1279:
148:
1123:
1452:, so that each of the three inscriptions contains precisely seventy-two items.... The most obvious Christian association of the number seventy-two, for an Anglo-Saxon if not for us, is with the missionary disciples appointed by Christ in addition to the twelve apostles.... The number of these disciples is mentioned in scripture only in Luke 10, and there are two versions of this text; whereas the Protestant Bible says that Christ appointed a further seventy disciples, the Vulgate version known to the Anglo-Saxons specifies seventy-two. In commenting on that number,
1375:
1176:
2266:
483:
781:
1236:
625:
908:
216:
5355:
4060:
302:
562:
22:
77:
968:
765:-bowman is King Joas and the figure under the arch is Elisha. The prophet would then be wearing a hood, typical of Semitic populations, and holding a staff." Webster (2012b:46-8) notes that the two-headed beast both above and below the figure in the room behind the archer also appears beneath the feet of Christ as King David in an illustration from an 8th-century Northumbrian manuscript of
1398:. The inscriptions on the Franks Casket are alliterative verse, and so give particular emphasis to one or more runes on each side. According to Becker (1973, 2002), these tell a story corresponding to the illustrations, with each of the scenes emblematic of a certain period of the life and afterlife of a warrior-king: The front inscription alliterates on both the F-rune ᚠ
289:
chosen to counterpoint one another in the creation of an overarching set of
Christian messages. What used to be seen as an eccentric, almost random, assemblage of pagan Germanic and Christian stories is now understood as a sophisticated programme perfectly in accord with the Church's concept of universal history". It may have been intended to hold a book, perhaps a
553:, the brothers who were said to have founded England, "the legend of a pair of outcast or traveller brothers who led a people and contributed to the formation of a kingdom was probably not unfamiliar in the 8th-century Anglo-Saxon milieu of the Franks Casket and could stand as a reference to destined rulership."
706:. As nominative singular, it would indicate that the archer is Achilles, while as dative singular it could mean either that the citadel belongs to Achilles, or that the arrow that is about to be shot is meant for Achilles. Schneider himself interprets the scene on the lid as representing the massacre of
788:
This, the
Bargello panel, has produced the most divergent readings of both text and images, and no reading of either has achieved general acceptance. At left an animal figure sits on a small rounded mound, confronted by an armed and helmeted warrior. In the centre a standing animal, usually seen as
942:
While Clark admits that this is an "extremely obscure legend," she assumes that the scene must be based on a
Germanic legend, and can find no other instance in the entire Norse mythology of a horse weeping over a dead body. She concludes that the small, legless person inside the central mound must
729:
90, "especially as it appears in its Old
English translation, ... may be aligned with details in the picture on the lid of the casket: the soul shielded in verse 5 and safely sheltered in the ... sanctuary in verse 9, the spiritual battle for the soul throughout, the flying missiles in verse 6 and
288:
regards the casket as probably originating in a monastic context, where the maker "clearly possessed great learning and ingenuity, to construct an object which is so visually and intellectually complex. ... it is generally accepted that the scenes, drawn from contrasting traditions, were carefully
1166:
5:1-4, 22)." The corpse in the central burial mound would represent
Belshazzar himself, who was murdered that night, and the woman mourning him may be the queen mother. The cryptic runes on this panel may be intended to invoke the mysterious writing that appeared on the palace wall during these
1147:
after he “was driven away from people and given the mind of an animal; he lived with the wild asses and ate grass like cattle.” The figure facing him is then the “watchful one” who decreed
Nebuchadnezzar's fate in a dream (4.13-31), and the quadruped in the centre represents one of the wild asses
1076:
as a goddess or valkyrie. On the left, a warrior "has met his fate in guise of a frightening monster... As the outcome, the warrior rests in his grave shown in the middle section. There (left of the mound) we have a horse marked with two trefoils, the divine symbols.... Above the mound we see a
843:
However, a definitive translation of the lines has met with difficulty, partly because the runes are run together without separators between words, and partly because two letters are broken or missing. As an extra challenge for the reader, on the right panel only, the vowels are encrypted with a
333:, Niðhad's daughter, whom he then rapes when she is unconscious. Another female figure is shown in the centre; perhaps Wayland's helper, or Beaduhild again. To the right of the scene Wayland (or his brother) catches birds; he then makes wings from their feathers, with which he is able to escape.
1033:
1443:
Osborn (1991a, 1991b) concurs that the rune counts of 72 are intentional. However, "whereas sees this as indicating pagan magic, I see it as complementing such magic, as another example of the Franks Casket artist adapting his pagan materials to a
Christian evangelical purpose in the mode of
601:
In the upper right quadrant, the Jewish population flee, casting glances backwards. The associated text, which is in Latin and partly uses Latin letters and partly runes, reads 'HICFUGIANTHIERUSALIM | ᚪᚠᛁᛏᚪᛏᚩᚱᛖᛋ' (in normalised
Classical Latin: 'hic fugiant Hierusalim habitatores'): 'Here the
1227:), to avenge Balder's death. Howlett interprets the warrior at left as Boe, and “one infers that the mound is depicted twice and that the stallion mourning in the centre of the panel is identical with the figure seated at the left end, where he retains his horse’s head and hooves.”
1406:(gift), corresponding to the jewellery produced by the goldsmith Welund and the gifts of the three Magi. “In this box our warrior hoarded his treasure, golden rings and bands and bracelets, jewellery he had received from his lord, … which he passed to his own retainers… This is
958:
Although the Sigurd-Grani thesis remains the most widely accepted interpretation of the right panel, Arthur Napier remarked already in 1901, "I remain entirely unconvinced by the reasons puts forward, and believe that the true explanation of the picture has still to be found."
328:
cut to hobble him. Below the forge is the headless body of Niðhad's son, whom
Wayland has killed, making a goblet from his skull; his head is probably the object held in the tongs in Wayland's hand. With his other hand Wayland offers the goblet, containing drugged beer, to
584:. The inscription is partly in Old English and partly in Latin, and part of the Latin portion is written in Latin letters (indicated below in upper case letters), with the remainder transcribed phonetically into runic letters. Two isolated words stand in the lower corners.
1431:
Becker also presents a numerological analysis of the inscriptions, finding 72 = 3 x 24 signs on the front and left panels, and a total of 288 or 12 x 24 signs on the entire casket. All these numbers are multiples of 24 = 3 x 8, the magical number of runes in the
943:
be Sigurd himself, with his legs gnawed off by the wolves mentioned in
Guthrun's story. She interprets the three figures to the right as Guthrun being led away from his tomb by his slayers Gunnar and Hogne, and the female figure before Grani as the Norn-goddess
187:, a village in Haute Loire. It served as a sewing box until the silver hinges and fittings joining the panels were traded for a silver ring. Without the support of these the casket fell apart. The parts were shown to a Professor Mathieu from nearby
1018:
Bouman and d'Ardenne identify the strange creature on the left with the head of a horse, the clothing and posture of a man, and the wings of a spirit, as Horsa again, this time as a spirit seated on his own burial mound. Horsa (whose name means
628:
The lid of the casket is said by some to depict an otherwise lost legend of Egil; Egil fends off an army with bow and arrow while the female behind him may be his wife Olrun. Others interpret it as a scene from the Trojan War involving
951:, the realms of bliss for deserving mortals. The gateway to these glittering fields is guarded by a winged dragon who feeds on the imperishable flora that characterised the place, and the bodyless cock crows lustily as a kind of eerie
2355:
Webster (2012a:97); Ripon was suggested by Wood, who was able to connect Ripon with Brioude through the Frankish scholar Frithegod "active in both areas in the middle tenth century (Wood 1990, 4-5)" - Webster (1991) from BM collection
1265:
outside the gates of the court for seven years, offering to carry visitors up to the palace on her back, like a beast of burden.... Rhiannon's horse-imagery and her bounty have led scholars to equate her with the Celtic horse-goddess
263:" identifying some figures that are not detailed below and appear within the image field. The mounts in precious metal that were undoubtedly originally present are missing, and it is "likely" that it was originally painted in colour.
