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101:. Between 2.2 and 2.5 billion years ago was the Kenoran Orogeny, which was overlain by the Hudsonian Orogeny 1700 to 1900 million years ago. The Earth was experiencing hotter and more volatile Archean tectonics, evidencing island arc volcanic activity and mountain building. The Trans-Hudson Orogen occurred when a number of Archean continental blocks came together, including the Superior Craton from the southeast and Hearne-Rae craton from the northwest. A microcontinent named the
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534:, which created a bay in the southerly part of Reindeer Lake. The crater is about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) in diameter and about 220 metres (720 ft) at the deepest point. The circular impact ridge 100 metres (330 ft) above water level partially encompasses the crater area. There is some central uplift. The crater was formed about 50 to 150 million years ago.
426:, which comprises the last two million years. Northern Saskatchewan and the shield area shows the effects of glacial erosion and scour; the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin is a location of glacial deposition and collection. In southern Saskatchewan there are late Pliocene, pre-Illinoian continental glaciation sand and gravel deposits left behind from water deposition (
371:. In the Cypress Hills area and southern Saskatchewan, lignite deposits developed from the marshes of these Tertiary rivers. The sea waters have retreated from the areas known as Saskatchewan. The Ravenscrag formation, Cypress Hills, and Wood Mountain Formations were notable gravel deposits from the Tertiary period. The
259:
the plains areas we know today. The
Saskatchewan region was again south of the equator and under water, with reefs forming. A major barrier reef formed in the area now known as British Columbia, creating higher salinity levels east of the reef. Calcium carbonate, halite, gypsum, and potash were evaporite deposits. The
2194:
The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an expanded view of the most recent eon. In a similar way, the most recent
258:
Period 418-361 Ma, Laurasia separated from
Gondwana, creating a depressions or land separations through the continent. One low-lying area occurred along the edge between the Cambrian shield and the Phanerozoic basin, the other trough lay along southwestern Saskatchewan extending east and west along
612:
Map of Zin Bay region, Precambrian era - note Zin Bay is located in present day terms north of
Athabasca Lake within Saskatchewan. Note also the large Tazin Lake comprising much of the area north of the present day treeline. The map shows the Martin Formation which shows rocks dating 1.63 billion
328:
477:
The Dirt Hills and Cactus Hills represent the most defined and biggest Møns Klint glaciotectonic hills of the world. There are other similar hills created by ice action in southern
Saskatchewan as well. Glaciotectonic hills or ice-shoved hills show thrusting, folds, ridges and push
253:
Period. Laurasia was formed from the joining of
Laurentia with Gondwana and two smaller continents which had broken off Rodinia. The orogeny between Laurasia and Gondwana created the Appalachian Mountains, and an exodus of water from the Laurasian land surface. In the early
230:
period 505-441 Ma. Laurentia had shifted again, and the region of
Saskatchewan was now north of the equator and some raising exposing the land again. Re-flooding in the Late Ordovician age with warm water increased calcium carbonate sedimentation, and marine life.
168:
sediments were laid down containing gold, copper, lead, zinc, and uranium oxides. The highest-grade uranium deposits in the world are found at the unconformity between these clastic layers and the
Precambrian bedrock. The Athabasca Sand Hills protected by
512:
There are six notable meteorite or comet impact craters in
Saskatchewan. Carswell, Deep Bay, and Gow Lake have affected the Canadian Shield area of the north. In the southern Phanerozoic crater are the Viewfield, Elbow, and Maple Creek structures. The
521:
period. The thrust of the impact affected the
Athabasca Rock groups. The William River Subgroup and the Douglas and Carswell formations show inversions, thrusting and disruptions. The impact that occurred about 210 million years ago has created the
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which is east of Old Wives Lake and west of Cactus Hills. The aerial photo shows ridges from north est to southeast. Satellite imaging maps of southern
Saskatchewan showing spring and winter images of the Cactus and Dirt Hills area of the Missouri
105:
was underlain in this collision zone. The Canadian Grenville province occurred between 1080 and 980 Ma and did not affect the geology of the Canadian Shield in Saskatchewan. The Grenvillian Orogeny deformed much of eastern Canada, and includes the
445:
The melting glaciers left behind sand and, silt outwash plains. The Great Sand Hills of Saskatchewan are evidence of winds and sandstorms which have accumulated the sands left behind. Retreating glaciers left meltwater, which pooled in lakes.
