546:
514:Williamsdale
506:
490:
460:
447:unconformity
435:
396:
394:in the ACT.
365:
337:
314:
310:Williamsdale
246:
231:
184:
168:
149:
145:
105:
74:
54:
48:
43:
27:
25:
15:
3947:Tidbinbilla
3876:Oaks Estate
3475:28 December
3330:28 December
3291:28 December
3269:28 December
3247:28 December
3225:28 December
3136:28 December
2880:Oaks Estate
2770:titanaugite
2764:altered to
2704:Clear Range
2692:crystalline
2559:Tidbinbilla
2528:Clear Range
2404:pyroclastic
2329:, and with
2233:rhyodacitic
2215:Porphyrytic
2183:, Chapman,
2119:plagioclase
2111:phenocrysts
2084:Tuggeranong
2040:Tuggeranong
2021:rhyodacitic
2018:interbedded
1297:Narrabundah
1256:brachiopods
1177:, and from
1122:Brachiopods
1118:graptolites
1116:containing
1108:Acton Shale
1088:. Detrital
1047:Oaks Estate
1038:brachiopods
1026:graptolites
780:bronchanite
709:Lake George
663:Googong Dam
656:pumpellyite
616:plagioclase
604:greenschist
526:sedimentary
478:Wagga Wagga
443:Wagga Wagga
397:During the
372:Broken Hill
294:Oaks Estate
229:movements.
222:Proterozoic
218:Tasman Line
124:Joseph Wild
114:, Governor
108:Lake George
81:brachiopods
59:sedimentary
3971:Categories
3942:Queanbeyan
3806:Government
3593:Queensland
3080:2007-10-11
3059:2007-10-11
3029:2007-10-11
2956:2007-10-11
2937:References
2860:Yass River
2806:Geophysics
2799:Ti)O(OH).
2774:kaersutite
2766:serpentine
2750:teschenite
2682:Booroomba
2536:inclusions
2505:Muscovite
2402:flows and
2331:hornblende
2218:intrusions
2161:ignimbrite
2158:rhydacitic
2092:celadonite
2074:, through
2024:ignimbrite
1711:cordierite
1660:trilobites
1652:Yarralumla
1627:Yarralumla
1604:jasperised
1569:Wenlockian
1541:cordierite
1533:ignimbrite
1260:trilobites
1137:Ordovician
1074:turbidites
998:Queanbeyan
823:Ordovician
812:zincsilite
784:caledonite
693:teschenite
530:rhyodacite
524:Formation
518:Yarralumla
510:Queanbeyan
474:turbidites
399:Palaeozoic
378:, western
362:Ordovician
296:, most of
290:Queanbeyan
234:Antarctica
210:Tasmanides
112:Yass River
85:trilobites
53:, but the
32:Ordovician
3796:Geography
3786:Education
3390:6 January
3159:: 83–100.
2901:Heat flow
2868:milligals
2781:magnetite
2777:amphibole
2726:potassium
2700:Muscovite
2540:mylonitic
2429:limestone
2410:. A fine
2371:turbidite
2335:xenoliths
2289:, Melba,
2210:Porphyrys
2204:limestone
2189:Ludlovian
2177:Belconnen
2169:Volcanics
2066:north of
2060:MacGregor
2056:Charnwood
2032:siltstone
2028:sandstone
1745:% or ppm
1707:limestone
1699:sandstone
1560:aluminium
1545:almandine
1537:sediments
1372:% or ppm
1262:from the
1208:and grey
1206:siltstone
1202:sandstone
1187:Ngunnawal
1162:lithology
1126:conodonts
1078:greywacke
1069:content.