1023:
in Old English) would then be the "Hos" referred to in the panel's inscription as sitting on a "sorrow-mound." They note that there is a miniature horse in each corner of the panel, in keeping with its theme of two famous "horses."
1358:, which has allowed Christ to descend to Hell's kingdom and free the imprisoned souls. Therefore, Hell tortures Satan in retribution. Simmons separates the other scenes on the right side and interprets them as depictions of the
983:) at the centre of the right panel as representing Hengist, who, with his brother Horsa, first led the Old Saxons, Angles, and Jutes into Britain, and eventually became the first Anglo-Saxon king in England, according to both
652:, Weland's brother, and thinks that the 'carving tells a story about him of which we know nothing. We see that he defends himself with arrows. Behind him appears to sit a woman in a house; possibly this may be Egil's spouse
199:, who subsequently donated the panels in 1867 to the British Museum, where he was Keeper of the British and Medieval collections. The missing right end panel was later found in a drawer by the family in Auzon and sold to the
2315:, and a 7th-century date, have also been proposed . The British Museum website (see external links) says Northumbria and "first half of the 8th century AD", as does Webster (2012a:92), "early part of the eighth century".
1456:
associates it with the mission to the Gentiles (that is, "all nations"), because seventy-two is the number of nations among the Gentiles, a multiple of the twelve tribes of Israel represented by the twelve apostles."
1204:
meets three women in a dank wood late at night, who provide him with a belt and girdle that will enable him to defeat Balder. Hother wounds Balder, who dies three days later and is buried in a mound.
336:
In a sharp contrast, the right-hand scene shows one of the most common Christian subjects depicted in the art of the period; however here "the birth of a hero also makes good sin and suffering". The
2311:(1866–1901) I-II:470-76, 921-23, III:200-04, IV:40-44, placed it in Northumbria and dated it to the 8th century. Although A. S. Napier (1901) concurs with an early 8th-century Northumbrian origin,
927:, being mourned by his horse Grani and wife Guthrun. Eleanor Clark (1930) added, "Indeed, no one seeing the figure of the horse bending over the tomb of a man could fail to recall the words of the
899:
Page writes, "What the scenes represent I do not know. Excited and imaginative scholars have put forward numbers of suggestions but none convinces." Several of these theories are outlined below.
135:
and in runes, they shift into Latin and the Roman alphabet; then back into runes while still writing Latin". Some are written upside down or back to front. It is named after a former owner, Sir
320:
in the left-hand scene, and the Adoration of the Magi on the right. Wayland (also spelled Weyland, Welund or Vølund) stands at the extreme left in the forge where he is held as a slave by King
616:
In the lower right quadrant, the slaves/hostages are led away, with the text, in the bottom right corner of the panel, reading 'ᚷᛁᛋᛚ' (if normalised to Late West Saxon: 'gīsl'): 'hostages'.
594:
In the upper left quadrant, the Romans, led by Titus in a helm with a sword, attack the central building. The associated text reads 'ᚻᛖᚱᚠᛖᚷᛏᚪᚦ | ᛭ᛏᛁᛏᚢᛋᛖᚾᛞᚷᛁᚢᚦᛖᚪᛋᚢ' (in Latin transliteration
355:
Around the panel runs the following alliterating inscription, which does not relate to the scenes but is a riddle on the material of the casket itself as whale bone, and specifically from a
1410:, a gift not only for the keep of this or that follower, but also to honour him in front of his comrade-in-arms in the hall.” The Romulus and Remus inscription alliterates on the R-rune ᚱ
2599:
Page (1999, 178-9). Page's translations are endorsed by Webster (1999). See Napier (1901), Krause (1959), d'Ardenne (1966), and Peeters (1996) for discussion of alternative readings.
5238:
637:
panels in silver making up the missing areas. The empty round area in the centre probably housed the metal boss for a handle. The lid shows a scene of an archer, labelled ᚫᚷᛁᛚᛁ or
684:). The British Museum webpage and Leslie Webster concur, the former stating that "The lid appears to depict an episode relating to the Germanic hero Egil and has the single label
1261:, who, according to Schwab, is represented by the swaddled infant in the central scene. As a penance, she was required, as depicted in the scene on the left, "to sit beside the
1420:(the Anglo-Saxon god of victory), documenting that the peak of a warrior-king's life is glory won by victory over his enemies. The right side alliterates first on the H-rune ᚻ
947:, who passes judgement on the dead. The warrior to the left would then be Sigurd again, now restored to his former prime for the afterlife, and "sent rejoicing on his way to
852:, and according to Page, "it is not clear which is which or even if the carver distinguished competently between the two." Reading one rune, transcribed by Page and others as
501:
lying on her back at the bottom of the scene. The same wolf, or another, stands above, and there are two men with spears approaching from each side. The inscription reads:
4148:
1309:
This he translates, "The idol sits far off on the dire hill, suffers abasement in sorrow and heart-rage as the den of pain had ordained for it." Linguistically, the segment
4307:
1077:
chalice and right of the mound a woman with a staff in hand. It is his Valkyrie, who has left her seat and come to him in the shape of a bird. Now she is his beautiful
1448:. The artist manipulates his runes very carefully, on the front of the casket supplementing their number with dots and on the right side reducing their number with
5399:
167:
has been specifically suggested. The post-medieval history of the casket before the mid-19th century was unknown until relatively recently, when investigations by
2428:
This scene was first explained by Sophus Bugge, in Stephens (1866-1901, Vol. I, p. lxix), as cited by Napier (1901, p. 368). See also Henderson (1971, p. 157).
3164:
4227:
3083:
1440:. "In order to reach certain values the carver had to choose quite unusual word forms and ways of spelling which have kept generations of scholars busy."
259:
inches, and can be dated from the language of its inscriptions and other features to the first half of the 8th century AD. There are other inscriptions, "
2679:, referring to a brief mention in the Notes and News section of The Academy, A Weekly Review of Literature, Science and Art, August 2nd 1890, p.90, col.1.
5243:
844:
simple substitution cipher. Three of the vowels are represented consistently by three invented symbols. However, two additional symbols represent both
3535:
5054:
761:
13:17, in which the prophet Elisha directs King Joas to shoot an arrow out an open window to symbolise his struggle against the Syrians: "Hence, the
348:, usually shown as a dove, or an angel. The human figures, at least, form a composition very comparable to those in other depictions of the period.
