320:
6747:
190:
262:
79:
742:). It resembles a desert, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 7 cm (2.8 in) per year. The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against their sides.
428:
71:
694:
reaching a maximum of approximately 23.5° around the
December solstice because of the approximately 23.5° tilt of the earth's axis. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the
182:
6987:
710:(late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −60 °C (−76 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011, and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on 23 June 1982 (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at
6997:
544:
1510:
1431:, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the perceived position of the Sun in the sky (for example, at midday the Sun is roughly perceived to be at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the Sun is seen to rise and set only once per year with solar elevation varying only with day of the year, not time of day. There is no
709:
In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in
January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −55 °C (−67 °F) around sunset
341:. The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.5 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.
693:
During winter (May through August), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and is completely dark apart from moonlight. In summer (November through
February), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky,
40:
550:. The ceremonial pole and flags can be seen in the background, slightly to the left of center, below the tracks behind the buildings. The actual geographic pole is a few more meters to the left. The buildings are raised on stilts to prevent snow build-up.
507:, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.
701:
The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,200 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m). Centripetal force from the spin of the planet throws the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the
243:. It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 m (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (810 mi) from the nearest open sea at the
332:
The tent was erected by the
Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a
660:
a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometers together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.
474:, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S. Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (
5855:
5249:
481:) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.
2387:
1712:
1985:
5848:
216:
of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as
706:
primarily because of the elevation difference and for being in the middle of a continent. The North Pole is a few feet from sea level in the middle of an ocean.
303:. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short barber pole, surrounded by the flags of the original
254:
The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 m (33 ft) per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the
220:
At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northward along the
7051:
5841:
667:
became the first Briton to cross the
Antarctic unassisted via the south pole, and the second person to make the journey in 56 days. On 10 January 2020,
6804:
2302:
656:
jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the
Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from
2215:
1617:
1437:
reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps
2478:
1662:
1796:
2189:
623:
were the first to traverse
Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind. Two women,
1549:
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from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9 hours 33 minutes. She started on 19 November 2006 and finished on 28 December 2006.
396:
In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted
Antarctica, with the first being the Russian expedition led by
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4411:
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2606:
2011:
6614:
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664:
358:
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The
Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on
5967:
5792:
3007:
2250:
3015:
258:. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time.
5921:
5367:
4373:
2786:
586:
131:, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the
2163:
605:, Kay Lindsay, and Terry Tickhill in 1969. In 1978–79, Michele Eileen Raney became the first woman to winter at the South Pole.
589:. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola,
4964:
4562:
4150:
2641:
1989:
5756:
2126:
1918:
1891:
1864:
1837:
750:
563:
547:
411:
The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer
300:
128:
17:
2474:
466:
of 1901–1904 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by
7005:
6415:
3702:
4567:
2664:
419:, in his expedition of 1839–1843, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole; He was unsuccessful.
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382:
6809:
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and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide, who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American
6546:
5124:
1461:
Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Off-course
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247:. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the
4124:
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It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral
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claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40, while
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For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where Earth's
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1829:
Webster's Guide to American History: A Chronological, Geographical, and Biographical Survey and Compendium
7000:
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6609:
5386:
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The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from
28:
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6814:
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221:
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1666:
146:
6529:
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4459:
4341:
4144:
4026:
3877:
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3664:
3651:
3524:
3250:
2902:
2691: – BBC News article on first expedition to Pole of Inaccessibility without mechanical assistance
2654:
2650:
1618:"Sign at the (ever moving) actual geographical South Pole (a few feet away from the Ceremonial Pole)"
1433:
136:
2229:
2118:
2112:
638:
of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.
7031:
6890:
6880:
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6395:
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4005:
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1959:
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5995:
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3905:
3732:
2934:
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The fastest solo, unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole by a female was performed by
609:
362:
338:
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reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301
224:. Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the
61:
1827:
1546:
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which had accumulated under a lake which had been near to the South Pole millions of years ago.
6895:
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6357:
6292:
5724:
5290:
3222:
2322:
1934:
1412:
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on 21 July 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in
598:
55:
4557:
1854:
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6865:
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6755:
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5833:
5729:
5698:
5503:
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5355:
5159:
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4614:
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4534:
4514:
4109:
3884:
3720:
3630:
3612:
3529:
3500:
3490:
3378:
3315:
3089:
1908:
1881:
1442:
726:
in August 2010). Mean annual temperature at the South Pole is –49.5 °C (–57.1 °F).
680:
516:
501:
493:
374:
213:
3770:
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4888:
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4200:
4191:
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3825:
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2921:
2889:
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2813:
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2167:
1761:
1727:
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497:
471:
460:
404:. The first landing was probably just over a year later when English-born American captain
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3356:
3339:
2411:
Initial environmental evaluation – development of blue-ice and compacted-snow runways
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8:
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5704:
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5014:
4930:
4711:
4703:
4652:
4292:
4250:
3745:
3708:
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3231:
3034:
2839:
2706:
2286:
1491:
602:
528:
456:
405:
284:
189:
140:
132:
114:
49:
3344:
2633:
1765:
6910:
6148:
6138:
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4862:
4837:
4379:
4273:
4237:
4213:
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3818:
3796:
3775:
3656:
3646:
3393:
3281:
3209:
2882:
2873:
2865:
2776:
2756:
1777:
1483:
2063:
279:
to compensate for the movement of the ice. The sign records the respective dates that
261:
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6845:
6514:
6448:
6337:
6297:
5926:
5797:
5603:
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5146:
5084:
4992:
4956:
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4743:
4725:
4642:
4391:
4260:
4208:
4114:
4067:
3995:
3984:
3696:
3686:
3678:
3574:
3564:
3475:
3470:
3453:
3419:
3286:
3273:
3094:
3000:
2958:
2953:
2743:
2592:
2551:
2122:
2085:
1914:
1887:
1860:
1833:
1781:
1478:
1360:
1313:
475:
467:
276:
240:
110:
78:
2499:
1476:
had been detected living in the South Pole ice. Scientists published in the journal
6962:
6332:
6031:
5916:
5898:
5814:
5546:
5238:
5118:
4944:
4917:
4857:
4732:
4662:
4647:
4386:
4315:
4310:
4284:
4279:
4161:
4084:
4037:
3804:
3624:
3589:
3485:
3480:
3414:
3328:
3110:
3102:
2988:
2908:
2860:
2850:
2823:
2638:
2525:
1769:
1640:
1581:
1515:
1462:
1438:
649:
620:
514:
set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the
416:
304:
236:
198:
2701:
The recording describing Shackleton's 1908 South Pole Expedition was added to the
2688:
205:). However, Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (
6946:
6730:
6705:
6631:
6587:
6577:
6380:
6342:
6322:
6302:
6267:
6196:
6023:
6013:
5908:
5804:
5751:
5736:
5642:
5637:
5561:
5526:
5462:
5361:
5276:
5243:
4975:
4758:
4750:
4719:
4635:
4595:
4349:
4305:
4245:
4169:
4139:
4134:
4094:
4072:
4020:
3956:
3946:
3897:
3619:
3604:
3457:
3426:
3388:
3138:
3066:
3060:
2983:
2948:
2808:
2683:
2645:
2423:
2391:
2329:
1553:
1446:
738:
730:
715:
635:
590:
555:
401:
308:
291:". A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.
