Galápagos tortoise

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convex surface resembling a dome). When a saddleback tortoise withdraws its head and forelimbs into its shell, a large unprotected gap remains over the neck, evidence of the lack of predation during the evolution of this structure. Larger islands with humid highlands over 800 m (2,600 ft) in elevation, such as Santa Cruz, have abundant vegetation near the ground. Tortoises native to these environments tend to have domed shells and are larger, with shorter necks and limbs. Saddleback tortoises originate from small islands less than 500 m (1,600 ft) in elevation with dry habitats (e.g. Española and Pinzón) that are more limited in food and other resources. Two lineages of Galápagos tortoises possess the Island of Santa Cruz and when observed it is concluded that despite the shared similarities of growth patterns and morphological changes observed during growth, the two lineages and two sexes can be distinguished on the basis of distinct carapace features. Lineages differ by the shape of the vertebral and pleural scutes. Females have a more elongated and wider carapace shape than males. Carapace shape changes with growth, with vertebral scutes becoming narrower and pleural scutes becoming larger during late

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on Santa Cruz and a tortoise breeding program was initiated. In 1977, a third Española male tortoise was returned to Galapagos from the San Diego Zoo and joined the breeding group. After 40 years' work reintroducing captive animals, a detailed study of the island's ecosystem has confirmed it has a stable, breeding population. Where once 15 were known, now more than 1,000 giant tortoises inhabit the island of Española. One research team has found that more than half the tortoises released since the first reintroductions are still alive, and they are breeding well enough for the population to progress onward, unaided. In January 2020, it was widely reported that Diego, a 100-year-old male tortoise, resurrected 40% of the tortoise population on the island and is known as the "Playboy Tortoise".

3106:, Charles Darwin Foundation, the Raptor Center, and Bell Laboratories removed invasive rats in 2012. In 2013, heralding an important step in Pinzón tortoise recovery, hatchlings emerged from native Pinzón tortoise nests on the island and the Galápagos National Park successfully returned 118 hatchlings to their native island home. Partners returned to Pinzón Island in late 2014 and continued to observe hatchling tortoises (now older), indicating that natural recruitment is occurring on the island unimpeded. They also discovered a snail subspecies new to science. These exciting results highlight the conservation value of this important management action. In early 2015, after extensive monitoring, partners confirmed that Pinzón and Plaza Sur Islands are now both rodent-free. 3979: 3704: 3945: 678: 3956: 39: 4062:" with radio location collars to find the herds. Marksmen then shot all the goats except the Judas, and then returned weeks later to find the "Judas" and shoot the herd to which it had relocated. Goats were removed from Pinta Island after a 30-year eradication campaign, the largest removal of an insular goat population using ground-based methods. Over 41,000 goats were removed during the initial hunting effort (1971–82). This process was repeated until only the "Judas" goat remained, which was then killed. Other measures have included dog eradication from San Cristóbal, and fencing off nests to protect them from feral pigs. 3280: 502: 3731:, declaring that the tortoises differed from the different islands, and that he could with certainty tell from which island any one was brought ... The inhabitants, as I have said, state that they can distinguish the tortoises from the different islands; and that they differ not only in size, but in other characters. Captain Porter has described* those from Charles and from the nearest island to it, namely, Hood Island, as having their shells in front thick and turned up like a Spanish saddle, while the tortoises from James Island are rounder, blacker, and have a better taste when cooked. 3765: 3441: 4100:

developing an inspirational tortoise-based outreach and education programme. Since 2009, the project team have been analysing the movements of giant tortoises by tracking them via satellite tags. As of November 2014, the team have tagged 83 tortoises from four subspecies on three islands. They have established that giant tortoises conduct migrations up and down volcanoes, primarily in response to seasonal changes in the availability and quality of vegetation. In 2015 they will start to track the movements of hatchling and juvenile tortoises, supported by the UK's

3400: 2956:) while the four southern populations are believed to be descended from a second colonization from the more southerly island of Santa Cruz. Tortoises from Santa Cruz are thought to have first colonized the Sierra Negra volcano, which was the first of the island's volcanoes to form. The tortoises then spread north to each newly created volcano, resulting in the populations living on Volcan Alcedo and then Volcan Darwin. Recent genetic evidence shows that these two populations are genetically distinct from each other and from the population living on Sierra Negra ( 4008:. In 1970, capturing or removing many subspecies from the islands (including tortoises and their eggs) was banned. To halt trade in the tortoises altogether, it became illegal to export the tortoises from Ecuador, captive or wild, continental, or insular in provenance. The banning of their exportation resulted in automatic prohibition of importation to the United States under Public Law 91-135 (1969). A 1971 Ecuadorian decree made it illegal to damage, remove, alter, or disturb any organism, rock, or other natural object in the national park. 3545: 52: 3833: 3018: 3301: 3191: 3319: 3565:

balance when straddled over the female's shell, and brings his cloacal vent (which houses the penis) closer to the female's dilated cloaca. During mating, the male vocalises with hoarse bellows and grunts, described as "rhythmic groans". This is one of the few vocalisations the tortoise makes; other noises are made during aggressive encounters, when struggling to right themselves, and hissing as they withdraw into their shells due to the forceful expulsion of air.

3153:, having been identified from the limited evidence of bone fragments (but no shells, the most durable part) of 14 individuals, old eggs, and old dung found on the island in 1905–06. The island has never been inhabited by man nor had any introduced predators, but reports have been made of whalers hauling tortoises off the island. Later genetic studies of the bone fragments indicate that the Santa Fe subspecies was distinct, and was most closely related to 9640: 3608:

up to seven months. In particularly dry conditions, the hatchlings may die underground if they are encased by hardened soil, while flooding of the nest area can drown them. Subspecies are initially indistinguishable as they all have domed carapaces. The young stay in warmer lowland areas for their first 10–15 years, encountering hazards such as falling into cracks, being crushed by falling rocks, or excessive heat stress. The

3235:, however taken as a subspecies, the Galápagos tortoise seems to average slightly larger, with weights in excess of 185 kg (408 lb) being slightly more commonplace. Weights in the larger bodied subspecies range from 272 to 317 kg (600 to 699 lb) in mature males and from 136 to 181 kg (300 to 399 lb) in adult females. However, the size is variable across the islands and subspecies; those from 2972:) is thought to have split off from the Sierra Negra population more recently and is therefore not as genetically different as the other two. Isabela is the most recently formed island tortoises inhabit, so its populations have had less time to evolve independently than populations on other islands, but according to some researchers, they are all genetically different and should each be considered as separate subspecies. 749:) from different islands and volcanoes, captive collections in zoos were indiscriminately mixed. Fertile offspring resulted from pairings of animals from different races. However, captive crosses between tortoises from different races have lower fertility and higher mortality than those between tortoises of the same race, and captives in mixed herds normally direct courtship only toward members of the same race. 3884:

logs of whaling ships between 1831 and 1868, and an estimated 100,000 were taken before 1830. Since it was easiest to collect tortoises around coastal zones, females were most vulnerable to depletion during the nesting season. The collection by whalers came to a halt eventually through a combination of the scarcity of tortoises that they had created and the competition from crude oil as a cheaper energy source.

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young tortoises, whilst goats, donkeys, and cattle compete for grazing and trample nest sites. The extinction of the Floreana subspecies in the mid-19th century has been attributed to the combined pressures of hunting for the penal colony on the relatively small island, the conversion of the grazing highlands into land for farming and fruit plantations, and the introduction of feral mammals.

534:. This hypothesis was later disproven by the understanding that the Galápagos, the atolls of Seychelles, and the Mascarene islands are all of recent volcanic origin and have never been linked to a continent by land bridges. Galápagos tortoises are now thought to have descended from a South American ancestor, while the Indian Ocean tortoises derived from ancestral populations on Madagascar. 4017:

tortoises began in response to the condition of the population on Pinzón, where fewer than 200 old adults were found. All of the hatchlings had been killed by introduced black rats, for perhaps more than a century. Without help, this population would eventually disappear. The only thing preserving it was the longevity of the tortoise. Its genetic resistance to the negative effects of

3599:, with lower-temperature nests producing more males and higher-temperature nests producing more females. This is related closely to incubation time, since clutches laid early incubate during the cool season and have longer incubation periods (producing more males), while eggs laid later incubate for a shorter period in the hot season (producing more females). 3102:

Pinzón sometime in the latter half of the 19th century had resulted in the complete eradication of all young tortoises. Black rats had been eating both tortoise eggs and hatchlings, effectively destroying the future of the tortoise population. Only the longevity of giant tortoises allowed them to survive until the Galápagos National Park,

3784:(from Floreana). Unfortunately, they could not help to determine whether each island had its own variety because the specimens were not mature enough to exhibit morphological differences. Although the British Museum had a few specimens, their provenance within the Galápagos was unknown. However, conversations with the naturalist 3194: 3193: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3355:(prickly pear) cactus that grows in arid environments. Saddlebacks are more territorial and smaller than domed varieties, possibly adaptations to limited resources. Alternatively, larger tortoises may be better-suited to high elevations because they can resist the cooler temperatures that occur with cloud cover or fog. 3416:(cold-blooded), so they bask for 1–2 hours after dawn to absorb the sun's heat through their dark shells before actively foraging for 8–9 hours a day. They travel mostly in the early morning or late afternoon between resting and grazing areas. They have been observed to walk at a speed of 0.3 km/h (0.2 mph). 3370:). This correlates with the observation that saddleback males are more aggressive than domed males. The shell distortion and elongation of the limbs and neck in saddlebacks is probably an evolutionary compromise between the need for a small body size in dry conditions and a high vertical reach for dominance displays. 3218:(shell segment) pattern on their shells throughout life, though the annual growth bands are not useful for determining age because the outer layers are worn off with time. A tortoise can withdraw its head, neck, and fore limbs into its shell for protection. The legs are large and stumpy, with dry, scaly skin and hard 3198: 4090:

tortoise, the approximate genetic constitution of the original inhabitants of Pinta may eventually be restored with the identification and relocation of appropriate specimens to this island. This approach may be used to "retortoise" Floreana in the future, since captive individuals have been found to

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Breeding and release programs began in 1965 and have successfully brought seven of the eight endangered subspecies up to less perilous population levels. Young tortoises are raised at several breeding centres across the islands to improve their survival during their vulnerable early development. Eggs

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Galápagos tortoise exploitation dramatically increased with the onset of the California Gold Rush in 1849. Tortoises and sea turtles were imported into San Francisco, Sacramento and various other Gold Rush towns throughout Alta California to feed the gold mining population. Galápagos tortoise and sea

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departed from the Galápagos with over 30 adult tortoises on deck, these were not for scientific study, but a source of fresh meat for the Pacific crossing. Their shells and bones were thrown overboard, leaving no remains with which to test any hypotheses. It has been suggested that this oversight was

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I did not for some time pay sufficient attention to this statement, and I had already partially mingled together the collections from two of the islands. I never dreamed that islands, about fifty or sixty miles apart, and most of them in sight of each other, formed of precisely the same rocks, placed

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Young animals emerge from the nest after four to eight months and may weigh only 50 g (1.8 oz) and measure 6 cm (2.4 in). When the young tortoises emerge from their shells, they must dig their way to the surface, which can take several weeks, though their yolk sac can sustain them

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Regarding their senses, Charles Darwin observed, "The inhabitants believe that these animals are absolutely deaf; certainly they do not overhear a person walking near behind them. I was always amused, when overtaking one of these great monsters as it was quietly pacing along, to see how suddenly, the

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mammals, so if this subspecies ever did exist, its extinction would have been by natural means, such as volcanic activity. Nevertheless, there have occasionally been reports from Fernandina. In 2019, an elderly female specimen was finally discovered on Fernandina and transferred to a breeding center,

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from a population transported by humans from Floreana to Isabela, resulting either from individuals deliberately transported between the islands, or from individuals thrown overboard from ships to lighten the load. Nine Floreana descendants have been identified in the captive population of the Fausto

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perch on and fly around tortoises to hunt the insects they displace from the brush. In May 2010, 39 sterilised tortoises of hybrid origin were introduced to Pinta Island, the first tortoises there since the evacuation of Lonesome George 38 years before. Sterile tortoises were released so the problem

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With the establishment of the Galapagos National Park and the CDF in 1959, a review of the status of the tortoise populations began. Only 11 of the 14 original populations remained and most of these were endangered if not already on the brink of extinction. The breeding and rearing program for giant

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Scientific collection expeditions took 661 tortoises between 1888 and 1930, and more than 120 tortoises have been taken by poachers since 1990. Threats continue today with the rapid expansion of the tourist industry and increasing size of human settlements on the islands. The tortoises are down from

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systematically collected tortoises in far greater numbers than the buccaneers preceding them. Some were used for food and many more were killed for high-grade "turtle oil" from the late 19th century onward for lucrative sale to continental Ecuador. A total of over 13,000 tortoises is recorded in the

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The saddleback carapace probably evolved independently several times in dry habitats, since genetic similarity between populations does not correspond to carapace shape. Saddleback tortoises are, therefore, not necessarily more closely related to each other than to their domed counterparts, as shape

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Galápagos tortoises possess two main shell forms that correlate with the biogeographic history of the subspecies group. They exhibit a spectrum of carapace morphology ranging from "saddleback" (denoting upward arching of the front edge of the shell resembling a saddle) to "domed" (denoting a rounded

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On the southern island of Española, only 14 adult tortoises were found, two males and 12 females. The tortoises apparently were not encountering one another, so no reproduction was occurring. Between 1963 and 1974, all 14 adult tortoises discovered on the island were brought to the tortoise center

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When it was discovered that the central, small island of Pinzón had only 100–200 very old adults and no young tortoises had survived into adulthood for perhaps more than 70 years, the resident scientists initiated what would eventually become the Giant Tortoise Breeding and Rearing Program. Over the

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Several waves of human exploitation of the tortoises as a food source caused a decline in the total wild population from around 250,000 when first discovered in the 16th century to a low of 3,060 individuals in a 1974 census. Modern conservation efforts have subsequently brought tortoise numbers up

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such as mosquitoes and ticks. Parasites are countered by taking dust baths in loose soil. Some tortoises have been noted to shelter at night under overhanging rocks. Others have been observed sleeping in a snug depression in the earth or brush called a "pallet". Local tortoises using the same

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and its products is subject to strict regulation by ratifying states, and international trade for primarily commercial purposes is prohibited. In 1936, the Ecuadorian government listed the giant tortoise as a protected subspecies. In 1959, it declared all uninhabited areas in the Galápagos to be a

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declared, "after once tasting the Galapagos tortoises, every other animal food fell off greatly in our estimation ... The meat of this animal is the easiest of digestion, and a quantity of it, exceeding that of any other food, can be eaten without experiencing the slightest of inconvenience."

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When I recollect the fact that the form of the body, shape of scales and general size, the Spaniards can at once pronounce from which island any tortoise may have been brought; when I see these islands in sight of each other and possessed of but a scanty stock of animals, tenanted by these birds,

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Small groups of finches initiate the process by hopping on the ground in an exaggerated fashion facing the tortoise. The tortoise signals it is ready by rising up and extending its neck and legs, enabling the birds to reach otherwise inaccessible spots on the tortoise's body such as the neck, rear

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Some tortoises have been observed to exploit this mutualistic relationship to consume birds seeking to groom them. After rising and extending its limbs, the bird may go beneath the tortoise to investigate, whereupon suddenly the tortoise withdraws its limbs to drop flat and kill the bird. It then

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had occurred. Fruitless attempts to breed one of the tortoises, Lonesome George for example, is speculated to be attributed to a lack of postnatal cues, and confusion over which would be the most appropriate genetic subspecies would be the most appropriate to mate him with on the islands. The 15

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Population decline accelerated with the early settlement of the islands in the early 19th century, leading to unregulated hunting for meat, habitat clearance for agriculture, and the introduction of alien mammal subspecies. Feral pigs, dogs, cats, and black rats have become predators of eggs and

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was formerly the sole native predator of the tortoise hatchlings; Darwin wrote: "The young tortoises, as soon as they are hatched, fall prey in great numbers to the buzzard". The hawk is now much rarer, but introduced feral pigs, dogs, cats, and black rats have become predators of eggs and young

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occurs at any time of the year, although it does have seasonal peaks between February and June in the humid uplands during the rainy season. When mature males meet in the mating season, they face each other in a ritualised dominance display, rise up on their legs, and stretch up their necks with

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The discoverer of the Galápagos Islands, Fray Tomás de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama, wrote in 1535 of "such big tortoises that each could carry a man on top of himself." Naturalist Charles Darwin remarked after his trip three centuries later in 1835, "These animals grow to an immense size ...

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In 1965, the first tortoise eggs collected from natural nests on Pinzón Island were brought to the Charles Darwin Research Station, where they would complete the period of incubation and then hatch, becoming the first young tortoises to be reared in captivity. The introduction of black rats onto

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in 1684. He named them after fellow pirates or English noblemen. More recently, the Ecuadorian government gave most of the islands Spanish names. While the Spanish names are official, many researchers continue to use the older English names, particularly as those were the names used when Darwin

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of Argentina and Paraguay is their closest living relative. The minimal founding population was a pregnant female or a breeding pair. Survival on the 1000-km oceanic journey is accounted for because the tortoises are buoyant, can breathe by extending their necks above the water, and are able to

3631:, was the oldest known Galápagos tortoise, having reached an estimated age of more than 170 years before her death in 2006. Chambers notes that Harriet was probably 169 years old in 2004, although media outlets claimed the greater age of 175 at death based on a less reliable timeline. 3419:

On the larger and more humid islands, the tortoises seasonally migrate between low elevations, which become grassy plains in the wet season, and meadowed areas of higher elevation (up to 2,000 ft (610 m)) in the dry season. The same routes have been used for many generations, creating

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An estimated 200,000 animals were taken before the 20th century. The relatively immobile and defenceless tortoises were collected and stored live on board ships, where they could survive for at least a year without food or water (some anecdotal reports suggest individuals surviving two years),

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but slightly differing in structure and filling the same place in nature; I must suspect they are only varieties ... If there is the slightest foundation for these remarks, the zoology of archipelagos will be well worth examining; for such facts would undermine the stability of subspecies.