1223:
to sorrow and humiliation. The stallion to the left of the mound is Balder’s father Woden.” In Saxo's story, Woden then begets a second son, Boe (
5156:
1278:
1094:
between the stallion's legs, which denote the realm of death and can be found in similar position on picture stones from Gotland, Sweden like the
714:, with Achilles as the archer and Andromache's mother held captive in the room behind him. Amy Vandersall (1975) confirms Schneider's reading of
1247:
Ute Schwab (2008), following Heiner Eichner (1991), interprets the left and central scenes on the right panel as relating to the Welsh legend of
4552:
3563:
352:
considered this contrast of scenes, from left to right, as intended to indicate the positive and benign effects of conversion to Christianity.
1414:(journey or ride), evoking both how far from home the twins had journeyed and the owner's call to arms. The Titus side stresses the T-rune ᛏ
1081:, the hero's benevolent, even loving companion, who revives him with a draught from that chalice and takes him to Valhalla. The horse may be
5233:
2324:
Vandersall summarises the previous scholarship as at 1972 in setting the casket into an art-historical, rather than linguistic context. Mrs
4864:
4467:
4247:
3261:
Richard Abels, “What Has Weland to Do with Christ? The Franks Casket and the Acculturation of Christianity in Early Anglo-Saxon England.”
3001:
Neuman de Vegvar, Carol L. "The Travelling Twins: Romulus and Remus in Anglo-Saxon England." Ch. 21 in Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills, eds.,
2688:
D'Ardenne independently put forward Bouman's Hengist and Horsa reading, which she only discovered as her own article was going to press.
4242:
789:
a horse, faces a figure, holding a stick or sword, who stands over something defined by a curved line. On the right are three figures.
648:"followed up his explanation of the Weland picture on the front of the casket with the suggestion that the bowman on the top piece is
73:
and culture. Both identifying the images and interpreting the runic inscriptions has generated a considerable amount of scholarship.
4937:
4759:
4009:
3460:
159:
A monastic origin is generally accepted for the casket, which was perhaps made for presentation to an important secular figure, and
5295:
4764:
4425:
4375:
4096:
613:. The associated text, in the bottom left corner of the panel, reads 'ᛞᚩᛗ' (if normalised to Late West Saxon: 'dōm'): 'judgement'.
3443:
5318:
4779:
2581:
90 in the Vulgate bible and Old English translation referenced by Osborn corresponds to Psalm 91 in Protestant and Hebrew bibles.
5338:
5333:
3846:
2675:
Napier (1901: 379 n.2). Napier (p. 364) reports that Dr. Söderberg of Lund had anticipated Wadstein's proposal already in the
1336:
The inscription refers specifically to the scene on the left end of the casket's right side. According to Simmons, the 'idol' (
988:
5328:
5259:
5209:
3194:
2874:
2544:
1465:
This is a glossary of the Old English words on the casket, excluding personal names. Definitions are selected from those in
2328:, former Keeper at the British Museum and the leading expert, has published a new short book on the casket (Webster 2012b).
813:
herhos(?) sitæþ on hærmberge ¶ agl? drigiþ ¶ swa hiri ertae gisgraf særden sorgæ ¶ and sefa tornæ
718:
as relating to Achilles, but would instead have the lid depict the Trojan attack on the Greek camp, with the Greek bowman
5419:
5414:
4739:
4395:
3058:
Schneider, Karl, "Zu den Inschriften und Bildern des Franks Casket und einer ae. Version des Mythos von Balders Tod." In
2915:
4947:
4335:
473:
The flood cast up the fish on the mountain-cliff. The terror-king became sad where he swam on the shingle. Whale's bone.
4040:
3556:
2889:
722:
as the archer and the person behind the archer (interpreted as a woman by most other authors) as Achilles in his tent.
1257:, a medieval collection of ancient Welsh stories, Rhiannon was falsely accused of murdering and eating her infant son
749:, by Roman Catholic forces in 554 A.D. According to Gabriele Cocco (2009), the lid most likely portrays the story of
5379:
4322:
3230:
3212:
3186:
2536:
2808:
Osborn (1991b: 260-1). Howlett (1997: 283) concurs with Becker and Osborn that "The carver counted his characters."
4932:
4647:
2548:
147:
1344:
in the form of an ass, being tortured by a personified Hell in helmet. The scene is a reference to the apocryphon
833:
She suffers distress as Ertae had imposed it upon her, a wretched den (?wood) of sorrows and of torments of mind.
5174:
4922:
3018:
Osborn, Marijane. "The Lid as Conclusion of the Syncretic Theme of the Franks Casket," in A. Bammesberger (ed.),
4119:
2824:, 4th rev. edn by Herbet D. Meritt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960); 1916 second edn available at
2455:
999:. The miniature person inside the burial mound he grieves over would then be Horsa, who died at the battle of
680:
inscription, dating to about the same period as the casket, also makes reference to the couple Egil and Olrun (
641:, single-handedly defending a fortress against a troop of attackers, who from their larger size may be giants.
605:
In the lower left quadrant, a seated judge announces the judgement of the defeated Jews, which as recounted in
131:
The inscriptions "display a deliberate linguistic and alphabetic virtuosity; though they are mostly written in
5305:
4350:
3010:
Neuphilologische Mitteilungen: Bulletin de la Société Néophilologique/ Bulletin of the Modern Language Society
84:
The imagery is very diverse in its subject matter and derivations, and includes a single Christian image, the
5389:
5290:
4063:
3549:
725:
Other authors see a Biblical or Christian message in the lid: Marijane Osborn finds that several details in
4774:
4390:
4257:
4252:
4089:
525:
romwalusandreumwalus twœgen ¶ gibroðær ¶ afœddæhiæ wylifinromæcæstri : ¶ oþlæunneg
207:, where it was identified as part of the casket in 1890. The British Museum display includes a cast of it.
5424:
5404:
5248:
4962:
4517:
4446:
4430:
4129:
3954:
3939:
2139:
so as, consequently, just as, so far as, in such wise, in this or that way, thus, so that, provided that
730:
an angelic defender in verse 11." Leopold Peeters (1996:44) proposes that the lid depicts the defeat of
598:, and if normalised to Late West Saxon 'Hēr feohtaþ Tītus and Iūdēas'): 'Here Titus and the Jews fight'.
5394:
5323:
4292:
3969:
2271:
1211:), and the shrouded man within the central mound with Balder. “The woman to the right of the mound is
1137:
Leopold Peeters (1996) proposes that the right panel provides a pictorial illustration of the biblical
498:
3504:
2840:
d'Ardenne, Simonne R.T.O., "Does the right side of the Franks Casket represent the burial of Sigurd?"
5310:
4998:
1149:
979:
A.C. Bouman (1965) and Simonne d'Ardenne (1966) instead interpret the mournful stallion (Old English
660:, Egil is named as a brother of Weyland (Weland), who is shown on the front panel of the casket. The
196:
168:
136:
3469:
1207:
Howlett identifies the three figures at the right with the three wood maidens (who may be the three
1186:
David Howlett (1997) identifies the illustrations on the right panel with the story of the death of
1102:. Two other pictures of the Franks Casket show this symbol. On the front it marks the third of the
344:
bearing the traditional gifts. A goose-like bird by the feet of the leading magus may represent the
5384:
5216:
5188:
4597:
4365:
3914:
1282:
694:(quoted by Viëtor 1904) proposed instead that the lid represents a scene pertaining to the fall of
5167:
1428:(sun, light, life), and illustrates the hero's death and ultimate salvation, according to Becker.
