262:, in which quaint shepherdesses were easily seduced by noble men, and those of Marcabru and his school, wherein the witty shepherdesses rebuff the oafish knights, intermingled the two earlier themes into one, in which the shepherdess and the knight fall in love. In Gavaudan, the knight and the shepherdess turn to each other in retreat from the dreariness of their normal lives and their love is true, but not
436:
was written to the audience back home, in hopes that they would come join the effort against the Moors. A date of
January 1212 has been postulated in order to give Gavaudan enough time for his poem to have its effect. Some scholars (Saverio Guida, for instance) have defended a dating of
385:
Evidence that the
Crusade song can be placed after Alarcos is the sentiment expressed in lines 51–54 that the Spanish states between Occitania and the Moors have been defeated and the men north of the
342:
on 16 March 1211, it is probable that the song was written between that date and the battle. Support for the later date comes from an allusion in the poem to the taunts of the
160:, as his name (probably a nickname) implies. He wrote moralising lyrics, either religious or political, and ten of his works survive, including five
295:, has been variously dated to either 1195 or 1210–1212. The nature of the song is an "invocation to the whole of Christendom" to take up the
543:, in 1211 to quell heresy. The third reference is to he "from whom part of his legitimate overlordship is withdrawn", probably an allusion to
128:
889:
879:
874:
884:
684:
640:
393:
Alamans, Frances, Cambrezis, / Engles, Bretos et
Angevis, / Biarns, Gascos ab nos mesclatz / el.s Provensals . . .
432:. . ."). This last reference also places Gavaudan in a Provençal contingent already with Alfonso in Spain; his
358:. Gavaudan probably felt personally threatened by this, since the march to Rome would undoubtedly pass through
894:
331:
523:("duke, count, margrave"), a triple title which referred to the fact that the counts of Toulouse were also
544:
355:
528:
335:
351:
300:
346:('king of Morocco'), which probably refers to al-Nasir's boast that he would march all the way to
312:
149:
96:
307:
in 1187, since it refers to that event. If it was written in 1195, it was probably before the
145:
92:
556:
209:
715:
509:. In this song Gavaudan verbally defends the count of Toulouse, then Raymond VI, from the
8:
552:
536:
510:
205:
631:
Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major
Troubadours" (pp. 279–291).
540:
153:
680:
636:
548:
532:
308:
201:
39:
762:
699:
524:
513:
being waged against him. Three references situate it in time (c. 1213) and place (
782:
417:
379:
364:
Franc, faiz nos loc; / nostr'es
Proensa e Tolzas, / entro al Puey totz los mejas
635:. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
443:
of the poem contains
Gavaudan's prediction for the outcome of the engagement:
277:" of his poetry and in it he declares that his work is only meant to be clear
868:
677:
The World of the
Troubadours: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100–c. 1300
197:
734:
703:
263:
189:
174:
531:. A second reference is to a "foolish white people", almost certainly the
740:
296:
220:
81:
390:
must therefore take the
Reconquista into their hands. Gavaudan mentions
157:
35:
778:
770:
658:
409:
214:
135:
58:
401:
359:
339:
320:
274:
168:
162:
330:
The later date (1210–1212) places the songs on the eve of the
514:
439:
429:
387:
375:
371:
193:
421:
250:. They are one of the earliest and best examples of a subgenre of
425:
413:
405:
397:
316:
304:
273:("I am not like other troubadours") indicates. That poem is the "
741:
Complete works, edited by Guida, along with
English translations
712:. Modena: SocietĂ Tipografica Editrice Modenese - Mucchi, 1979.
367:
180:
134:
1195 – 1215, known in 1212–1213) was a
347:
518:
504:
498:
391:
290:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
139:
281:: "to good listeners (i.e. those who understand well)".
269:
Gavaudan perceived himself as an innovator, as his poem
478:
for his words shall become a fact. Death to those dogs!
323:. Gavaudan mentions Alfonso VIII in another song,
690:Paterson, Linda M. "Troubadour Responses to the
866:
679:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
256:that, picking up on the themes of the earliest
547:, who in January 1213 had been reprimanded by
299:in Spain. It was definitely written after the
845:
843:
806:
804:
720:Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos
789:(the Old), but there is no basis for this.
852:
840:
831:
822:
813:
801:
338:, Abu Jusuf's successor had crossed into
192:. He is sometimes clumped in a primitive
16:Troubadour and soldier of the Reconquista
672::2 (Apr., 1931), pp. 142–150.
646:Harvey, Ruth. "Marcabru and the Spanish
535:, a militia established in Toulouse by
867:
492:
781:. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century
652:The Forum for Modern Language Studies
497:Only one of Gavaudan's songs besides
659:"Gavaudan's Crusade Song. (Bartsch,
584:Ieu no suy pars als autres trobadors
517:). One reference is to the count as
481:God shall be honoured and worshipped
457:qu.el dig er faitz, e mortz als cas!
271:Ieu no sui pars als autres trobadors
13:
722:. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
503:can be dated with any confidence:
238:customarily dated to around 1200:
14:
906:
890:People of the Albigensian Crusade
362:, thus the Moors of his poem say
334:(16 July 1212). Considering that
212:style, combining elements of the
633:The Troubadours: An Introduction
609:Senhors, per los nostres peccatz
539:, erstwhile troubadour and then
292:Senhors, per los nostres peccatz
117:Senhors, per los nostres peccatz
880:13th-century French troubadours
875:12th-century French troubadours
735:Complete works, edited by Guida
574:Crezens, fis, verays et entiers
559:"under the cloak of religion".