4327:
1568:
570:
and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.
354:
109:, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions. It is one of the
6956:
6951:
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6654:
6420:
6327:
6272:
6239:
6221:
6008:
5778:
5761:
5714:
5673:
5663:
5632:
5491:
5481:
5373:
5323:
5188:
5138:
5111:
5056:
4852:
4847:
4696:
4549:
4403:
4365:
4322:
4255:
4229:
4183:
4156:
4129:
4099:
4042:
4000:
3990:
3870:
3863:
3760:
3740:
3552:
3512:
3443:
3239:
3214:
3169:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3079:
3074:
3048:
3028:
2796:
2303:"Preliminary Report: Record Temperatures at South Pole (and nearby AWS sites…)"
2064:"Breaking news: Christian Eide bags the South Pole solo speed ski world record"
1415:(precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993), NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)
711:
695:
657:
653:
642:
631:
578:
436:
432:
412:
386:
280:
6064:
1773:
427:
299:
The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the
7020:
6885:
6679:
6400:
6307:
6287:
6181:
6128:
6110:
6092:
6036:
6003:
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5683:
5678:
5668:
5618:
5613:
5589:
5533:
5410:
5404:
5399:
4998:
4909:
4902:
4657:
4452:
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4299:
4077:
4047:
4015:
4010:
3847:
3753:
3636:
3431:
3244:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3084:
2993:
2828:
2036:
1752:
Armstrong, Terence (1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica".
1152:
668:
559:
532:
500:. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the
448:
444:
440:
244:
161:
148:
125:
70:
6390:
6317:
6312:
6206:
6166:
6123:
6100:
5941:
5772:
5766:
5378:
5342:
5208:
5035:
4985:
4924:
4778:
4466:
4417:
4267:
4089:
4052:
4032:
3973:
3507:
3495:
3438:
3366:
3267:
3164:
3158:
3055:
3043:
2916:
2894:
2818:
2771:
1450:
684:
597:. The first group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson,
582:
206:
608:
Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at
535:, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on 29 November 1929.
6689:
6669:
6556:
6410:
6262:
6249:
6201:
6133:
6082:
6046:
5809:
5709:
5657:
5475:
5262:
5050:
4425:
4357:
4119:
3978:
3941:
3841:
3833:
3641:
2977:
1825:
1466:
1406:
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)
688:
624:
616:
255:
181:
6746:
6498:
6438:
6405:
6216:
6171:
6118:
5985:
5890:
5608:
5511:
5337:
5270:
5171:
4580:
4529:
4489:
3811:
3537:
3465:
3407:
2800:
2768:
2364:
703:
612:, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions.
431:
Amundsen's party at the South Pole, December 1911. From left to right:
232:
225:
202:
121:
106:
2264:"The USAP Portal: Science and Support in Antarctica - Course Material"
1441:(UTC+12/UTC+13). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("
323:
Argentinian soldiers saluting the flag after erecting the pole in 1965
6659:
6456:
6191:
5959:
5130:
3967:
3519:
3302:
1607:, page 6, Antarctic Sun. 8 January 2006; McMurdo Station, Antarctica.
1428:
350:
248:
27:
This article is about the Geographic South Pole. For other uses, see
2712:
2446:"Klimatafel von Amundsen - Scott / Südpol-Station (USA) / Antarktis"
2413:, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, 9 April 1993
484:
The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian
6684:
6277:
6158:
5062:
2453:
Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world
1495:
231:
The Geographic South Pole is presently located on the continent of
1728:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
1689:"List of Historic Sites and Monuments approved by the ATCM (2012)"
573:
After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole
5689:
5069:
3334:
3310:
3298:
2142:
1473:
521:
489:
3856:
2670:
2385:"NASA-USGS Landsat 8 Satellite Pinpoints Coldest Spots on Earth"
3935:
3260:
2676:
1487:
723:
719:
627:
and Shirley Metz, reached the pole by land on 17 January 1989.
524:
and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.
353:
erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the
265:
5863:
6467:
3321:
209:), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.
74:
The Geographic South Pole is marked by the stake on the right
39:
585:(19 January 1958) and their respective parties, during the
82:
2216:"Capt Lou Rudd is first Briton to cross Antarctic unaided"
543:
2673: – Online news source for the U.S. Antarctic Program
698:, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).
648:
In the 2011–12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian
268:
671:
became the youngest person to ski to the pole, aged 29.
4526:
1571:, National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs
2332:, National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs
2607:"There used to be fluffy dinosaurs at the South Pole"
2086:"Canadians break speed record trekking to South Pole"
1906:
1427:
In most places on Earth, local time is determined by
1879:
1852:
1826:
Van Doren, Charles Lincoln; McHenry, Robert (1971).
1505:
2426:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
2424:"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Amundsen–Scott"
2282:"Why is the South Pole colder than the North Pole?"
1966:. United States Antarctic Program. 13 November 2009
1883:
Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica
1856:
Science Into Policy: Global Lessons from Antarctica
558:
of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (
85:
image showing Antarctica and the South Pole in 2005
6805:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
2300:
1600:
1598:
1486:to protect the animals from the extreme cold. The
361:(HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the
235:, although this has not been the case for all of
7018:
2694:Listen to Ernest Shackleton describing his 1908
1910:Antarctica: Exploration, Perception and Metaphor
1660:
1564:
1562:
337:(HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the
2526:"Time Zones Currently Being Used in Antarctica"
2479:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1595:
2323:Your stay at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
566:was established by air over 1956–1957 for the
271:receiver showing 90 Deg South – the South Pole
193:The Ceremonial South Pole as of February 2008.
101:, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies
6483:
5849:
2728:
2230:"Woman is youngest to ski solo to South Pole"
1986:"Südtirol – Diese Seite existiert nicht"
1559:
488:on 14 December 1911. Amundsen named his camp
2604:
2061:
1638:
674:
492:and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole
201:intersects its surface (the other being the
135:, the position of which is defined based on
7052:Historic Sites and Monuments of Antarctica
6490:
6476:
5865:Historic Sites and Monuments in Antarctica
5856:
5842:
2735:
2721:
2475:"Amundsen–Scott Climate Normals 1961−1990"
1751:
531:, with the assistance of his first pilot
355:First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition
5968:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
5793:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2698:, and read more about the recording on .
2552:"Which Country Has the Most Time Zones?"
542:
426:
318:
294:
260:
188:
180:
77:
69:
38:
5368:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
2549:
2500:"What time zone is used in Antarctica?"
2301:Matthew A. Lazzara (28 December 2011).
2110:
1794:
587:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
105:on the opposite side of Earth from the
14:
7019:
2416:
1661:George F. Mobley (18 September 2012).
139:. The South Pole is the center of the
6471:
5837:
4512:
2754:
2742:
2716:
2406:
2404:
1665:. National Geographic. Archived from
1490:had been found over 100 years ago in
363:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
344:
339:Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
314:
6996:
2667:by the Australian Antarctic Division
2467:
2092:. The Canadian Press. 7 January 2009
1913:. Taylor & Francis. p. 24.
1733:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
1694:. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2012
1620:. Pierre R. Schwob Physics/Astronomy
577:(albeit with some air support) were
5154:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3351:Norse colonization of North America
2593:"Snow microbes found at South Pole"
2455:(in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst
2438:
1720:
1681:
512:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
383:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
24:
4683:United States Exploring Expedition
2577:"Non-human life form seen at Pole"
2550:Dempsey, Caitlin (29 March 2023).
2401:
2117:. The Jim Patison Group. pp.
2029:
1952:
1717:/ Volume 47 / Issue 03 / July 2011
1456:
654:James Castrission and Justin Jones
398:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
327:
185:The Ceremonial South Pole in 1998.
25:
7068:
5757:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
5125:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2627:
2605:Jessie Yeung (14 November 2019).
1832:. Merriam-Webster. p. 1326.
1569:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
751:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
564:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
548:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
408:, a sealer, set foot on the ice.
129:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
6995:
6986:
6985:
6745:
5651:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5044:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2689:UK team makes polar trek history
2639:360° Panoramas of the South Pole
2062:Explorersweb (13 January 2011).
2012:"Britannica Online Encyclopedia"
1988:. Suedtirol.info. Archived from
1582:"Where is the real Pole really?"
1508:
1482:that evidence had been found of
2703:National Film and Sound Archive
2598:
2586:
2569:
2543:
2518:
2492:
2378:
2357:
2335:
2316:
2294:
2274:
2256:
2244:
2222:
2208:
2182:
2156:
2135:
2104:
2078:
2055:
2004:
1978:
1927:
1900:
1873:
1846:
1819:
1788:
1745:
538:
6497:
2253:, Goddard Space Flight Center.
1907:Simpson-Housley, Paul (2002).
1886:. Academic Press. p. 37.
1859:. Academic Press. p. 35.
1706:
1654:
1632:
1610:
1574:
1540:
568:International Geophysical Year
368:
13:
1:
5030:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
4965:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4513:
2218:. BBC News. 29 December 2018.
1880:Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002).
1853:Berkman, Paul Arthur (2002).
1803:. Hurtigruten. Archived from
1639:Kiefer, Alex (January 1994).
1534:
1524:List of Antarctic expeditions
1472:In 2000 it was reported that
1469:are occasionally seen there.
735:Köppen climate classification
663:On 28 December 2018, Captain
379:List of Antarctic expeditions
120:Situated on the continent of
62:South pole of inaccessibility
5387:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5203:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5009:French Antarctic Expeditions
4939:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
4825:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
2943:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2343:"How cold is the Antarctic?"
2251:Science question of the week
510:In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's
486:Roald Amundsen and his party
422:
251:is actually near sea level.
176:
7:
4472:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4151:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3016:Andrée's balloon expedition
2114:Guinness World Records 2014
1501:
1221:Average precipitation days
1011:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
871:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
391:
34:Southernmost point on Earth
29:South Pole (disambiguation)
10:
7073:
7047:Polar regions of the Earth
6258:Bernardo O'Higgins Station
3673:Franklin's lost expedition
3373:Christian IV's expeditions
2755:
2190:"Wilson, nå er vi framme!"
1605:"Marker makes annual move"
1410:
1405:
748:
678:
372:
26:
6981:
6934:
6833:
6797:
6754:
6743:
6698:
6647:
6570:
6505:
6447:
6429:
6366:Antarctic Treaty Monument
6356:
6248:
6230:
6157:
6109:
6091:
6063:
6045:
6022:
5994:
5976:
5958:
5940:
5907:
5889:
5871:
5490:
5221:
4808:
4548:
4525:
4521:
4508:
4027:Great Northern Expedition
3921:
3703:Rae–Richardson expedition
3452:
3297:
2903:British Arctic Expedition
2795:
2767:
2763:
2750:
2655:Degree Confluence Project
1774:10.1017/S0032247400062112
1663:"Flags at the South Pole"
1449:, which is supplied from
1358:
1311:
1267:
1220:
1150:
1080:
1010:
940:
870:
800:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
675:Climate and day and night
359:Historic Site or Monument
335:Historic Site or Monument
6655:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
6386:Henryk Arctowski Station
6055:A.B. Dobrowolski Station
5311:British Antarctic Survey
5305:Captain Arturo Prat Base
4550:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
2660:South Pole Photo Gallery
2595:, BBC News, 10 July 2000
2390:11 December 2013 at the
2345:. NIWA. 27 February 2007
124:, it is the site of the
117:intersects its surface.
115:Earth's axis of rotation
7042:Geography of Antarctica
7037:Extreme points of Earth
5996:Princess Elizabeth Land
5787:Pole of inaccessibility
5450:Antarctic Treaty System
3791:2nd Grinnell expedition
2651:Images of this location
2328:2 February 2006 at the
2111:Glenday, Craig (2013).