45:. Within the Precambrian shield exists the Athabasca sedimentary basin. Meteorite impacts have altered the natural geological formation processes. The prairies were most recently affected by glacial events in the Quaternary period.
482:. These hills consist of upper Cretaceous bedrock which rises to an elevation of 880 metres (2,890 ft) in the Dirt Hills. To the north is the Regina Lake Plain, which is 300 metres (980 ft) lower in elevation. The
22:
A metamorphic rock showing Gneissic layering. Alternate layers of minerals. Metamorphism where minerals are stretched, mashed and re-arranged in foliated textures. Feldspar and quartz are light layers with ferromagnesian
1999:
The Geology of the Zin Bay Area by - The Geology of the Zin Bay Area by F. Koster - 1968 Related Documents report121.pdf Department of Mineral Resources - Geological Sciences Branch - Precambrian Geology
246:
was formed creating a lowered land area during this period filling with the Winnipeg Sea. The Williston basin was mainly south of Saskatchewan but extended north into the Saskatchewan plains area.
402:
Northern hemisphere glaciation during the last ice ages. The accumulation of 3 to 4 kilometres (1.9 to 2.5 mi) thick ice sheets caused a sea level lowering of about 120 metres (390 ft)
1949:
286:
1705:
An early map of the extent of Lake Agassiz (by 19th century geologist Warren Upham). This map is now believed to underestimate the extent of the region once overlain by Lake Agassiz.
933:. Western Superior NATMAP working group. This is the third volume in a series on the Canadian Shield, published by the Royal Society of Canada, and is called Special Publication No 4
321:
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It was 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) thick, which advanced and receded several times across the prairies. There were multiple glaciations affecting the Saskatchewan area during the
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is the largest astrobleme at 35 kilometres (22 mi) in diameter. It is estimated that the impact to the Athabasca basin occurred about 478 million years ago during the
351:
and the Hudson Seaway, and Labrador Seaway. The Cretaceous period rocks produce medium and heavy gravity oil in the Lloydminster region, and of the western province. The
160:, a historical fluvial siliciclastic basin with sediments from the Hudsonian mountains with the occasional rare marine sequence. The Athabasca basin was formed during the
1993:
175:
are unique feature of the Canadian Shield. The hills are located in northern Saskatchewan and border Lake Athabasca, which straddles the Alberta and Saskatchewan border.
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586:
1955:
The Geology of the Zin Bay Area by - RepNo121_Koster1968_MapNo121a.pdf Department of Mineral Resources - Geological Sciences Branch - Precambrian Geology Division
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period about 190 million years ago. Oil and gas reserves have been found in the area of the rim breccia Another impact crater in the Phanerezoic crater is the
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era is expanded in the third timeline, the most recent period is expanded in the fourth timeline, and the most recent epoch is expanded in the fifth timeline.
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affects this region at the southern edge. Tectonic movements and global changes in the sea level have given rise to a source of oil, natural gas, and coal.
77:
area. There are transitional areas between boreal and tundra flora. The lower boundary of the Canadian Shield cuts across the province diagonally from the
554:. This impact affected Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation sediments on the north edge of the Cypress Hills, and roughly occurred 75 million years ago.
343:
periods deposited clastic sediments from the Cordilleran orogeny. This period saw 40% of the region now called North America below sea level under the
486:
from whence the hills arise, is 120 metres (390 ft) lower than these hills. Between the Alberta and Saskatchewan Plains is the Missouri Coteau,
434:). By the study of till, terrain, the limits of the Illinoian glaciation are evidenced around Willow Bunch Lake, Wood Mountain, Cypress Hills area.
313:
208-144 Ma to Jura-Cretaceous 208-66 Ma where red clay beds and marine clastics were deposited. Pangea began to separate during the Jurassic period.
469:. The ice and water retreated, and the lake beds formed flat plains. The land exposed from under the ice sheets was rubble, and ridges of gravel.