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The prelude to mating can be very aggressive, as the male forcefully rams the female's shell with his own and nips her legs. Mounting is an awkward process and the male must stretch and tense to maintain equilibrium in a slanting position. The concave underside of the male's shell helps him to

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The valid scientific names of each of the individual populations are not universally accepted, and some researchers still consider each subspecies to be distinct species. Prior to 2021, all subspecies were classified as distinct species from one another, but a 2021 study analyzing the level of

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Females journey up to several kilometres in July to November to reach nesting areas of dry, sandy coast. Nest digging is a tiring and elaborate task which may take the female several hours a day over many days to complete. It is carried out blindly using only the hind legs to dig a 30 cm

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for agriculture, and introduction of non-native animals to the islands, such as rats, goats, and pigs. The extinction of most giant tortoise lineages is thought to have also been caused by predation by humans or human ancestors, as the tortoises themselves have no natural predators. Tortoise

3047:) which lie over 300 km (190 mi) away, rather than that on the neighbouring island of Isabela as previously assumed. This relationship is attributable to dispersal by the strong local current from San Cristóbal towards Pinta. This discovery informed further attempts to preserve the 4099:

The Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme is a collaborative project coordinated by Dr Stephen Blake of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology. Its goal is to assist the Galapagos National Park to effectively conserve giant tortoises by conducting cutting-edge applied science, and

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on the South American mainland. However, the Galápagos tortoises did not struggle for survival at this point because the islands were distant from busy shipping routes and harboured few valuable natural resources. As such, they remained unclaimed by any nation, uninhabited and uncharted. In

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cactus); therefore, they can survive longer than 6 months without water. They can endure up to a year when deprived of all food and water, surviving by breaking down their body fat to produce water as a byproduct. Tortoises also have very slow metabolisms. When thirsty, they may drink large

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was originally known from a single specimen—an old male from the voyage of 1905–06. No other tortoises or remains were found on the island for a long time after its sighting, leading to suggestions that the specimen was an artificial introduction from elsewhere. Fernandina has neither human

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The five populations living on the largest island, Isabela, are the ones that are the subject of the most debate as to whether they are true subspecies or just distinct populations of a subspecies. It is widely accepted that the population living on the northernmost volcano, Volcan Wolf, is

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His views on the mutability of subspecies were restated in his notebooks: "animals on separate islands ought to become different if kept long enough apart with slightly differing circumstances.—Now Galapagos Tortoises, Mocking birds, Falkland Fox, Chiloe fox,—Inglish and Irish Hare." These

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in 1971 for a captive breeding program and, in the following 33 years, they gave rise to over 1,200 progeny which were released onto their home island and have since begun to reproduce naturally. One of the tortoises, Diego, is one of the main drivers of a remarkable recovery of the

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Decreto ley de emergencia, por el cual se declaran parques nacionales de reserva de exclusivo dominio del estado, para la preservación de la fauna y flora, todas las tierras que forman las islas del Archipiélago de Colón o Galápagos, Registro Oficial No. 873 (1959) Quito, 20 de Julio,

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tortoises. The adult tortoises have no natural predators apart from humans; Darwin noted: "The old ones seem generally to die from accidents, as from falling down precipices. At least several of the inhabitants told me, they had never found one dead without some such apparent cause".

3829:, became extinct on 24 June 2012 with the death in captivity of the last remaining specimen, a male named Lonesome George, the world's "rarest living creature". All the other surviving subspecies are listed by the IUCN as at least "vulnerable" in conservation status, if not worse. 339:

populations on at least three islands have become extinct in historical times due to human activities. Specimens of these extinct taxa exist in several museums and also are being subjected to DNA analysis. 12 subspecies of the original 14–15 survive in the wild; a 13th subspecies (

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genetically independent from the four populations to the south and is therefore a separate subspecies. It is thought to be derived from a different colonization event than the others. A colonization from the island of Santiago apparently gave rise to the Volcan Wolf subspecies (

727:'s landmark visit of 1835, when he saw shells, but no live tortoises there. However, recent DNA testing shows that an intermixed, non-native population currently existing on the island of Isabela is of genetic resemblance to the subspecies native to Floreana, suggesting that 3726:

I have not as yet noticed by far the most remarkable feature in the natural history of this archipelago; it is, that the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a different set of beings. My attention was first called to this fact by the Vice-Governor,

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water loss. Their significant water and fat reserves would allow the tortoises to survive long ocean crossings without food or fresh water, and to endure the drought-prone climate of the islands. A larger size allowed them to better tolerate extremes of temperature due to

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in December 1905, which has since been lost. This individual was probably an artificial introduction from another island that was originally penned on Rábida next to a good anchorage, as no contemporary whaling or sealing logs mention removing tortoises from this island.

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Mitochondrial DNA studies of tortoises on Santa Cruz show up to three genetically distinct lineages found in nonoverlapping population distributions around the regions of Cerro Montura, Cerro Fatal, and La Caseta. Although traditionally grouped into a single subspecies

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Darwin also found these "antediluvian animals" to be a source of diversion: "I frequently got on their backs, and then giving a few raps on the hinder part of their shells, they would rise up and walk away;—but I found it very difficult to keep my balance".

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well-defined paths through the undergrowth known as "tortoise highways". On these wetter islands, the domed tortoises are gregarious and often found in large herds, in contrast to the more solitary and territorial disposition of the saddleback tortoises.

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Darwin was less enthusiastic about the meat, writing "the breast-plate roasted (as the Gauchos do "carne con cuero"), with the flesh on it, is very good; and the young tortoises make excellent soup; but otherwise the meat to my taste is indifferent."

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their mouths gaping open. Occasionally, head-biting occurs, but usually the shorter tortoise backs off, conceding mating rights to the victor. The behaviour is most pronounced in saddleback subspecies, which are more aggressive and have longer necks.

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are collected from threatened nesting sites, and the hatched young are given a head start by being kept in captivity for four to five years to reach a size with a much better chance of survival to adulthood, before release onto their native ranges.

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radiation and comparing it to the Galápagos radiation found that the level of divergence within both clades may have been significantly overestimated, and supported once again reclassifying all Galápagos tortoises as subspecies of a single species,

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between isolated islands then resulted in the independent evolution of the populations into the divergent forms observed in the modern subspecies. The evolutionary relationships between the subspecies thus echo the volcanic history of the islands.

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size and shape vary between subspecies and populations. On islands with humid highlands, the tortoises are larger, with domed shells and short necks; on islands with dry lowlands, the tortoises are smaller, with "saddleback" shells and long necks.

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several so large that it required six or eight men to lift them from the ground". The largest recorded individuals have reached weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of 1.87 meters (6.1 ft). Size overlap is extensive with the

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Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and

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The tortoises of the Galápagos Islands were not only hunted for the oil that they held for fuel but also, once they were becoming more and more scarce, people began to pay to have them in their collections, as well as being put into museums.

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on Pinzón). The female makes a muddy plug for the nest hole out of soil mixed with urine, seals the nest by pressing down firmly with her plastron, and leaves them to be incubated by the sun. Females may lay one to four clutches per season.

3582:(12 in)-deep cylindrical hole, in which the tortoise then lays up to 16 spherical, hard-shelled eggs ranging from 82 to 157 grams (2.9 to 5.5 oz) in mass, and the size of a billiard ball. Some observations suggest that the average 3509:

instant I passed, it would draw in its head and legs, and uttering a deep hiss fall to the ground with a heavy sound, as if struck dead." Although they are not deaf, tortoises depend far more on vision and smell as stimuli than hearing.

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juveniles being released onto their ancestral home islands, and the total number of the subspecies is estimated to have exceeded 19,000 at the start of the 21st century. Despite this rebound, all surviving subspecies are classified as

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Garrick, Ryan; Benavides, Edgar; Russello, Michael A.; Gibbs, James P.; Poulakakis, Nikos; Dion, Kirstin B.; Hyseni, Chaz; Kajdacsi, Brittney; Márquez, Lady; Bahan, Sarah; Ciofi, Claudio; Tapia, Washington; Caccone, Adalgisa (2012).

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analysis indicates that the oldest existing islands (Española and San Cristóbal) were colonised first, and that these populations seeded the younger islands via dispersal in a "stepping stone" fashion via local currents. Restricted

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Initially, the giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean and those from the Galápagos were thought to be the same subspecies. Naturalists thought that sailors had transported the tortoises there. In 1676, the pre-Linnaean authority

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In combination with proportionally longer necks and limbs, the unusual saddleback carapace structure is thought to be an adaptation to increase vertical reach, which enables the tortoise to browse tall vegetation such as the

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subspecies. Later, Pritchard deemed it convenient to accept this designation, despite its tenuousness, for minimal disruption to the already confused nomenclature of the subspecies. The even more senior subspecies synonym of

3500:), both of which served to make them useful water sources on ships. On arid islands, tortoises lick morning dew from boulders, and the repeated action over many generations has formed half-sphere depressions in the rock. 3385:

is most pronounced in saddleback populations in which males have more angled and higher front openings, giving a more extreme saddled appearance. Males of all varieties generally have longer tails and shorter, concave

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and trace evidence found on the expedition indicates that more individuals likely exist in the wild. It has been theorized that the rarity of the subspecies may be due to the harsh habitat it survives in, such as the

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in 1835 and saw Galápagos tortoises on San Cristobal (Chatham) and Santiago (James) Islands. They appeared several times in his writings and journals, and played a role in the development of the theory of evolution.

7250:

Zur Biologie und Haltung der Aldabra-Riesenschildkröte (Geochelone gigantea) und der Galapagos-Riesenschildkröte (Geochelone elephantopus) in menschlicher Obhut unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fortpflanzung

3486:. Juvenile tortoises eat an average of 16.7% of their own body weight in dry matter per day, with a digestive efficiency roughly equal to that of hindgut-fermenting herbivorous mammals such as horses and rhinos. 3239:

are relatively small with a maximum known weight of 76 kg (168 lb) and carapace length of approximately 61 cm (24 in) compared to 75 to 150 cm (30 to 59 in) range in tortoises from

3195: 4760:

Austin, Jeremy; Arnold, E. Nicholas; Bour, Roger (2003). "Was there a second adaptive radiation of giant tortoises in the Indian Ocean? Using mitochondrial DNA to investigate speciation and biogeography of

741:

was disputed, as it was described from a single specimen that may have been an artificial introduction to the island; however, a live female was found in 2019, likely confirming the subspecies' validity.

3390:

with thickened knobs at the back edge to facilitate mating. Males are larger than females—adult males weigh around 272–317 kg (600–699 lb) while females are 136–181 kg (300–399 lb).

6861:

Poulakakis, N.; Edwards, D. L.; Chiari, Y.; Garrick, R. C.; Russello, M. A.; Benavides, E.; Watkins-Colwell, G. J.; Glaberman, S.; Tapia, W.; Gibbs, J. P.; Cayot, L. J.; Caccone, A. (21 October 2015).

6809:

Ciofi, Claudio; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Gibbs, James P.; Caccone, Adalgisa; Powell, Jeffrey R. (2002). "Microsatellite analysis of genetic divergence among populations of giant Galápagos tortoises".

522:, in 1875. Günther identified at least five distinct populations from the Galápagos, and three from the Indian Ocean islands. He expanded the list in 1877 to six from the Galápagos, four from the 8803:

Conrad, Cyler; Gobalet, Kenneth W.; Bruner, Kale; Pastron, Allen G. (2015). "Hide, Tallow and Terrapin: Gold Rush-Era Zooarchaeology at Thompson's Cove (CA-SFR-186H), San Francisco, California".

7297:

McAllister, C. T.; Duszynski, D. W.; Roberts, D. T. (2014). "A New Coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Galápagos Tortoise, Chelonoidis sp. (Testudines: Testudinidae), from the Dallas Zoo".

3244:. The tortoises' gigantism was probably a trait useful on continents that was fortuitously helpful for successful colonisation of these remote oceanic islands rather than an example of evolved 693:

Within the archipelago, 14-15 subspecies of Galápagos tortoises have been identified, although only 12 survive to this day. Five are found on separate islands; five of them on the volcanoes of

3971:. Slow growth rate, late sexual maturity, and island endemism make the tortoises particularly prone to extinction without help from conservationists. The Galápagos giant tortoise has become a 409:. While giant tortoise radiations were common in prehistoric times, humans have wiped out the majority of them worldwide; the only other radiation of tortoises to survive to historic times, 6172:

Williams, Ernest E.; Anthony, Harold Elmer; Goodwin, George Gilbert (1952). "A new fossil tortoise from Mona Island West Indies and a tentative arrangement of the tortoises of the world".

3846:

providing valuable fresh meat, while their diluted urine and the water stored in their neck bags could be used as drinking water. The 17th-century English pirate, explorer, and naturalist

6517: 3248:. Large tortoises would have a greater chance of surviving the journey over water from the mainland as they can hold their heads a greater height above the water level and have a smaller 605:

from a living specimen, but no evidence indicates they knew of its accurate provenance within the Galápagos – the locality was in fact given as California. Garman proposed the linking of

715:, died in captivity on 24 June 2012; George had been mated with female tortoises of several other subspecies, but none of the eggs from these pairings hatched. The subspecies inhabiting 8179:

Pereira, A.G.; Sterli, J.; Moreira, F. R. R.; Schrago, C. G. (2017). "Multilocus phylogeny and statistical biogeography clarify the evolutionary history of major lineages of turtles".

7128:

Tapia A., Washington; Goldspiel, Harrison; Sevilla, Christian; Málaga, Jeffreys; Gibbs, James P. (1 January 2021), Gibbs, James P.; Cayot, Linda J.; Aguilera, Washington Tapia (eds.),

3210:

The tortoises have a large bony shell of a dull brown or grey color. The plates of the shell are fused with the ribs in a rigid protective structure that is integral to the skeleton.

3001:

of the hybrid animals. Furthermore, individuals from the subspecies possibly are still extant. Genetic analysis from a sample of tortoises from Volcan Wolf found 84 first-generation

9689: 9147:

Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Monteyne, Daniel; Gibbs, James P.; Fritts, Thomas H.; Tapia, Washington; Snell, Howard L.; Tiedemann, Ralph; Caccone, Adalgisa; Powell, Jeffrey R. (2004).

322: 1843: 2988:

remains. Some tortoises from Isabela were found to be a partial match for the genetic profile of Floreana specimens from museum collections, possibly indicating the presence of

6346:

Ciofi, Claudio; Wilson, Gregory A.; Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Marquez, Cruz; Gibbs, James P.; Tapia, Washington; Snell, Howard L.; Caccone, Adalgisa; Powell, Jeffrey R. (2006).

3619:

is reached at around 20–25 years in captivity, possibly 40 years in the wild. Life expectancy in the wild is thought to be over 100 years, making it one of the

8924:

Foote, Nicola; Gunnels, Charles W. IV (2015). "Exploring Early Human-Animal Encounters in the Galapagos Islands Using a Historical Zoology Approach". In Nance, Susan (ed.).

4086:

of interbreeding between subspecies would be avoided if any fertile tortoises were to be released in the future. It is hoped that with the recent identification of a hybrid

2250: 8330:

Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy

3685:

probably occurred 11.95–25 million years ago, an evolutionary event preceding the volcanic formation of the oldest modern Galápagos Islands 5 million years ago.

2400: 2032: 9972: 9845: 2528: 1350: 3776:

However, Darwin did have four live juvenile specimens to compare from different islands. These were pet tortoises taken by himself (from San Salvador), his captain

9984: 9978: 271:). It is the largest living species of tortoise, and can weigh up to 417 kg (919 lb). They are also the largest extant terrestrial cold-blooded animals ( 10532: 10526: 10484: 7422:

de Neira, Lynn E. Fowler; Roe, John H. (1984). "Emergence success of tortoise nests and the effect of feral burros on nest success on Volcán Alcedo, Galapagos".

7086: 3261:. Fossil giant tortoises from mainland South America have been described that support this hypothesis of gigantism that pre-existed the colonization of islands. 2993:

Llerena Breeding Center on Santa Cruz; the genetic footprint was identified in the genomes of hybrid offspring. This allows the possibility of re-establishing a

993: 10544: 10490: 10184: 10166: 9839: 3757:), both of which have an intermediate type of shell shape and are not particularly morphologically distinct from each other. Though he did visit Floreana, the 6219: 3858:

wrote of "the land tortoise which in whatever way it was dressed, was considered by all of us as the most delicious food we had ever tasted." US Navy captain

10520: 10190: 10172: 7927: 13053: 7011: 6921: 10601: 10556: 10538: 10502: 10178: 9827: 4182: 4032:), which was saved from near-certain extinction. The population had been depleted to three males and 12 females that had been so widely dispersed that no 3358:

A competing hypothesis is that, rather than being principally a feeding adaptation, the distinctive saddle shape and longer extremities might have been a

10562: 10196: 10160: 5271: 7961: 7729: 10514: 8891: 3875:

comparison, the tortoises of the islands in the Indian Ocean were already facing extinction by the late 17th century. Between the 1790s and the 1860s,

10550: 4715: 4566: 13058: 8864: 7671:

Hatt, Jean-Michel; Class, Marcus; Gisler, Ricarda; Liesegang, Annette; Wanner, Marcel (2005). "Fiber digestibility in juvenile Galapagos tortoises (

10508: 10496: 10478: 4562:"Description of the living and extinct races of gigantic land-tortoises. parts I. and II. introduction, and the tortoises of the Galapagos Islands" 3072:), the lineages are all more closely related to tortoises on other islands than to each other: Cerro Montura tortoises are most closely related to 4257:

Blake, Stephen; Wikelski, Martin; Cabrera, Fredy; Guezou, Anne; Silva, Miriam; Sadeghayobi, E.; Yackulic, Charles B.; Jaramillo, Patricia (2012).

12956: 4646: 6548: 371:

are known to have gone extinct in the mid-late 19th century. Conservation efforts, beginning in the 20th century, have resulted in thousands of

9963: 5928:

Poulakakis, Nikos; Glaberman, Scott; Russello, Michael; Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Ciofi, Claudio; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2008).

5398:

Poulakakis, Nikos; Glaberman, Scott; Russello, Michael; Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Ciofi, Claudio; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2008).

381: 6580:

Russello, Michael A.; Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Gibbs, James P.; Fritts, Thomas; Havill, Nathan; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2007).

5119:

Voyage autour du Monde ... exécuté sur les corvettes de L. M. "L'Uranie" et "La Physicienne," pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820

3059:

hybrid male in the Volcán Wolf population on northern Isabela, raising the possibility that more undiscovered living Pinta descendants exist.

12995: 11552: 11463: 6415:

Russello, Michael A.; Poulakakis, Nikos; Gibbs, James P.; Tapia, Washington; Benavides, Edgar; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2010).

458:, around 1570. The islands were named "Insulae de los Galopegos" (Islands of the Tortoises) in reference to the giant tortoises found there. 9495: 11471: 11225: 9153: 7272:

Fritts, T.H. (1983). "Morphometrics of Galapagos tortoises: evolutionary implications". In Bowman, I.R.; Berson, M.; Leviton, A.E (eds.).

6684:

Chiari, Ylenia; Hyseni, Chaz; Fritts, Tom H.; Glaberman, Scott; Marquez, Cruz; Gibbs, James P.; Claude, Julien; Caccone, Adalgisa (2009).