2016:Encyclopædia Britannica
1547:"Moving the South Pole"
1484:dinosaurs with feathers
1422:
610:Patriot Hills Base Camp
447:(photo by fifth member
2634:NOAA South Pole Webcam
2143:"Ice Trek Expeditions"
1413:Deutscher Wetterdienst
729:The South Pole has an
551:
452:
357:has been designated a
324:
272:
214:geographic coordinates
194:
186:
137:Earth's magnetic field
99:Terrestrial South Pole
86:
75:
67:
56:South Geomagnetic Pole
5457:Transglobe Expedition
5356:Operation Deep Freeze
4765:Challenger expedition
3631:Coppermine expedition
3152:Drifting ice stations
2696:South Pole Expedition
2653:are available at the
2644:28 April 2015 at the
1935:"First Women at Pole"
1797:"General Information"
1443:Operation Deep Freeze
681:Climate of Antarctica
615:On 30 December 1989,
581:(4 January 1958) and
546:
494:King Haakon VII Vidde
430:
375:History of Antarctica
322:
295:Ceremonial South Pole
264:
203:Geographic North Pole
192:
184:
95:Geographic South Pole
81:
73:
46:South Geographic Pole
42:
18:Geographic South Pole
6144:Inexpressible Island
2682:25 June 2016 at the
1552:16 July 2011 at the
1529:South Pole Telescope
1494:, Australia, but in
801:Record high °C (°F)
498:Haakon VII of Norway
93:, also known as the
7057:Southern Hemisphere
6968:Robert Falcon Scott
6625:South magnetic pole
6583:Antarctic Peninsula
6578:Biogeographic realm
6371:Arturo Prat Station
6187:Hut Point Peninsula
5978:Mac. Robertson Land
5950:Proclamation Island
5899:Belgrano II Station
5627:South magnetic pole
4293:Brusilov expedition
3402:Danish colonization
2840:North magnetic pole
2707:Sounds of Australia
2365:"Antarctic Weather"
2287:Scientific American
1801:hurtigruten.com/us/
1766:1971PoRec..15..887A
1641:"South Pole Marker"
1268:Average snowy days
1081:Record low °C (°F)
941:Daily mean °C (°F)
562:) aircraft. The US
529:Richard Evelyn Byrd
457:Robert Falcon Scott
158: /
141:Southern Hemisphere
133:South Magnetic Pole
50:South Magnetic Pole
6906:Telecommunications
6820:Territorial claims
6376:Great Wall Station
6323:San Martin Station
6139:Hells Gate Moraine
5922:Humboldt Mountains
5318:Operation Windmill
5299:Operation Highjump
4274:Rusanov expedition
4179:A. E. Nordenskiöld
3923:North East Passage
3727:McClure expedition
2164:"Crossing the Ice"
2066:. explorersweb.com
2037:"Antarctic Firsts"
1939:South Pole Station
1807:on 23 October 2014
625:Victoria E. Murden
552:
496:in honour of King
453:
345:Argentine Flagpole
325:
315:Historic monuments
301:South Pole Station
273:
195:
187:
87:
76:
68:
7014:
7013:
6973:Ernest Shackleton
6901:Research stations
6846:Antarctic English
6815:National programs
6810:Military activity
6784:COVID-19 pandemic
6741:
6740:
6610:Floristic Kingdom
6515:Antarctic sea ice
6465:
6464:
6449:Stonington Island
6338:Stonington Island
6298:Metchnikoff Point
6273:Esperanza Station
6073:Débarquement Rock
5927:Schirmacher Oasis
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5285:Operation Tabarin
5147:Far Eastern Party
4993:Nimrod Expedition
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4063:M. Pronchishcheva
3985:Siberian Cossacks
3454:Northwest Passage
2787:Research stations
2744:Polar exploration
2671:The Antarctic Sun
2583:, 5 January 2003.
2581:The Antarctic Sun
2506:. 14 January 2023
2398:, 9 December 2013
2232:. 10 January 2020
2128:978-1-908843-15-9
1964:The Antarctic Sun
1920:978-0-203-03602-0
1893:978-0-12-091560-6
1866:978-0-12-091560-6
1839:978-0-87779-081-5
1479:Gondwana Research
1463:south polar skuas
1419:
1418:
749:Climate data for
468:Ernest Shackleton
455:British explorer
241:continental drift
16:(Redirected from
7064:
6999:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6963:James Clark Ross
6935:Famous explorers
6749:
6568:
6567:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6469:
6468:
6333:Snow Hill Island
6293:Megalestris Hill
6283:Horseshoe Island
6212:Observation Hill
6177:Shackleton's Hut
6032:Buromskiy Island
5917:Dakshin Gangotri
5858:
5851:
5844:
5835:
5834:
5332:Ronne Expedition
4817:
4811:
4675:Dumont d'Urville
4523:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4058:V. Pronchishchev
2765:
2764:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2709:registry in 2007
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2575:Mark Sabbatini,
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:Time and Date AS
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:. 4 October 2014
2041:Antarctic Circle
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1992:on 10 March 2012
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1544:
1518:
1516:Geography portal
1513:
1512:
1511:
1439:New Zealand Time
1224:
746:
745:
652:and Australians
650:Aleksander Gamme
621:Reinhold Messner
603:Eileen McSaveney
520:, was frozen in
417:James Clark Ross
305:Antarctic Treaty
219:
199:axis of rotation
173:
172:
170:
169:
168:
163:
159:
156:
155:
154:
151:
21:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7032:East Antarctica
7017:
7016:
7015:
7010:
6977:
6947:Richard E. Byrd
6930:
6891:Protected areas
6829:
6793:
6750:
6737:
6694:
6648:Bodies of Water
6643:
6632:West Antarctica
6588:East Antarctica
6566:
6501:
6496:
6466:
6461:
6443:
6425:
6381:Half Moon Beach
6358:South Shetlands
6352:
6343:Waterboat Point
6303:Paradise Harbor
6268:Detaille Island
6244:
6232:Edward VII Land
6226:
6197:McMurdo Station
6153:
6105:
6087:
6059:
6041:
6024:Queen Mary Land
6018:
6014:Walkabout Rocks
5990:
5972:
5954:
5936:
5909:Queen Maud Land
5903:
5885:
5867:
5862:
5832:
5819:
5494:
5486:
5362:McMurdo Station
5231:Modern research
5229:
5217:
4952:O. Nordenskjöld
4815:
4809:
4804:
4720:Ross expedition
4544:
4517:
4496:
3925:
3917:
3458:Northern Canada
3456:
3448:
3301:
3293:
2799:
2791:
2759:
2746:
2741:
2684:Wayback Machine
2646:Wayback Machine
2630:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2556:Geography Realm
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2392:Wayback Machine
2383:
2379:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2330:Wayback Machine
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2196:on 24 June 2013
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2170:on 24 June 2013
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1960:"Famous Firsts"
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1760:(99): 887–889.
