52:
83:
655:
claimed to have found the south magnetic pole, which was at that time located on land. They planted a flagpole at the spot and claimed it for the
British Empire. However, there is now some doubt as to whether their location was correct. The approximate position of the pole on 16 January 1909 was
717:
Earth's geomagnetic field can be approximated by a tilted dipole (like a bar magnet) placed at the center of Earth. The south geomagnetic pole is the point where the axis of this best-fitting tilted dipole intersects Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. As of 2005 it was calculated to be
109:
For historical reasons, the "end" of a freely hanging magnet that points (roughly) north is itself called the "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing south, is called the magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, Earth's south magnetic pole is physically actually a
753:. Because the field is not an exact dipole, the south geomagnetic pole does not coincide with the south magnetic pole. Furthermore, the south geomagnetic pole is wandering for the same reason its northern geomagnetic counterpart wanders.
603:
3640:
207:. While the north magnetic pole began wandering very quickly in the mid 1990s, the movement of the south magnetic pole did not show a matching change of speed.
86:
Observed south dip poles during 1903–2000 are yellow squares. IGRF-12 Modeled pole locations from 1590 to 2020 are circles progressing from blue to yellow.
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124:
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978:
Jackson, Andrew; Jonkers, Art R. T.; Walker, Matthew R. (2000). "Four centuries of geomagnetic secular variation from historical records".
2802:
1125:
1763:
700:
212:
602:
The first calculation of the magnetic inclination to locate the magnetic South Pole was made on 23 January 1838 by the hydrographer
102:
lines are directed perpendicular to the nominal surface. The
Geomagnetic South Pole, a related point, is the south pole of an ideal
4183:
1398:
1406:
3758:
2764:
1177:
608:
121:
The south magnetic pole is constantly shifting due to changes in Earth's magnetic field. As of 2005 it was calculated to lie at
3355:
2953:
2541:
17:
4147:
199:, the pole is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 mi) per year. Its current distance from the actual
2093:
948:
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4234:
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3722:
3544:
3434:
3203:
1792:
1741:
3492:
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3012:
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703:(IGRF). For earlier years back to about 1600, the model GUFM1 is used, based on a compilation of data from ship logs.
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866:
4244:
3593:
819:
4254:
3824:
3810:
3784:
3621:
1592:
1118:
31:
2515:
3647:
3617:
1960:
1950:
1534:
1236:
3258:
3420:
2930:
2063:
3329:
3215:
3058:
2104:
1565:
1333:
858:
3777:
3399:
3233:
3174:
3128:
1357:
1246:
204:
4137:
2862:
2836:
2829:
2280:
2181:
2173:
2156:
1774:
1320:
1172:
1111:
2569:
3960:
3570:
3266:
3065:
2850:
2732:
2535:
2417:
2268:
2117:
2055:
2042:
1915:
1641:
1293:
584:
99:
1002:
4239:
4110:
3701:
3695:
3613:
3487:
3272:
2998:
2874:
2724:
2612:
2396:
1412:
115:
4177:
3840:
2993:
2867:
2787:
2296:
2123:
1325:
882:
4115:
3681:
1613:
997:
583:
Early unsuccessful attempts to reach the magnetic south pole included those of French explorer
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905:
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3412:
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3155:
3005:
2963:
2925:
2905:
2500:
2275:
2111:
2021:
2003:
1920:
1891:
1881:
1769:
1706:
1480:
852:
2161:
3974:
3966:
3909:
3497:
3361:
3287:
3279:
3079:
3019:
2978:
2591:
2582:
2453:
2448:
2352:
2216:
1973:
1935:
1542:
1312:
1280:
1224:
1204:
1069:
989:
696:
695:
The south magnetic pole has also been estimated by fits to global sets of data such as the
3342:
1747:
1730:
8:
4095:
3482:
3405:
3321:
3102:
3094:
3043:
2683:
2641:
2136:
2099:
1988:
1752:
1622:
1425:
1230:
794:
762:
237:
203:
is approximately 2,860 km (1,780 mi). The nearest permanent science station is
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1419:
1187:
1098:
750:
636:
613:, a member of the Dumont d'Urville expedition in Antarctica and Oceania on the
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153:
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2032:
1368:
1082:
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196:
157:
37:
For additional general information about the Earth's magnetic poles, see
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1928:
1856:
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200:
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614:
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3460:
1725:
1701:
1689:
792:
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1651:
1712:
106:
that most closely fits the Earth's actual magnetic field.