3888:

turtle bones were also recovered from the Gold Rush-era archaeological site, Thompson's Cove (CA-SFR-186H), in San Francisco, California.

7815:

Hayes, Floyd E.; Beaman, Kent R. Beaman; Hayes, William K.; Harris, Lester E. Jr. (1988). "Defensive behavior in the Galapagos tortoise (

7064: 4081:

and trampling down brush and thinning the understory of vegetation (allowing light to penetrate and germination to occur). Birds such as

3735:

The significance of the differences in tortoises between islands did not strike him as important until it was too late, as he continued,

4133: 686: 672: 202: 13063: 8059: 7248: 9318: 6863:"Description of a New Galapagos Giant Tortoise Species (Chelonoidis; Testudines: Testudinidae) from Cerro Fatal on Santa Cruz Island" 286:, lived for at least 175 years. Spanish explorers, who discovered the islands in the 16th century, named them after the Spanish 8450: 3452:

that consume a diet of cacti, grasses, leaves, lichens, berries, melons, oranges and milkweed. They have been documented feeding on

12930: 8967:

Ley de Protección de la Fauna Silvestre y de los Recursos Ictiológicos, Registro Oficial No. 104 (1970) Quito, 20 de Noviembre 1970

8654: 8524: 7751:

MacFarland, Craig G.; Reeder, W.G. (1974). "Cleaning symbiosis involving Galápagos tortoises and two species of Darwin's finches".

330:

Tortoise numbers declined from over 250,000 in the 16th century to a low of around 15,000 in the 1970s. This decline was caused by

7998: 7710:

Journal of the cruise made to the Pacific Ocean by Captain Porter in the United States Frigate Essex in the years 1812, 1813, 1814

3870:

started to use the Galápagos Islands as a base for resupply, restocking on food and water, and repairing vessels before attacking

3098:

next 50 years, this program resulted in major successes in the recovery of giant tortoise populations throughout the archipelago.

12969: 6417:"DNA from the past informs ex situ conservation for the future: an extinct species of Galapagos tortoise identified in captivity" 4943: 4904: 4867: 3652:

survive months without food or fresh water. As they are poor swimmers, the journey was probably a passive one facilitated by the

3596: 1265: 1125: 1086: 1067: 542: 9885: 9267: 733: 387:

The Galápagos tortoises are one of two insular radiations of giant tortoises that still survive to the modern day; the other is

10074: 10068: 9541: 5647: 4711:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA and morphology elucidate an extinct island radiation of Indian Ocean giant tortoises (Cylindraspis)" 3795:, in the first tentative statement linking his observations from the Galapagos with the possibility of subspecies transmuting: 557:. He identified four additional populations, and proposed the existence of 15 subspecies. Van Denburgh's list still guides the 9509: 8384: 5741: 3788:, who had seen the mature tortoises of the Paris Natural History Museum confirmed to Darwin that distinct varieties occurred. 9463: 9441: 9422: 9401: 9378: 8933: 8847: 8666: 8578: 8491: 8394: 8308: 7891: 7799: 7567: 7281: 7141: 5909: 5862: 5279: 5227:

Quoy, J.R.C.; Gaimard, J.P. (1824). "Description d'une nouvelle espèce de tortue et de trois espèces nouvelles de scinques".

5086: 4423: 4378: 12974: 12805:

Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

10614:

turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status

8328: 6960: 530:. Günther hypothesized that all the giant tortoises descended from a single ancestral population which had spread by sunken 10645: 9292: 8541: 3871: 13068: 6075: 4475:

Allgemeine Naturgeschischte der Schildkröten nebs einem systematischen Verzeichnisse der einzelnen Arten und zwey Kupfen

12803: 10613: 9485: 8002: 5987:

Kehlmaier, Christian; Albury, Nancy A.; Steadman, David W.; Graciá, Eva; Franz, Richard; Fritz, Uwe (9 February 2021).

4058:

feral predators and competitors. Goat eradication on islands, including Pinta, was achieved by the technique of using "

6632:

Russello, Michael A.; Glaberman, Scott; Gibbs, James P.; Marquez, Cruz; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2005).

4235: 3805:

observations served as counterexamples to the prevailing contemporary view that subspecies were individually created.

3161:

has since been reintroduced to and established on the island to fill in the ecological role of the Santa Fe tortoise.

13078: 9199: 8697: 5587: 4524: 3850:

wrote, "They are so extraordinarily large and fat, and so sweet, that no pullet eats more pleasantly," while Captain

1245: 840: 487: 6581: 9696: 13000: 7939: 7533:

Carpenter, Charles C. (1966). "Notes on the behavior and ecology of the Galapagos tortoise on Santa Cruz island".

7103: 5067:

Turtles of the World, 2010 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status

3949: 3640: 3241: 3005:

hybrids, some less than 15 years old. The genetic diversity of these individuals is estimated to have required 38

8030: 4038: 3028: 9927: 7015: 5740:

Márquez, Cruz; Fritts, Thomas H.; Koster, Friedmann; Rea, Solanda; Cepeda, Fausto; Llerena & Fausto (1995).

12678: 11761: 10310: 10125: 10056: 10050: 9922: 9681: 9110:

Proceedings of the first international symposium on turtles & tortoises: conservation and captive husbandry

8130:

Kehlmaier, C.; Barlow, A.; Hastings, A. K.; Vamberger, M.; Paijmans, J. L.; Steadman, D. W.; Fritz, U. (2017).

4186: 3944: 3178: 546: 8594: 6752:

Caccone, A.; Gentile, G.; Gibbs, J. P.; Fritts, T. H.; Snell, H. L.; Betts, J.; Powell, J. R. (October 2002).

5304: 4295: 10295: 10285: 8871: 7973: 7737: 5742:"Comportamiento de apareamiento al azar en tortugas gigantes. Juveniles en cautiverio el las Islas Galápagos" 5582:

Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC), No. 5, pp. 24–28. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

5070: 3620: 3359: 2317: 2192: 763: 12896: 9947: 8899: 4816: 4258: 4065:

Efforts are now underway to repopulate islands formerly inhabited by tortoises to restore their ecosystems (

3039:, now extinct) has been found to be most closely related to the subspecies on the islands of San Cristóbal ( 694: 13073: 12655: 4101: 3955: 3859: 3249: 1493: 699: 8132:"Tropical ancient DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Bahamian giant tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum" 12869: 12814: 11337: 10721: 10435: 10300: 9952: 8776:

Conrad, Cyler; Pastron, Allen (2014). "Galapagos Tortoises and Sea Turtles in Gold Rush-Era California".

7969: 7129: 5517:

Sulloway, F.J. (1984). Berry, R.J (ed.). "Evolution in the Galápagos Islands: Darwin and the Galápagos".

4497: 3712: 1308: 1013: 479: 309: 6579: 589:(an older taxonomic synonym taking historical precedence) for the then commonly used subspecies name of 51: 11070: 10290: 9896: 9534: 9504: 5272:"A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines:Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes" 5162:"Description of a land tortoise, from the Galápagos Islands, commonly known as the "Elephant Tortoise"" 3761:

subspecies found there was already nearly extinct and he was unlikely to have seen any mature animals.

3080:

from San Cristóbal, and La Caseta to the four southern races of Isabela as well as Floreana tortoises.

3656:, which diverts westwards towards the Galápagos Islands from the mainland. The ancestors of the genus 973: 804: 784: 619: 578: 183: 10305: 9713: 8242:"Giant tortoises are not so slow: rapid diversification and biogeographic consensus in the Galápagos" 6414: 5038: 4005: 3740:

under a quite similar climate, rising to a nearly equal height, would have been differently tenanted.

10703: 10062: 7913: 7210: 6345: 5884: 11716: 10638: 10216: 9937: 9906: 9875: 9763: 9106:"The Galápagos Tortoise Conservation Program: the Plight and Future for the Pinzón Island Tortoise" 4469: 610: 471: 38: 7730:"Galapagos Tortoises, Galapagos Tortoise Pictures, Galapagos Tortoise Facts – National Geographic" 7136:, Biodiversity of World: Conservation from Genes to Landscapes, Academic Press, pp. 483–499, 6686:"Morphometrics Parallel Genetics in a Newly Discovered and Endangered Taxon of Galápagos Tortoise" 6348:"Phylogeographic history and gene flow among giant Galápagos tortoises on southern Isabela Island" 5927: 4991:"Preliminary descriptions of four new races of gigantic land tortoises from the Galapagos Islands" 4219: 3669:

The closest living relative (though not a direct ancestor) of the Galápagos giant tortoise is the

12572: 10585: 10135: 7814: 7341:

The Galápagos Tortoise Conservation Program: the Plight and Future for the Pinzón Island Tortoise

3525:

and mockingbirds. The birds benefit from the food source and the tortoises get rid of irritating

2940: 1750: 7462:

Schafer, Susan F.; Krekorian, C. O'Neill (1983). "Agonistic behavior of the Galapagos tortoise,

6631: 6473: 5930:"Historical DNA analysis reveals living descendants of an extinct species of Galapagos tortoise" 5400:"Historical DNA analysis reveals living descendants of an extinct species of Galapagos tortoise" 12961: 12831: 12544: 11344: 11302: 10942: 9942: 9880: 9815: 9809: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9744: 9674: 5703: 5610: 3496:

quantities of water very quickly, storing it in their bladders and the "root of the neck" (the

3232: 3085: 660: 389: 341: 326:

Engraving of giant tortoises of the Galápagos Islands, from "The Royal Natural History" (1896).

288: 8570: 8564: 8091:"Petrology and geochemistry of the Galápagos Islands: portrait of a pathological mantle plume" 7404: 4473: 3764: 3489:

Tortoises acquire most of their moisture from the dew and sap in vegetation (particularly the

419:, was driven to extinction by the 19th century, and other giant tortoise radiations such as a 13023: 11288: 10790: 10595: 10580: 10389: 10377: 10346: 10262: 10092: 10025: 9932: 9912: 9705: 9527: 8631: 166: 9412: 9146: 8632:"The Galapagos tortoises in their relation to the whaling industry: a study of old logbooks" 7714: 7368:(1971). "A new fossil tortoise, with remarks on the origin of South American testudinines". 4407: 4362: 4138: 3055:, which had been penned with females from Isabela. Hope was bolstered by the discovery of a 13048: 12917: 12878: 12530: 11196: 10820: 10097: 9833: 9821: 8687: 8253: 8102: 8067: 7598: 6874: 6697: 6532: 6428: 6000: 5941: 5411: 4655: 4575: 4340:"The Galápagos tortoises (Geochelone elephantopus) Part 1: Status of surviving populations" 4082: 3772:

by F. G. King, a colleague of Darwin's: Galápagos tortoises were stacked in the lower hold.

3644: 3363: 961: 745:

Prior to widespread knowledge of the differences between the populations (sometimes called

677: 282:. Captive Galapagos tortoises can live up to 177 years. For example, a captive individual, 12987: 12883: 9514: 9322: 7405:"Cacti in the Galápagos islands, with special reference to their relations with tortoises" 5680: 3991:

The Galápagos giant tortoise is now strictly protected and is listed on Appendix I of the

682: 296: 8: 12515: 10874: 10631: 10590: 10383: 10267: 10030: 9804: 8235: 7846:

Ciofi, Claudio; Swingland, Ian R. (1995). "Environmental sex determination in reptiles".

7657: 6217:

Bour, R. (1980). "Essai sur la taxinomie des Testudinidae actuels (Reptilia, Chelonii)".

3964: 3896:

15 different types of subspecies when Darwin first arrived to the current 11 subspecies.

3522: 3518: 3480: 3103: 997: 977: 808: 788: 623: 582: 545:

recognised five more populations of Galápagos tortoise. In 1905–06, an expedition by the

335: 187: 9414:

The gigantic land-tortoises (living and extinct) in the collection of the British Museum

8672: 8257: 8106: 7602: 7276:. San Francisco: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 107–122. 7038: 6878: 6701: 6683: 6536: 6432: 6004: 5945: 5479:

Steadman, David W. (1986). "Holocene vertebrate fossils from Isla Floreana, Galápagos".

5415: 5269: 5078: 4659: 4579: 4532: 11922: 11887: 11754: 11493: 10407: 10371: 10351: 10257: 10151: 9870: 9175: 9148: 9113: 9086: 9059: 8820: 8156: 8131: 8006: 7901: 7828: 7764: 7630: 7614: 7559: 7553: 7515: 7494: 7475: 7439: 7385: 7322: 7198: 6939: 6897: 6862: 6834: 6791: 6775: 6770: 6753: 6720: 6685: 6658: 6633: 6614: 6451: 6416: 6372: 6347: 6323: 6274: 6151: 6031: 5988: 5964: 5929: 5872: 5822: 5530: 5496: 5434: 5399: 5352: 4839: 4790: 4737: 4710: 4673: 4593: 4415: 4278: 4074: 4066: 4033: 3968: 3432:

pallet sites, such as on Volcán Alcedo, results in the formation of small, sandy pits.

2998: 1035:, 1875 (partim, misidentified type specimen once erroneously attributed to what is now 558: 553:

in charge of reptiles, collected specimens which were studied by Academy herpetologist

377: 283: 210: 46: 8276: 8241: 7859: 4370: 12904: 12465: 11448: 11400: 11391: 11274: 10851: 10412: 10239: 10234: 10002: 9891: 9737: 9732: 9459: 9437: 9418: 9397: 9374: 9180: 8929: 8843: 8824: 8693: 8662: 8602: 8574: 8390: 8304: 8281: 8206: 8161: 7887: 7795: 7788: 7768: 7622: 7589: 7563: 7365: 7314: 7277: 7137: 6943: 6902: 6826: 6822: 6783: 6725: 6663: 6606: 6498: 6456: 6377: 6315: 6036: 6018: 5969: 5905: 5858: 5809:

Fritts, Thomas H. (1984). "Evolutionary divergence of giant tortoises in Galapagos".

5739: 5723: 5655: 5630: 5583: 5500: 5457:

Broom, R. (1929). "On the extinct Galápagos tortoise that inhabited Charles Island".

5439: 5296: 5082: 4986: 4782: 4778: 4742: 4691: 4686: 4641: 4419: 4374: 4274: 4157:

The first navigation chart showing the individual islands was drawn up by the pirate

3686: 3382: 3214:

can grow on the shells of these slow-moving animals. Tortoises keep a characteristic

3128: 1226: 1207: 1145: 1106: 738: 586: 554: 527: 451: 364: 351: 9149:"Genetic analysis of a successful repatriation programme: giant Galapagos tortoises" 7326: 6986: 6838: 6327: 6171: 6131: 5356: 5246:

Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard (1997). "Galapagos tortoise nomenclature: a reply".

5161: 4990: 4908: 4843: 4557: 4282: 3643:

evolved from common ancestors that arrived from mainland South America by overwater

3609: 3387: 3374:

is not determined by a similar genetic background, but by a similar ecological one.

1296: 1284: 1164: 1048: 1032: 515: 12909: 12257: 11645: 11620: 11581: 11529: 11260: 10805: 10458: 10328: 10020: 9900: 9656: 9243: 9170: 9162: 9055: 8812: 8785: 8503: 8271: 8261: 8196: 8188: 8151: 8143: 8110: 7883: 7855: 7760: 7684: 7634: 7606: 7510: 7431: 7377: 7306: 6929: 6892: 6882: 6818: 6795: 6765: 6715: 6705: 6653: 6645: 6618: 6596: 6540: 6488: 6446: 6436: 6367: 6359: 6305: 6266: 6181: 6147: 6127: 6109: 6026: 6008: 5959: 5949: 5899: 5818: 5756: 5719: 5626: 5526: 5488: 5429: 5419: 5342: 5288: 5074: 4948:"Description of a new species of gigantic land tortoise from the Galápagos Islands" 4947: 4871: 4831: 4794: 4774: 4732: 4724: 4681: 4663: 4583: 4270: 4215: 4070: 3972: 3653: 3624: 3440: 3424: 3245: 2989: 860: 767: 697:. Several of the surviving subspecies are seriously endangered. A 13th subspecies, 550: 455: 372: 331: 7708: 7670: 7610: 4909:"Description of a new species of gigantic land tortoise from Indefatigable Island" 3993:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered subspecies of Wild Fauna and Flora

3423:

Tortoises sometimes rest in mud wallows or rain-formed pools, which may be both a

3236: 3170: 2980:

Phylogenetic analysis may help to "resurrect" the extinct subspecies of Floreana (

770:

later that year. The taxonomic status of the various races is not fully resolved.

561:

of the Galápagos tortoise, though now 10 populations are thought to have existed.

450:

The Galápagos Islands were discovered in 1535, but first appeared on the maps, of

13008: 12705: 12353: 12082: 12050: 11687: 11596: 11372: 10958: 10572: 10440: 10130: 10120: 10115: 9916: 9451: 8063: 6887: 6710: 6441: 6199: 5132: 4451: 4123: 3847: 3728: 3662:

are believed to have similarly dispersed from Africa to South America during the

3616: 3454: 3219: 3052: 3024: 1184: 933: 716: 712: 463: 368: 360: 346: 9296: 8192: 8178: 7191:

Letter to His Majesty ... describing his voyage from Panamá to Puerto Viejo

6363: 5292: 3703: 641:, known as 'typical tortoises' or 'terrestrial turtles'. In the 1990s, subgenus 12600: 12590: 12487: 12337: 12177: 11879: 11824: 11566: 11501: 11041: 11032: 11001: 10909: 10798: 10712: 10427: 10207: 10140: 9799: 9388: 9234: 9105: 8446: 8129: 6013: 5157: 4528: 4339: 4158: 4078: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3670: 3648: 1249: 844: 824: 746: 724: 594: 519: 491: 426: 305: 9248: 9225: 8816: 8601:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 2019. 7794:. Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 6934: 6601: 6493: 6476: 4408: 4363: 3825:

became extinct by human exploitation in the 19th century. Another subspecies,

3568: 3544: 494:

classified the Galápagos tortoises as a separate subspecies, which they named

13042: 12982: 12854: 12780: 12663: 12563: 12552: 12523: 12437: 12321: 12305: 12265: 12199: 12109: 12074: 12018: 12002: 11986: 11960: 11948: 11932: 11910: 11902: 11709: 11420: 11253: 11114: 11061: 11009: 10417: 10320: 9666: 9599: 8606: 8456: 8237: 8036: 7935: 7130:"Chapter 24 - Santa Fe Island: Return of tortoises via a replacement species" 6319: 6022: 5659: 5270:

Le, Minh; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; McCord, William P.; Mertz, Lisa (2006).