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1669:on 15 June 2020
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1554:Wayback Machine
1545:
1541:
1537:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1459:
1457:Flora and fauna
1453:, New Zealand.
1447:McMurdo Station
1425:
1420:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
731:ice cap climate
716:East Antarctica
691:
677:
636:Todd Carmichael
556:George J. Dufek
541:
425:
402:Mikhail Lazarev
394:
389:
371:
347:
330:
328:Amundsen's Tent
317:
297:
285:Robert F. Scott
237:Earth's history
217:
179:
166:
164:
160:
157:
152:
149:
147:
145:
144:
66:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7070:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6993:
6982:
6979:
6978:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6957:Ui-te-Rangiora
6954:
6952:Douglas Mawson
6949:
6944:
6942:Roald Amundsen
6938:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6881:Gateway cities
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6841:Antarctica Day
6837:
6835:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6713:
6711:Microorganisms
6708:
6702:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6675:List of rivers
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6605:Extreme points
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6525:Climate change
6517:
6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6472:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6435:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6421:Yankee Harbour
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6328:Seymour Island
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6240:Scott Nunataks
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6051:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6028:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6009:Vostok Station
6006:
6000:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:Vostok Station
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5730:Cherry-Garrard
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5570:Southern Cross
5566:
5565:
5564:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5536:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5500:
5498:
5492:Farthest South
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5364:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5314:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5189:Ross Sea party
5185:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5150:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5121:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4883:Southern Cross
4876:Southern Cross
4872:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4820:
4818:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4761:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4741:
4735:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4622:Bellingshausen
4612:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4519:
4518:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4481:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3927:Russian Arctic
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3369:
3364:
3362:Snæbjörn galti
3359:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3307:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3264:
3257:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3155:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:Farthest North
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2677:Big Dead Place
2674:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2636:
2629:
2628:External links
2626:
2624:
2623:
2597:
2585:
2568:
2542:
2517:
2491:
2466:
2437:
2415:
2400:
2377:
2356:
2334:
2315:
2293:
2273:
2255:
2243:
2221:
2207:
2181:
2155:
2134:
2127:
2103:
2077:
2054:
2028:
2003:
1977:
1951:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1838:
1818:
1787:
1744:
1719:
1705:
1680:
1653:
1631:
1609:
1594:
1573:
1558:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1500:
1458:
1455:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:sunshine hours
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:sunshine hours
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
938:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
744:
712:Vostok Station
696:Vostok Station
676:
673:
658:Hercules Inlet
643:Hannah McKeand
632:Hercules Inlet
579:Edmund Hillary
540:
537:
424:
421:
413:Charles Wilkes
393:
390:
387:Farthest South
370:
367:
346:
343:
329:
326:
316:
313:
296:
293:
281:Roald Amundsen
277:New Year's Day
222:prime meridian
178:
175:
65:
64:
59:
53:
47:
43:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7069:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6992:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6886:Midwinter Day
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6832:
6826:
6825:Treaty System
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6680:McMurdo Sound
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6431:South Orkneys
6428:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Pendulum Cove
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6348:Winter Island
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6308:Paulet Island
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6288:Lambda Island
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6182:Discovery Hut
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6149:Mount Dockery
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:Cape Wadworth
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6111:Victoria Land
