60:
185:
170:
141:
155:
73:
since 1927, formed the Circle after Hitler's request in 1932 for the formation of a "study group on economic questions". Members were not initially expected to be party members (though many later joined the party), and portrayed the group as
85:, a friend of Keppler, beginning in 1935. From 1936 to 1944, the members of the circle donated approximately 1 million Marks a year to Himmler for uses "outside the budget". One use of the money was to fund the
870:
905:
78:" and an "innocuous gentleman's club". The size of the group never exceeded 40 members. Groups represented included manufacturing, banking, and SS officials.
930:
920:
324:
363:
304:
935:
498:
915:
738:
708:
446:
566:
900:
28:
488:
1160:
631:
540:
328:
763:
114:
940:
701:
666:
110:
925:
647:
368:
1055:
59:
476:
290:
1165:
965:
694:
526:
318:
98:
1081:
1045:
999:
235:
in 1949. Rasche was released from prison in 1950, while
Keppler was released in February 1951.
1005:
621:
442:
351:
129:
655:. Vol. VI: The Flick Case. United States Government Printing Office. 1952. p. 287.
357:
158:
1086:
493:
262:
177:
8:
1071:
945:
827:
785:
374:
294:
209:
1050:
950:
833:
758:
623:
The
Respectable Career of Fritz K.: The Making and Remaking of a Provincial Nazi Leader
428:
394:
199:
749:
729:
1040:
981:
955:
779:
627:
536:
384:
249:. Flick was released from prison in 1950, while Steinbrinck died in prison in 1949.
815:
717:
578:
314:
242:
228:
192:
148:
82:
347:
341:
213:
1023:
993:
910:
895:
797:
530:
469:
408:
334:
298:
280:
238:
217:
205:
144:
125:
63:
44:
32:
1011:
987:
960:
462:
254:
173:
1154:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1102:
890:
882:
850:
809:
803:
422:
227:
were sentenced to 10 years and 7 years in prison, respectively following the
140:
1076:
1017:
821:
774:
458:
48:
75:
452:
432:
418:
308:
250:
246:
224:
188:
118:
472:, a former employee of Keppler's and member of Himmler's personal staff;
1108:
865:
791:
412:
398:
388:
258:
94:
40:
184:
154:
860:
380:
232:
169:
102:
86:
871:
Reich
Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion
43:
and business and industry. The group was formed and co-ordinated by
686:
162:
106:
855:
36:
39:
industrialists whose aim was to strengthen the ties between the
649:
Trials of War
Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals
284:
121:. The project stopped at this stage when Germany lost the war.
90:
70:
245:
were sentenced to 7 years and 5 years, respectively, at the
455:, head of the Administrative and Economic office of the SS;
117:
for defleshing and ultimately public display by
Professor
257:
were both executed in 1951, after being convicted at the
527:"Chapter 9: Wall Street and the Nazi Inner Circle"
1152:
620:Berghoff, Hartmut; Rauh, Cornelia (2015-05-30).
202:was killed during an American air raid in 1944.
567:"Frederick Flick's Opportunism and Expediency"
283:, Keppler's nephew and member of the board at
702:
391:for his work to save Jews from the Holocaust)
191:receives his sentence of death by hanging at
128:, later benefited from the NSDAP's policy of
771:("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS")
619:
465:, of the Reich Group for Commerce and Trade;
124:At least some members of the group, such as
16:German industrialists linked with Nazi Party
577:(2). Anti-Defamation League. Archived from
499:Private sector participation in Nazi crimes
709:
695:
571:Dimensions: A Journal of Holocaust Studies
806:(Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS)
220:committed suicide at the end of the war.
183:
168:
153:
139:
58:
564:
447:Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen
54:
1153:
911:Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe
524:
69:Keppler, who had been a member of the
690:
615:
716:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
520:
518:
516:
514:
101:, when 86 victims were selected at
13:
931:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses
626:. Berghahn Books. pp. 62–63.
532:Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler
489:Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933
14:
1177:
667:"The Righteous Among The Nations"
592:
549:
511:
329:German-American Petroleum Company
81:The group became associated with
1105:(predecessor as Reichsführer-SS)
788:(successor as Chief of the RSHA)
525:Sutton, Antony C. (2010-11-01).