316:
The front panel, which originally had a lock fitted, depicts elements from the Germanic legend of
5358:
5064:
5009:
4992:
4727:
4722:
4380:
4345:
4082:
3317:
J. Lang, "The Imagery of the Franks Casket: Another Approach," in J. Hawkes & S. Mills (ed.)
2817:
2728:
Schneider (1959) similarly identified the right panel with Saxo’s version of the death of Balder.
1466:
633:
The lid as it now survives is incomplete. Leslie Webster has suggested that there may have been
573:
3454:
2496:, also shows Romulus and Remus being suckled, with other animal ornament. (Wilson 1984, p. 86).
1122:
532:
Romulus and Remus, two brothers, a she-wolf nourished them in Rome, far from their native land.
5429:
5044:
4972:
4717:
4712:
4435:
3517:
3142:
2485:
1394:
Old English name, which gave the rune itself the connotations of the name, as described in the
1363:
1126:
1095:
1037:
581:
566:
542:
538:
57:. The casket is densely decorated with knife-cut narrative scenes in flat two-dimensional low-
5019:
4877:
4854:
4789:
4607:
4211:
4188:
3801:
3787:
3483:', Edition of the runic inscriptions, with high-resolution images of each side of the object.
3289:
2284:
1395:
995:
549:). She suggests that because of the similarity of the story of Romulus and Remus to that of
340:, identified by an inscription (ᛗᚫᚷᛁ, "magi"), led by the large star, approach the enthroned
310:
260:
85:
3294:
A suggested Interpretation of the Scene depicted on the Right-Hand Side of the Franks Casket
3110:
Vandersall, Amy L., "Homeric Myth in Early Medieval England: The Lid of the Franks Casket".
1724:
mass of water, flood, wave; flow (of tide as opposed to ebb), tide, flux, current, stream
5202:
5124:
5074:
4982:
4420:
4178:
3572:
1355:
1099:
470:
fisc · flodu · ahofonferg ¶ enberig ¶ warþga : sricgrornþærheongreutgiswom ¶ hronæsban
3077:
3005:, Sutton Publishing, Phoenix Mill Thrupp, Strand, Gloucestershire, 1999, pp. 256–267.
2568:
British Museum Collections Database webpage, accessed Jan. 26, 2013; Webster (2012), p. 92
2383:
Measurements from British Museum Collections Database webpage. For date see note to lead.
2346:
Parsons (1999, 98-100) has an important discussion on the runes used in the Franks Casket.
1350:, a popular medieval text translated into Anglo-Saxon. In one version of the story of the
8:
5409:
5195:
5094:
4872:
4744:
4672:
4592:
4537:
4237:
4217:
3835:
3815:
972:
588:
349:
282:
is a Byzantine interpretation of the style, in revived classical style, from about 1000.
2639:
Translation of H.A. Bellows, Oxford Univ. Press, 1926, as cited by Clark (1930, p. 339).
1374:
1175:
5285:
5146:
5141:
5034:
5024:
4817:
4769:
4707:
4692:
4632:
4622:
4567:
4527:
4512:
4452:
4330:
4193:
4183:
3909:
3440:
3426:
3393:, "The Iconographic Programme of the Franks Casket," in J. Hawkes & S. Mills (ed.)
668:
3528:
529:
Rōmwalus and Rēomwalus, twēgen gebrōðera: fēdde hīe wylf in Rōmeceastre, ēðle unnēah.
467:ᚠᛁᛋᚳ ᛫ ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ ᛫ ᚪᚻᚩᚠᚩᚾᚠᛖᚱᚷ ¶ ᛖᚾᛒᛖᚱᛁᚷ ¶ ᚹᚪᚱᚦᚷᚪ ᛬ ᛋᚱᛁᚳᚷᚱᚩᚱᚾᚦᚫᚱᚻᛖᚩᚾᚷᚱᛖᚢᛏᚷᛁᛋᚹᚩᛗ ¶ ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋᛒᚪᚾ
5130:
5119:
4952:
4844:
4794:
4602:
4582:
4572:
4497:
4385:
4340:
4302:
4205:
4199:
4124:
3964:
3929:
3882:
3683:
3642:
3612:
3541:
3400:
3390:
3383:
K. Spiess, "Das angelsächsische Runenkästchen (die Seite mit der Hos-Inschrift)," in
3304:
3226:
3218:
3208:
3200:
3190:
3182:
3170:
3152:
3148:
2885:
2870:
2540:
2532:
2451:
2325:
2279:
1437:
1359:
1351:
924:
754:
691:
550:
494:
487:
341:
317:
306:
285:
180:
125:
101:
62:
50:
4677:
3521:
3120:
1180:
5109:
4957:
4912:
4812:
4807:
4784:
4734:
4652:
4577:
4487:
4482:
4272:
3989:
3853:
3744:
3719:
3434:
Considering the institutional narratives and object narratives of the Franks Casket
3123:, "Allgemeinwissenschaftliches; Gelehrten-, Schrift-, Buch- und Bibliothekswesen."
2825:
2528:
1191:
662:
587:
At the centre of the panel is a depiction of a building, probably representing the
546:
188:
105:
1090:
Krause and Becker call attention to the significance of the two trefoil marks or
1056:
is read, "here sits the horse". However, Wilhelm Krause (1959) instead separates
1011:. Bouman suggests that the female mourner could then be Hengist's famous daughter
919:
Elis Wadstein (1900) proposed that the right panel depicts the Germanic legend of
5029:
5014:
4987:
4967:
4839:
4822:
4697:
4637:
4627:
4587:
4547:
4492:
4477:
4405:
4360:
4267:
3944:
3739:
3729:
3714:
3637:
3447:
3236:
3156:
3008:
Osborn, Marijane. "The Seventy-Two Gentiles and the Theme of the Franks Casket."
2981:
1479:
657:
521:ᚱᚩᛗᚹᚪᛚᚢᛋᚪᚾᛞᚱᛖᚢᛗᚹᚪᛚᚢᛋᛏᚹᛟᚷᛖᚾ ¶ ᚷᛁᛒᚱᚩᚦᚫᚱ ¶ ᚪᚠᛟᛞᛞᚫᚻᛁᚫᚹᚣᛚᛁᚠᛁᚾᚱᚩᛗᚫᚳᚫᛋᛏᚱᛁ ᛬ ¶ ᚩᚦᛚᚫᚢᚾᚾᛖᚷ
200:
152:
97:
70:
3141:(7). Uppsala, Almqvist & Wicksells Boktryckeri A. B. Available as undated
3048:
Peeters, Leopold, "The Franks Casket: A Judeo-Christian Interpretation.", 1996,
1289:
Austin Simmons (2010) parses the frame inscription into the following segments:
948:
5253:
5104:
5099:
5084:
5039:
4977:
4907:
4897:
4799:
4662:
4562:
4542:
4440:
4355:
4312:
4282:
4105:
3678:
3500:
3486:
3246:
Wood, Ian N., "Ripon, Francia and the Franks Casket in the Early Middle Ages",
2289:
1346:
1317:
assimilated to the following sibilant, while in the b-verse of the second line
1262:
1144:
1139:
677:
482:
356:
271:
220:
54:
26:
3494:
3476:(15 February 2008) (readings of the poems on the front and right-hand panels).