6108:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6093:George V Land
6090:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6078:Petrel Island
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6037:Mirny Station
6035:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6004:Tryne Islands
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5932:Showa Station
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5854:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
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4910:Discovery Hut
4908:
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4440:A. Sibiryakov
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4412:Glavsevmorput
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3714:J. Richardson
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3203:Georgiy Sedov
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3090:Riiser-Larsen
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2504:Antarctica.uk
2501:
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2091:
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2017:
2013:
2007:
1991:
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1981:
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1795:Hurtigruten.
1791:
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1312:Mean monthly
1310:
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1187:
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1172:
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1157:
1154:
1153:precipitation
1149:
1143:
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1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
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669:Mollie Hughes
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639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
560:C-47 Skytrain
557:
549:
545:
536:
534:
533:Bernt Balchen
530:
525:
523:
519:
518:
513:
508:
506:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
478:
473:
472:Edward Wilson
469:
465:
463:
458:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
388:
384:
380:
376:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
321:
312:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
267:
263:
259:
257:
252:
250:
246:
245:Bay of Whales
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
191:
183:
174:
171:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:United States
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
84:
80:
72:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
44:
41:
37:
30:
19:
6871:Firefighting
6856:Demographics
6779:Colonization
6774:World War II
6619:
6391:Lame Dog Hut
6318:Port Lockroy
6313:Port Charcot
6207:Mount Erebus
6167:Cape Crozier
6124:Cape Geology
6101:Cape Denison
5942:Enderby Land
5880:
5872:
5785:
5773:Pole of Cold
5771:
5697:
5688:
5656:
5649:
5625:
5596:
5582:
5576:Borchgrevink
5568:
5555:
5540:
5520:
5505:
5495:
5474:
5455:
5448:
5432:
5418:
5409:
5392:
5385:
5366:
5354:
5330:
5316:
5309:
5297:
5283:
5269:
5255:
5248:
5209:
5201:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5160:
5152:
5145:
5132:
5123:
5085:
5077:
5068:
5061:
5049:
5042:
5028:
5016:Pourquoi-Pas
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4986:Orcadas Base
4984:
4976:
4963:
4957:C. A. Larsen
4945:
4937:
4923:
4916:
4903:
4895:
4889:Borchgrevink
4882:
4874:
4831:
4823:
4798:C. A. Larsen
4791:
4772:
4763:
4745:
4727:
4718:
4705:
4690:
4681:
4668:
4629:
4615:
4608:
4589:
4574:
4484:
4477:
4460:
4453:
4439:
4424:
4410:
4397:
4372:
4358:
4356:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4298:
4291:
4272:
4238:
4236:
4222:
4220:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4170:
4168:
4149:
4025:
3983:
3966:
3934:
3898:
3896:
3876:
3875:
3855:
3854:
3840:
3827:
3812:
3798:
3789:
3776:
3747:
3735:Investigator
3734:
3725:
3701:
3688:
3680:
3671:
3658:
3629:
3606:
3591:
3576:
3546:
3531:
3501:
3420:
3400:
3371:
3367:Erik the Red
3349:
3327:
3320:
3277:submersibles
3274:
3268:Arktika 2007
3266:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3233:
3224:
3221:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3157:
3150:
3126:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3101:
3067:
3065:
3036:
3033:
3022:S. A. Andrée
3014:
3001:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2941:
2923:
2910:
2901:
2883:
2874:
2872:
2838:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:
2600:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2520:
2508:. Retrieved
2503:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2452:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2395:
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2347:. Retrieved
2337:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2296:
2285:
2276:
2268:www.usap.gov
2267:
2258:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2224:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2137:
2113:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:Toronto Star
2089:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:the original
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1963:
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1909:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1805:the original
1800:
1790:
1757:
1754:Polar Record
1753:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1722:
1715:Polar Record
1714:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1612:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1556:, NASA Quest
1542:
1477:
1471:
1467:snow petrels
1460:
1451:Christchurch
1432:
1426:
1155:mm (inches)
737:
728:
708:
700:
692:
685:Midnight sun
662:
647:
640:
629:
614:
607:
583:Vivian Fuchs
574:
572:
553:
539:1950–present
526:
515:
509:
502:
483:
476:
461:
454:
410:
395:
348:
331:
298:
288:
274:
253:
230:
211:
207:polar motion
196:
119:
98:
94:
90:
88:
36:
6959:(legendary)
6866:Field camps
6764:Expeditions
6690:Weddell Sea
6670:Lake Vostok
6665:Lake Mercer
6537:Ice shelves
6416:Whalers Bay
6411:Potter Cove
6396:Maxwell Bay
6263:Damoy Point
6250:Graham Land
6222:Scott's Hut
6202:Mount Betty
6134:Foyn Island
6083:Port Martin
6065:Adélie Land
6047:Wilkes Land
5476:Lake Vostok
5426:Tryoshnikov
5348:Schlossbach
5239:Christensen
5181:James Caird
5102:E. R. Evans
4868:Dobrowolski
4838:de Gerlache
4540:Expeditions
4426:Aviaarktika
4380:Samoylovich
4251:Kolomeitsev
4145:Middendorff
4105:Gedenshtrom
3525:I. Fyodorov
3287:Chilingarov
3175:E. Fyodorov
2782:Expeditions
2616:14 November
2308:28 December
2096:10 February
1359:Mean daily
689:Polar night
617:Arved Fuchs
527:US Admiral
369:Exploration
256:Weddell Sea
239:because of
165: /
103:antipodally
7027:South Pole
7021:Categories
6769:Heroic Age
6620:South Pole
6530:Heat waves
6499:Antarctica
6439:Scotia Bay
6406:Point Wild
6217:Scott Base
6172:Cape Evans
6119:Cape Adare
5986:Cape Bruce
5891:Coats Land
5881:South Pole
5873:South Pole
5699:Terra Nova
5604:Shackleton
5547:J. C. Ross
5506:Resolution
5496:South Pole
5271:New Swabia
5195:Mackintosh
5167:Shackleton
5086:Terra Nova
5079:Terra Nova
4813:Heroic Age
4773:Challenger
4733:J. C. Ross
4643:Bransfield
4575:Resolution
4490:icebreaker
4454:Chelyuskin
4195:expedition
4173:Expedition
4115:Matyushkin
4073:Kh. Laptev
4068:Chelyuskin
3962:Heemskerck
3952:Chancellor
3947:Willoughby
3942:Koch boats
3885:Stefansson
3819:McClintock
3783:Inglefield
3625:J. C. Ross
3532:Resolution
3384:Cunningham
3282:Sagalevich
2971:expedition
2930:Stephenson
2890:C. F. Hall
2877:expedition
2851:J. C. Ross
2814:Heemskerck
2801:North Pole
2561:22 October
2535:22 October
2510:22 October
2236:20 January
2070:13 January
1811:23 October
1535:References
1445:") out of
1411:Source 2:
1223:(≥ 0.1 mm)
704:North Pole
679:See also:
599:Lois Jones
505:Expedition
503:Terra Nova
479:Expedition
464:Expedition
406:John Davis
373:See also:
307:signatory
233:Antarctica
226:North Pole
122:Antarctica
111:two points
107:North Pole
91:South Pole
6921:Transport
6660:Lake CECs
6637:ice sheet
6593:ice sheet
6562:Volcanoes
6552:Mountains
6507:Geography
6457:East Base
6192:Lewis Bay
5960:Kemp Land
5798:Tolstikov
5584:Discovery
5554:HMS
5539:HMS
5521:Adventure
5519:HMS
5504:HMS
5440:Tolstikov
5161:Endurance
4946:Antarctic
4931:Drygalski
4904:Discovery
4897:Discovery
4858:Arctowski
4771:HMS
4744:HMS
4738:Abernethy
4726:HMS
4704:USS
4691:Vincennes
4689:USS
4669:Astrolabe
4609:San Telmo
4590:Adventure
4588:HMS
4573:HMS
4568:Kerguelen
4530:Continent
4515:Antarctic
4392:Urvantsev
4350:Vilkitsky
4203:Jeannette
4201:USS
4193:Jeannette
4157:Weyprecht
4135:Pakhtusov
4085:Chichagov
4078:D. Laptev
4021:Permyakov
3996:Stadukhin
3991:Perfilyev
3968:Mangazeya
3906:H. Larsen
3871:Rasmussen
3826:HMS
3797:USS
3746:HMS
3733:HMS
3697:Collinson
3687:HMS
3679:HMS
3657:HMS
3605:HMS
3590:HMS
3575:HMS
3560:Mackenzie
3547:Discovery
3545:HMS
3530:HMS
3502:Discovery
3481:Frobisher
3444:Rasmussen
3357:Gunnbjörn
3303:Greenland
3232:USS
3223:USS
3095:Ellsworth
3037:Roosevelt
2967:Nansen's
2924:Discovery
2922:HMS
2909:HMS
2856:Abernethy
2824:Marmaduke
2349:13 August
2047:24 August
2021:13 August
1996:13 August
1970:25 August
1944:24 August
1782:129664580
1737:4 October
1698:7 January
1492:Koonwarra
1429:longitude
1146:(−117.0)
1126:(−110.9)
1121:(−110.7)
1116:(−113.1)
1111:(−117.0)
1106:(−108.9)
1101:(−103.0)
517:Endurance
462:Discovery
423:1900–1950
249:ice sheet
177:Geography
6991:Category
6896:Religion
6798:Politics
6716:Wildlife
6685:Ross Sea
6547:Glaciers
6278:Hope Bay
6159:Ross Sea
5810:A. Fuchs
5767:V. Fuchs
5747:McKinley
5710:E. Evans
5669:Bjaaland
5664:Amundsen
5614:Marshall
5527:Furneaux
5379:V. Fuchs
5343:E. Ronne
5338:F. Ronne
5277:Ritscher
5131:SY
5119:Filchner
5063:Framheim
5057:Amundsen
4863:Racoviță
4848:Amundsen
4843:Lecointe
4712:Ringgold
4706:Porpoise
4596:Furneaux
4432:Shevelev
4387:Begichev
4366:Amundsen
4328:Nagórski
4306:Brusilov
4300:Sv. Anna
4214:Melville
4184:Palander
4140:Tsivolko
4100:Sannikov
4095:Billings
4038:Chirikov
3957:Barentsz
3899:St. Roch
3890:Bartlett
3864:Amundsen
3848:Sverdrup
3748:Resolute
3637:Franklin
3565:Kotzebue
3432:Sverdrup
3415:Scoresby
3389:Lindenov
3240:Plaisted
3225:Nautilus
3170:Shirshov
3144:Belyakov
3139:Baydukov
3113:Nautilus
3075:Amundsen
3035:SS
2994:Sverdrup
2989:Johansen
2959:Brainard
2954:Lockwood
2809:Barentsz
2680:Archived
2642:Archived
2388:Archived
2326:Archived
1646:24 March
1587:25 March
1550:Archived
1502:See also
1496:sediment
1474:microbes
1434:a priori
1354:2,698.2
1151:Average
1141:(−42.0)
1136:(−67.0)
1131:(−97.6)
1096:(−96.0)
1091:(−74.0)
1086:(−42.0)
1076:(−62.0)
1071:(−20.4)
1066:(−40.2)
1061:(−65.7)
1056:(−79.1)
1051:(−81.8)
1046:(−82.1)
1041:(−81.0)
1036:(−78.7)
1031:(−77.6)
1026:(−70.2)
1021:(−45.6)
1016:(−21.3)
1006:(−57.1)
1001:(−18.4)
996:(−36.8)
991:(−60.9)
986:(−74.4)
981:(−75.5)
976:(−75.6)
971:(−74.0)
966:(−72.4)
961:(−72.0)
956:(−64.7)
951:(−41.6)
946:(−19.1)
936:(−50.4)
931:(−15.3)
926:(−33.2)
921:(−55.1)
916:(−65.9)
911:(−66.8)
906:(−67.4)
901:(−66.1)
896:(−64.5)
891:(−63.4)
886:(−57.3)
881:(−36.2)
876:(−14.8)
851:(−13.2)
846:(−20.7)
841:(−26.5)
836:(−29.0)
831:(−19.8)
826:(−13.2)
821:(−18.0)
816:(−16.1)
718:between
665:Lou Rudd
575:overland
522:pack ice
449:Bjaaland
433:Amundsen
392:Pre-1900
351:flagpole