135:
97:research. It also sponsored the
31:", "Freundeskreis Himmler" or "
25:Circle of Friends of the Economy
273:Members of the group included:
1111:(successor as Reichsführer-SS)
764:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS
659:
640:
1:
769:Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS
504:
132:of Jewish-owned competitors.
111:Natzweiler concentration camp
29:Freundeskreis Reichsführer SS
941:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS
51:'s close economic advisors.
21:Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft
7:
936:Persecution of black people
824:(second personal assistant)
482:
431:, chairman of the board at
115:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
113:and the corpses shipped to
10:
1182:
1141:(man who arrested Himmler)
926:Suppression of Freemasonry
916:Persecution of homosexuals
906:Crimes against Soviet POWs
438:From politics and the SS:
307:, the General Director of
268:
1095:
1064:
1033:
974:
966:Himmler-Kersten Agreement
879:
843:
794:(Chief of Personal Staff)
747:
724:
1161:Nazi Party organizations
739:Minister of the Interior
475:group financial manager
319:Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG
317:, the vice-president of
35:Circle") was a group of
27:(which became known as "
477:Kurt Baron von Schröder
340:Ewald Hecker, chair of
291:Kurt Baron von Schröder
99:Jewish skull collection
1082:Claus von Stauffenberg
1046:Army Group Upper Rhine
735:Chief of German Police
421:, board member of the
387:(and later honored by
196:
181:
166:
151:
105:, then murdered using
66:
443:Carl Vincent Krogmann
352:Vereinigte Stahlwerke
327:, board chair of the
187:
172:
157:
143:
62:
1123:(personal physician)
1087:Henning von Tresckow
921:Persecution of Serbs
901:Crimes against Poles
494:Industrielleneingabe
449:, political figures;
337:, chair of Flick KG;
276:From manufacturing:
263:Einsatzgruppen trial
223:William Keppler and
178:Einsatzgruppen trial
55:Role and development
946:Deutsche Volksliste
828:Walter Schellenberg
786:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
782:(Chief of the RSHA)
565:Stallbaumer, L. M.
535:. CLAIRVIEW BOOKS.
411:, president of the
295:Emil Heinrich Meyer
210:Emil Heinrich Meyer
1129:(personal masseur)
1056:Operation Nordwind
1051:Army Group Vistula
951:Operation Reinhard
880:Responsibility for
834:Karl Maria Wiligut
759:Ideology of the SS
429:Friedrich Reinhart
395:Richard Kaselowsky
375:Norddeutsche Lloyd
358:Heinrich Bütefisch
200:Richard Kaselowsky
197:
182:
167:
159:Heinrich Bütefisch
152:
89:, which conducted
67:
1148:
1147:
1041:Operation Himmler
1008:(younger brother)
982:Margarete Himmler
780:Reinhard Heydrich
385:Robert Bosch GmbH
180:, 9 October 1947.
176:testifies at the
1173:
1166:Heinrich Himmler
1117:(closest friend)
1065:Failed assassins
1026:(brother-in-law)
1020:(brother-in-law)
816:Werner Grothmann
718:Heinrich Himmler
711:
704:
697:
688:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
663:
657:
656:
654:
644:
638:
637:
617:
590:
589:
587:
586:
562:
547:
546:
522:
468:group secretary
372:
335:Friederich Flick
315:Otto Steinbrinck
265:, respectively.