589:). The Elbow crater is located south of the elbow of the South Saskatchewan, and south of Diefenbaker lake across the waters from the town of
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570:
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evaporites for the potash industry. Laurentia began to rise at the close of the Cambrian Period. Huge flooding occurred during the Middle
187:
which were dependent on plate tectonics of the era. Present-day North America was identified to lay upon the Proterozoic super-continent,
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years ago. The northeastern basement complex contains rocks which date 2.44 billion years ago. All of the map is Precambrian in age.
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in Quebec and Labrador, the Appalachian structural front to the south between what we now name the Great Lakes and Newfoundland.
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is 160 kilometres (99 mi) south-southwest of the crater location. The other impact crater of the Cambrian shield is the
963:
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or the North American Craton. Laurentia drifted south of the equatorial zone. As this new smaller continent was smaller than
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40. (1998b) Kinematic history of the Laramide orogeny in latitudes 35° -49° N, western United States, Tectonics, 17, 780-801
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Byres, A.R. (1969). "Physical Geography Evolution of the present bedrock surface.". In J.H. Richards, K.I. Fung (ed.).
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362-320 Ma period laid down base clastics, then platform carbonates and evaporites. These deposits form the origins of
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is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in diameter and the impact occurred between 370 and 415 million years ago during the
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Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica
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The Canadian Shield, Precambrian shield, makes up the bedrock geology highlighted by rocks and lakes and a
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2156:"SRC 9: Foraminifera from the Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in the South Saskatchewan River Valley"
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1209:"Report on the 2007 Diamond Drilling program, McClarty Lake Project, Manitoba The Pas Mining District"
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494:, a long meandering ridge of hill country. The area is probably underlain with marine shale of the
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This continent broke apart about 700 million years ago and formed other continents, one of which was
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again subsided and the area of the Phanerozoic basin was again mainly under tropical marine water.
214:, it had some surface area under water level, including area designated as the Phanerozoic basin.
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546:, a small impact crater 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in diameter. The impact occurred in the early
539:
348:
294:
2261:
758:. Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology (illustrated ed.). University of Alberta. pp.
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891:. Esther Tuttle, Sherwood D. Tuttle (6, illustrated ed.). Kendall Hunt. pp. 303–305.
527:
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868:. W.G.E. Caldwell, W.O. Kupsch. Saskatoon, SK, CA: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 44–45.
526:. This lake is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in diameter with Calder island centrally located.
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Horizontal scale is Millions of years (above timelines) / Thousands of years (below timeline)
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1927:
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759:
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498:. This area remained above the ice sheets, being pushed and folded by the glacier movement.
1114:. Cornelis Klein (illustrated, annotated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 44.
359:
period caused larger gravels to be deposited from the newly formed Rocky Mountains when the
1922:
1876:
About Energy and Resources/Mineral Resources/Geological Info/GeolSask/SaskGeology/Meteorite
1557:. Stephan Kurszlaukis. De Beers Canada Inc. Exploration Division, Kimberlite Petrology Unit
392:
368:
137:
102:
94:
58:
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1552:"Contrasting Eruption Styles of the 147 Kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, Saskatchewan, Canada"
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1180:. Richard P. Tollo (illustrated ed.). Geological Society of America. pp. 4–5.
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rose above sea level, in an equatorial zone producing desert-like conditions. The late
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1643:. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council. Archived from
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Williston basin outlined. Canadian shield is red. Phanerozoic basin is greenish yellow.
1286:
About Energy and Resources/Mineral Resources/Geological Info/GeolSask/PhanBasin Detail
297:
epoch 320-286 Ma of the Carboniferous period, Laurasia joined with Gondwana to become
2391:
2332:
2176:"SRC 8: The Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation In the South Saskatchewan River Valley"
2134:"SRC 8: The Late Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation In the South Saskatchewan River Valley"
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is located north northwest of this 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) diameter crater. The
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962:. Western Superior NATMAP working group. Geolocial Survey of Canada. Archived from
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145:
923:
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1837:
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About Energy and Resources/Mineral Resources/Geological Info/GeolSask/SaskGeology
1491:
About Energy and Resources/Mineral Resources/Geological Info/GeolSask/SaskGeology
1465:(Millennium ed.). Saskatchewan: University of Saskatchewan. pp. 71–88.