98:, is the point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the
2917:
1056:"Survey tracks current position of South Magnetic Pole"
30:"Magnetic south" redirects here. For other uses, see
977:
907:
Antarctica: Great
Stories from the Frozen Continent
904:
211:Recent locations of Earth's magnetic (dip) poles,
152:, placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between
981:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
4226:
833:
1119:
623:
617:
690:
1126:
1112:
104:dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field
1081:
1034:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
1001:
885:. British Antarctic Survey. 11 March 2011
816:"Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions"
706:
701:International Geomagnetic Reference Field
4184:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
81:
3759:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
793:NOAA National Geophysical Data Center.
14:
4227:
1053:
854:Antarctic Treaty System: an Assessment
788:
786:
784:
782:
2903:
1145:
1133:
1107:
591:(expedition of 1838–1842) and Briton
949:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
795:"Wandering of the Geomagnetic Poles"
45:
27:Point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere
3545:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1742:Norse colonization of North America
945:Ocean Bottom Magnetology Laboratory
779:
191:(est). That point lies outside the
116:North magnetic pole § Polarity
24:
3074:United States Exploring Expedition
25:
4266:
4148:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3516:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
1092:
604:Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin
4042:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3435:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
820:National Geophysical Data Center
50:
1026:
628:in 1837–1840, which discovered
32:Magnetic South (disambiguation)
971:
962:
933:
897:
875:
845:
808:
635:On 16 January 1909 three men (
578:
13:
1:
3421:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3356:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2904:
1099:Australian Antarctic Division
773:
3778:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3594:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3400:French Antarctic Expeditions
3330:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
3216:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1334:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
859:US National Research Council
842:. British Geological Survey.
7:
2863:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2542:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1407:Andrée's balloon expedition
968:Shackleton, Roland Huntford
883:"FAQs from primary schools"
756:
10:
4271:
4235:Polar regions of the Earth
2064:Franklin's lost expedition
1764:Christian IV's expeditions
1146:
710:
36:
29:
3881:
3612:
3199:
2939:
2916:
2912:
2899:
2418:Great Northern Expedition
2312:
2094:Rae–Richardson expedition
1843:
1688:
1294:British Arctic Expedition
1186:
1158:
1154:
1141:
941:"The Magnetic South Pole"
407:
236:
219:
59:This article needs to be
3702:British Antarctic Survey
3696:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2941:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
1054:Barton, Charles (2002).
691:Fits to global data sets
205:Dumont d'Urville Station
4245:Geography of Antarctica
4178:Pole of inaccessibility
3841:Antarctic Treaty System
2182:2nd Grinnell expedition
597:expedition of 1839–1843
4255:Orientation (geometry)
1012:10.1098/rsta.2000.0569
707:South geomagnetic pole
624:
618:
587:(1837–1840), American
585:Jules Dumont d'Urville
140:64.53000°S 137.86000°E
87:
18:South Geomagnetic Pole
3848:Transglobe Expedition
3747:Operation Deep Freeze
3156:Challenger expedition
2022:Coppermine expedition
1543:Drifting ice stations
201:Geographic South Pole
85:
1083:10.1029/2002EO000210
861:. 1986. p. 90.
697:World Magnetic Model
408:South magnetic pole
160:. In 2015 it lay at
145:-64.53000; 137.86000
94:, also known as the
4018:South magnetic pole
2684:Brusilov expedition
1793:Danish colonization
1231:North magnetic pole
1074:2002EOSTr..83..291B
994:2000RSPTA.358..957J
763:North magnetic pole
733: /
671: /
548: /
507: /
466: /
425: /
379: /
338: /
297: /
256: /
238:North magnetic pole
216:
175: /
136: /
96:magnetic south pole
92:south magnetic pole
39:North magnetic pole
3709:Operation Windmill
3690:Operation Highjump
2665:Rusanov expedition
2570:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2314:North East Passage
2118:McClure expedition
553:64.081°S 135.866°E
512:64.432°S 137.325°E
471:64.661°S 138.303°E
430:64.910°S 138.902°E
384:86.494°N 162.867°E
343:85.020°N 132.834°W
302:80.972°N 109.640°W
261:78.095°N 103.689°W
229:2010 (definitive)
226:2000 (definitive)
223:1990 (definitive)
210:
88:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
3676:Operation Tabarin
3538:Far Eastern Party
3384:Nimrod Expedition
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2454:M. Pronchishcheva
2376:Siberian Cossacks
1845:Northwest Passage
1178:Research stations
1135:Polar exploration
988:(1768): 957–990.