243:Otto Steinbrinck
239:Friederich Flick
229:Ministries Trial
193:Nuremberg trials
149:Nuremberg Trials
83:Heinrich Himmler
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1091:
1060:
1029:
1024:Richard Wendler
1002:(older brother)
994:Hedwig Potthast
970:
896:Romani genocide
881:
875:
839:
830:(personal aide)
798:Hedwig Potthast
750:Reichsführer-SS
743:
730:Reichsführer-SS
720:
715:
685:
684:
675:
673:
665:
664:
660:
652:
646:
645:
641:
634:
618:
593:
584:
582:
563:
550:
543:
523:
512:
507:
485:
409:Hjalmar Schacht
366:
360:, of IG-Farben;
325:Emil Helfferich
299:ITT Corporation
281:Fritz Kranefuss
271:
218:Fritz Kranefuss
206:Fritz Kranefuss
145:Friedrich Flick
138:
126:Friedrich Flick
93:historical and
64:Wilhelm Keppler
57:
45:Wilhelm Keppler
17:
12:
11:
5:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:Václav Morávek
1068:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1012:Katrin Himmler
1009:
1003:
1000:Gebhard Ludwig
997:
991:
988:Gudrun Burwitz
985:
978:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
961:Posen speeches
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
885:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
841:
840:
838:
837:
831:
825:
819:
818:(aide-de-camp)
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
772:
766:
761:
755:
753:
745:
744:
742:
741:
736:
733:
725:
722:
721:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
683:
682:
658:
639:
632:
591:
548:
541:
509:
508:
506:
503:
502:
501:
496:
491:
484:
481:
480:
479:
473:
470:Fritz Kranefuß
466:
463:Otto Ohlendorf
456:
450:
436:
435:
426:
416:
404:From banking:
402:
401:
392:
378:
364:Karl Lindemann
361:
355:
345:
338:
332:
322:
312:
305:August Rosterg
302:
288:
270:
267:
255:Otto Ohlendorf
174:Otto Ohlendorf
137:
134:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1139:Sidney Excell
1137:
1134:
1133:Hugo Blaschke
1131:
1128:
1127:Felix Kersten
1125:
1122:
1121:Karl Gebhardt
1119:
1116:
1115:Falk Zipperer
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:Erhard Heiden
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:(great-niece)
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
977:
973:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
891:The Holocaust
889:
888:
886:
884:
883:the Holocaust
878:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Schutzstaffel
849:
848:
846:
844:Organizations
842:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
810:Hermann Gauch
808:
805:
804:Rudolf Brandt
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
752:
751:
746:
740:
737:
734:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
712:
707:
705:
700:
698:
693:
692:
689:
672:
668:
662:
651:
650:
643:
635:
633:9781782385943
629:
625:
624:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
581:on 2017-02-15
580:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
544:
542:9781905570270
538:
534:
533:
528:
521:
519:
517:
515:
510:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
478:
474:
471:
467:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
439:
434:
430:
427:
424:
423:Dresdner Bank
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
400:
397:, manager of
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
370:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:Albert Vögler
346:
343:
342:Ilseder Hütte
339:
336:
333:
330:
326:
323:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
214:Albert Vögler
211:
207:
203:
201:
194:
190:
186:
179:
175:
171:
164:
161:in charge at
160:
156:
150:
146:
142:
136:Post-war fate
133:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
72:
65:
61:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1077:Thomas Sneum
1018:Heinz Kokott
822:Heinz Macher
775:Adolf Hitler
768:
748:
728:
674:. Retrieved
670:
661:
648:
642:
622:
583:. Retrieved
579:the original
574:
570:
531:
459:Franz Hayler
437:
403:
275:
272:
237:
222:
204:
198:
130:aryanization
123:
80:
68:
49:Adolf Hitler
24:
20:
18:
836:(occultist)
800:(secretary)
453:Oswald Pohl
433:Commerzbank
419:Karl Rasche
367: [
309:Wintershall
301:executives;
251:Oswald Pohl
247:Flick trial
225:Karl Rasche
189:Oswald Pohl
147:during the
119:August Hirt
1155:Categories
1109:Karl Hanke
996:(mistress)
990:(daughter)
866:Lebensborn
812:(adjutant)
792:Karl Wolff
676:2017-03-20
671:Yad Vashem
585:2017-02-14
505:References
413:Reichsbank
399:Dr. Oetker
389:Yad Vashem
383:, head of
259:Pohl trial
95:eugenicist
41:Nazi Party
1135:(dentist)
861:Ahnenerbe
381:Hans Walz
233:Nuremberg
103:Auschwitz
87:Ahnenerbe
47:, one of
1034:Military
956:Hegewald
483:See also
261:and the
163:Monowitz
107:Zyklon B
856:Gestapo
269:Members
109:gas at
76:palaver
33:Keppler
1096:People
984:(wife)
975:Family
630:
539:
285:Brabag
216:, and
37:German
1006:Ernst
653:(PDF)
373:, of
371:]
350:, of
165:works
91:Aryan
71:NSDAP
23:, or
628:ISBN
537:ISBN
461:and
445:and
293:and
253:and
241:and
19:The
231:at
1157::
669:.
594:^
575:13
573:.
569:.
551:^
529:.
513:^
369:de
297:,
212:,
208:,
710:e
703:t
696:v
679:.
636:.
588:.
545:.
425:;
415:;
377:;
354:;
344:;
331:;
321:;
311:;
287:;
195:.
74:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