727:
About Energy and Resources/Mineral Resources/Geological Info/GeolSask/SaskGeology
688:
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275:
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993:"15 billion to 570 million years before present : Beginning to Ediacaran"
2471:
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1207:
NorrisTROYMET EXPLORATION CORP., Jessica; Tracy Hurley (September 24, 2007).
678:
647:
Map of glaciotectonic hills of southern Saskatchewan and the Missouri Coteau.
462:
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267:
199:
74:
2090:
1206:
559:
458:
194:
141:
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2111:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 344.
387:
period, between 2 and 3 million years ago, the prairies were covered by a
832:(Pat-Z ed.). Edmonton, AB, CA: Hurtig Publishers Ltd. p. 1635.
828:
Ward, Norman (1985). "Saskatchewan - Geology". In Marsh, James H. (ed.).
118:
39:
32:
1609:"Formation of the Rockies III: A kinematic model based on geologic data"
2099:
1331:. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina. Archived from
1174:
Proterozoic Tectonic Evolution of the Grenville Orogen in North America
523:
518:
491:
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384:
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of southeastern Saskatchewan emerges mainly from Mississippian rocks.
1979:
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978:
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207:
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117:, also referred to as the Flin Flon-Snow Lake greenstone belt, is a
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310:
306:
255:
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125:
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795:
Terrestrial Ecoregions of North America: A Conservation Assessment
1806:. GAGE Geospatial Analysis Glaciated Environments. Archived from
931:
THE TECTONICS OF THE CANADIAN SHIELD. Edited by Jonn S. SrrwrqsoN
479:
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2045:(reprint, illustrated ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
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1729:(reprint, illustrated ed.). Greystone Books. p. 9.
461:
covered much of Saskatchewan and neighbouring regions of the
1299:
164:
1.7 to 1.6 billion years ago when coarse fluvial and marine
1074:(illustrated ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 81–82.
877:
875:
2039:
Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties
1637:"Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
1461:
Fung, Kai-iu (1999). Barry, Bill; Wilson, Michael (eds.).
1034:. M. Santosh. Oxford University Press US. pp. 90–92.
449:
2071:"ES 331/767 Lecture 5 Glacial Geomorphology Deformation"
2035:
1747:
Map of Missouri Coteau, Saskatchewan and Alberta plains.
872:
1844:. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
89:
formed the Precambrian shield, the Kenoran (Laurentian-
957:"Orogenic framework for the western Superior Province"
324:(FALC) were Kimberlite volcanoes in Archean cratons.
1098:
263:
on the southwest coast of Laurasia caused upheavals.
31:
can be divided into two main geological regions, the
1679:(illustrated ed.). Elsevier. pp. 135–140.
1216:
Troymet Exploration Corp. and Aurora Geosciences Ltd
1108:
The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study
846:
457:
Glacial Lake Regina covered south-central area, and
316:
The Kimberlite Volcanoes of this period produce the
1995:Government of Saskatchewan - Publications Centre -
1951:Government of Saskatchewan - Publications Centre -
1719:
1669:
801:(illustrated ed.). Island Press. p. 366.
622:
Glacial limits in North America of the glaciations.
2153:
1912:With photographs of Deep Bay, and Gow Lake craters
1897:"Impact Craters on Earth - North America Part One"
1582:. Government of Canada. 2004-01-29. Archived from
1394:
748:
355:episode near the end of the Cretaceous and early
2469:
2036:Ray, Arthur J.; Jim Miller; Frank Tough (2002).
1463:Atlas of Saskatchewan Celebrating the Millennium
1352:
1576:"The Atlas of Canada - Location of Kimberlites"
1346:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1523:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–52.
179:Phanerozoic Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
2317:
1775:(illustrated ed.). Elsevier. p. 3.