382:the whole country in between."
284:
792:
755:
594:Lo mes e·l temps e l'an deparc
1:
785:scholarship used to call him
619:
506:A la plus longa nuech de l'an
332:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
227:
196:"school" of poetry alongside
131:
69:
654:, 1986; XXII: 123–144.
614:Un vers vuelh far, chantador
599:Lo vers dech far en tal rima
569:A la pus longa nuech de l'an
484:where Mahomet is now served.
462:e Dieus er honratz e servitz
325:Lo vers dech far en tal rima
7:
604:Patz passien ven del Senhor
545:Simon de Montfort the Elder
500:Senhor, per nostres peccatz
475:Gavaudan shall be a prophet
370:, make us room; / ours are
106:Pastorelas and crusade song
50:Gavaudas, Gavauda, le Vieux
10:
911:
666:The Modern Language Review
336:Abdullah Muhammad al-Nasir
885:People of the Reconquista
579:Dezamparatz, ses companho
289:Gavaudan's Crusade song,
241:Desamparatz, ses companho
110:
102:
88:
76:
65:
54:
46:
30:
23:
698:, 70.1 (2016), 181–201.
589:L'autre dia, per un mati
562:
467:on Bafometz era grazitz.
247:L'autre dia, per un mati
144:) at the courts of both
858:Kastner, 149–150.
452:Profeta sera.n Gavaudas
313:Alfonso VIII of Castile
798:Paterson 2016, p. 192.
765:name is also found as
704:10.1484/j.rph.5.110365
519:
505:
499:
392:
352:Saint Peter's Basilica
291:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
232:Gavaudan composed two
150:Raymond VI of Toulouse
140:
710:Il trovatore Gavaudan
529:Margraves of Provence
437:1196–1197. The
428:with us mixed / the
315:was defeated by the
773:and, by extension,
675:Paterson, Linda M.
553:County of Comminges
537:Folquet de Marselha
520:ducx, coms, marques
511:Albigensian Crusade
493:Albigensian Crusade
279:als bos entendedors
138:and hired soldier (
895:People from Lozère
743:, from Trobar.org.
557:Viscounty of BĂ©arn
311:on 19 July, where
716:Riquer, MartĂn de
696:Romance Philology
549:Pope Innocent III
533:White Brotherhood
525:Dukes of Narbonne
490:
489:
309:Battle of Alarcos
301:fall of Jerusalem
208:. He developed a
202:Bernart de Venzac
184:for an anonymous
122:
121:
66:Years active
902:
859:
856:
850:
847:
838:
835:
829:
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817:
811:
808:
799:
796:
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708:Guida, Saverio.
551:for seizing the
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508:
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446:
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395:
356:Mohammed's sword
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249:
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206:Peire d'Alvernhe
188:(lady), and one
152:and later on in
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71:
47:Other names
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737:, from Rialto.
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728:External links
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849:Kastner, 149.
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837:Kastner, 142.
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55:Occupation(s)
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663:, 174, 10)."
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625:Bibliography
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583:
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456:
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438:
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384:
363:
350:and cleanse
343:
329:
324:
288:
285:Crusade song
278:
270:
268:
264:courtly love
231:
219:
213:
194:Marcabrunian
190:Crusade song
185:
179:
173:
167:
161:
124:
123:
116:
112:Notable work
80:
18:
692:Reconquista
297:Reconquista
221:trobar clus
89:Employer(s)
82:Reconquista
869:Categories
779:nominative
771:accusative
620:References
430:Provençals
410:Englishmen
259:pastorelas
235:pastorelas
228:Pastorelas
215:trobar ric
169:pastorelas
136:troubadour
97:Raymond VI
59:Troubadour
661:Grundriss
434:sirventes
404:, men of
402:Frenchmen
360:Occitania
340:Andalusia
321:Abu Jusuf
275:manifesto
253:pastorela
163:sirventes
146:Raymond V
141:soudadier
93:Raymond V
72:1195–1215
61:, soldier
787:le Vieux
767:Gavaudas
515:Toulouse
422:BĂ©arnais
418:Angevins
388:Pyrenees
376:Toulouse
372:Provence
319:caliph,
210:hermetic
158:GĂ©vaudan
125:Gavaudan
36:GĂ©vaudan
25:Gavaudan
777:in the
775:Gavauda
769:in the
763:Occitan
648:lavador
440:tornada
426:Gascons
414:Bretons
406:Cambrai
398:Germans
317:Almohad
305:Saladin
154:Castile
783:French
683:
639:
541:bishop
380:Le Puy
204:, and
178:, one
172:, one
166:, two
40:France
749:Notes
563:Works
368:Frank
354:with
186:domna
181:planh
175:canso
761:His
681:ISBN
637:ISBN
555:and
527:and
420:, /
416:and
374:and
348:Rome
244:and
218:and
148:and
31:Born
700:doi
694:".
650:."
366:: "
303:to
129:fl.
77:Era
871::
842:^
803:^
718:.
670:26
668:,
424:,
412:,
408:/
400:,
396:("
327:.
266:.
200:,
132:c.
95:,
70:c.
38:,
702::
687:.
643:.
223:.
127:(
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