3433:
3341:
M. Osborn, "The Grammar of the Inscription on the Franks Casket, right Side,"
2867:
Franks Casket; Das Runenkästchen von Auzon. Magie in Bildern, Runen und Zahlen
5373:
5004:
4942:
4927:
4882:
4832:
4754:
4749:
4682:
4617:
4612:
4522:
4502:
4297:
4287:
4173:
4168:
4014:
3181:(Editors: Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes), Wiley-Blackwell, 2000,
2991:
2943:
2559:
Napier (1901, p. 366), quoting Bugge in Stephens (1866-1901, vol. I, p. lxx).
2075:
bodily pain, sickness; wound, sore, raw place; suffering, sorrow, affliction
1433:
1196:
912:
279:
275:
231:
The casket is 22.9 cm long, 19 cm wide and 10.9 cm high – 9 ×
109:
93:
4687:
3536:
Horsing Around? — Thorny Problem of the Franks Casket Reveals Another Riddle
3490:
780:
5300:
5280:
5136:
4827:
4702:
4667:
4657:
4532:
4507:
4400:
1484:
Headword form (nominative singular for substantives, infinitive for verbs)
1235:
1148:
with whom he lived. Some of the details Peeters cites are specific to the
1130:
1004:
645:
624:
267:
224:
179:(upper Loire region), France; it is possible that it was looted during the
89:
2853:
Franks Casket: Zu den Bildern und Inschriften des Runenkästchens von Auzon
5079:
4917:
4892:
4887:
4557:
4457:
4370:
4277:
4262:
4163:
3859:
3829:
3324:
1212:
766:
345:
293:, and intended to be presented to a "secular, probably royal, recipient"
215:
176:
132:
66:
42:
3749:
3622:
2697:
Becker (2000, unpaginated section "H-panel (Right Side) - The Picture").
1158:
According to Peeters, the three figures at the right may then represent
907:
541:(1999) observes that other depictions of Romulus and Remus are found in
5114:
5089:
4902:
4849:
4642:
4410:
3869:
3864:
3025:
1321:"before" is an independent word before a three-member verbal compound,
1253:
1216:
1159:
824:
agl drīgeþ swā hire Erta gescræf sār-denn sorge and sefan torne.
746:
707:
695:
337:
124:, and perhaps even an allusion to the legendary founding of England by
69:
origin, it is of unique importance for the insight it gives into early
3794:
3511:
3336:
Studien zum Runenkästchen von Auzon und zum Schiffsgrab von Sutton Hoo
1436:, the early continental runic alphabet preserved within the extended
1162:’s wife and concubines, "conducting blasphemous rites of irreverence (
1064:(divinity). Alfred Becker (1973, 2002), following Krause, interprets
301:
4415:
4158:
4045:
3959:
3673:
3327:, "The Franks Casket and the Date of Widsith," in A.H. Orrick (ed.),
2617:
Thomas A. Bredehoft, 'Three New Cryptic Runes on the Franks Casket',
1449:
1391:
1201:
1008:
792:
738:
330:
325:
171:
revealed that the casket had belonged to the church of Saint-Julien,
116:
legend, an otherwise lost episode from the life of Weyland's brother
3734:
3597:
3538:, Dec. 23, 2017. Proposes an alternative reading of the right side.
3103:
Vandersall, Amy L., "The Date and Provenance of the Franks Casket,"
2484:
Another Anglo-Saxon bone plaque, existing only in a fragment at the
1048:
between the horse's legs, as on the right panel of the Franks Casket
698:, but did not elaborate. Karl Schneider (1959) identifies the word
321:
112:. It has also been suggested that there may be an episode from the
3999:
3919:
3307:, James Lang, C. Neuman de Vegvar on various aspects of the casket.
1248:
1111:
1091:
1083:
1032:
742:
735:
703:
606:
561:
204:
121:
104:), as well as a depiction of at least one legend indigenous to the
21:
4004:
3934:
3310:
W. Krogmann, "Die Verse vom Wal auf dem Runenkästchen von Auzon,"
3282:
Alfred Becker, "A Magic Spell "powered by" a Lunisolar Calendar,"
2448:
The Conversion of Europe: From Paganism to Christianity 371-1386AD
76:
4074:
3949:
3875:
3808:
3770:
3693:
3480:
3403:, "Stylistic Aspects of the Franks Casket," in R. Farrell (ed.),
3136:
Skrifter utgifna af K. Humanistiska Vetenskaps-Samfundet i Upsala
2493:
2489:
1382:…" on the front of the Franks Casket alliterates on the F-rune ᚠ
1258:
1045:
1041:
731:
610:
290:
172:
160:
3904:
3587:
3241:
Anglo-Saxon Art: From The Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest
1224:
1069:
944:
702:
on the lid as an Anglo-Saxon form of the name of the Greek hero
5181:
3979:
3709:
3688:
3663:
3607:
2859:
2578:
2312:
1369:
1354:, a personified Hell blames Satan for having brought about the
1012:
920:
750:
726:
719:
649:
634:
493:
The left panel depicts the mythological twin founders of Rome,
117:
113:
58:
46:
3632:
3161:
The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture, AD 600-900
3994:
3984:
3924:
3754:
3668:
3617:
3602:
3592:
2904:
Clark, Eleanor Grace, "The Right Side of the Franks Casket,"
1341:
1267:
1220:
1208:
1187:
1107:
967:
711:
673:
653:
577:
192:
184:
164:
1612:
doom, judgment, ordeal, sentence; court, tribunal, assembly
864:, Thomas A. Bredehoft has suggested the alternative reading
4024:
4019:
3974:
3899:
3822:
3647:
3627:
3284:
Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies
3277:
Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies
3270:
Asterisk, A Quarterly Journal of Historical English Studies
3036:
Recasting the Runes: the Reform of the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc
1453:
1103:
984:
3352:, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 75 (1974), pp. 50–65.
2401:
Webster (1991); Webster (2012a:92); Webster (2012b:30-33).
1110:. It also appears on the lid, where according to Becker,
3724:
3508:
3436:, public lecture at the University of York, Feb. 3, 2015.
1416:
1143:, ch. 4 and 5: The wild creature at the left represents
3376:
P. W. Souers, "The Wayland Scene on the Franks Casket,"
3329:
Nordica et Anglica, Studies in Honor of Stefán Einarsson
3098:
The Old-Norse Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England
2307:
The first considerable publication, by George Stephens,
305:
Detail of front panel, depicting the Germanic legend of
3410:
A. Wolf, "Franks Casket in literarhistorischer Sicht,"
3067:
Franks Casket: fünf Studien zum Runenkästchen von Auzon
2374:
Webster (1991), from British Museum collection database
2309:
Old-Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England
3571:
2123:
sorrow, pain, grief, trouble, care, distress, anxiety
710:'s brothers by Achilles at Thebes in a story from the
3493:. BBC Four production first broadcast 10 Aug. 2010.