5200: 4668: 4308: 4001: 3851: 3832: 3628: 3583: 3466: 3399: 3279: 3258: 3150: 3017: 2994: 1320: 1180: 892: 876: 628: 345:) had only a single known living individual, kept in captivity and nicknamed 278:

With lifespans in the wild of over 100 years, it is one of the longest-lived

256: 123: 9013:"The Restoration of Giant Tortoise and Land Iguana Populations in Galapagos" 8789: 8266: 6544: 6100:

Zug, George R. (1997). "Galapagos tortoise nomenclature: still unresolved".

5989:"Ancient mitogenomics elucidates diversity of extinct West Indian tortoises" 5954: 5492: 5424: 4640:

Caccone, A.; Gibbs, J. P.; Ketmaier, V.; Suatoni, E.; Powell, J. R. (1999).

4028:

The most significant population recovery was that of the Española tortoise (

3978: 3541:

steps back to eat the bird, presumably to supplement its diet with protein.

723:) is thought to have been hunted to extinction by 1850, only 15 years after 12715: 12640: 12616: 12133: 12010: 11994: 11970: 11871: 11816: 11740: 11656: 11630: 11544: 11455: 11434: 11358: 11323: 11133: 11099: 10966: 10882: 10828: 10450: 10362: 10041: 9755: 9605: 9184: 9166: 8285: 8210: 8165: 8147: 7626: 7318: 6906: 6830: 6787: 6729: 6667: 6649: 6610: 6502: 6460: 6381: 6040: 5973: 5443: 5300: 5065:

Rhodin, A.G.J.; van Dijk, P.P. (2010). Iverson, J.B.; Shaffer, H.B (eds.).

4786: 4746: 4728: 4695: 4588: 3880: 3590:

on Santa Cruz) is larger than that of saddlebacks (4.6 per clutch for

3526: 3149:

The extinct Santa Fe subspecies has not yet been described and thus has no

2943:

have revealed new information on the relationships between the subspecies:

704: 648: 421: 411: 402: 356: 300: 264: 7772: 7193:(in Spanish). Vol. 41. Madrid: Manuel G. Hernandez. pp. 538–544. 5608: 585:, 1824b) was resurrected in 1984 after it was discovered to be the senior 13013: 12943: 12863: 12693: 12648: 12494: 12479: 12401: 12393: 12385: 12361: 12241: 12225: 12209: 12125: 12117: 12066: 12042: 12034: 12026: 11894: 11846: 11769: 11694: 11559: 11515: 11441: 11427: 11379: 11236: 11154: 11092: 11085: 11078: 10993: 10935: 10927: 10844: 10836: 10783: 10773: 10399: 10249: 9791: 9724: 7065:"This tortoise had so much sex he saved his species. Now he's going home" 6310: 6293: 5373: 5347: 5330: 3792: 3707:

Charles Darwin as a young man, probably subsequent to the Galápagos visit

3658: 3497: 3204: 2208: 643: 635:

Previously, the Galápagos tortoise was considered to belong to the genus

601:

means "tortoise with completely black body". Quoy and Gairmard described

531: 279: 251: 143: 9090: 3677:), a much smaller subspecies from South America. The divergence between 12935: 12772: 12685: 12671: 12632: 12409: 12329: 12297: 12281: 12249: 12187: 12160: 12141: 12058: 11863: 11783: 11776: 11724: 11701: 11611: 11478: 11210: 11017: 10950: 10867: 10859: 10762: 10753: 10084: 10012: 9648: 9593: 9587: 9344: 9224:

Campbell, Karl; Donlan, C. Josh; Cruz, Felipe; Carrion, Victor (2004).

8201: 7832: 7618: 7479: 7443: 7389: 7170:

MacFarland, C.G. (1972). "Giant tortoises, goliaths of the Galapagos".

6779: 6278: 6113: 4317:

Las Encantadas: Human and Cartographic History of the Galápagos Islands

4059: 4018: 3963:

The remaining subspecies of tortoise range in IUCN classification from

3855: 3473: 3428: 3083:

In 2015, the Cerro Fatal tortoises were described as a distinct taxon,

637: 538: 523: 416: 398: 272: 260: 113: 9268:"Galápagos giant tortoise saved from extinction by breeding programme" 8115: 8090: 7886:: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp. 297–305. 7688: 6477:"Genetic rediscovery of an 'extinct' Galápagos giant tortoise species" 5397: 5368: 5366: 4597: 12948: 12764: 12624: 12608: 12537: 12501: 12451: 12444: 12369: 12345: 12289: 12233: 11940: 11732: 11680: 11638: 11351: 11309: 11217: 11203: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11140: 10985: 10813: 9042:

Corley Smith, G.T. (1977). "The present status of the giant tortoise

8508: 8089:

White, William M.; McBirney, Alexander R.; Duncan, Robert A. (1993).

7310: 4677: 3749:

made because Darwin only reported seeing tortoises on San Cristóbal (

3691: 3663: 3449: 3413: 3366:

displays on the basis of vertical neck height rather than body size (

2985: 1470: 501: 434: 316: 63: 12825: 9505:

American Museum of Natural History, Galápagos Giant Tortoise webpage

7584: 7435: 7381: 7089:. Deutsche Presse Agentur. 20 February 2019 – via news.com.au. 6270: 6185: 6054: 4759: 4642:"Origin and evolutionary relationships of giant Galapagos tortoises" 4561: 514:

The first systematic survey of giant tortoises was by the zoologist

12848: 12579: 12508: 12428: 12417: 12313: 11978: 11855: 11747: 11589: 11574: 11536: 11485: 11411: 11316: 11295: 11281: 11267: 11123: 11050: 10919: 10898: 10890: 10672: 10469: 10338: 10107: 9994: 9625: 9569: 9550: 9012: 8542:"Reproduction, breeding, repatriation, and monitoring of tortoises" 8496:

Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series

8240:; Fritts, Thomas H.; Powell, Jeffrey R.; Caccone, Adalgisa (2004). 7466:, with emphasis on its relationship to saddle-backed shell shape". 5701: 5363: 5109:

Quoy, J.R.C.; Gaimard, J.P. (1824b). "Sous-genre tortue de terre –

4835: 3337: 2968:(Darwin). The fifth population living on the southernmost volcano ( 406: 243: 133: 83: 28: 9519: 4534:

Erpétologie générale; ou, histoire naturelle complète des reptiles

597:, 1827). Quoy and Gaimard's Latin description explains the use of 12723: 12472: 12377: 12273: 12217: 11797: 11790: 11672: 11522: 11508: 11365: 11330: 11245: 11147: 10687: 10678: 10277: 10226: 9581: 9575: 8886: 8884: 4456:

Suite des memoires pour servir a l'histoire naturelle des animaux

4055: 3876: 3791:

Darwin later compared the different tortoise forms with those of

3491: 3351: 3253: 708: 505:

Walter Rothschild, cataloger of two Galápagos tortoise subspecies

394: 268: 93: 7785: 7461: 6518:"The Cromwell Current on the east side of the Galapagos Islands" 5681:"Galápagos tortoise found alive is from species thought extinct" 4069:) to their condition before humans arrived. The tortoises are a 12922: 12891: 12458: 12101: 10693: 10666: 10654: 9563: 9480: 9321:. Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme. Archived from 9200:"Meet Diego, the Centenarian Whose Sex Drive Saved His Species" 6257:, a new name for the mid-Albemarle Island Galápagos tortoise". 5205:

Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College

3867: 3557: 3534: 3362:

of saddleback males. Male competition over mates is settled by

3300: 3211: 3009:

parents, many of which could still be alive on Isabela Island.

103: 73: 9371:

A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise

8881: 7880:

Captive management and conservation of amphibians and reptiles

7267: 7265: 7263: 7127: 6961:"Yale team identifies new giant tortoise species in Galapagos" 6860: 3698: 663:). This nomenclature has been adopted by several authorities. 11665: 10732: 10623: 7495:"Biochemical relationships of the Galápagos giant tortoises ( 7457: 7455: 7453: 7411:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 209–214. 7256:(PhD thesis) (in German). Hannover: Tierärztliche Hochschule. 6808: 6634:"A cryptic taxon of Galapagos tortoise in conservation peril" 5986: 3996: 3992: 3982:

Tourists see tortoises at the Charles Darwin Research Station

3459: 3215: 3133: 656: 247: 9293:"Project Pinta: Restoration of Lonesome George's Birthplace" 7675:) and implications for the development of captive animals". 11161: 9075:

Lonesome George. The Lives and Loves of a Conservation Icon

8838:

Hoeck, H.N. (1984). "Introduced fauna". In Perry, R (ed.).

7727: 7260: 6515: 4639: 4210:

Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. (2016).

3711:

Charles Darwin visited the Galápagos for five weeks on the

3318: 3138: 9456:

The Galapagos tortoises: nomenclatural and survival status

9434:

Lonesome George: The life and loves of a conservation icon

8802: 7450: 7296: 6922:"Genetics probe identifies new Galapagos tortoise species" 5702:

MacFarland, Craig G.; Villa, José; Toro, Basilio (1974b).

5648:"Tortoise Feared Extinct Found on Remote Galapagos Island" 5166:

Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

5039:"The gigantic land tortoises of the Galapagos archipelago" 4458:(in French). Paris: Académie de Sciences. pp. 92–205. 4256: 9223: 7819:), with comments on the evolution of insular gigantism". 6754:"Phylogeography and History of Giant Galapagos Tortoises" 6751: 5609:

MacFarland; Craig G.; Villa, José; Toro, Basilio (1974).

4708: 4500:(1812). "Prodromi monographiae chelonorum sectio prima". 4046:

subspecies, having fathered between 350 and 800 progeny.

255:(which also contains three smaller species from mainland 8996:

Decreto Supremo No. 1306 (1971) Quito, 27 de Agosto 1971

8769: 6582:"Lonesome George is not alone among Galapagos tortoises" 5393: 5391: 3548:

A pair of male tortoises engaging in a dominance display

3177:) was described from a single specimen collected by the 8749:

Beck, RH. (1903). "In the home of the giant tortoise".

6341: 6339: 6337: 5855:

The giant tortoises: a natural history disturbed by man

8389:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 362. 8333:(2nd ed.). London: John Murray. pp. 393–394. 7845: 7750: 7492: 4817:"The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands" 4537:(in French). France: Librarie Encyclopédique de Roret. 4523: 3222:. The front legs have five claws, the back legs four. 8536: 8534: 7786:

Bonin, Franck; Devaux, Bernard; Dupré, Alain (2006).

5388: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4338:

MacFarland, C. G.; Villa, J.; Toro, B. (April 1974).

3597:

Temperature plays a role in the sex of the hatchlings

3141:

flows that are known to frequently cover the island.

651:

evidence which grouped the South American members of

8751:

7th Annual Report of the New York Zoological Society

7421: 6334: 6291: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 4162:

visited. This article uses the Spanish island names.

4113: 3586:

size for domed populations (9.6 per clutch for

3286: 2017:

Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999

1717:

Caccone, Gibbs, Ketmaier, Suatoni & Powell, 1999

731:

has not gone entirely extinct. The existence of the

349:

until his death in June 2012. Two other subspecies,

9496:

images and movies of the Galápagos giant tortoise (

8862: 8796: 8088: 7039:"Giant tortoise makes 'miraculous' stable recovery" 6395: 6393: 6391: 5904:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 5897: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5781: 5779: 5777: 4872:"On a new land-tortoise from the Galapagos Islands" 4337: 4054:The Galápagos National Park Service systematically 3975:for conservation efforts throughout the Galápagos. 3427:response during cool nights, and a protection from 3051:lineage and the search for an appropriate mate for 689:. Islands with extant subspecies are shaded yellow. 9622: 9261: 9259: 8985:. 83 Stat. 275; 16 USC 668 cc-1 to 668 cc-6 (1969) 8531: 8029: 7787: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7159: 6174:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5923: 5921: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 4616: 3959:Galápagos tortoise on Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos 564: 9128: 8625: 8623: 7728:National Geographic Society (10 September 2010). 7528: 7526: 7493:Marlow, Ronald William; Patton, James L. (1981). 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6102:The Journal of Chelonian Conservation and Biology 6055:"Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group" 5574:Swingland, I.R. (1989). Geochelone elephantopus. 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5226: 5073:. Chelonian Research Foundation. pp. 33–34. 5043:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 5013: 4995:Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 4716:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4567:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 4350:(2): 118–133 – via Elsevier Science Direct. 4206: 4204: 3537:opening, and skin between plastron and carapace. 13040: 7346: 6575: 6573: 6410: 6408: 6388: 6220:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 5829: 5774: 5537: 4414:. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. p. 3995:(CITES). The listing requires that trade in the 509: 9256: 8805:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 8322: 8320: 8246:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7702: 7700: 7698: 7156: 6231: 6140:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 5934:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5918: 5593: 5404:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5229:Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles et de Géologie 5135:(1984). "Further thoughts on Lonesome George". 4647:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4387: 3914:Characteristics that make tortoises vulnerable 295:Galápagos tortoises are native to seven of the 9411:Günther, Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf (2010) . 8620: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7535:Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 7523: 6845: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6679: 6677: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5549: 5064: 4229: 4227: 4201: 4091:be descended from the extinct original stock. 382:International Union for Conservation of Nature 12802:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 11040: 10639: 10612:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 9535: 9510:Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme 8919: 8917: 8865:"Galapagos at risk: a socioeconomic analysis" 8775: 8301:Darwin in Galapagos: footsteps to a new world 6570: 6405: 5735: 5733: 5578:. In: Swingland I.R. and Klemens M.W. (eds.) 4365:Galápagos: the islands that changed the world 4220:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T9023A97224409.en 9515:'Extinct' Galapagos tortoise may still exist 9154:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 9041: 8923: 8317: 7993: 7991: 7695: 7274:Patterns of evolution in Galapagos organisms 6467: 6206:. New Jersey: TFH Publications. p. 156. 5857:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 145–156. 5265: 5263: 5261: 5108: 5036: 4985: 4709:Austin, Jeremy; Arnold, E. Nicholas (2001). 4369:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 3602: 308:'s observations of these differences on the 9079:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 8870:. Charles Darwin Foundation. Archived from 8522: 7866: 7188: 7087:"Galapagos: 'extinct' giant tortoise found" 7004: 6736: 6674: 6132:"Description of a new species of tortoise ( 5791: 5512: 5510: 4224: 3722:Darwin wrote in his account of the voyage: 3699:Darwin's development of theory of evolution 711:since 2012. The last known specimen, named 685:showing the ranges of currently recognized 11845: 10772: 10711: 10646: 10632: 9542: 9528: 9436:. Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 9417:(facsimile reprint ed.). Nabu Press. 8928:. Syracuse University Press. p. 218. 8914: 8298: 8236:Beheregaray, Luciano B.; Gibbs, James P.; 7364: 7169: 6913: 6285: 5730: 5615:). I. Status of the surviving populations" 5328: 4942: 4903: 4866: 4502:Archivfur Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik 4496: 4233: 4214:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3923:Can only be found on the Galápagos Islands 3840: 753:divergence within the extinct West Indian 203:12 extant subspecies, 2 extinct subspecies 37: 13054:Endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands 9450: 9396:(facsimile ed.). General Books LLC. 9247: 9174: 9134: 8748: 8507: 8303:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 8275: 8265: 8200: 8155: 8114: 7988: 7713:. New York: Wiley & Halsted. p. 7532: 7514: 7352: 7246: 6933: 6896: 6886: 6802: 6769: 6719: 6709: 6657: 6600: 6492: 6450: 6440: 6399: 6371: 6309: 6253:DeSola, Ralph (1930). "The liebespiel of 6248: 6246: 6198: 6030: 6012: 5963: 5953: 5811:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5785: 5543: 5519:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 5433: 5423: 5346: 5258: 5245: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5152: 5150: 5131: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4736: 4685: 4667: 4587: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4468: 4393: 437:were driven to extinction prior to that. 9431: 9368: 9103: 8763: 8736: 8724: 8629: 8477: 8421: 8409: 8366: 8364: 8355: 8343: 8223: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 6564: 5852: 5516: 5507: 5478: 5474: 5472: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4899: 4897: 4862: 4860: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4450: 4438: 4296:Galapagos tortoise in the database AnAge 4134:List of subspecies of Galápagos tortoise 4037:remaining tortoises were brought to the 3977: 3954: 3943: 3831: 3763: 3702: 3567: 3543: 3439: 3398: 3189: 3016: 676: 673:List of subspecies of Galápagos tortoise 647:was elevated to generic status based on 500: 321: 9410: 9295:. Galapagos Conservancy. Archived from 9265: 8685: 8652: 8562: 8544:. Galapagos National Park. 29 June 2009 8433: 7954: 7582: 7558:. University of Calgary Press. p. 7551: 7062: 7014:. Galapagos Conservancy. Archived from 6237: 5898:Ernst, Carl H.; Barbour, Roger (1989). 4610: 4556: 4405: 4360: 4259:"Seed dispersal by Galápagos tortoises" 3634: 445: 13041: 10075:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 10069:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 9387: 9230:from Pinta Island, Galápagos, Ecuador" 9072: 8863:Watkins, Graham; Cruz, Felipe (2007). 8712: 8489: 8445: 8382: 8370: 8326: 7706: 7402: 7271: 7234: 6919: 6516:Pak, Hasong; Zaneveld, J.R.V. (1973). 6294:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World" 6252: 6243: 5808: 5654:. Associated Press. 20 February 2019. 5580:The Conservation Biology of Tortoises. 5331:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World" 5199: 5184: 5156: 5147: 5095: 4970: 4512: 4478:(in German). Leipzig. pp. 355–356 3939: 3647:. Genetic studies have shown that the 1415:Chelonoidis elephantopus galapagoensis 317:development of his theory of evolution 13059:Taxa named by Jean René Constant Quoy 12830: 12829: 10720: 10627: 9523: 9197: 9073:Mathew, John (2007). "Reviewed work: 9010: 8837: 8361: 7877: 7647: 7217: 7098: 7096: 6955: 6953: 6210: 6192: 5642: 5640: 5469: 5456: 5374:"CITES Appendices I, II and III 2011" 5280:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 5215: 5121:(in French). Paris. pp. 174–175. 5053: 4931: 4894: 4857: 4801: 4541: 4306: 4049: 3521:relationship with some subspecies of 2845:Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghii 2768:Chelonoidis elephantopus vandenburghi 2744:Chelonoidis elephantopus elephantopus 1937:Chelonoidis elephantopus chathamensis 1391:Geochelone elephantopus galapagoensis 8842:. Pergamon Press. pp. 233–245. 7583:Daggett, Frank S. (1 January 1915). 7036: 6216: 6126: 5481:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 5117:. N.". In de Freycinet, M.L. (ed.). 4814: 3818:to 19,317 (estimate for 1995–2009). 3780:(two from Española) and his servant 2960:) and therefore form the subspecies 2688:Geochelone elephantopus vandenburghi 2593:Geochelone elephantopus elephantopus 2382:Chelonoidis elephantopus phantastica 1953:Chelonoidis elephantopus chatamensis 1905:Geochelone elephantopus chathamensis 569:The current specific designation of 405:, 700 km (430 mi) east of 334:of the subspecies for meat and oil, 9549: 8983:Endangered Species Conservation Act 8692:. USA: Da Capo Press. p. 158. 8599:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 7972:. 10 September 2010. Archived from 7030: 6099: 5749:Revista de Ecología Latinoamericana 5203:(1917). "The Galapagos tortoises". 5079:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010 4011: 3572:A young tortoise and a tortoise egg 2892:Geochelone elephantopus vandenbergi 2879:Geochelone elephantopus microphytes 2760:Chelonoidis elephantopus microphyes 2630:Geochelone elephantopus vandenburgi 2350:Geochelone elephantopus phantastica 1990:Geochelone elephantopus chatamensis 1664:Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdonii 599:nigra: "Testudo toto corpore nigro" 13: 9361: 9060:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1977.tb00877.x 8630:Townsend, Charles Haskins (1925). 8003:American Museum of Natural History 7999:"Giant tortoises of the Galápagos" 7765:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb01816.x 7516:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb03474.x 7093: 7037:Webb, Jonathan (28 October 2014). 6950: 6771:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00131.x 6152:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1853.tb07165.x 6068: 6047: 5823:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb02059.x 5637: 5531:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb02052.x 5248:Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4094: 3272:Galápagos tortoise shell varieties 3144: 2752:Chelonoidis elephantopus guentheri 2622:Geochelone elephantopus microphyes 2299:Chelonoidis elephantopus hoodensis 1640:Chelonoidis elephantopus ephippium 1632:Chelonoidis elephantopus abingdoni 1595:Geochelone elephantopus abingdonii 1383:Testudo elephantopus galapagoensis 474:classified all giant tortoises as 14: 13090: 13064:Taxa named by Joseph Paul Gaimard 9474: 9458:. Chelonian Research Foundation. 9198:Casey, Nicholas (11 March 2017). 8299:Grant, K.T.; Estes, G.B. (2009). 5708:). Part II: Conservation methods" 4238:. Official Guinness World Records 3367: 2797:Chelonoidis elephantopus guntheri 2675:Geochelone elephantopus microphys 2601:Geochelone elephantopus guentheri 2577:Testudo elephantopus elephantopus 2275:Geochelone elephantopus hoodensis 2142:Chelonoidis elephantopus darwinii 2121:Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei 1998:Testudo chathamensis chathamensis 1945:Chelonoidis elephantopus wallacei 1868:Testudo elephantopus chathamensis 1563:Geochelone elephantopus ephippium 1555:Geochelone elephantopus abingdoni 9638: 9479: 9337: 9311: 9285: 9217: 9191: 9140: 9097: 9066: 9035: 9011:Cayot, Linda J (December 2008). 9004: 8988: 8975: 8959: 8942: 8856: 8831: 8757: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8706: 8679: 8646: 8587: 8556: 8516: 8483: 8471: 8439: 8427: 8415: 8403: 8376: 8349: 8337: 8292: 8229: 8217: 8172: 8136:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 8123: 8082: 8052: 8021: 7920: 7848:Applied Animal Behaviour Science 7839: 7808: 7779: 7744: 7721: 7664: 7641: 7576: 7545: 7063:Picheta, Rob (11 January 2020). 6823:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01617.x 5704:"The Galápagos giant tortoises ( 5611:"The Galápagos giant tortoises ( 4779:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01842.x 4275:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02672.x 4116: 3317: 3299: 3278: 3165:Subspecies of doubtful existence 2800:Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 2609:Geochelone elephantopus guntheri 2492:Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 2489:Chelonoidis elephantopus porteri 2473:Chelonoidis elephantopus nigrita 2342:Testudo elephantopus phantastica 2113:Chelonoidis elephantopus darwini 2089:Geochelone elephantopus wallacei 1956:Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993 1913:Geochelone elephantopus wallacei 537:At the end of the 19th century, 486:("gigantic tortoise"). In 1834, 50: 12748: 12168: 9452:Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard 8892:"Galapagos Tortoise Fact Sheet" 8661:. Dampier: Dover Publications. 8492:"Darwin's ornithological notes" 8095:Journal of Geophysical Research 7753:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 7486: 7415: 7396: 7358: 7333: 7290: 7240: 7182: 7121: 7079: 7056: 7012:"Giant Tortoise Webcam Project" 6979: 6625: 6558: 6525:Journal of Geophysical Research 6509: 6292:Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). 6200:Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard 6165: 6120: 6093: 5980: 5891: 5695: 5673: 5450: 5322: 5239: 5133:Pritchard, Peter Charles Howard 5125: 4753: 4702: 4604: 4490: 4462: 4444: 4432: 4399: 4151: 4039:Charles Darwin Research Station 3812: 3623:species in the animal kingdom. 3360:secondary sexual characteristic 3029:Charles Darwin Research Station 2984:)—a subspecies known only from 2869:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 2837:Chelonoidis elephantopus vicina 2521:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 2457:Geochelone elephantopus nigrita 2433:Geochelone elephantopus porteri 2161:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 2153:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 2081:Geochelone elephantopus darwini 1972:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 1825:Chelonoidis elephantopus beckii 1675:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 1531:Testudo elephantopus abingdonii 1458:Bonin, Devaux & Dupré, 1996 1439:Chelonoidis nigra galapagoensis 565:Current species and genus names 466:referred to both subspecies as 10653: 10057:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 10051:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise 9923:Santiago Island giant tortoise 9345:"Galapagos Conservation Trust" 8689:A voyage to the south Atlantic 8066:. 23 June 2006. Archived from 6920:Marris, E. (21 October 2015). 6136:), from the Galapagos Islands" 4406:Jackson, Michael Hume (1993). 4354: 4331: 4300: 4289: 4250: 4175: 3264: 3185: 3179:California Academy of Sciences 2821:Chelonoidis nigra vandenburghi 2784:Geochelone elephantopus vicini 2776:Geochelone elephantopus vicina 2267:Testudo elephantopus hoodensis 1961:Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis 1844:Chelonoidis nigra chathamensis 1804:Chelonoidis elephantopus becki 1539:Testudo elephantopus ephippium 547:California Academy of Sciences 478:("Indian tortoise"). In 1812, 1: 9876:Chatham Island giant tortoise 8659:A new voyage around the world 8386:Charles Darwin's Beagle diary 7860:10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01108-2 7611:10.1126/science.42.1096.933-a 5329:Fritz, U.; Havaš, P. (2007). 5071:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 4525:Duméril, André Marie Constant 4234:White Matt (18 August 2015). 4169: 3950:Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos) 3576: 3035:The Pinta Island subspecies ( 2905:Testudo elephantopus guntheri 2866:Chelonoidis nigra microphyies 2829:Geochelone nigra elephantopus 2390:Chelonoidis nigra phantastica 2318:Chelonoidis nigra phantastica 2232:Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis 2193:Chelonoidis nigra duncanensis 2065:Testudo elephantopus wallacei 1876:Testudo elephantopus wallacei 1788:Geochelone elephantopus becki 1680:Chelonoidis nigra abdingdonii 1455:Geochelone elephantopus nigra 953:Subspecies synonymy (summary) 764:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 687:Galápagos tortoise subspecies 666: 510:Recognition of subpopulations 242:) is a very large species of 219: 9943:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise 9938:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise 9928:Pinzón Island giant tortoise 9266:Carroll, R. (26 June 2010). 9226:"Eradication of feral goats 8569:. Guinness Records. p. 7650:Ecology of giant tortoises ( 7555:Galápagos, a natural history 7172:National Geographic Magazine 6888:10.1371/journal.pone.0138779 6711:10.1371/journal.pone.0006272 6442:10.1371/journal.pone.0008683 5724:10.1016/0006-3207(74)90068-8 5631:10.1016/0006-3207(74)90024-X 4498:Schweigger, August Friedrich 4410:Galápagos, a natural history 4102:Galapagos Conservation Trust 3512: 3458:(poison apple), the endemic 3403:A tortoise bathing in a pool 3225: 3076:from Pinzón, Cerro Fatal to 2813:Chelonoidis nigra microphyes 2425:Testudo elephantopus nigrita 2224:Geochelone nigra duncanensis 2216:Geochelone nigra duncanensis 2057:Testudo elephantopus darwini 2014:Geochelone nigra chatamensis 1727:Chelonoidis nigra ahingdonii 1672:Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii 1656:Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii 1494:Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii 1176:Geochelone nigra duncanensis 488:André Marie Constant Duméril 359:of Galápagos tortoise) from 315:in 1835, contributed to the 259:). The species comprises 15 7: 12815:List of Testudines families 10436:Flat-backed spider tortoise 10311:Speke's hinge-back tortoise 10301:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise 10126:Goode's thornscrub tortoise 9953:Western Santa Cruz tortoise 9933:Sierra Negra giant tortoise 9881:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise 9046:on the Galapagos islands". 8840:Key environments. Galápagos 8595:"Chelonoidis – GenusRemove" 8566:Guinness World Records 2001 8193:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.008 8060:"Harriet the tortoise dies" 7970:National Geographic Society 7189:de Berlanga, Tomás (1535). 6364:10.1534/genetics.105.047860 6204:Living Turtles of the World 5293:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003 5037:Van Denburgh, John (1914). 4107: 3394: 2805:Chelonoidis nigra guentheri 2580:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2428:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2345:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2307:Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis 2270:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2251:Chelonoidis nigra hoodensis 2166:Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei 2068:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2060:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 2006:Cherlonoidis nigra wallacei 1879:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 1871:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 1701:Geochelone nigra abdingdoni 1624:Chelonoidis nigra ephippium 1542:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 1534:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 1386:Mertens & Wermuth, 1955 762:. This was followed by the 480:August Friedrich Schweigger 440: 10: 13095: 13069:Reptiles described in 1824 10296:Home's hinge-back tortoise 10291:Forest hinge-back tortoise 10286:Bell's hinge-back tortoise 9948:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise 9897:Hood Island giant tortoise 9886:Fernandina Island tortoise 9636: 9048:International Zoo Yearbook 8653:Dampier, William (2007) . 8523:Darwin, C.R. (1837–1838). 7938:. May 2010. Archived from 7654:) in the Galápagos Islands 7648:Cayot, Linda Jean (1987). 7108:Galapagos Conservancy, Inc 6987:"Pinzón Island, Galápagos" 6014:10.1038/s41598-021-82299-w 4183:"Fossilworks: Chelonoidis" 3926:Large size and slow-moving 3407: 3203:Galápagos tortoise at the 2929:Geochelone nigra guentheri 2832:Müller & Schmidt, 1995 2508:Müller & Schmidt, 1995 2412:Duméril & Bibron, 1835 2158:Chelonoidis nigra wallacei 2129:Chelonoidis nigra darwinii 1969:Chelonoidis nigra wallacei 1887:Slevin & Leviton, 1956 1714:Geochelone nigra ephyppium 1648:Geochelone nigra abingdoni 1344:Subspecies synonymy (full) 670: 12838: 12798: 12755: 12741: 12703: 12589: 12562: 12427: 12197: 12175: 12159: 12092: 11958: 11920: 11838: 11807: 11655: 11619: 11610: 11410: 11389: 11235: 11122: 11113: 11060: 11031: 10976: 10908: 10761: 10752: 10730: 10729: 10702: 10661: 10610: 10571: 10467: 10449: 10426: 10398: 10360: 10337: 10319: 10306:Natal hinge-back tortoise 10276: 10248: 10225: 10205: 10149: 10106: 10083: 10039: 10011: 9993: 9961: 9871:Cerro Azul giant tortoise 9854: 9790: 9754: 9723: 9714:Aldabrachelys grandidieri 9665: 9647: 9621: 9614: 9558: 9249:10.1017/S0030605304000572 8817:10.1007/s10761-015-0297-2 7134:Galapagos Giant Tortoises 6935:10.1038/nature.2015.18611 6602:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.002 6494:10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.004 5576:Galapagos giant tortoises 5113:. brongn. tortue noire – 4470:Schneider, Johann Gottlob 4006:Charles Darwin Foundation 3603:Early life and maturation 3552: 3503: 3344:Evolutionary implications 3250:surface area/volume ratio 2518:Chelonoidis nigra porteri 2497:Chelonoidis nigra nigrita 2401:Chelonoidis nigra porteri 2182:Geochelone nigra wallacei 2174:Geochelone nigra darwinii 2150:Chelonoidis nigra darwini 2033:Chelonoidis nigra darwini 2022:Geochelone nigra wallacei 1399:Chelonoidis galapagoensis 626:, 1824a) is considered a 216: 209: 200: 195: 172: 165: 47:Scientific classification 45: 36: 23: 13079:Turtles of South America 10217:Hesperotestudo percrassa 9973:Cheirogaster bacharidisi 9907:Santa Fe Island tortoise 9892:Floreana Island tortoise 9846:Chelonoidis sombrerensis 9764:African spurred tortoise 9432:Nicholls, Henry (2006). 