1068:Oströmische Plastik der theodosianischen Zeit
183:There were three depositional stages for the
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1493:. Government of Saskatchewan. Archived from
821:
751:Deep Alberta: Fossil Facts and Dinosaur Digs
1822:
1058:
2324:
2310:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
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2105:Fault-related Rocks: A Photographic Atlas
2077:. Emporia State University, Kansas, U.S.A
2063:Ethnohistorical geography of Saskatchewan
1941:
1855:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1517:"The Origin of Diamonds: Earth Processes"
1322:
990:
249:Laurasia was created near the end of the
2173:
2131:
1842:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan Details
1234:
1064:
954:
921:
791:
723:"Introduction to Saskatchewan's Geology"
448:
436:
422:. These glaciations occurred during the
397:
326:
284:
233:
193:
172:The Athabasca Sand Dunes Provincial Park
136:. It lies in the central portion of the
62:
17:
2182:. Energy and Resources Geo-Publications
2162:. Energy and Resources Geo-Publications
2140:. Energy and Resources Geo-Publications
1889:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1720:Savage, Candace; James R. Page (2006).
1514:
1435:
1392:
1386:
948:
785:
508:List of impact craters in North America
472:
2470:
1991:
1985:
1947:
1835:
1708:
1670:Ehlers, Jürgen; P. L. Gibbard (2004).
1658:
1631:
1402:(Digitized online by Internet Archive)
1104:
1024:
881:
756:(Digitized by Internet Archive online)
2305:
2154:Caldwell, W.G.E.; North,B.R. (1970).
1795:
1766:Aber, James S.; Ber, Andrzej (2007).
1170:
863:
746:
641:
616:
606:
2068:
1801:
1750:
1549:
1460:
1406:Weigl Educational Publishers Limited
1364:Weigl Educational Publishers Limited
827:
740:
378:
289:Animated map from Pangaea to present
1804:"North American glaciotectonic map"
625:
266:Following this orogeny, during the
13:
2109:(Digitized online by Google books)
2043:(Digitized online by Google books)
1773:(Digitized online by Google books)
1727:(Digitized online by Google books)
1677:(Digitized online by Google books)
1360:(Digitized online by Google books)
1178:(Digitized by Google books online)
1112:(Digitized online by Google books)
1072:(Digitized online by Google books)
1032:(Digitized online by Google books)
889:(Digitized online by Google books)
799:(Digitized by Google books online)
566:Period. The crater is located in
151:
48:
43:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
2489:
2029:
2006:. Online by Publications Centre.
1961:. Online by Publications Centre.
1282:"The Phanerozoic Basin in Detail"
642:
617:
607:
2449:
2436:
2435:
1606:
1329:The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
185:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
1915:
1699:
1625:
1600:
1568:
1543:
1508:
1479:
1353:Schwartzenberger, Tina (2005).
1228:
1200:
1164:
1135:
626:
124:located in the central area of
2086:Image of fractured cobbles at
1519:. In Harlow, George E. (ed.).
1487:"Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect"
1028:Continents and Supercontinents
991:Beauvais., Bill (2002-03-07).
984:
915:
715:
501:
1:
2180:Saskatchewan Research Council
2160:Saskatchewan Research Council
2138:Saskatchewan Research Council
1872:"Meteorite Impact Structures"
1430:Canadian Shield Saskatchewan.
1147:Stornoway Diamond Corporation
955:Percival, J.A. (2002-03-07).
922:Percival, J.A. (2002-03-07).
780:saskatchewan Canadian shield.
709:
430:) and glacial edge deposits (
320:which are mined today. Near
108:Grenville Front Tectonic Zone
2102:; Victoria Roy Todd (1998).
1878:. Government of Saskatchewan
1515:Kirkley, Melissa B. (1998).
1288:. Government of Saskatchewan
842:. (vol 2), (vol 1), (vol 3).
792:Ricketts, Taylor H. (1999).
729:. Government of Saskatchewan
7:
1105:Schopf, J. William (1992).
1065:Kollwitz, Johannes (1978).
1025:Rogers, John James (2004).
651:
198:Laurentia, also called the
162:Statherian or Paleohelikian
10:
2494:
1802:Aber, J.S. (20 May 1997).
1723:Prairie: A Natural History
1239:. Natural Resources Canada
1171:Tollo, Richard P. (2007).
544:Viewfield Impact Structure
505:
85:in the south east. Three
52:
2431:
2405:
2372:Newfoundland and Labrador
2344:
2174:Caldwell, W.G.E. (1968).
2132:Caldwell, W.G.E. (1968).