915:. 1985. pp.
653:Nimrod Expedition
649:Ernest Shackleton
576:
575:
100:geomagnetic field
80:
79:
16:(Redirected from
4262:
3723:Ronne Expedition
3208:
3202:
3066:Dumont d'Urville
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2449:V. Pronchishchev
1156:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1128:
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1114:
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840:"Magnetic Poles"
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737:79.74°S 108.22°E
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713:Geomagnetic pole
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675:72.25°S 155.15°E
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593:James Clark Ross
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558:-64.081; 135.866
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518:
517:-64.432; 137.325
513:
508:
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476:-64.661; 138.303
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435:-64.910; 138.902
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348:85.020; -132.834
344:
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320:
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307:80.972; -109.640
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266:78.095; -103.689
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193:Antarctic Circle
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179:64.28°S 136.59°E
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4240:East Antarctica
4225:
4224:
4223:
4210:
3885:
3877:
3753:McMurdo Station
3622:Modern research
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3608:
3343:O. Nordenskjöld
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3111:Ross expedition
2935:
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1849:Northern Canada
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1036:. Ngdc.noaa.gov
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913:Reader's Digest
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768:Polar alignment
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645:Alistair Mackay
641:Edgeworth David
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389:86.494; 162.867
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114:pole (see also
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55:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4170:Vostok Station
4160:
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4130:
4125:
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4121:Cherry-Garrard
4118:
4113:
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4077:
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4062:
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4026:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3971:
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3969:
3961:Southern Cross
3957:
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3955:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3927:
3922:
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3920:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3891:
3889:
3883:Farthest South
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
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3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3580:Ross Sea party
3576:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3541:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3512:
3507:
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3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3445:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3274:Southern Cross
3267:Southern Cross
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3211:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3132:
3126:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:Bellingshausen
3003:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2860:
2855:
2848:
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2839:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
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2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
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2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
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2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2318:Russian Arctic
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1760:
1755:
1753:Snæbjörn galti
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
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1323:
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1249:
1244:
1239:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1188:Farthest North
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:External links
1091:
1089:
1088:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1025:
970:
961:
932:
926:978-0949819642
925:
896:
874:
867:
844:
832:
807:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
758:
755:
751:Vostok Station
742:-79.74; 108.22
711:Main article:
708:
705:
699:(WMM) and the
692:
689:
680:-72.25; 155.15
637:Douglas Mawson
589:Charles Wilkes
580:
577:
574:
573:
532:
491:
450:
409:
405:
404:
363:
322:
281:
240:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
184:-64.28; 136.59
78:
77:
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3808:
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3699:
3697:
3694:
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3691:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3587:
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3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3301:Discovery Hut
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
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3217:
3213:
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3210:
3205:
3198:
3190:
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3186:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
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3057:
3055:
3052:
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3022:
3018:
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3009:
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3001:
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2995:
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2988:
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2911:
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2898:
2882:
2879:
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2873:
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2870:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:A. Sibiryakov
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2803:Glavsevmorput
2800:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
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2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:
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2677:
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2601:
2598:
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2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
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2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
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2437:
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2354:
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2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:J. Richardson
2103:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:M. Corte-Real
1865:
1863:
1862:G. Corte-Real
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
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1828:
1824:
1821:
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1816:
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1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:C. Richardson
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
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1611:
1607:
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1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:Georgiy Sedov
1590:
1588:
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1583:
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1576:
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1505:
1500:
1498:
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1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1481:Riiser-Larsen
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1355:
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1338:
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1327:
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1311:
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1298:
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1234:
1233:
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1198:
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1189:
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1157:
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1140:
1136:
1129:
1124:
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1117:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
974:
965:
950:
946:
942:
936:
928:
922:
918:
914:
909:
908:
900:
884:
878:
870:
868:9780309036405
864:
860:
856:
855:
848:
841:
836:
821:
817:
811:
796:
789:
787:
785:
783:
778:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