8455:. Vol. CUL-DAR118. 8436:, p. 62 for example 7964:Geochelone elephantophus 7407:. In Bowman, R.I (ed.). 7247:Ebersbach, V.K. (2001). 4669:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13223 4236:"2002: Largest Tortoise" 4144: 2995:reconstructed subspecies 2913:Chelonoidis nigra vicina 2858:Geochelone vandenburghii 2728:Chelonoidis vandenburghi 2704:Chelonoidis elephantopus 2696:Chelonoides elephantopus 2529:Chelonoidis nigra vicina 2505:Geochelone nigra perteri 2481:Geochelone nigra porteri 1929:Chelonoidis chathamensis 1812:Chelonoidis nigra beckii 1370:Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 1362:Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 941:Chelonoidis elephantopus 573:, formerly feminized to 472:Johann Gottlob Schneider 234:Galápagos giant tortoise 10136:Sonoran Desert tortoise 9373:. London: John Murray. 9369:Chambers, Paul (2004). 9104:Caporaso, Fred (1991). 9044:Geochelone elephantopus 8896:library.sandiegozoo.org 8790:10.1525/ch.2014.91.2.20 8267:10.1073/pnas.0400393101 8181:Molecular Phylogenetics 8031:"The origin of Harriet" 8028:Chambers, Paul (2004). 7878:Cayot, Linda J (1994). 7817:Geochelone elephantopus 7652:Geochelone elephantopus 7497:Geochelone elephantopus 7464:Geochelone elephantopus 7299:Journal of Parasitology 6545:10.1029/JC078i033p07845 5955:10.1073/pnas.0805340105 5853:De Vries, T.J. (1984). 5755:: 13–18. Archived from 5712:Biological Conservation 5706:Geochelone elephantopus 5619:Biological Conservation 5613:Geochelone elephantopus 5493:10.5479/si.00810282.413 5425:10.1073/pnas.0805340105 4824:The American Naturalist 4344:Biological Conservation 4263:Journal of Biogeography 3841:Historical exploitation 3435: 2659:Geochelone vandenburghi 2585:Geochelone elephantopus 2374:Geochelone phantasticus 2366:Chelonoidis phantastica 2240:Chelonoidis duncanensis 1897:Geochelone chathamensis 1833:Chelonoidis nigra becki 1751:Chelonoidis nigra becki 1447:Chelonoidis nigra nigra 1351:Chelonoidis nigra nigra 10063:Réunion giant tortoise 9985:Cheirogaster schafferi 9979:Cheirogaster gymnesica 9816:Chelonoidis alburyorum 9810:Yellow-footed tortoise 9782:Centrochelys vulcanica 9776:Centrochelys burchardi 9770:Centrochelys atlantica 9745:Astrochelys rogerbouri 9675:Aldabra giant tortoise 9167:10.1098/rspb.2003.2607 8148:10.1098/rspb.2016.2235 7707:Porter, David (1815). 7585:"A Galapagos Tortoise" 7552:Jackson, M.H. (1993). 6650:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0317 4729:10.1098/rspb.2001.1825 4589:10.1098/rstl.1875.0007 4361:Stewart, P.D. (2006). 4319:. Rockville Press, Inc 3983: 3960: 3952: 3948:Galápagos tortoise on 3911:Destruction of habitat 3837: 3802: 3773: 3742: 3733: 3708: 3641:of Galápagos tortoises 3573: 3549: 3445: 3404: 3233:Aldabra giant tortoise 3207: 3032: 2720:Chelonoidis microphyes 2358:Geochelone phantastica 1977:Geochelone cathamensis 1693:Geochelone abdingdonii 1579:Chelonoidis abingdonii 1478:Testudo californianana 1431:Geochelone nigra nigra 690: 506: 390:Aldabrachelys gigantea 365:undescribed subspecies 327: 292:, meaning "tortoise". 10596:Spur-thighed tortoise 10533:Stylemys nebrascensis 10527:Stylemys karakolensis 10485:Stylemys calaverensis 10390:Megalochelys sondaari 10378:Megalochelys cautleyi 10347:Asian forest tortoise 10093:Burmese star tortoise 9913:Pinta Island tortoise 9706:Aldabrachelys abrupta 9490:at Wikimedia Commons 8926:The Historical Animal 8877:on 26 September 2010. 8686:Colnett, J. (1968) . 8383:Keynes, R.D. (2001). 8327:Darwin, C.R. (1845). 7928:"Galapagos Tortoise, 7403:Dawson, E.Y. (1966). 5137:Noticias de Galápagos 3981: 3958: 3947: 3866:In the 17th century, 3835: 3797: 3767: 3737: 3724: 3713:second voyage of HMS 3706: 3675:Chelonoidis chilensis 3627:, a specimen kept in 3571: 3547: 3443: 3402: 3202: 3020: 2712:Chelonoidis guentheri 2651:Geochelone microphyes 2291:Chelonoidis hoodensis 1740:Chelonoidis abingdoni 1587:Chelonoidis ephippium 1547:Geochelone abingdonii 1375:Testudo galapagoensis 1171:, misidentified type) 1009:Testudo galapagoensis 683:Galápagos archipelago 680: 593:("elephant-footed" – 504: 325: 310:second voyage of the 10586:Kleinmann's tortoise 10545:Stylemys oregonensis 10491:Stylemys canetotiana 10185:Hadrianus schucherti 10167:Hadrianus majusculus 10098:Indian star tortoise 9840:Chelonoidis sellovii 9834:Chelonoidis monensis 9822:Chelonoidis cubensis 9077:by Henry Nicholls". 8981:United States 1969. 8675:on 27 November 2010. 8563:Footman, T. (2000). 8101:(B11): 19533–19564. 7962:"Galápagos tortoise 7790:Turtles of the World 6554:on 24 December 2016. 6311:10.3897/vz.57.e30895 6255:Testudo vandenburghi 6080:The Reptile Database 5901:Turtles of the World 5348:10.3897/vz.57.e30895 4952:Novitates Zoologicae 4913:Novitates Zoologicae 4876:Novitates Zoologicae 4307:Woram, John (n.d.). 4077:which help in plant 4004:and established the 3920:Late sexual maturity 3768:Line drawing of HMS 3635:Evolutionary history 3477:Tillandsia insularis 3455:Hippomane mancinella 2736:Geochelone guentheri 2569:Testudo vandenburghi 2537:Testudo elephantopus 2326:Testudo phantasticus 2283:Geochelone hoodensis 1860:Testudo chathamensis 1611:Geochelone epphipium 1603:Geochelone abingdoni 1571:Geochelone ephippium 1367:Testudo californiana 1328:Testudo vandenburghi 1222:Testudo phantasticus 1102:Testudo chathamensis 969:Testudo californiana 820:Testudo elephantopus 780:Testudo californiana 655:into an independent 632:("forgotten name"). 526:, and four from the 498:("black tortoise"). 446:Early classification 13074:Reptiles of Ecuador 10591:Marginated tortoise 10521:Stylemys frizaciana 10384:Megalochelys margae 10268:Travancore tortoise 10191:Hadrianus utahensis 10173:Hadrianus octonaria 9861:Chelonoidis complex 9805:Red-footed tortoise 9325:on 10 February 2015 9319:"GTMEP: What We Do" 8490:Barlow, N. (1963). 8258:2004PNAS..101.6514B 8107:1993JGR....9819533W 8009:on 21 December 2011 7740:on 7 February 2010. 7734:National Geographic 7658:Syracuse University 7603:1915Sci....42..933D 6991:Island Conservation 6879:2015PLoSO..1038779P 6702:2009PLoSO...4.6272C 6537:1973JGR....78.7845P 6433:2010PLoSO...5.8683R 6076:"Chelonoidis niger" 6005:2021NatSR..11.3224K 5946:2008PNAS..10515464P 5940:(40): 15464–15469. 5762:on 11 February 2006 5416:2008PNAS..10515464P 5410:(40): 15464–15469. 4723:(1485): 2515–2523. 4660:1999PNAS...9613223C 4654:(23): 13223–13228. 4580:1875RSPT..165..251G 4508:: 271–368, 406–462. 4075:ecosystem engineers 3965:extinct in the wild 3940:Modern conservation 3484:Solanum cheesmaniae 3463:Psidium galapageium 3104:Island Conservation 2643:Geochelone guntheri 2449:Chelonoidis nigrita 2334:Testudo phantastica 2201:Testudo duncanensis 2105:Chelonoidis darwini 2097:Geochelone wallacei 1921:Geochelone wallacei 1884:Testudo chatamensis 962:nominate subspecies 11923:Nanhsiungchelyidae 11888:Macrocephalochelys 10602:Testudo brevitesta 10581:Hermann's tortoise 10557:Stylemys uintensis 10539:Stylemys neglectus 10503:Stylemys conspecta 10408:Geometric tortoise 10372:Megalochelys atlas 10352:Impressed tortoise 10263:Forsten's tortoise 10258:Elongated tortoise 10179:Hadrianus robustus 9856:Galápagos tortoise 9828:Chelonoidis lutzae 9204:The New York Times 9116:. pp. 113–116 9114:Chapman University 9017:Galapagos Research 8778:California History 8452:Edinburgh notebook 7976:on 7 February 2010 7503:Journal of Zoology 7366:Auffenberg, Walter 7237:, pp. 462–466 6638:Biological Letters 6298:Vertebrate Zoology 5993:Scientific Reports 5652:The New York Times 5376:. 22 December 2011 5335:Vertebrate Zoology 4987:Van Denburgh, John 4944:Rothschild, Walter 4905:Rothschild, Walter 4868:Rothschild, Walter 4830:(276): 1039–1057. 4309:"On the Origin of 4139:Galápagos wildlife 4067:island restoration 4050:Island restoration 4034:mating in the wild 4021:would be another. 3984: 3961: 3953: 3905:Introduced mammals 3838: 3774: 3709: 3574: 3550: 3517:Tortoises share a 3470:Azolla microphylla 3448:The tortoises are 3446: 3444:A tortoise feeding 3412:The tortoises are 3405: 3308:C. n. chathamensis 3208: 3157:. A population of 3125:C. n. phantasticus 3078:C. n. chathamensis 3041:C. n. chathamensis 3033: 2999:selective breeding 2962:C. n. vandenburghi 2921:Chelonoidis vicina 2561:Testudo macrophyes 2545:Testudo microphyes 2465:Geochelone porteri 2441:Geochelone nigrita 2329:Van Denburgh, 1907 2262:Van Denburgh, 1907 2073:Geochelone darwini 2052:Van Denburgh, 1907 1863:Van Denburgh, 1907 1521:Van Denburgh, 1914 1510:Testudo abingdonii 1463:Testudo california 1332:De Sola, R. 1930 ( 1316:Testudo macrophyes 1280:Testudo microphyes 1076:C. n. chathamensis 691: 507: 328: 230:Galápagos tortoise 24:Galápagos tortoise 16:Species of reptile 13034: 13033: 12897:chelonoidis-nigra 12884:Chelonoidis_nigra 12870:Chelonoidis niger 12840:Chelonoidis niger 12832:Taxon identifiers 12823: 12822: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12155: 12154: 12151: 12150: 11834: 11833: 11606: 11605: 11109: 11108: 11027: 11026: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10621: 10620: 10616:. Key: †=extinct. 10563:Stylemys undabuna 10413:Serrated tortoise 10197:Hadrianus vialovi 10161:Hadrianus corsoni 10031:Speckled padloper 10003:Angulate tortoise 9738:Radiated tortoise 9733:Angonoka tortoise 9634: 9633: 9487:Chelonoidis nigra 9484:Media related to 9465:978-0-9653540-0-4 9443:978-1-4039-4576-1 9424:978-1-141-78978-8 9403:978-1-151-09182-6 9380:978-0-7195-6528-1 9161:(1537): 341–345. 8935:978-0-8156-3428-7 8849:978-0-08-027996-1 8668:978-1-933698-04-5 8580:978-0-85112-102-4 8396:978-0-521-00317-9 8310:978-0-691-14210-4 8252:(17): 6514–6519. 8116:10.1029/93JB02018 7930:Chelonoidis nigra 7893:978-0-916984-33-5 7801:978-0-8018-8496-2 7689:10.1002/zoo.20039 7597:(1096): 933–934. 7569:978-1-895176-07-0 7283:978-0-934394-05-5 7143:978-0-12-817554-5 6967:. 21 October 2015 6817:(11): 2265–2283. 6811:Molecular Ecology 6764:(10): 2052–2066. 6531:(33): 7845–7859. 6134:Testudo planiceps 6128:Gray, John Edward 5911:978-0-87474-414-9 5864:978-0-08-027996-1 5088:978-0-9653540-9-7 4815:Baur, G. (1889). 4767:Molecular Ecology 4425:978-1-895176-07-0 4380:978-0-300-12230-5 4269:(11): 1961–1972. 4212:Chelonoidis nigra 4189:on 16 August 2022 3687:Mitochondrial DNA 3679:C. chilensis 3383:Sexual dimorphism 3378:Sexual dimorphism 3246:insular gigantism 3242:Santa Cruz Island 3200: 3119:Fernandina Island 3074:C. n. duncanensis 3063:Santa Cruz Island 2933: 2925: 2924:Joseph-Ouni, 2004 2917: 2909: 2896: 2883: 2870: 2862: 2849: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2801: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2740: 2732: 2724: 2716: 2708: 2700: 2692: 2679: 2671: 2667:Geochelone vicina 2663: 2655: 2647: 2634: 2626: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2589: 2581: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2549: 2541: 2522: 2509: 2501: 2493: 2485: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2453: 2445: 2437: 2429: 2421: 2413: 2394: 2386: 2378: 2370: 2362: 2354: 2346: 2338: 2330: 2311: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2263: 2259:Testudo hoodensis 2244: 2243:Joseph-Ouni, 2004 2236: 2228: 2220: 2205: 2186: 2178: 2170: 2162: 2154: 2146: 2133: 2125: 2117: 2109: 2101: 2093: 2085: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2026: 2018: 2010: 2002: 1994: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1957: 1949: 1941: 1933: 1925: 1917: 1909: 1901: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1864: 1856: 1837: 1829: 1816: 1808: 1800: 1796:Chelonoidis becki 1792: 1784: 1771: 1763: 1744: 1743:Joseph-Ouni, 2004 1731: 1718: 1705: 1697: 1684: 1676: 1668: 1660: 1652: 1644: 1636: 1628: 1615: 1607: 1599: 1598:Groombridge, 1982 1591: 1583: 1575: 1567: 1559: 1551: 1543: 1535: 1522: 1518:Testudo abingdoni 1514: 1506: 1502:Testudo ephippium 1482: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1411: 1407:Chelonoidis nigra 1403: 1395: 1387: 1379: 1371: 1363: 1337: 1324: 1312: 1300: 1288: 1269: 1257: 1230: 1216:C. n. phantastica 1211: 1203:Testudo hoodensis 1192: 1172: 1160:Testudo ephippium 1154:C. n. duncanensis 1149: 1137: 1110: 1098: 1071: 1052: 1044:Testudo abingdoni 1040: 1037:C. n. duncanensis 1028:Testudo ephippium 1017: 1005: 985: 946: 937: 917: 900: 884: 868: 856:Testudo planiceps 852: 832: 816: 796: 739:Fernandina Island 734:C. n. phantastica 618:("californian" – 609:with the extinct 555:John Van Denburgh 543:Walter Rothschild 452:Gerardus Mercator 433:radiation in the 425:radiation on the 336:habitat clearance 297:Galápagos Islands 239:Chelonoidis niger 226: 225: 176:Chelonoidis niger 13086: 13027: 13026: 13017: 13016: 13004: 13003: 12991: 12990: 12978: 12977: 12965: 12964: 12952: 12951: 12939: 12938: 12926: 12925: 12913: 12912: 12900: 12899: 12887: 12886: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12827: 12826: 12753: 12752: 12746: 12745: 12258:Chupacabrachelys 12173: 12172: 12166: 12165: 11843: 11842: 11621:Carettochelyidae 11617: 11616: 11120: 11119: 11038: 11037: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10758: 10727: 10726: 10718: 10717: 10709: 10708: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10625: 10624: 10515:Stylemys emiliae 10459:Leopard tortoise 10329:Pancake tortoise 10240:Greater padloper 9657:Russian tortoise 9642: 9641: 9619: 9618: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9483: 9469: 9447: 9428: 9407: 9384: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9195: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8994:Ecuador (1971). 8992: 8986: 8979: 8973: 8971: 8965:Ecuador (1970). 8963: 8957: 8955: 8948:Ecuador (1959). 8946: 8940: 8939: 8921: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8902:on 21 March 2016 8898:. Archived from 8888: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8869: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8754: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8671:. Archived from 8650: 8644: 8643: 8627: 8618: 8617: 8615: 8613: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8538: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509:10.5962/p.310422 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8359: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8315: 8314: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8279: 8269: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8075: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8033: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8005:. Archived from 7995: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7942:on 21 March 2016 7924: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7882:. Vol. 11. 7875: 7864: 7863: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7793: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7736:. Archived from 7725: 7719: 7718: 7704: 7693: 7692: 7673:Geochelone nigra 7668: 7662: 7661: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7530: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7459: 7448: 7447: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7311:10.1645/13-307.1 7294: 7288: 7287: 7269: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7167: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7072: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6873:(10): e0138779. 6858: 6843: 6842: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6773: 6749: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6713: 6681: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6604: 6595:(9): R317–R318. 6586: 6577: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6553: 6547:. Archived from 6522: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6454: 6444: 6412: 6403: 6397: 6386: 6385: 6375: 6358:(3): 1727–1744. 6343: 6332: 6331: 6313: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6250: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6016: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5957: 5925: 5916: 5915: 5895: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5850: 5827: 5826: 5817:(1–2): 165–176. 5806: 5789: 5783: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5761: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5644: 5635: 5634: 5606: 5591: 5572: 5547: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5476: 5467: 5466: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5437: 5427: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5310:on 16 March 2012 5309: 5303:. Archived from 5276: 5267: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5224: 5213: 5212: 5197: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5106: 5093: 5092: 5062: 5051: 5050: 5034: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 4983: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4940: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4901: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4821: 4812: 4799: 4798: 4773:(6): 1415–1424. 4757: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4689: 4671: 4637: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4554: 4539: 4538: 4521: 4510: 4509: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4452:Perrault, Claude 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4368: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4304: 4298: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4231: 4222: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4185:. Archived from 4179: 4163: 4155: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4088:C. n. abingdonii 4071:keystone species 4012:Captive breeding 3987:Legal protection 3973:flagship species 3917:Slow growth rate 3872:Spanish colonies 3827:C. n. abingdonii 3753:) and Santiago ( 3654:Humboldt Current 3481:Galápagos tomato 3425:thermoregulatory 3321: 3303: 3290:C. n. abingdonii 3288: 3282: 3252:, which reduces 3201: 3132:settlements nor 3127:subspecies from 3057:C. n. abingdonii 3049:C. n. abingdonii 3043:) and Española ( 3037:C. n. abingdonii 3022:C. n. abingdonii 2966:C. n. microphyes 2931: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2860: 2847: 2839: 2831: 2823: 2815: 2807: 2799: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2762: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2722: 2714: 2706: 2698: 2690: 2677: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2632: 2624: 2611: 2603: 2595: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2539: 2520: 2507: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2467: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2420:Rothschild, 1903 2419: 2411: 2392: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2360: 2352: 2344: 2337:Siebenrock, 1909 2336: 2328: 2309: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2269: 2261: 2242: 2234: 2226: 2218: 2203: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2160: 2152: 2144: 2131: 2123: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2091: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2051: 2044:Rothschild, 1902 2043: 2041:Testudo wallacei 2024: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1992: 1979: 1971: 1963: 1955: 1947: 1939: 1931: 1923: 1915: 1907: 1899: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1862: 1855:Rothschild, 1902 1854: 1852:Testudo wallacei 1835: 1827: 1814: 1806: 1798: 1790: 1782: 1780:Geochelone becki 1769: 1762:Rothschild, 1901 1761: 1742: 1729: 1716: 1703: 1695: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1642: 1634: 1626: 1613: 1605: 1597: 1589: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1557: 1549: 1541: 1533: 1520: 1512: 1504: 1480: 1465: 1457: 1449: 1441: 1433: 1425: 1423:Geochelone nigra 1417: 1409: 1401: 1393: 1385: 1377: 1369: 1361: 1330: 1319: 1307: 1304:Testudo güntheri 1294: 1283: 1263: 1243: 1224: 1205: 1178: 1163: 1143: 1123: 1121:Testudo wallacei 1104: 1084: 1082:Testudo wallacei 1065: 1046: 1031: 1011: 991: 971: 943: 931: 914: 890: 874: 858: 838: 822: 802: 782: 774:Species synonymy 768:Reptile Database 700:C. n. abingdonii 551:Joseph R. Slevin 484:Testudo gigantea 468:Tortue des Indes 456:Abraham Ortelius 342:C. n. abingdonii 332:overexploitation 178: 55: 54: 41: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 13094: 13093: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13083: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13030: 13022: 13020: 13012: 13009:Observation.org 13007: 12999: 12994: 12986: 12981: 12973: 12968: 12960: 12955: 12947: 12942: 12934: 12929: 12921: 12916: 12908: 12903: 12895: 12890: 12882: 12877: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12853: 12852: 12847: 12834: 12824: 12819: 12786: 12729: 12706:Sahonachelyidae 12699: 12585: 12558: 12423: 12354:Phosphatochelys 12193: 12147: 12088: 12083:Terlinguachelys 12051:Pneumatoarthrus 11954: 11916: 11830: 11803: 11651: 11602: 11406: 11385: 11373:Siebenrockiella 11231: 11105: 11056: 11023: 10972: 10959:Mesodermochelys 10904: 10765: 10736: 10698: 10657: 10652: 10622: 10617: 10606: 10567: 10551:Stylemys pygmea 10463: 10445: 10441:Spider tortoise 10422: 10394: 10356: 10333: 10315: 10272: 10244: 10235:Common padloper 10221: 10201: 10145: 10131:Gopher tortoise 10121:Desert tortoise 10116:Bolson tortoise 10102: 10079: 10035: 10007: 9989: 9957: 9917:Lonesome George 9850: 9786: 9750: 9719: 9697:A. g. hololissa 9661: 9643: 9639: 9630: 9623:Species of the 9610: 9554: 9548: 9477: 9472: 9466: 9444: 9425: 9404: 9389:Darwin, Charles 9381: 9364: 9362:Further reading 9359: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9299:on 24 July 2011 9291: 9290: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9264: 9257: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9196: 9192: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9119: 9117: 9102: 9098: 9071: 9067: 9040: 9036: 9026: 9024: 9009: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8989: 8980: 8976: 8969: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8922: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8874: 8867: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8836: 8832: 8801: 8797: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8747: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8723: 8719: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8669: 8651: 8647: 8628: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8581: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8540: 8539: 8532: 8521: 8517: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8449:(March 1827) . 