162:90°S 0°E
7001:Commons
6916:Tourism
6861:Economy
6834:Society
6756:History
6726:Mammals
6615:Islands
6571:Regions
6542:Geology
6520:Climate
5815:Messner
5762:Hillary
5742:Balchen
5690:Polheim
5684:Wisting
5562:Crozier
5534:Weddell
5512:J. Cook
5482:Kapitsa
5463:Fiennes
5405:Klenova
5374:Hillary
5324:Ketchum
5250:BANZARE
5225:·
5070:Polheim
5036:Shirase
5022:Charcot
4832:Belgica
4751:Crozier
4663:Morrell
4658:Weddell
4636:Lazarev
4581:J. Cook
4535:History
4485:Arktika
4461:Krassin
4446:Voronin
4418:Schmidt
4404:Ushakov
4343:Vaygach
4311:Albanov
4280:Rusanov
4261:Kolchak
4256:Matisen
4230:Makarov
4209:De Long
4110:Wrangel
4090:Lyakhov
4043:Malygin
4001:Dezhnev
3828:Pandora
3799:Advance
3766:Kennedy
3761:Belcher
3754:Kellett
3741:McClure
3665:Beechey
3659:Blossom
3652:Simpson
3620:Crozier
3613:Hoppner
3570:J. Ross
3538:J. Cook
3486:Gilbert
3379:J. Hall
3345:Ingólfr
3335:Naddodd
3329:Vikings
3316:Brendan
3311:Pytheas
3299:Iceland
3253:Arktika
3245:Herbert
3210:Badygin
3180:Krenkel
3165:Papanin
3134:Chkalov
3120:Wilkins
3085:Wisting
3029:F. Cook
2935:Markham
2895:Bessels
2884:Polaris
2875:Polaris
2846:J. Ross
2829:Carolus
2777:History
2484:5 April
2459:5 April
2430:5 April
1762:Bibcode
1673:14 June
1488:fossils
1216:(0.09)
1211:(0.01)
1206:(0.00)
1201:(0.00)
1196:(0.00)
1185:(0.00)
1180:(0.01)
1175:(0.00)
1170:(0.01)
1165:(0.02)
1160:(0.01)
856:(−2.0)
811:(−5.1)
595:Fiennes
490:Polheim
459:on the
445:Wisting
437:Hanssen
6598:shield
6557:Tundra
5725:Bowers
5720:Wilson
5679:Hassel
5674:Helmer
5643:Mackay
5633:Mawson
5598:Nimrod
5556:Terror
5541:Erebus
5468:Burton
5263:Rymill
5139:Mawson
5133:Aurora
5112:Lashly
5097:Wilson
5000:Nimrod
4977:Scotia
4784:Murray
4759:Cooper
4746:Terror
4728:Erebus
4697:Wilkes
4648:Palmer
4616:Vostok
4563:Bouvet
4487:-class
4467:Gakkel
4335:Taymyr
4316:Konrad
4285:Kuchin
4223:Yermak
4130:Lavrov
4048:Ovtsyn
4033:Bering
4011:Ivanov
3974:Hudson
3936:Pomors
3913:Cowper
3878:Karluk
3777:Isabel
3771:Bellot
3721:Austin
3689:Terror
3681:Erebus
3577:Griper
3553:Clerke
3513:Baffin
3496:Hudson
3427:Nansen
3340:Garðar
3261:Barneo
3128:ANT-25
3104:Italia
3080:Nobile
3049:Henson
3008:Amedeo
2984:Nansen
2949:Greely
2819:Hudson
2757:Arctic
2370:25 May
2200:25 May
2174:25 May
2148:25 May
2125:
1917:
1890:
1863:
1836:
1780:
1624:25 May
1351:616.9
1348:558.0
1345:390.6
1324:195.3
1321:406.1
1318:497.2
1307:203.0
1191:trace
1188:trace
866:(9.9)
861:(9.9)
806:(9.1)
757:Month
724:Dome F
720:Dome A
687:, and
593:, and
477:Nimrod
441:Hassel
385:, and
309:states
266:Garmin
167:-90; 0
113:where
58:(2005)
52:(2007)
7006:Index
6926:Women
6876:Flags
6851:Crime
6789:Years
6731:Krill
6721:Birds
6706:Flora
5805:Crary
5752:Dufek
5715:Oates
5705:Scott
5638:David
5619:Adams
5590:Barne
5411:Mirny
5400:Somov
5210:Quest
5107:Crean
5092:Scott
4971:Bruce
4925:Gauss
4918:Gauss
4792:Jason
4779:Nares
4653:Davis
4630:Mirny
4603:Smith
4558:Roché
4478:Lenin
4398:Sadko
4323:Wiese
4268:Sedov
4239:Zarya
4162:Payer
4125:Litke
4120:Anjou
4053:Minin
4016:Vagin
4006:Popov
3979:Poole
3834:Young
3647:Dease
3592:Hecla
3583:Parry
3508:Bylot
3491:Davis
3466:Cabot
3439:Peary
3421:Jason
3408:Egede
3322:Papar
3234:Skate
3215:Wiese
3195:NP-37
3188:NP-36
3068:Norge
3056:Sedov
3044:Peary
3002:Jason
2917:Nares
2911:Alert
2866:Hayes
2834:Parry
2772:Ocean
2665:Poles
2449:(PDF)
1778:S2CID
1731:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1398:19.9
1395:18.6
1392:12.6
1368:13.1
1365:17.6
1342:34.1
1304:20.6
1301:16.9
1298:16.7
1295:11.7
1292:17.5
1289:18.2
1286:17.3
1283:17.2
1280:11.4
1277:13.6
1274:19.6
1271:22.0
1144:−82.8
1139:−41.1
1134:−55.0
1129:−72.0
1124:−79.4
1119:−79.3
1114:−80.6
1109:−82.8
1104:−78.3
1099:−75.0
1094:−71.1
1089:−58.9
1084:−41.1
1074:−52.2
1069:−29.1
1064:−40.1
1059:−54.3
1054:−61.7
1049:−63.2
1044:−63.4
1039:−62.8
1034:−61.5
1029:−60.9
1024:−56.8
1019:−43.1
1014:−29.6
1004:−49.5
999:−28.0
994:−38.2
989:−51.6
984:−59.1
979:−59.7
974:−59.8
969:−58.9
964:−58.0
959:−57.8
954:−53.7
949:−40.9
944:−28.4
934:−45.8
929:−26.3
924:−36.2
919:−48.4
914:−54.4
909:−54.9
904:−55.2
899:−54.5
894:−53.6
889:−53.0
884:−49.6
879:−37.9
874:−26.0
864:−12.3
859:−12.3
854:−18.9
849:−25.1
844:−29.3
839:−32.5
834:−33.9
829:−28.8
824:−25.1
819:−27.8
814:−26.7
809:−20.6
804:−12.7
796:Year
591:Crary
6911:Time
6699:Life
5737:Byrd
5658:Fram
5609:Wild
5291:Marr
5257:BGLE
5244:Byrd
5172:Wild
5051:Fram
4853:Cook
4374:AARI
4359:Maud
4246:Toll
4171:Vega
3857:Gjøa
3842:Fram
3805:Kane
3642:Back
3607:Fury
3598:Lyon
3520:Munk
3159:NP-1
3061:Byrd
2978:Fram
2969:Fram
2861:Kane
2618:2019
2563:2023
2537:2023
2512:2023
2486:2017
2461:2017
2432:2017
2396:NASA
2372:2013
2351:2012
2310:2011
2238:2020
2202:2013
2176:2013
2150:2013
2123:ISBN
2098:2010
2072:2011
2049:2016
2023:2012
1998:2012
1972:2016
1946:2016
1915:ISBN
1888:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1813:2014
1739:2013
1700:2014
1675:2020
1648:2008
1626:2013
1589:2008
1465:and
1423:Time
1401:7.4
1389:1.1
1386:0.0
1383:0.0
1380:0.0
1377:0.0
1374:0.0
1371:6.3
1339:0.0
1336:0.0
1333:0.0
1330:0.0
1327:0.0
1263:1.6
1260:0.3
1257:0.1
1254:0.1
1251:0.1
1248:0.0
1245:0.0
1242:0.1
1239:0.2
1236:0.0
1233:0.2
1230:0.3
1227:0.2
793:Dec
790:Nov
787:Oct
784:Sep
781:Aug
778:Jul
775:Jun
772:May
769:Apr
766:Mar
763:Feb
760:Jan
722:and
619:and
470:and
443:and
400:and
283:and
212:The
150:90°S
89:The
83:NASA
5434:3rd
5420:2nd
5394:1st
5227:IGY
5223:IPY
3813:Fox
3709:Rae
3275:Mir
3251:NS
2705:'s
2611:CNN
1770:doi
1214:2.3
1209:0.3
1204:0.1
1199:0.1
1194:0.1
1183:0.1
1178:0.2
1173:0.1
1168:0.2
1163:0.6
1158:0.3
289:FT.
269:GPS
218:0°.
153:0°E
97:or
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