3371:
Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature
3364:
Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature
3357:
Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature
3093:, Aug. 2, 1899, p. 90. (As cited by Clark 1930)
2916:"The Bowman Who Takes the Lid off the Franks Casket."
2862:
website dated 2002, with English and German versions.
3243:, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press), 1984.
3134:
Wadstein, Elis (1900), "The Clermont Runic Casket,"
2261:
1424:(hail storm or misfortune) and then on the S-rune ᛋ
1190:, as told by the late 12th-century Danish historian
1068:
as a sacred grove, the site where in pagan days the
3296:, Medieval Archaeology 14 (1970), pp. 148–152.
2419:
Webster (2012a:96-97). (both quoted, in that order)
2155:anger, indignation; grief, misery, suffering, pain
915:" from eastern Sweden depicts Sigurd's horse Grani.
227:
models the Franks Casket emulates. Late 4th century
3497:discusses the Franks Casket and the Welund legend.
3350:The Picture-Poem on the Front of the Franks Casket
3179:The Blackwell encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
3020:Old English Runes and their Continental Background
2931:Old English Runes and their Continental Background
210:
4308:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa
2920:Studi anglo-norreni in onore di John S. McKinnell
2621:, 58.2 (2011), 181-83, doi:10.1093/notesj/gjr037.
1117:
1003:in 455 A.D. and was buried in a flint tumulus at
672:tells that he was the husband of the swan maiden
5371:
2826:http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31543/31543-0.txt
2001:on, upon, on to, up to, among; in, into, within
183:. It was then in the possession of a family in
5400:Medieval European objects in the British Museum
3369:P. W. Souers, "The Magi on the Franks Casket,"
3338:; Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik 728 (2005)
2906:Publications of the Modern Language Association
2797:F-panel (Front) - Number and value of the runes
3362:P. W. Souers, "The Franks Casket: Left Side,"
3355:P. W. Souers, "The Top of the Franks Casket,"
2882:The King's Gift Box: The Runic Casket of Auzon
1628:experience, suffer, endure, sustain, tolerate
45:whale's bone (not "whalebone" in the sense of
4090:
3557:
2998:in honor of Dr. F.J. Furnivall, Oxford, 1901.
2964:, 1972, rev. 1977, Penguin, pp. 156–158.
1507:trouble, distress, oppression, misery, grief
1500:This word is a mystery, but often emended to
888:she endures agl as the Jute appointed to her,
3050:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
2922:, ed. M. E. Ruggerini. CUED Editrice, 2009.
1370:Runological and numerological considerations
1219:, prophesying Balder’s death and condemning
990:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
545:art and coinage (for example the very early
3100:(4 volumes), London: J.R. Smith, 1866–1901.
1230:
565:The rear panel, depicting a scene from the
223:, one of the best survivals of the sort of
4243:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III
4097:
4083:
3564:
3550:
3275:Alfred Becker, "The Virgin and the Vamp,"
3268:Alfred Becker, "Franks Casket Revisited,"
1273:
1027:
975:is said to be based on the banner of Horsa
938:The steed knew well his master was slain."
4938:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
3163:, London 1991, pp. 101–103 (text on
1660:feed, nourish, sustain, foster, bring up
1285:, 4th-century Roman Christian sarcophagus
935:The head of Grani was bowed to the grass,
874:agl drigiþ, swæ hiri Eutae gisgraf
4426:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
4376:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription
3505:"The Franks Casket - with Tony Robinson"
1373:
1277:
1234:
1174:
1121:
1031:
966:
906:
779:
666:depicts Egil as a master archer and the
623:
560:
481:
300:
214:
195:, where they were bought in 1857 by Sir
146:
75:
20:
4780:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa
3299:Jane Hawkes and Susan Mills (editors),
3069:, ed. by Hasso C. Heiland. Vol. 15 of
1889:temple, altar, sanctuary, idol; grove?
1170:
596:herfegtaþ | +titusendgiuþeasu
151:Original of right panel, on display in
53:from the early 8th century, now in the
25:The Franks Casket, as displayed in the
5372:
5334:Royal Commission on the British Museum
3847:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2940:). Heidelberg, 1991, pp. 603–628.
1523:lift up, stir up, raise, exalt, erect
1329:is a rare form of the particle-prefix
856:but which is different from the usual
191:, who sold them to an antique shop in
5260:A History of the World in 100 Objects
4078:
3545:
3465:, preserving Alfred Becker's website.
3062:Heidelberg, Universitätsverlag, 1959.
3022:, Heidelberg 1991b, pp. 249–268.
2950:. Manchester University Press, 1959.
1390:Each Anglo-Saxon runic letter had an
1299:agl drigiþ swæ hiri er tae-gi-sgraf
1243:, translated by Charlotte Guest, 1877
1200:. According to Saxo, Balder's rival
962:
955:identifying the spot as Hel's wall."
139:, who gave it to the British Museum.
5239:Conservation and Scientific Research
3481:The Franks Casket: a Digital Edition
3455:The Franks Casket / The Auzon Casket
3387:, Klagenfurt 1932, pp. 160–168.
2988:5; Festschrift Havers (1959), 46–54.
902:
3312:Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift
3223:The Franks Casket: Objects in Focus
3079:The Cipherment of the Franks Casket
2978:. Dublin, Four Courts Press, 1997.
2894:Bouman, A.C., "The Franks Casket,"
2795:Becker (2002), unpaginated section
2782:Becker (2002, unpaginated, section
2091:mind, spirit, understanding, heart
1475:Transliteration of runes on casket
1386:, which connotes wealth or treasure
879:sæuden sorgæ and sefa tornæ.
831:Here Hos sits on the sorrow-mound;
13:
4104:
3165:British Museum collection database
2505:Neuman de Vegvar (1999, pp. 265–6)
2009:(possibly occurring in the string
1969:in, into, upon, on, at, to, among
1876:(possibly occurring in the string
869:Her Hos sitæþ on hæum bergæ
822:Hēr Hōs siteþ on hearmbeorge:
602:inhabitants flee from Jerusalem'.
14:
5441:
5249:Portable Antiquities and Treasure
3514:series. Published Feb. 22, 2017.
3419:
3331:, The Hague 1968, pp. 10–18.
3071:Studia medievalia septentrionalia
2884:Witan Publishing, Troy, Al. 2023
1127:“Nebuchadnezzar” by William Blake
885:Here sits Hos on the high hill ;
784:The replica right panel in London
266:The chest is clearly modelled on
88:, along with images derived from
5354:
5353:
5296:Films shot at the British Museum
4933:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
4648:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano
4336:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
4059:
4058:
3459:British Library, UK Web Archive
3314:, N.F. 9 (1959), pp. 88–94.
3151:(1991), "The Franks Casket," in
3029:An Introduction to English Runes
2967:Hough, Carole and John Corbett,
2822:A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
2264:
1239:Rhiannon riding in Arbeth, from
804:standardised to Late West Saxon
513:standardised to Late West Saxon
61:and with inscriptions mostly in
3529:Runic Text on the Franks Casket
3265:84, no. 3 (July 2009), 549–581.