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8297: 8293: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8177: 8173: 8128: 8124: 8087: 8083: 8073: 8071: 8070:on 24 June 2006 8064:ABC News Online 8058: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8041: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 7997: 7996: 7989: 7979: 7977: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7945: 7943: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7909: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7876: 7867: 7844: 7840: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7784: 7780: 7749: 7745: 7726: 7722: 7705: 7696: 7669: 7665: 7646: 7642: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7550: 7546: 7531: 7524: 7491: 7487: 7460: 7451: 7436:10.2307/1445152 7420: 7416: 7401: 7397: 7382:10.2307/1441604 7363: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7338: 7334: 7295: 7291: 7284: 7270: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7218: 7206: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7168: 7157: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7102: 7101: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7070: 7068: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7045: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6951: 6918: 6914: 6859: 6846: 6807: 6803: 6750: 6737: 6682: 6675: 6630: 6626: 6589:Current Biology 6584: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6481:Current Biology 6472: 6468: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6389: 6344: 6335: 6290: 6286: 6271:10.2307/1437060 6251: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6215: 6211: 6197: 6193: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6125: 6121: 6098: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6048: 5985: 5981: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5880: 5879: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5851: 5830: 5807: 5792: 5784: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5700: 5696: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5646: 5645: 5638: 5607: 5594: 5573: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5515: 5508: 5477: 5470: 5455: 5451: 5396: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5274: 5268: 5259: 5244: 5240: 5225: 5216: 5198: 5185: 5175: 5173: 5158:Harlan, Richard 5155: 5148: 5130: 5126: 5107: 5096: 5089: 5063: 5054: 5035: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4984: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4941: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4902: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4865: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4819: 4813: 4802: 4758: 4754: 4707: 4703: 4638: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4558:Günther, Albert 4555: 4542: 4529:Bibron, Gabriel 4522: 4513: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4359: 4355: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4209: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4130: 4129: 4124:Reptiles portal 4122: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4097: 4095:Applied science 4052: 4030:C. n. hoodensis 4014: 3942: 3848:William Dampier 3843: 3821:The subspecies 3815: 3751:C. chathamensis 3701: 3639:All subspecies 3637: 3617:Sexual maturity 3605: 3579: 3555: 3523:Galápagos finch 3515: 3506: 3438: 3410: 3397: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3267: 3228: 3190: 3188: 3159:C. n. hoodensis 3155:C. n. hoodensis 3147: 3145:Santa Fe Island 3110:Española Island 3053:Lonesome George 3045:C. n. hoodensis 3025:Lonesome George 2976:Floreana Island 2937: 2936: 2787:Swingland, 1989 2779:Swingland, 1989 2691:Pritchard, 1979 2670:Pritchard, 1967 2662:Pritchard, 1967 2654:Pritchard, 1967 2646:Pritchard, 1967 2633:Pritchard, 1967 2625:Pritchard, 1967 2612:Pritchard, 1967 2604:Pritchard, 1967 2596:Pritchard, 1967 2444:Pritchard, 1967 2436:Pritchard, 1967 2417:Testudo porteri 2409:Testudo nigrita 2361:Pritchard, 1967 2353:Pritchard, 1967 2286:Pritchard, 1967 2278:Pritchard, 1967 2100:Pritchard, 1967 2092:Pritchard, 1967 2084:Pritchard, 1967 2076:Pritchard, 1967 2049:Testudo darwini 2001:Pritchard, 1998 1924:Pritchard, 1967 1916:Pritchard, 1967 1908:Pritchard, 1967 1900:Pritchard, 1967 1791:Pritchard, 1967 1783:Pritchard, 1967 1627:Pritchard, 1984 1574:Pritchard, 1967 1566:Pritchard, 1967 1558:Pritchard, 1967 1550:Pritchard, 1967 1426:Pritchard, 1986 1394:Pritchard, 1967 1345: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1318: 1306: 1295: 1282: 1264: 1261:Testudo porteri 1244: 1241:Testudo nigrita 1225: 1206: 1197:C. n. hoodensis 1179: 1162: 1144: 1141:Testudo darwini 1124: 1105: 1085: 1066: 1047: 1030: 1022:C. n. abingdoni 1012: 992: 972: 954: 950: 949: 944: 932: 915: 891: 875: 872:Testudo clivosa 859: 839: 836:Testudo nigrita 823: 803: 783: 775: 717:Floreana Island 713:Lonesome George 675: 669: 659:(branch of the 567: 512: 496:Testudo nigrita 464:Claude Perrault 448: 443: 369:Santa Fe Island 361:Floreana Island 357:type subspecies 347:Lonesome George 191: 180: 174: 161: 49: 32: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13092: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13032: 13031: 13029: 13028: 13018: 13005: 12992: 12979: 12966: 12953: 12940: 12927: 12914: 12901: 12888: 12875: 12860: 12844: 12842: 12836: 12835: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12810: 12809: 12808:. † = extinct. 12799: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12776: 12768: 12759: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12710: 12708: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12667: 12659: 12652: 12644: 12636: 12628: 12620: 12612: 12604: 12601:Albertwoodemys 12595: 12593: 12591:Podocnemididae 12587: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12576: 12568: 12566: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12548: 12541: 12534: 12527: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12491: 12488:Lomalatachelys 12483: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12433: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12389: 12381: 12373: 12365: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12338:Labrostochelys 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12293: 12285: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12253: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12221: 12213: 12204: 12202: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12182: 12180: 12178:Araripemydidae 12170: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12145: 12137: 12129: 12121: 12113: 12105: 12096: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12086: 12078: 12070: 12062: 12054: 12046: 12038: 12030: 12022: 12014: 12006: 11998: 11990: 11982: 11974: 11965: 11963: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11952: 11944: 11936: 11927: 11925: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11906: 11898: 11891: 11883: 11880:Emarginachelys 11875: 11867: 11859: 11851: 11849: 11840: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11825:Sinaspideretes 11820: 11811: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11773: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11736: 11728: 11720: 11713: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11676: 11669: 11661: 11659: 11653: 11652: 11650: 11649: 11642: 11634: 11625: 11623: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11593: 11585: 11578: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11548: 11540: 11533: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11502:Hesperotestudo 11497: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11467: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11424: 11416: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11404: 11396: 11394: 11392:Platysternidae 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11313: 11306: 11299: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11271: 11264: 11257: 11249: 11241: 11239: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11221: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11128: 11126: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11096: 11089: 11082: 11074: 11066: 11064: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11046: 11044: 11042:Dermatemydidae 11035: 11033:Kinosternoidea 11029: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11013: 11005: 11002:Procolpochelys 10997: 10989: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10962: 10954: 10946: 10939: 10931: 10923: 10914: 10912: 10910:Dermochelyidae 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10894: 10886: 10878: 10871: 10863: 10855: 10848: 10840: 10832: 10824: 10817: 10809: 10802: 10799:Carolinochelys 10794: 10787: 10778: 10776: 10767: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10724: 10715: 10706: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10696: 10690: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10643: 10636: 10628: 10619: 10618: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10577: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10559: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10509:Stylemys copei 10505: 10499: 10497:Stylemys capax 10493: 10487: 10481: 10479:Stylemys botti 10474: 10472: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10392: 10386: 10380: 10374: 10367: 10365: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10343: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10282: 10280: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10210: 10208:Hesperotestudo 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10156: 10154: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10141:Texas tortoise 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10112: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10089: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10046: 10044: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10026:Karoo padloper 10023: 10017: 10015: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 9999: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9968: 9966: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9909: 9904: 9894: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9824: 9818: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9800:Chaco tortoise 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9740: 9735: 9729: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9709: 9701: 9693: 9690:A. g. daudinii 9685: 9678: 9671: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9653: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9616: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9476: 9475:External links 9473: 9471: 9470: 9464: 9448: 9442: 9429: 9423: 9408: 9402: 9385: 9379: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9336: 9310: 9284: 9255: 9216: 9190: 9139: 9135:Pritchard 1996 9127: 9096: 9065: 9054:(1): 109–112. 9034: 9003: 8987: 8974: 8958: 8941: 8934: 8913: 8880: 8855: 8848: 8830: 8811:(3): 502–551. 8795: 8768: 8756: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8698: 8678: 8667: 8645: 8619: 8586: 8579: 8555: 8530: 8525:"Notebook B: " 8515: 8482: 8470: 8438: 8426: 8414: 8402: 8395: 8375: 8360: 8348: 8336: 8316: 8309: 8291: 8238:Havill, Nathan 8228: 8216: 8171: 8122: 8081: 8051: 8020: 7987: 7953: 7919: 7910:|journal= 7892: 7865: 7854:(3): 251–265. 7838: 7807: 7800: 7778: 7759:(5): 464–483. 7743: 7720: 7694: 7683:(2): 185–191. 7663: 7656:(PhD thesis). 7640: 7575: 7568: 7544: 7522: 7509:(3): 413–422. 7485: 7474:(4): 448–456. 7449: 7430:(3): 702–707. 7414: 7395: 7376:(1): 106–117. 7357: 7353:Pritchard 1996 7345: 7332: 7305:(1): 128–132. 7289: 7282: 7259: 7239: 7216: 7181: 7155: 7142: 7120: 7092: 7078: 7055: 7029: 7003: 6978: 6949: 6912: 6844: 6801: 6735: 6673: 6644:(3): 287–290. 6624: 6569: 6557: 6508: 6466: 6404: 6400:Pritchard 1996 6387: 6333: 6304:(2): 271–276. 6284: 6242: 6230: 6209: 6191: 6180:(9): 541–560. 6164: 6119: 6108:(4): 618–619. 6092: 6067: 6046: 5979: 5917: 5910: 5890: 5863: 5828: 5790: 5786:Pritchard 1996 5773: 5751:(in Spanish). 5729: 5718:(3): 198–212. 5694: 5672: 5636: 5625:(2): 118–133. 5592: 5548: 5544:Pritchard 1996 5536: 5525:(1–2): 29–60. 5506: 5487:(413): 1–103. 5468: 5449: 5387: 5362: 5341:(2): 149–368. 5321: 5287:(2): 517–531. 5257: 5238: 5214: 5201:Garman, Samuel 5183: 5146: 5124: 5094: 5087: 5052: 5012: 4969: 4930: 4893: 4856: 4836:10.1086/275045 4800: 4752: 4701: 4615: 4603: 4540: 4511: 4489: 4461: 4443: 4431: 4424: 4398: 4394:Pritchard 1996 4386: 4379: 4353: 4330: 4299: 4288: 4249: 4223: 4200: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4164: 4159:Ambrose Cowley 4149: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4127: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4096: 4093: 4079:seed dispersal 4051: 4048: 4013: 4010: 3989: 3988: 3941: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3842: 3839: 3814: 3811: 3786:Gabriel Bibron 3782:Syms Covington 3700: 3697: 3671:Chaco tortoise 3649:Chaco tortoise 3636: 3633: 3610:Galápagos hawk 3604: 3601: 3592:C. duncanensis 3578: 3575: 3554: 3551: 3514: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3437: 3434: 3409: 3406: 3396: 3393: 3380: 3379: 3346: 3345: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3306:Intermediate ( 3305: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3284: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3227: 3224: 3187: 3184: 3175:C. n. wallacei 3169:The purported 3146: 3143: 2947:Isabela Island 2935: 2934: 2932:Chambers, 2004 2926: 2918: 2910: 2902: 2889: 2876: 2863: 2855: 2842: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2810: 2802: 2794: 2781: 2773: 2765: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2701: 2693: 2685: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2627: 2619: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2588:Williams, 1960 2582: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2553:Testudo vicina 2550: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2478: 2470: 2462: 2460:Honegger, 1980 2454: 2446: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2371: 2363: 2355: 2347: 2339: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2288: 2280: 2272: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2229: 2221: 2213: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2185:Chambers, 2004 2179: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2139: 2126: 2118: 2110: 2102: 2094: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2025:Chambers, 2004 2019: 2011: 2003: 1995: 1987: 1974: 1966: 1958: 1950: 1942: 1934: 1926: 1918: 1910: 1902: 1894: 1881: 1873: 1865: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1809: 1801: 1793: 1785: 1777: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1737: 1724: 1711: 1698: 1690: 1677: 1669: 1661: 1653: 1645: 1637: 1629: 1621: 1608: 1600: 1592: 1584: 1576: 1568: 1560: 1552: 1544: 1536: 1528: 1515: 1507: 1498: 1497: 1489: 1488: 1475: 1460: 1452: 1444: 1436: 1428: 1420: 1412: 1404: 1396: 1388: 1380: 1372: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1325: 1313: 1301: 1292:Testudo vicina 1289: 1271: 1270: 1258: 1232: 1231: 1213: 1212: 1194: 1193: 1173: 1151: 1150: 1138: 1112: 1111: 1099: 1073: 1072: 1054: 1053: 1041: 1019: 1018: 1006: 986: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 938: 918: 916:Williams, 1952 901: 888:Testudo typica 885: 869: 853: 833: 817: 797: 776: 773: 772: 737:subspecies of 725:Charles Darwin 695:Isabela Island 671:Main article: 668: 665: 566: 563: 520:British Museum 516:Albert Günther 511: 508: 492:Gabriel Bibron 476:Testudo indica 447: 444: 442: 439: 427:Canary Islands 306:Charles Darwin 224: 223: 214: 213: 207: 206: 198: 197: 193: 192: 181: 170: 169: 163: 162: 155: 153: 149: 148: 141: 137: 136: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 43: 42: 34: 33: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13091: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13037: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12880: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12846: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12837: 12833: 12828: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12783: 12782: 12781:Tacuarembemys 12777: 12775: 12774: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12726: 12725: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12716:Sahonachelys 12712: 12711: 12709: 12707: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12679:Peltocephalus 12676: 12674: 12673: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12664:Lapparentemys 12660: 12658: 12657: 12653: 12651: 12650: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12629: 12627: 12626: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12613: 12611: 12610: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12564:Pelomedusidae 12561: 12555: 12554: 12553:Yaminuechelys 12549: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12524:Prochelidella 12520: 12518: 12517: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12438:Acanthochelys 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12426: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12412: 12411: 12406: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12372: 12371: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12322:Kinkonychelys 12318: 12316: 12315: 12310: 12308: 12307: 12306:Itapecuruemys 12302: 12300: 12299: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12286: 12284: 12283: 12278: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12268: 12267: 12266:Eotaphrosphys 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12200:Bothremydidae 12196: 12190: 12189: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12112: 12111: 12110:Argillochelys 12106: 12104: 12103: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12075:Santanachelys 12071: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12045: 12044: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12019:Desmatochelys 12015: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12005: 12004: 12003:Calcarichelys 11999: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11987:Atlantochelys 11983: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11961:Protostegidae 11957: 11951: 11950: 11949:Jiangxichelys 11945: 11943: 11942: 11937: 11935: 11934: 11933:Anomalochelys 11929: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11911:Protochelydra 11907: 11905: 11904: 11903:Planiplastron 11899: 11897: 11896: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11786: 11785: 11781: 11779: 11778: 11774: 11772: 11771: 11766: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11710:Drazinderetes 11706: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11646:Carettochelys 11643: 11641: 11640: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11598: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11577: 11576: 11571: 11569: 11568: 11564: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530:Malacochersus 11527: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11446: 11444: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11421:Aldabrachelys 11418: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11356: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11347: 11346: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11335: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11303:Leucocephalon 11300: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11286: 11284: 11283: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11254:Banhxeochelys 11250: 11248: 11247: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11199: 11198: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11115:Testudinoidea 11112: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11095: 11094: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11062:Kinosternidae 11059: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11010:Protosphargis 11006: 11004: 11003: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10924: 10922: 10921: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10893: 10892: 10887: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10877: 10876: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10856: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10841: 10839: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766:(Sea turtles) 10764: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10751: 10735: 10734: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10691: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10674: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10649: 10644: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10629: 10626: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10540: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10452: 10448: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10418:Tent tortoise 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10321:Malacochersus 10318: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10211: 10209: 10204: 10198: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10180: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10043: 10038: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10021:Nama padloper 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9771: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9682:A. g. arnoldi 9679: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9667:Aldabrachelys 9664: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9628: 9627: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9607: 9603: 9601: 9600:Testudinoidea 9598:Superfamily: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9573: 9571: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9552: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9482: 9467: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9372: 9367: 9366: 9346: 9340: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9298: 9294: 9288: 9273: 9269: 9262: 9260: 9250: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9229: 9220: 9205: 9201: 9194: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9085:(1): 99–101. 