1063:strontium
1034:conodonts
1002:sandstone
994:greywacke
845:% or ppm
818:Lithology
788:cerussite
667:Psammitic
640:Belconnen
512:and near
494:limestone
470:Sandstone
407:Sediments
403:subducted
392:obduction
186:Tectonics
175:Batholith
140:limestone
66:siltstone
40:Australia
3917:Molonglo
3912:Gudgenby
3866:Canberra
3608:Victoria
3603:Tasmania
3360:Archived
3313:, p. 143
2996:Archived
2913:Movement
2789:titanium
2785:analcime
2772:, brown
2696:granites
2656:Biotite
2604:Biotite
2532:foliated
2497:Biotite
2425:Porphyry
2417:feldspar
2412:ashstone
2347:hornfels
2325:, black
2319:feldspar
2315:Silurian
2291:McKellar
2255:Devonian
2225:Silurian
2131:Tonalite
2123:feldspar
2107:hematite
2088:hematite
1703:ashstone
1668:crinoids
1644:Red Hill
1615:Silurian
1573:Silurian
1301:Ashstone
1282:Kingston
1278:Fyshwick
1268:Duntroon
1264:Silurian
1218:Silurian
1082:phyllite
1067:feldspar
1012:, black
1010:mudstone
808:rozenite
800:linarite
753:concrete
745:Pialligo
674:pellitic
652:prehnite
632:titanite
628:chlorite
575:Devonian
569:granites
558:basaltic
549:tectonic
538:rhyolite
502:ashstone
388:Cambrian
384:Tasmania
380:Victoria
257:Victoria
242:Gondwana
206:Gondwana
164:Devonian
110:and the
89:Duntroon
62:mudstone
36:Silurian
3932:Orroral
3886:Uriarra
3841:Symbols
3811:History
3801:Geology
3781:Economy
3774:General
2931:Podzols
2856:gravity
2762:olivine
2722:calcium
2632:Quartz
2580:Quartz
2524:Thredbo
2473:Quartz
2421:bedding
2327:biotite
2307:granite
2223:Middle
2127:biotite
2117:, grey
2103:epidote
2099:calcite
2068:Chapman
2052:breccia
1834:
1777:13.33%
1759:72.99%
1564:pelitic
1530:Dacitic
1420:
1404:14.28%
1252:fossils
1133:fossils
1130:sponges
1090:zircons
1059:calcium
1042:sponges
1022:bedding
882:13.76%
856:71.23%
711:Fault.
690:olivine
636:epidote
624:biotite
596:terrane
253:Terrane
198:grabens
162:in the
77:fossils
3937:Paddys
3907:Cotter
3900:Rivers
3881:Tharwa
3826:Police
3821:People
3580:States
3451:
2876:Kambah
2754:Kambah
2651:29.1%
2643:29.7%
2635:34.1%
2599:34.7%
2591:21.0%
2583:36.0%
2520:Tharwa
2500:16.1%
2492:34.2%
2476:33.9%
2397:dacite
2351:schist
2323:quartz
2185:Kambah
2181:Latham
2138:galena
2115:quartz
2109:. The
2072:Fisher
2010:Deakin
1941:0.03%
1919:0.06%
1901:0.22%
1887:0.49%
1876:1.12%
1847:0.53%
1818:1.73%
1807:2.98%
1792:3.78%
1742:oxide
1739:order
1715:garnet
1584:Harman
1562:-rich
1552:Jasper
1548:garnet
1514:0.59%
1500:2.05%
1485:2.15%
1459:2.61%
1433:0.79%
1415:3.42%
1386:66.8%
1369:oxide
1366:order
1332:Spence
1328:Fraser
1324:Dunlop
1290:Parkes
1286:Barton
1199:quartz
1179:Lawson
1167:Parkes
1160:. Its
1055:sodium
953:0.13%
938:3.54%
926:1.02%
914:0.31%
906:1.90%
898:0.05%
890:4.74%
867:0.64%
842:oxide
810:, and
760:galena
749:gravel
741:Quarry
737:copper
735:, and
729:silver
721:mining
719:Minor
715:Mining
670:schist
648:Kambah
646:, and
620:albite
565:magmas
553:Cotter
498:dacite
488:area.