754:
752:
746:
714:
704:
702:
698:
688:
684:
654:
650:
646:
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638:
633:
631:
626:
620:
616:
610:
605:
600:
598:
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586:
570:
533:
529:
492:
488:
451:
447:
410:
406:
401:
364:
360:
323:
319:
282:
278:
241:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
218:
215:-13 estimate
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
188:
159:
155:
149:
119:
117:
113:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
84:
74:
62:
57:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4250:Geomagnetism
4176:
4164:Pole of Cold
4162:
4088:
4079:
4047:
4040:
4017:
4016:
3987:
3973:
3967:Borchgrevink
3959:
3946:
3931:
3911:
3896:
3865:
3846:
3839:
3823:
3809:
3800:
3783:
3776:
3757:
3745:
3721:
3707:
3700:
3688:
3674:
3660:
3646:
3639:
3600:
3592:
3578:
3571:
3569:
3551:
3543:
3536:
3523:
3514:
3476:
3468:
3459:
3452:
3440:
3433:
3419:
3407:Pourquoi-Pas
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3377:Orcadas Base
3375:
3367:
3354:
3348:C. A. Larsen
3336:
3328:
3314:
3307:
3294:
3286:
3280:Borchgrevink
3273:
3265:
3222:
3214:
3189:C. A. Larsen
3182:
3163:
3154:
3136:
3118:
3109:
3096:
3081:
3072:
3059:
3020:
3006:
2999:
2980:
2965:
2875:
2868:
2851:
2844:
2830:
2815:
2801:
2788:
2763:
2749:
2747:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2689:
2682:
2663:
2629:
2627:
2613:
2611:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2561:
2559:
2540:
2416:
2374:
2357:
2325:
2289:
2287:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2245:
2231:
2218:
2203:
2189:
2180:
2167:
2138:
2126:Investigator
2125:
2116:
2092:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2049:
2020:
1997:
1982:
1967:
1937:
1922:
1892:
1811:
1791:
1762:
1758:Erik the Red
1740:
1718:
1711:
1668:submersibles
1665:
1659:Arktika 2007
1657:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1624:
1615:
1612:
1593:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1548:
1541:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1492:
1458:
1456:
1427:
1424:
1413:S. A. Andrée
1405:
1392:
1367:
1359:
1356:
1332:
1314:
1301:
1292:
1274:
1265:
1263:
1229:
1065:
1059:
1038:. Retrieved
1028:
985:
979:
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
944:
935:
906:
899:
887:. Retrieved
877:
853:
847:
835:
823:. Retrieved
810:
798:. Retrieved
716:
694:
634:
601:
582:
120:
111:
108:
95:
91:
89:
71:January 2019
68:
60:
43:
3867:Lake Vostok
3817:Tryoshnikov
3739:Schlossbach
3630:Christensen
3572:James Caird
3493:E. R. Evans
3259:Dobrowolski
3229:de Gerlache
2931:Expeditions
2817:Aviaarktika
2771:Samoylovich
2642:Kolomeitsev
2536:Middendorff
2496:Gedenshtrom
1916:I. Fyodorov
1678:Chilingarov
1566:E. Fyodorov
1173:Expeditions
1068:(27): 291.
749:, near the
740: /
718:located at
678: /
647:) from Sir
630:Adélie Land
619:L'Astrolabe
607: [
579:Expeditions
556: /
543:135°51′58″E
515: /
502:137°19′30″E
474: /
461:138°18′11″E
433: /
420:138°54′07″E
387: /
374:162°52′01″E
346: /
333:132°50′02″W
305: /
292:109°38′24″W
264: /
251:103°41′20″W
197:polar drift
182: /
158:Wilkes Land
154:Adélie Land
143: /
131:137°51′36″E
4229:Categories
4090:Terra Nova
3995:Shackleton
3938:J. C. Ross
3897:Resolution
3887:South Pole
3662:New Swabia
3586:Mackintosh
3558:Shackleton
3477:Terra Nova
3470:Terra Nova
3204:Heroic Age
3164:Challenger
3124:J. C. Ross
3034:Bransfield
2966:Resolution
2881:icebreaker
2845:Chelyuskin
2586:expedition
2564:Expedition
2506:Matyushkin
2464:Kh. Laptev
2459:Chelyuskin
2353:Heemskerck
2343:Chancellor
2338:Willoughby
2333:Koch boats
2276:Stefansson
2210:McClintock
2174:Inglefield
2016:J. C. Ross
1923:Resolution
1775:Cunningham
1673:Sagalevich
1362:expedition
1321:Stephenson
1281:C. F. Hall
1268:expedition
1242:J. C. Ross
1205:Heemskerck
1192:North Pole
1040:9 November
954:11 October
889:9 November
825:11 January
800:10 October
774:References
562: (
540:64°04′52″S
521: (
499:64°25′55″S
480: (
458:64°39′40″S
439: (
417:64°54′36″S
393: (
371:86°29′38″N
352: (
330:85°01′12″N
311: (
289:80°58′19″N
270: (
248:78°05′42″N
128:64°31′48″S
4189:Tolstikov
3975:Discovery
3945:HMS
3930:HMS
3912:Adventure
3910:HMS
3895:HMS
3831:Tolstikov
3552:Endurance
3337:Antarctic
3322:Drygalski
3295:Discovery
3288:Discovery
3249:Arctowski
3162:HMS
3135:HMS
3129:Abernethy
3117:HMS
3095:USS
3082:Vincennes
3080:USS
3060:Astrolabe
3000:San Telmo
2981:Adventure
2979:HMS
2964:HMS
2959:Kerguelen
2921:Continent
2906:Antarctic
2783:Urvantsev
2741:Vilkitsky
2594:Jeannette
2592:USS
2584:Jeannette
2548:Weyprecht
2526:Pakhtusov
2476:Chichagov
2469:D. Laptev
2412:Permyakov
2387:Stadukhin
2382:Perfilyev
2359:Mangazeya
2297:H. Larsen
2262:Rasmussen
2217:HMS
2188:USS
2137:HMS
2124:HMS
2088:Collinson