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 8997: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8968: 8962: 8952: 8945: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8918: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8766:, p. 104 8765: 8764:Chambers 2004 8760: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8737:Chambers 2004 8733: 8726: 8725:Chambers 2004 8721: 8715:, p. 459 8714: 8709: 8701: 8699:9780665332425 8695: 8691: 8690: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8559: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8526: 8519: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8478:Chambers 2004 8474: 8458: 8457:Darwin Online 8454: 8453: 8448: 8447:Darwin, C. R. 8442: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8422:Chambers 2004 8418: 8411: 8410:Chambers 2004 8406: 8398: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8379: 8373:, p. 456 8372: 8367: 8365: 8357: 8356:Nicholls 2006 8352: 8345: 8344:Chambers 2004 8340: 8332: 8331: 8323: 8321: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8225: 8224:Nicholls 2006 8220: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8085: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8039: 8038: 8037:New Scientist 8032: 8024: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7992: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7957: 7941: 7937: 7936:San Diego Zoo 7933: 7931: 7923: 7915: 7903: 7895: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7821:Herpetologica 7818: 7811: 7803: 7797: 7792: 7791: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7571: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7527: 7517: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7468:Herpetologica 7465: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7418: 7410: 7409:The Galápagos 7406: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7354: 7349: 7342: 7339:Caporaso, F. 7336: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7293: 7285: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7252: 7251: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7212: 7200: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7088: 7082: 7066: 7059: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7018:on 4 May 2015 7017: 7013: 7007: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6574: 6567:, p. 161 6566: 6565:Nicholls 2006 6561: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6247: 6239: 6234: 6226: 6223:(in French). 6222: 6221: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5922: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5894: 5886: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5698: 5683:. 26 May 2021 5682: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5588:2-88032-986-8 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5473: 5465:(8): 313–320. 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5231:(in French). 5230: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5211:(4): 261–296. 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5115:testudo nigra 5112: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5049:(1): 203–374. 5048: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4898: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763:Aldabrachelys 4756: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4440: 4439:Chambers 2004 4435: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4237: 4230: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002:national park 3998: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3951: 3946: 3937: 3934: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852:James Colnett 3849: 3836:C. n. porteri 3834: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3683:C. niger 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3632: 3630: 3629:Australia Zoo 3626: 3622: 3621:longest-lived 3618: 3614: 3611: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3527:ectoparasites 3524: 3520: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3401: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3327: 3326:C. n. porteri 3320: 3309: 3302: 3291: 3281: 3262: 3260: 3259:gigantothermy 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3237:Pinzón Island 3234: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3171:Rábida Island 3167: 3166: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151:binomial name 3142: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3093:Pinzón Island 3090: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070:C. n. porteri 3065: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2964:(Alcedo) and 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2631: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2575: 2572:de Sola, 1930 2570: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2556:Günther, 1875 2554: 2551: 2548:Günther, 1875 2546: 2543: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1768: 1767:Testudo bedsi 1765: 1760: 1759:Testudo becki 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1513:Günther, 1877 1511: 1508: 1505:Günther, 1875 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1360: 1359:Testudo nigra 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235:C. n. porteri 1228: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1115:C. n. darwini 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1064: 1063:Testudo becki 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 989:Testudo nigra 987: 983: 982:nomen oblitum 979: 975: 970: 967: 966: 965: 963: 959: 942: 939: 935: 930: 926: 922: 919: 913: 909: 905: 902: 898: 894: 889: 886: 882: 878: 873: 870: 866: 862: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 834: 830: 826: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 800:Testudo nigra 798: 794: 793:nomen oblitum 790: 786: 781: 778: 777: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 750: 748: 743: 740: 736: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701: 696: 688: 684: 679: 674: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 640: 639: 633: 631: 630: 629:nomen oblitum 625: 621: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 459: 457: 453: 438: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 414: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391: 385: 383: 379: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353: 348: 344: 343: 337: 333: 324: 320: 318: 314: 313: 307: 302: 298: 293: 291: 290: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 257:South America 254: 253: 249: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 222: 221: 215: 212: 208: 205: 204: 199: 194: 189: 185: 179: 177: 171: 168: 167:Binomial name 164: 160: 159: 158:C. niger 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124:Testudinoidea 122: 120:Superfamily: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 68: 65: 62: 59: 58: 53: 48: 44: 40: 35: 30: 22: 19: 13036: 12839: 12804: 12779: 12771: 12763: 12722: 12714: 12692: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12662: 12656:Erymnochelys 12654: 12647: 12641:Cerrejonemys 12639: 12631: 12623: 12617:Brontochelys 12615: 12607: 12599: 12578: 12571: 12551: 12543: 12536: 12531:Pseudemydura 12529: 12522: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12486: 12478: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12416: 12408: 12400: 12392: 12384: 12376: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12344: 12336: 12328: 12320: 12312: 12304: 12296: 12288: 12280: 12272: 12264: 12256: 12248: 12240: 12232: 12224: 12216: 12208: 12186: 12140: 12134:Prionochelys 12132: 12124: 12116: 12108: 12100: 12081: 12073: 12065: 12057: 12049: 12041: 12033: 12025: 12017: 12011:Cratochelone 12009: 12001: 11995:Bouliachelys 11993: 11985: 11977: 11971:Alienochelys 11969: 11947: 11939: 11931: 11909: 11901: 11893: 11886: 11878: 11872:Chelydropsis 11870: 11862: 11854: 11823: 11817:Basilochelys 11815: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11741:Khunnuchelys 11739: 11731: 11723: 11715: 11708: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11671: 11664: 11657:Trionychidae 11644: 11637: 11631:Allaeochelys 11629: 11595: 11588: 11582:Stigmochelys 11580: 11573: 11565: 11558: 11551: 11545:Megalochelys 11543: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11492: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11462: 11456:Cylindraspis 11454: 11447: 11440: 11435:Centrochelys 11433: 11426: 11419: 11412:Testudinidae 11401:Platysternon 11399: 11380:Vijayachelys 11378: 11371: 11364: 11359:Rhinoclemmys 11357: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11324:Melanochelys 11322: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11294: 11287: 11280: 11273: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11224: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11174: 11167: 11160: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11134:Acherontemys 11132: 11100:Sternotherus 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11069: 11049: 11016: 11008: 11000: 10992: 10984: 10967:Psephophorus 10965: 10957: 10949: 10941: 10934: 10926: 10918: 10897: 10889: 10883:Pacifichelys 10881: 10873: 10866: 10858: 10852:Lepidochelys 10850: 10843: 10835: 10829:Gigantatypus 10827: 10821:Eretmochelys 10819: 10812: 10804: 10797: 10789: 10782: 10763:Chelonioidea 10731: 10683: 10451:Stigmochelys 10363:Megalochelys 10042:Cylindraspis 9964:Cheirogaster 9860: 9855: 9756:Centrochelys 9743: 9712: 9704: 9695: 9688: 9680: 9677:(subspecies: 9624: 9606:Testudinidae 9497: 9486: 9478: 9455: 9433: 9413: 9392: 9370: 9348:. Retrieved 9339: 9327:. Retrieved 9323:the original 9313: 9301:. Retrieved 9297:the original 9287: 9275:. Retrieved 9272:The Observer 9271: 9239: 9233: 9228:Capra hircus 9227: 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9203: 9193: 9158: 9152: 9142: 9137:, p. 59 9130: 9118:. Retrieved 9109: 9099: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9025:. Retrieved 9020: 9016: 9006: 8999:(in Spanish) 8995: 8990: 8982: 8977: 8970:(in Spanish) 8966: 8961: 8954:(in Spanish) 8949: 8944: 8925: 8904:. Retrieved 8900:the original 8895: 8872:the original 8858: 8839: 8833: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8784:(2): 20–39. 8781: 8777: 8771: 8759: 8750: 8744: 8739:, p. 94 8732: 8727:, p. 85 8720: 8708: 8688: 8681: 8673:the original 8658: 8648: 8639: 8635: 8610:. Retrieved 8598: 8589: 8565: 8558: 8546:. Retrieved 8527:. p. 7. 8518: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8480:, p. 47 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8459:. p. 99 8451: 8441: 8434:Günther 1877 8429: 8424:, p. 52 8417: 8412:, p. 41 8405: 8385: 8378: 8358:, p. 62 8351: 8346:, p. 51 8339: 8329: 8300: 8294: 8249: 8245: 8231: 8226:, p. 68 8219: 8184: 8180: 8174: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8098: 8094: 8084: 8072:. Retrieved 8068:the original 8054: 8042:. Retrieved 8035: 8023: 8011:. Retrieved 8007:the original 7978:. Retrieved 7974:the original 7963: 7956: 7944:. Retrieved 7940:the original 7929: 7922: 7879: 7851: 7847: 7841: 7827:(1): 11–17. 7824: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7789: 7781: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7738:the original 7733: 7723: 7709: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7653: 7649: 7643: 7594: 7588: 7578: 7554: 7547: 7538: 7534: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7488: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7408: 7398: 7373: 7369: 7360: 7355:, p. 18 7348: 7340: 7335: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7273: 7249: 7242: 7190: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7147:, retrieved 7133: 7123: 7111:. Retrieved 7107: 7081: 7069:. Retrieved 7058: 7046:. Retrieved 7042: 7032: 7020:. Retrieved 7016:the original 7006: 6994:. Retrieved 6990: 6981: 6969:. Retrieved 6964: 6925: 6915: 6870: 6866: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6761: 6757: 6696:(7): e6272. 6693: 6689: 6641: 6637: 6627: 6592: 6588: 6560: 6549:the original 6528: 6524: 6511: 6487:(1): R10–1. 6484: 6480: 6469: 6427:(1): e8683. 6424: 6420: 6402:, p. 65 6355: 6351: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6265:(3): 79–80. 6262: 6258: 6254: 6240:, p. 85 6238:Günther 1877 6233: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6203: 6194: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6155:. Retrieved 6146:(1): 12–13. 6143: 6139: 6133: 6122: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6083:. Retrieved 6079: 6070: 6058:. Retrieved 6049: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5937: 5933: 5900: 5893: 5854: 5814: 5810: 5788:, p. 49 5764:. Retrieved 5757:the original 5752: 5748: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5697: 5685:. Retrieved 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5651: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5579: 5575: 5546:, p. 63 5539: 5522: 5518: 5484: 5480: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5407: 5403: 5378:. Retrieved 5338: 5334: 5324: 5312:. Retrieved 5305:the original 5284: 5278: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5232: 5228: 5208: 5204: 5174:. Retrieved 5169: 5165: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5066: 5046: 5045:. Series 4. 5042: 5003:. Retrieved 4998: 4997:. Series 4. 4994: 4960:. Retrieved 4955: 4951: 4921:. Retrieved 4916: 4912: 4884:. Retrieved 4879: 4875: 4847:. Retrieved 4827: 4823: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4720: 4714: 4704: 4651: 4645: 4611:Günther 1877 4606: 4571: 4565: 4533: 4505: 4504:(in Latin). 4501: 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4474: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4441:, p. 27 4434: 4409: 4401: 4396:, p. 17 4389: 4364: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4323:21 September 4321:. Retrieved 4316: 4310: 4302: 4291: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4211: 4191:. Retrieved 4187:the original 4177: 4153: 4098: 4087: 4073:, acting as 4064: 4053: 4043: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4015: 3990: 3962: 3932: 3931: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3865: 3860:David Porter 3844: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3813:Conservation 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793:mockingbirds 3790: 3775: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3657: 3638: 3615: 3606: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3563: 3556: 3539: 3531: 3516: 3507: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3453: 3447: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3381: 3372: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3307: 3289: 3285:Saddleback ( 3229: 3209: 3174: 3173:subspecies ( 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3034: 3021: 3013:Pinta Island 3012: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2970:C. n. vicina 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958:C. guentheri 2957: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2928: 2920: 2916:Artner, 2003 2912: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2844: 2840:Rogner, 1996 2836: 2828: 2820: 2812: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2739:Fritts, 1983 2735: 2727: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2681: 2678:Arnold, 1979 2674: 2666: 2658: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2608: 2600: 2592: 2584: 2576: 2568: 2564:Garman, 1917 2560: 2552: 2544: 2540:Harlan, 1827 2536: 2527: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2484:Stubbs, 1989 2480: 2472: 2468:Fritts, 1983 2464: 2456: 2448: 2440: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2408: 2399: 2389: 2381: 2377:Crumly, 1984 2373: 2365: 2357: 2349: 2341: 2333: 2325: 2316: 2306: 2298: 2290: 2282: 2274: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2239: 2235:Artner, 2003 2231: 2227:Garman, 1996 2223: 2219:Stubbs, 1989 2215: 2207: 2204:Garman, 1917 2200: 2191: 2181: 2173: 2165: 2157: 2149: 2145:Rogner, 1996 2141: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2064: 2056: 2048: 2040: 2031: 2021: 2013: 2005: 1997: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1912: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1883: 1875: 1867: 1859: 1851: 1842: 1832: 1828:Rogner, 1996 1824: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1795: 1787: 1779: 1773: 1770:Heller, 1903 1766: 1758: 1749: 1739: 1733: 1730:Artner, 2003 1726: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1671: 1667:Rogner, 1996 1663: 1655: 1651:Stubbs, 1989 1647: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1617: 1614:Fritts, 1983 1610: 1606:Fritts, 1983 1602: 1594: 1586: 1578: 1570: 1562: 1554: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1524: 1517: 1509: 1501: 1492: 1484: 1477: 1469: 1462: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1434:Stubbs, 1989 1430: 1422: 1414: 1406: 1398: 1390: 1382: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1349: 1333: 1327: 1315: 1303: 1291: 1279: 1274:C. n. vicina 1273: 1272: 1260: 1254:nomen dubium 1253: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1227:Van Denburgh 1221: 1215: 1214: 1208:Van Denburgh 1202: 1196: 1195: 1188: 1175: 1168: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1146:Van Denburgh 1140: 1134:nomen dubium 1133: 1129: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1107:Van Denburgh 1101: 1095:nomen dubium 1094: 1090: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1043: 1036: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1008: 1001: 988: 981: 968: 957: 956: 940: 929:elephantopus 928: 924: 920: 912:elephantopus 911: 907: 903: 897:nomen dubium 896: 887: 881:nomen dubium 880: 871: 865:nomen dubium 864: 855: 849:nomen dubium 848: 835: 829:nomen dubium 828: 819: 812: 799: 792: 779: 759: 754: 751: 744: 732: 728: 720: 705:Pinta Island 698: 692: 661:tree of life 652: 649:phylogenetic 642: 636: 634: 627: 616:californiana 615: 606: 602: 598: 591:elephantopus 590: 574: 570: 568: 536: 532:land bridges 513: 495: 483: 475: 467: 460: 449: 430: 429:and another 422:Centrochelys 420: 412:Cylindraspis 410: 403:Indian Ocean 388: 386: 373:captive-bred 350: 340: 329: 311: 294: 287: 277: 250: 238: 237: 233: 229: 227: 217: 201: 175: 173: 157: 156: 144: 134:Testudinidae 18: 13049:Chelonoidis 12944:iNaturalist 12864:Wikispecies 12694:Stupendemys 12649:Cordichelys 12495:Mesoclemmys 12480:Hydromedusa 12402:Taphrosphys 12394:Sankuchemys 12386:Rhothonemys 12362:Polysternon 12242:Cearachelys 12226:Azabbaremys 12210:Araiochelys 12126:Ctenochelys 12118:Bashuchelys 12067:Rhinochelys 12043:Ocepechelon 12035:Notochelone 12027:Iserosaurus 11895:Macrochelys 11847:Chelydridae 11770:Palaeoamyda 11695:Cyclanorbis 11560:Psammobates 11553:Oligopherus 11516:Indotestudo 11464:Cymatholcus 11442:Chelonoidis 11428:Astrochelys 11237:Geoemydidae 11155:Deirochelys 11093:Staurotypus 11086:Kinosternon 11079:Hoplochelys 10994:Peritresius 10943:Dermochelys 10936:Cosmochelys 10928:Corsochelys 10845:Itilochelys 10837:Glarichelys 10784:Allopleuron 10774:Cheloniidae 10713:Superfamily 10400:Psammobates 10250:Indotestudo 9792:Chelonoidis 9725:Astrochelys 9350:23 December 9329:23 December 9023:(65): 39–43 8713:Darwin 1839 8655:"Chapter 5" 8612:24 December 8548:4 September 8371:Darwin 1839 8202:11336/41137 7677:Zoo Biology 7235:Darwin 1839 7207:|work= 6114:10088/11695 5999:(1): 3224. 5881:|work= 5665:21 February 4613:, p. 9 4574:: 251–284. 4313:'Galápago'" 4242:27 November 4083:flycatchers 4060:Judas goats 3881:fur sealers 3823:C. n. niger 3744:Though the 3659:Chelonoidis 3519:mutualistic 3498:pericardium 3414:ectothermic 3265:Shell shape 3205:Rostock Zoo 3186:Description 3007:C. n. niger 3003:C. n. niger 2982:C. n. niger 2954:C. n. becki 2941:DNA methods 2908:Paull, 1999 2895:Paull, 1996 2882:Paull, 1996 2824:David, 1994 2816:David, 1994 2808:David, 1994 2500:David, 1994 2393:David, 1994 2310:David, 1994 2209:nomen nudum 2177:Ferri, 2002 2169:Wilms, 1999 2132:David, 1994 2009:Wilms, 1999 1993:Paull, 1996 1964:David, 1994 1815:David, 1994 1659:David, 1994 1481:Paull, 1999 1466:Paull, 1998 1450:David, 1994 1442:David, 1994 1334:nomen nudum 1189:nomen nudum 1057:C. n. becki 1002:nomen novum 958:C. n. nigra 925:Chelonoidis 908:Chelonoidis 813:nomen novum 755:Chelonoidis 681:Map of the 644:Chelonoidis 482:named them 470:. In 1783, 431:Chelonoidis 352:C. n. niger 280:vertebrates 252:Chelonoidis 196:Subspecies 145:Chelonoidis 13043:Categories 12773:Caririemys 12686:Podocnemis 12672:Latentemys 12633:Carbonemys 12573:Pelomedusa 12410:Ummulisani 12330:Kurmademys 12298:Inaechelys 12282:Galianemys 12250:Chedighaii 12188:Araripemys 12161:Pleurodira 12142:Toxochelys 12059:Protostega 11864:Chelydrops 11784:Pelodiscus 11777:Pelochelys 11725:Gilmoremys 11702:Cycloderma 11612:Trionychia 11479:Geochelone 11472:Floridemys 11338:Notochelys 11226:Wilburemys 11197:Malaclemys 11051:Dermatemys 11018:Puppigerus 10951:Eosphargis 10868:Miocaretta 10860:Mexichelys 10754:Cryptodira 10694:Testudines 10655:Testudines 10085:Geochelone 10013:Chersobius 9649:Agrionemys 9594:Cryptodira 9592:Suborder: 9588:Testudines 9580:Subclass: 9498:Geochelone 9303:11 January 9277:11 January 9120:11 January 8502:(7): 262. 8074:12 January 8044:12 January 8013:12 January 7980:12 January 7178:: 632–649. 7104:"Santa Fé" 7071:12 January 6971:27 October 6157:11 January 5766:11 January 5380:11 January 5176:11 January 5005:12 January 4962:11 January 4923:11 January 4886:11 January 4849:11 January 4482:11 January 4193:3 February 4170:References 4019:inbreeding 3969:vulnerable 3933:Collection 3879:ships and 3856:Royal Navy 3755:C. darwini 3729:Mr. Lawson 3588:C. porteri 3577:Egg-laying 3467:water fern 3450:herbivores 3129:Fernandina 3086:donfaustoi 2861:Obst, 1996 2848:Obst, 1996 2771:Obst, 1985 2763:Obst, 1985 2755:Obst, 1985 2747:Obst, 1985 2731:Bour, 1980 2723:Bour, 1980 2715:Bour, 1980 2707:Bour, 1980 2699:Obst, 1980 2476:Obst, 1985 2452:Bour, 1980 2385:Obst, 1985 2369:Bour, 1980 2302:Obst, 1985 2294:Bour, 1980 2124:Obst, 1985 2116:Obst, 1985 2108:Bour, 1980 1980:Obst, 1996 1948:Obst, 1985 1940:Obst, 1985 1932:Bour, 1980 1836:Obst, 1996 1807:Obst, 1985 1799:Bour, 1980 1704:Obst, 1996 1696:Obst, 1996 1683:Obst, 1996 1643:Obst, 1985 1635:Obst, 1985 1590:Bour, 1980 1582:Bour, 1980 1418:Obst, 1985 1410:Bour, 1985 1402:Bour, 1980 1378:Baur, 1889 1266:Rothschild 1183:, 1917 in 1126:Rothschild 1087:Rothschild 1068:Rothschild 945:Bour, 1980 921:Geochelone 667:Subspecies 653:Geochelone 638:Geochelone 539:Georg Baur 528:Mascarenes 524:Seychelles 417:Mascarenes 399:Seychelles 378:Threatened 273:ectotherms 261:subspecies 114:Cryptodira 110:Suborder: 104:Testudines 12813:See also 12765:Caribemys 12625:Caninemys 12609:Bauruemys 12538:Rheodytes 12502:Myuchelys 12445:Chelodina 12370:Puentemys 12346:Nigeremys 12290:Ilatardia 12234:Bothremys 11941:Basilemys 11755:Nilssonia 11733:Hutchemys 11681:Axestemys 11639:Anosteira 11494:Hadrianus 11352:Pangshura 11310:Malayemys 11275:Geoclemys 11218:Trachemys 11211:Terrapene 11204:Pseudemys 11190:Graptemys 11183:Glyptemys 11176:Emydoidea 11169:Actinemys 11141:Chrysemys 10986:Euclastes 10814:Eochelone 10665:Kingdom: 10152:Hadrianus 9562:Kingdom: 9494:ARKive – 9391:(2009) . 9027:31 August 8825:143269035 8642:: 55–135. 8636:Zoologica 8607:2307-8235 8463:31 August 8187:: 59–66. 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