1393:Kissock, Heather (2002).
885:Geology of National Parks
830:The Canadian Encyclopedia
115:Flin Flon greenstone belt
2075:Earth Science Department
1836:Harper, Charles (2006).
1580:Natural Resources Canada
1404:(illustrated ed.).
1362:(illustrated ed.).
600:
595:South Saskatchewan River
2478:Geology of Saskatchewan
2069:Aber, James S. (2008).
1901:Blue Knight Productions
882:Harris, Ann G. (2003).
349:Western Interior Seaway
29:geology of Saskatchewan
1521:The Nature of Diamonds
1323:Macdonald, R. (2006).
1235:Ramaeker, P (2007). .
1143:"Kimberlite Volcanoes"
593:which is north of the
560:Elbow Impact Structure
454:
442:
403:
332:
290:
239:
203:
70:
24:
2413:Northwest Territories
2337:province or territory
1928:Earth Impact Database
866:Atlas of Saskatchewan
699:Volcanology of Canada
552:Maple Creek Structure
452:
440:
401:
345:Rocky Mountain Seaway
330:
288:
274:epoch 362-320 Ma the
237:
197:
66:
21:
2387:Prince Edward Island
1550:Lefebvre, Nathalie.
1237:Saskatchewan Geology
997:MIDSECTION PALEONICS
747:Acorn, John (2007).
473:Glaciotectonic hills
459:Glacial Lake Agassiz
393:Laurentide Ice Sheet
369:North American Plate
367:subducted below the
347:which comprised the
309:245-208 Ma or early
138:Trans-Hudson Orogeny
81:in the northwest to
59:Trans-Hudson orogeny
1992:Koster, F. (1968).
1948:Koster, F. (1968).
1356:The Canadian Shield
669:Frenchman Formation
318:Kimberlite diamonds
79:latitude 57 degrees
2098:Snoke, Arthur W.;
1810:on 31 January 2008
684:Morrison Formation
674:Judith River Group
571:rural municipality
532:Deep Bay Structure
524:Gow Lake Structure
515:Carswell structure
455:
443:
404:
333:
291:
240:
204:
140:and was formed by
71:
25:
2465:
2464:
2456:Canada portal
2333:Geology of Canada
2289:
1982:(Algoman) orogeny
1132:Hudsonian Orogeny
1095:(Algoman) orogeny
1055:(Algoman) orogeny
1015:(Algoman) orogeny
981:(Algoman) orogeny
945:(Algoman) orogeny
912:(Algoman) orogeny
658:Bearpaw Formation
496:Bearpaw Formation
424:Quaternary period
379:Quaternary period
331:Cretaceous seaway
128:and east-central
99:Grenville Orogeny
2485:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2357:British Columbia
2326:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2287:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2110:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2044:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1763:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1458:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1320:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1149:. Archived from
1139:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1008:
999:. Archived from
988:
982:
977:
975:
974:
968:
961:
952:
946:
941:
939:
938:
928:
919:
913:
908:
906:
905:
890:
879:
870:
869:
861:
844:
843:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
800:
789:
783:
782:
777:
776:
757:
754:
744:
738:
737:
735:
734:
719:
665:- Kenora orogeny
646:
631:Aerial photo of
630:
621:
611:
542:is north of the
488:dead ice moraine
441:Receding glacier
353:Laramide orogeny
146:Paleoproterozoic
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2427:
2401:
2340:
2330:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2234:
2185:
2183:
2165:
2163:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2080:
2078:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1997:kenoran orogeny
1990:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1953:kenoran orogeny
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1769:Glaciotectonism
1764:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1630:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1498:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1459:
1436:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1401:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1321:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1006:
1004:
989:
985:
972:
970:
966:
959:
953:
949:
936:
934:
926:
920:
916:
903:
901:
899:
888:
880:
873:
862:
847:
840:
826:
822:
813:
811:
809:
798:
790:
786:
774:
772:
770:
755:
745:
741:
732:
730:
721:
720:
716:
712:
689:Nevadan orogeny
654:
603:
510:
504:
484:Missouri Coteau
475:
381:
373:Williston Basin
365:Farallon Plates
322:Fort à La Corne
276:Williston Basin
244:Williston basin
181:
158:Athabasca basin
154:
152:Athabasca basin
122:greenstone belt
97:(Penokean) and
68:Canadian Shield
61:
55:Canadian Shield
53:Main articles:
51:
49:Canadian Shield
36:Canadian Shield
12:
11:
5:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2445:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2291:
2274:
2258:
2237:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2150:
2149:
2129:
2117:
2094:
2093:
2065:
2064:
2051:
2031:
2030:External links
2028:
2026:
2025:
2012:
1984:
1967:
1940:
1914:
1888:
1854:
1821:
1794:
1781:
1749:
1735:
1707:
1698:
1685:
1657:
1624:
1599:
1567:
1542:
1529:
1507:
1478:
1471:
1434:
1418:
1385:
1372:
1366:. p. 23.