2078:HMS
2070:HMS
2048:HMS
1996:HMS
1981:HMS
1966:HMS
1951:Mackenzie
1938:Discovery
1936:HMS
1921:HMS
1893:Discovery
1872:Frobisher
1835:Rasmussen
1748:Gunnbjörn
1694:Greenland
1623:USS
1614:USS
1486:Ellsworth
1428:Roosevelt
1358:Nansen's
1315:Discovery
1313:HMS
1300:HMS
1247:Abernethy
1215:Marmaduke
998:CiteSeerX
615:corvettes
195:. Due to
110:magnetic
4201:A. Fuchs
4158:V. Fuchs
4138:McKinley
4101:E. Evans
4060:Bjaaland
4055:Amundsen
4005:Marshall
3918:Furneaux
3770:V. Fuchs
3734:E. Ronne
3729:F. Ronne
3668:Ritscher
3522:SY
3510:Filchner
3454:Framheim
3448:Amundsen
3254:Racoviță
3239:Amundsen
3234:Lecointe
3103:Ringgold
3097:Porpoise
2987:Furneaux
2823:Shevelev
2778:Begichev
2757:Amundsen
2719:Nagórski
2697:Brusilov
2691:Sv. Anna
2605:Melville
2575:Palander
2531:Tsivolko
2491:Sannikov
2486:Billings
2429:Chirikov
2348:Barentsz
2290:St. Roch
2281:Bartlett
2255:Amundsen
2239:Sverdrup
2139:Resolute
2028:Franklin
1956:Kotzebue
1823:Sverdrup
1806:Scoresby
1780:Lindenov
1631:Plaisted
1616:Nautilus
1561:Shirshov
1535:Belyakov
1530:Baydukov
1504:Nautilus
1466:Amundsen
1426:SS
1385:Sverdrup
1380:Johansen
1350:Brainard
1345:Lockwood
1200:Barentsz
1020:40510741
757:See also
728:108°13′E
666:155°09′E
564:SMP 2020
523:SMP 2010
482:SMP 2000
441:SMP 1990
395:NMP 2020
354:NMP 2010
313:NMP 2000
272:NMP 1990
170:136°35′E
4206:Messner
4153:Hillary
4133:Balchen
4081:Polheim
4075:Wisting
3953:Crozier
3925:Weddell
3903:J. Cook
3873:Kapitsa
3854:Fiennes
3796:Klenova
3765:Hillary
3715:Ketchum
3641:BANZARE
3616:·
3461:Polheim
3427:Shirase
3413:Charcot
3223:Belgica
3142:Crozier
3054:Morrell
3049:Weddell
3027:Lazarev
2972:J. Cook
2926:History
2876:Arktika
2852:Krassin
2837:Voronin
2809:Schmidt
2795:Ushakov
2734:Vaygach
2702:Albanov
2671:Rusanov
2652:Kolchak
2647:Matisen
2621:Makarov
2600:De Long
2501:Wrangel
2481:Lyakhov
2434:Malygin
2392:Dezhnev
2219:Pandora
2190:Advance
2157:Kennedy
2152:Belcher
2145:Kellett
2132:McClure
2056:Beechey
2050:Blossom
2043:Simpson
2011:Crozier
2004:Hoppner
1961:J. Ross
1929:J. Cook
1877:Gilbert
1770:J. Hall
1736:Ingólfr
1726:Naddodd
1720:Vikings
1707:Brendan
1702:Pytheas
1690:Iceland
1644:Arktika
1636:Herbert
1601:Badygin
1571:Krenkel
1556:Papanin
1525:Chkalov
1511:Wilkins
1476:Wisting
1420:F. Cook
1326:Markham
1286:Bessels
1275:Polaris
1266:Polaris
1237:J. Ross
1220:Carolus
1168:History
1070:Bibcode
990:Bibcode
917:178–179
725:79°44′S
663:72°15′S
167:64°17′S
61:updated
4116:Bowers
4111:Wilson
4070:Hassel
4065:Helmer
4034:Mackay
4024:Mawson
3989:Nimrod
3947:Terror
3932:Erebus
3859:Burton
3654:Rymill
3530:Mawson
3524:Aurora
3503:Lashly
3488:Wilson
3391:Nimrod
3368:Scotia
3175:Murray
3150:Cooper
3137:Terror
3119:Erebus
3088:Wilkes
3039:Palmer
3007:Vostok
2954:Bouvet
2878:-class
2858:Gakkel
2726:Taymyr
2707:Konrad
2676:Kuchin
2614:Yermak
2521:Lavrov
2439:Ovtsyn
2424:Bering
2402:Ivanov
2365:Hudson
2327:Pomors
2304:Cowper
2269:Karluk
2168:Isabel
2162:Bellot
2112:Austin
2080:Terror
2072:Erebus
1968:Griper
1944:Clerke
1904:Baffin
1887:Hudson
1818:Nansen
1731:Garðar
1652:Barneo
1519:ANT-25
1495:Italia
1471:Nobile
1440:Henson
1399:Amedeo
1375:Nansen
1340:Greely
1210:Hudson
1148:Arctic
1018:
1000:
923:
865:
643:, and
4196:Crary
4143:Dufek
4106:Oates
4096:Scott
4029:David
4010:Adams
3981:Barne
3802:Mirny
3791:Somov
3601:Quest
3498:Crean
3483:Scott
3362:Bruce
3316:Gauss
3309:Gauss
3183:Jason
3170:Nares
3044:Davis
3021:Mirny
2994:Smith
2949:Roché
2869:Lenin
2789:Sadko
2714:Wiese
2659:Sedov
2630:Zarya
2553:Payer
2516:Litke
2511:Anjou
2444:Minin
2407:Vagin
2397:Popov
2370:Poole
2225:Young
2038:Dease
1983:Hecla
1974:Parry
1899:Bylot
1882:Davis
1857:Cabot
1830:Peary
1812:Jason
1799:Egede
1713:Papar
1625:Skate
1606:Wiese
1586:NP-37
1579:NP-36
1459:Norge
1447:Sedov
1435:Peary
1393:Jason
1308:Nares
1302:Alert
1257:Hayes
1225:Parry
1163:Ocean
1016:S2CID
625:Zélée
611:]
232:2020
220:Year
112:north
4128:Byrd
4049:Fram
4000:Wild
3682:Marr
3648:BGLE
3635:Byrd
3563:Wild
3442:Fram
3244:Cook
2765:AARI
2750:Maud
2637:Toll
2562:Vega
2248:Gjøa
2233:Fram
2196:Kane
2033:Back
1998:Fury
1989:Lyon
1911:Munk
1550:NP-1
1452:Byrd
1369:Fram
1360:Fram
1252:Kane
1042:2012
956:2011
921:ISBN
891:2012
863:ISBN
827:2009
802:2011
622:and
213:IGRF
156:and
90:The
3825:3rd
3811:2nd
3785:1st
3618:IGY
3614:IPY
2204:Fox
2100:Rae
1666:Mir
1642:NS
1078:doi
1061:EOS
1008:doi
986:358
651:'s
599:).
118:).
4231::
2730:/
1076:.
1066:83
1064:.
1058:.
1014:.
1006:.
996:.
984:.
947:.
943:.
919:.
911:.
857:.
818:.
781:^
687:.
639:,
632:.
609:fr
3207:"
3201:"
3144:)
3140:(
3131:)
3122:(
1127:e
1120:t
1113:v
1086:.
1080::
1072::
1044:.
1022:.
1010::
992::
958:.
929:.
893:.
871:.
829:.
804:.
595:(
566:)
525:)
484:)
443:)
397:)
356:)
315:)
274:)
73:)
69:(
63:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