482:Monaro
427:silica
214:orogen
194:horsts
190:faults
3836:Sport
2885:weigh
2659:7.1%
2607:8.3%
2508:1.8%
2484:8.9%
2447:Cooma
2341:in a
2333:rich
2287:Flynn
2200:shale
2198:Some
2076:Woden
2036:shale
1861:1.6%
1829:0.9%
1695:shale
1664:coral
1648:Woden
1474:2.5%
1448:3.8%
1340:Melba
1336:Flynn
1210:shale
1183:Crace
1181:, to
1171:Acton
1114:shale
1018:chert
1006:shale
755:mix.
644:Duffy
463:Shale
350:Cowra
298:Kowen
238:China
152:Acton
57:is a
3927:Naas
3871:Hall
3791:Flag
3477:2013
3449:ISBN
3392:2019
3332:2013
3293:2013
3271:2013
3249:2013
3227:2013
3138:2013
3102:help
3003:2004
2978:help
2925:Soil
2864:μm·s
2850:The
2817:Moho
2746:dyke
2720:and
2718:iron
2709:and
2408:tuff
2400:lava
2237:Holt
2165:tuff
2113:are
2080:Hume
2070:and
2058:and
2048:tuff
2044:lava
2008:The
1938:MnO
1884:MgO
1826:FeO
1815:CaO
1705:and
1654:and
1646:and
1597:Öpik
1482:MgO
1456:CaO
1412:FeO
1344:Hall
1342:and
1288:and
1258:and
1185:and
1128:and
1061:and
1040:and
911:CaO
903:MgO
895:MnO
887:FeO
762:and
751:and
733:lead
725:gold
703:and
686:dyke
672:and
534:tuff
522:Yass
500:and
465:and
423:clay
83:and
26:The
2795:(Mg
2748:of
2522:to
2345:to
1971:Sr
1968:16
1960:Zr
1957:15
1949:Rb
1946:14
1935:13
1927:Ba
1924:12
1906:11
1895:TiO
1892:10
1753:SiO
1713:or
1508:TiO
1380:SiO
1254:of
966:Sr
958:Rb
861:TiO
850:SiO
743:at
688:of
626:to
618:to
255:in
79:of
3973::
3431:^
3408:.
3378:.
3210:^
3200:.
3194:.
3155:.
3093::
3091:}}
3087:{{
3052:.
3046:.
3022:.
3016:.
2969::
2967:}}
2963:{{
2744:A
2698:.
2267:.
2140:.
2030:,
2026:,
1881:9
1873:O
1869:Na
1866:8
1855:CO
1852:7
1837:Fe
1823:6
1812:5
1804:O
1797:4
1789:O
1782:3
1767:Al
1764:2
1750:1
1717:.
1701:,
1697:,
1670:.
1662:,
1550:.
1505:9
1497:O
1493:Na
1490:8
1479:7
1471:O
1464:6
1453:5
1445:O
1438:4
1423:Fe
1409:3
1394:Al
1391:2
1377:1
1338:,
1330:,
1326:,
1284:,
1280:,
1189:.
1169:,
1124:,
1057:,
1032:,
1028:,
1008:,
935:O
923:O
919:Na
872:Al
806:,
802:,
798:,
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
731:,
727:,
684:A
642:,
634:,
630:,
610:,
433:.
300:)
292:,
263:.
244:.
122:.
72:.
3759:e
3752:t
3745:v
3564:e
3557:t
3550:v
3479:.
3457:.
3412:.
3394:.
3334:.
3295:.
3273:.
3251:.
3229:.
3204:.
3157:3
3140:.
3104:)
3100:(
3083:.
3062:.
3032:.
2980:)
2976:(
2959:.
2797:4
2793:2
1915:5
1913:O
1911:2
1909:P
1897:2
1871:2
1857:2
1843:3
1841:O
1839:2
1802:2
1800:H
1787:2
1785:K
1773:3
1771:O
1769:2
1755:2
1510:2
1495:2
1469:2
1467:H
1443:2
1441:K
1429:3
1427:O
1425:2
1400:3
1398:O
1396:2
1382:2
949:5
947:O
945:2
943:P
933:2
931:K
921:2
878:3
876:O
874:2
863:2
852:2
654:-
64:/
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