3225:, British Museum Press, 2012b,
3060:Festschrift für Walther Fischer
2984:, "Erta, ein anglischer Gott",
2976:British Books in Biblical Style
2929:, in Alfred Bammesberger, ed.,
2811:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
1179:Hother and the wood maidens by
895:of sorrow and troubles of mind.
211:Description and interpretations
5210:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
4248:Colossal head of Amenhotep III
3407:, London 1982, pp. 20–31.
3373:, 19 (1937), pp. 249–254.
3366:, 18 (1936), pp. 199–209.
3359:, 17 (1935), pp. 163–179.
2957:. British Museum Press, 1993.
2466:Hough and Corbett (2013: 106).
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2318:
2301:
1918:hē/hēo/þæt (personal pronoun)
1304:sær-den sorgæ and sefa-tornæ
1118:The Madness of Nebuchadnezzar?
775:
296:
65:. Generally thought to be of
1:
4760:Priene dedicatory inscription
3491:Treasures of the Anglo Saxons
3385:Josef Strzygowski-Festschrift
3343:Neuphilologische Mitteilungen
3254:
2834:
2784:The Casket – a Warrior’s Life
1721:flōd (masculine/neuter noun)
1641:ēðel (masculine/neuter noun)
1378:The inscription ᚠᛁᛋᚳ᛫ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ᛫ "
1313:represents the verbal prefix
1294:herh os-sitæþ on hærm-bergæ
556:
477:
120:, a Homeric legend involving
4948:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir
4923:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel
4391:Jade terrapin from Allahabad
4258:Gebelein predynastic mummies
4253:El-Amra clay model of cattle
3412:Frühmittelalterliche Studien
3380:18 (1943), pp. 104–111.
3345:73 (1972), pp. 663–671.
3107:11, 2 (1972), pp. 9–26.
3073:, Vienna: Fassbaender, 2008.
2525:Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn
2035:Rōmeceaster (feminine noun)
1689:firgenbeorg (feminine noun)
1087:, Woden's famous stallion."
7:
4963:Babylonian Map of the World
4518:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup
4447:The Great Wave off Kanagawa
4431:Seated Buddha from Gandhara
4351:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui
3414:3 (1969), pp. 227–243.
3250:, 26 (1990), pp. 1–19.
2927:Zu Franks Casket/Rune Auzon
2706:Peeters (1996: 29), citing
2257:
1865:hearmbeorg (feminine noun)
1644:country, native land, home
1460:
572:The rear panel depicts the
447:sricgrornþærheongreutgiswom
444:ᛋᚱᛁᚳᚷᚱᚩᚱᚾᚦᚫᚱᚻᛖᚩᚾᚷᚱᛖᚢᛏᚷᛁᛋᚹᚩᛗ
10:
5446:
5420:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
5415:She-wolf (Roman mythology)
4293:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
3397:(1999), pp. 227 – 246
2365:Vandersall 1972:24 note 1.
2272:Anglo-Saxon England portal
1982:Iūdēas (masculine plural)
1402:(wealth) and the G-rune ᚷ
1150:Old English poem based on
486:The left panel, depicting
270:ivory caskets such as the
142:
5349:
5273:
5226:
5155:
5053:
4999:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
4863:
4775:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera
4466:
4321:
4226:
4147:
4138:
4112:
4054:
4033:
3892:
3779:
3763:
3702:
3656:
3580:
3425:Archaeosoup Productions,
3321:(1999) pp. 247 – 255
3303:(1999); with articles by
3125:Deutsche Literaturzeitung
2848:(1966), pp. 235–242.
2187:not near, far, away from
2062:(occurring in the string
1737:gāsrīc? (masculine noun)
1583:(occurring in the string
801:transliteration of runes
795:reads the inscription as
771:Commentary on the Psalms.
510:transliteration of runes
197:Augustus Wollaston Franks
137:Augustus Wollaston Franks
5380:8th-century inscriptions
5306:Repatriation controversy
4983:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)
4765:Priene edict inscription
4598:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo
4366:Mogao Christian painting
3915:Early Germanic calendars
3446:25 February 2021 at the
3427:In Focus: Franks Casket
3395:Northumbria’s Golden Age
3319:Northumbria’s Golden Age
3301:Northumbria's Golden Age
3207:, British Museum Press,
3003:Northumbria's Golden Age
2666:Clark (1930, pp. 352–3).
2295:
1785:geswimman (strong verb)
1772:cave, cavern, hole, pit
1753:brōðor (masculine noun)
1231:The Penance of Rhiannon?
16:Anglo-Saxon carved chest
5291:Dingwall Beloe Lectures
4993:Library of Ashurbanipal
4381:Hephthalite silver bowl
4346:Ambika Statue from Dhar
3581:Gods and divine figures
3522:Anglo-Saxon Runic fonts
3468:Drout, Michael D. C., '
3429:. Posted 25 Aug. 2012.
3279:, 12/4 (2003), 201-209.
2935:Altenglische Forschngen
2577:Osborn (1991b: 262-3).
2514:Page (1999, pp. 176–7).
2107:sit, sit down, recline
1934:hēo (personal pronoun)
1886:hearg (masculine noun)
1274:Satan and the Nativity?
1028:The Deity of the Grove?
507:transcription of runes
5244:Libraries and Archives
5045:Phoenician metal bowls
4973:Cylinders of Nabonidus
4436:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
3272:, 12/2 (2003), 83-128.
3143:University of Michigan
3112:Studies in Iconography
3089:Söderberg, Sigurd, in
2996:An English Miscellany,
2948:Runes: An Introduction
2737:Howlett (1997: 280-1).
2486:Castle Museum, Norwich
2450:London 1997 pp269-270
2216:wudu (masculine noun)
2200:weorðan (strong verb)
2088:sefa (masculine noun)
1950:hran (masculine noun)
1849:hē (personal pronoun)
1801:gīsl (masculine noun)
1769:gescræf (neuter noun)
1705:fisc (masculine noun)
1676:fight, combat, strive
1673:feohtan (strong verb)
1625:drēogan (strong verb)
1572:bita (masculine noun)
1520:āhebban (strong verb)
1387:
1286:
1244:
1183:
1134:
1049:
976:
916:
836:rushes / wood / biter
785:
630:
619:
582:First Jewish-Roman War
569:
567:First Jewish-Roman War
539:Carol Neuman de Vegvar
490:
313:
228:
156:
81:
30:
5020:Babylonian Chronicles
4878:Assyrian lion weights
4855:Xanten Horse-Phalerae
4790:Stony Stratford Hoard
4708:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus
4608:Dionysus Sardanapalus
4553:Bronze head of Hypnos
4189:Double-headed serpent
3802:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
3788:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2969:Beginning Old English
2953:Green, Miranda Jane,
2488:, which was found at
2285:Old English rune poem
2232:wylf (feminine noun)
2120:sorg (feminine noun)
2104:sittan (strong verb)
2051:risc (feminine noun)
1609:dōm (masculine noun)
1396:Old English rune poem
1377:
1281:
1238:
1178:
1125:
1072:were worshipped, and
1044:, Sweden depicts two
1035:
996:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
970:
910:
860:-rune, as a rune for
807:possible translation
783:
627:
564:
516:possible translation
497:, being suckled by a
485:
311:adoration of the Magi
304:
218:
150:
86:Adoration of the Magi
79:
24:
5390:Anglo-Saxon paganism
5203:The Disasters of War
5125:Sutton Hoo purse-lid
5075:Holy Thorn Reliquary
4421:Mathura lion capital
4179:Bronze Head from Ife
4034:Modern pagan revival
4010:Wetlands and islands
3860:Old English language
3573:Anglo-Saxon paganism
3286:, 15 (2006), 55 -73.