1345:
1298:
1270:
1227:
1199:
1186:
1163:
1134:
1120:
1097:
1080:
1057:
1040:
1017:
983:
947:
924:"BOOK REVIEWS"
914:
897:
871:
845:
838:
820:
807:
784:
768:
739:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
704:Wyoming Craton
701:
696:
694:Sevier orogeny
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
653:
650:
649:
648:
638:
637:
623:
614:
602:
599:
581:) and west of
503:
500:
474:
471:
418:stages of the
380:
377:
303:supercontinent
280:Oil production
270:Period in the
261:Antler orogeny
218:544-505 Ma to
200:North American
180:
177:
153:
150:
50:
47:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:New Brunswick
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2290:
2196:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2118:0-691-01220-2
2114:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2052:0-7735-2060-0
2048:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2013:1-55365-190-1
2009:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1968:1-55365-190-1
1964:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1838:"Astroblemes"
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1782:9780444529435
1778:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1738:
1736:1-55365-190-1
1732:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1702:
1688:
1686:9780444515926
1682:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:on 2008-12-26
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1589:on 2009-01-26
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1553:
1546:
1532:
1530:9780521629355
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1497:on 2011-07-06
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:0-88880-387-7
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1421:
1419:1-894705-46-7
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1375:
1373:1-55388-148-6
1369:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1335:on 2009-06-19
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1189:
1187:9780813711973
1183:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1153:on 2008-10-16
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1121:0-521-36615-1
1117:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1083:
1081:3-11-004998-8
1077:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1054:
1043:
1041:0-19-516589-6
1037:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1014:
1003:on 2008-10-12
1002:
998:
994:
987:
980:
969:on 2005-01-31
965:
958:
951:
944:
932:
925:
918:
911:
900:
898:0-7872-9970-7
894:
887:
886:
878:
876:
867:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
841:
839:0-88830-269-X
835:
831:
824:
810:
808:9781559637220
804:
797:
796:
788:
781:
771:
769:9780888644817
765:
761:
753:
752:
743:
728:
724:
718:
714:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Maastrichtian
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
629:
628:
624:
620:
619:
615:
610:
609:
605:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
470:
468:
464:
460:
451:
447:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Pre-Illinoian
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:144-66 Ma to
338:
329:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:Pennsylvanian
287:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:Mississippian
269:
268:Carboniferous
264:
262:
257:
252:
247:
245:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
220:Mississippian
217:
213:
209:
201:
196:
192:
190:
186:
176:
174:
173:
167:
163:
159:
149:
147:
143:
142:arc volcanism
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
111:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:boreal forest
69:
65:
60:
56:
46:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
20:
16:
2447:
2440:
2397:Saskatchewan
2396:
2286:
2193:
2184:. Retrieved
2179:
2164:. Retrieved
2159:
2142:. Retrieved
2137:
2122:. Retrieved
2104:
2091:Saskatchewan
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2056:. Retrieved
2038:
2017:. Retrieved
1996:
1994:
1987:
1972:. Retrieved
1952:
1950:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1905:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1875:
1846:. Retrieved
1841:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1768:
1740:. Retrieved
1722:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1672:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1627:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1579:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1545:
1534:. Retrieved
1520:
1510:
1499:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1490:
1481:
1462:
1429:
1423:. Retrieved
1397:Saskatchewan
1396:
1388:
1377:. Retrieved
1355:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1328:
1290:. Retrieved
1285:
1241:. Retrieved
1236:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1173:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1146:
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1107:
1100:
1085:. Retrieved
1067:
1060:
1045:. Retrieved
1027:
1020:
1005:. Retrieved
1001:the original
996:
986:
971:. Retrieved
964:the original
950:
935:. Retrieved
930:
917:
902:. Retrieved
884:
865:
829:
823:
812:. Retrieved
794:
787:
779:
773:. Retrieved
750:
742:
731:. Retrieved
726:
717:
643:
627:
618:
608:
538:is west and
511:
487:
476:
456:
453:Lake Agassiz
444:
420:last ice age
405:
382:
334:
315:
292:
265:
248:
241:
205:
182:
170:
155:
130:Saskatchewan
112:
72:
28:
26:
15:
2406:Territories
2377:Nova Scotia
1903:. 2001–2006
1633:Mossop, G.D
556:Maple Creek
502:Astroblemes
383:During the
293:During the
144:during the
119:Precambrian
103:Sask Craton
40:Phanerozoic
33:Precambrian
2186:2008-01-21
2166:2008-01-21
2144:2008-01-21
2124:2008-01-21
2100:Jan Tullis
2081:2008-01-21
2058:2008-01-21
2019:2008-01-21
1974:2008-01-21
1934:2007-10-16
1907:2009-01-24
1882:2009-01-24
1848:2009-01-24
1814:21 January
1788:2008-01-21
1742:2008-01-21
1692:2009-01-21
1651:2009-01-24
1618:2009-01-24
1593:2009-01-24
1561:2009-01-24
1536:2009-01-24
1501:2009-01-24
1425:2008-01-21
1408:. p.
1379:2008-01-21
1339:2009-01-24
1292:2009-01-24
1261:|url=
1243:2016-04-20
1221:2009-01-24
1193:2009-01-21
1157:2009-01-24
1127:2008-01-21
1087:2008-01-21
1047:2008-01-21
1007:2009-01-24
973:2009-01-24
937:2009-01-24
904:2008-01-21
814:2009-01-21
775:2009-01-21
733:2009-01-24
710:References
583:Grainfield
579:Riverhurst
568:Maple Bush
519:Ordovician
506:See also:
492:escarpment
490:, a major
385:Quaternary
337:Cretaceous
228:Ordovician
83:54 degrees
2345:Provinces
1607:Bird, P.
1325:"Geology"
633:Crestwynd
587:Grainland
573:north of
540:Stoughton
432:colluvial
416:Wisconsin
412:Illinoian
208:Laurentia
95:Hudsonian
87:orogenies
23:minerals.
2472:Category
2442:Category
2362:Manitoba
2000:Division
1635:(1994).
1252:cite web
652:See also
564:Devonian
548:Jurassic
528:La Ronge
480:moraines
467:Manitoba
428:alluvial
357:Tertiary
311:Jurassic
307:Triassic
256:Devonian
251:Silurian
216:Cambrian
126:Manitoba
38:and the
2418:Nunavut
2382:Ontario
2352:Alberta
2088:Dollard
1980:Kenoran
1923:"Elbow"
1263:value (
1093:Kenoran
1053:Kenoran
1013:Kenoran
979:Kenoran
943:Kenoran
910:Kenoran
636:Coteau.
536:Weyburn
389:glacier
341:Miocene
301:. This
212:Rodinia
202:craton.
189:Rodinia
166:clastic
91:Algoman
2392:Quebec
2115:
2049:
2010:
1965:
1779:
1733:
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1469:
1416:
1370:
1259:Check
1184:
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1078:
1038:
895:
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805:
766:
663:Craton
575:Aitkow
414:, and
391:, the
299:Pangea
224:potash
134:Canada
2423:Yukon
2004:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1587:(pdf)
1555:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
967:(PDF)
960:(PDF)
927:(PDF)
601:Notes
591:Elbow
148:Era.
2335:(by
2113:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1816:2008
1777:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1265:help
1182:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1036:ISBN
893:ISBN
834:ISBN
803:ISBN
764:ISBN
465:and
363:and
361:Kula
335:The
242:The
156:The
113:The
57:and
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