3177:, pp. 194–195,
2755:Green (1993, p. 30).
2746:Howlett (1997: 281).
2657:Clark (1930, p. 342)
2648:Clark (1930, p. 340)
2475:Page (1999, p. 175).
2219:wood, forest, grove
2019:ōs (masculine noun)
1817:grēot (neuter noun)
1446:interpretatio romana
1251:. According to the
1171:The Death of Balder?
1100:Stora Hammars stones
609:was to be sold into
29:; the front and lid
5286:British Museum Acts
5196:The Ancient of Days
5095:Mildenhall Treasure
4873:Ain Sakhri figurine
4804:Townley collection
4745:Petelia Gold Tablet
4673:Macmillan aryballos
4593:Chatuzange Treasure
4538:Boscoreale Treasure
4238:Battlefield Palette
4218:Yaxchilan Lintel 24
3893:Society and culture
3836:Finnesburg Fragment
3816:De temporum ratione
3334:Th. Müller-Braband,
3031:, Woodbridge, 1999.
2974:Howlett, David R.,
2960:Henderson, George,
2944:Elliott, Ralph W.V.
2855:. Regensburg, 1973.
2719:Peeters (1996: 31).
2523:MacGregor, Arthur.
2392:Webster (2012a:92).
2184:unnēah (adjective)
2152:torn (neuter noun)
1593:denn (neuter noun)
1478:Form normalised to
1438:Anglo-Saxon futhorc
1347:Decensus ad Inferos
1325:. The first member
973:White horse of Kent
827:rixe / wudu / bita
817:risci ¶ wudu ¶ bita
589:Temple of Jerusalem
574:Taking of Jerusalem
5425:Chests (furniture)
5405:Runic inscriptions
5168:Dürer's Rhinoceros
5147:Lampsacus Treasure
5142:Vindolanda Tablets
5035:Antiochus cylinder
5025:Ur Box inscription
4770:San Sosti Axe-Head
4693:Minoan Bull-leaper
4633:Farnese Diadumenos
4623:Esquiline Treasure
4568:Campo Iemini Venus
4528:Beaurains Treasure
4513:Asclepius of Milos
4453:Vishnu Nicolo Seal
4396:Kakiemon elephants
4331:Admonitions Scroll
4184:Codex Kingsborough
4130:Round Reading Room
3145:Libraries reprint.
3096:Stephens, George,
3086:, dated Jan. 2010.
3084:Project Woruldhord
2971:. Palgrave, 2013.
2962:Early Medieval Art
2842:Études Germaniques
2818:John R. Clark Hall
2072:sār (neuter noun)
1833:grorn (adjective)
1820:grit, sand, earth
1657:fēdan (weak verb)
1575:biter, wild beast
1556:bān (neuter noun)
1540:and (conjunction)
1388:
1287:
1245:
1184:
1135:
1050:
977:
963:Hengist and Horsa?
917:
786:
631:
570:
491:
324:, who has had his
314:
309:and the Christian
229:
157:
82:
31:
5395:Anglo-Saxon runes
5367:
5366:
5269:
5268:
5131:Swimming Reindeer
5120:Sutton Hoo helmet
4953:Tablet of Shamash
4845:Vaison Diadumenos
4795:Strangford Apollo
4603:Demeter of Knidos
4583:Chaourse Treasure
4573:Carthage Treasure
4498:Arcisate Treasure
4386:Huixian Bronze Hu
4341:Amaravati Marbles
4303:Sphinx of Taharqo
4206:Kayung totem pole
4200:Throne of Weapons
4072:
4071:
3930:Germanic paganism
3684:Hengist and Horsa
3643:Wayland the Smith
3534:Wright, Andrew ,
3474:Anglo-Saxon Aloud
3470:The Franks Casket
3441:The Franks Casket
3439:British Library,
3195:978-0-631-22492-1
3175:The Franks Casket
3015:(1991a): 281–288.
2992:Napier, Arthur S.
2925:Eichner, Heiner,
2914:Cocco, Gabriele,
2875:978-3-7329-0738-0
2630:Page (1999: 178).
2619:Notes and Queries
2590:Cocco (2009: 30).
2545:978-0-7099-3507-0
2280:Anglo-Saxon runes
2255:
2254:
2168:twēgen (numeral)
2038:the city of Rome
1998:on (preposition)
1966:in (preposition)
1352:Harrowing of Hell
1096:Tängelgårda stone
1038:Tängelgårda stone
903:Sigurd and Grani?
841:
840:
692:Josef Strzygowski
682:Áigil andi Áilrun
551:Hengist and Horsa
536:
535:
495:Romulus and Remus
488:Romulus and Remus
342:Madonna and Child
318:Wayland the Smith
307:Wayland the Smith
181:French Revolution
163:'s foundation at
126:Hengist and Horsa
110:Weyland the Smith
102:Romulus and Remus
80:Left side and top
63:Anglo-Saxon runes
5437:
5357:
5356:
5234:Coins and Medals
5110:Seax of Beagnoth
4958:Statue of Idrimi
4913:Ram in a Thicket
4785:Satala Aphrodite
4735:Paramythia Hoard
4578:Caubiac Treasure
4488:Apollo of Cyrene
4483:Aineta aryballos
4273:MacGregor plaque
4145:
4144:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4062:
4061:
3854:Nine Herbs Charm
3566:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3453:British Museum,
3248:Northern History
3237:Wilson, David M.
3076:Simmons, Austin
3045:), Uppsala 1999.
2982:Krause, Wolfgang
2911:(1930): 339–353.
2880:Becker, Alfred,
2865:Becker, Alfred,
2858:Becker, Alfred,
2851:Becker, Alfred,
2829:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2529:Ashmolean Museum
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2305:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2022:a divinity, god
1596:den, lair, cave
1472:
1471:
1192:Saxo Grammaticus
923:, known also as
798:
797:
547:Undley bracteate
504:
503:
350:Richard Fletcher
258:
257:
253:
250:
244:
243:
239:
236:
189:Clermont-Ferrand
106:Germanic peoples
5445:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5385:Anglo-Saxon art
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5345:
5265:
5222:
5158:
5151:
5056:
5049:
5030:Kurkh Monoliths
5015:Lachish reliefs
4988:Jar of Xerxes I
4968:Rassam cylinder
4859:
4840:Uerdingen Hoard
4698:Nereid Monument
4638:Guilford Puteal
4628:Euphorbos plate
4588:Chatsworth Head
4548:Braganza Brooch
4493:Archangel ivory
4478:Aegina Treasure
4469:
4462:
4406:Kanishka casket
4361:Buddhapad Hoard
4317:
4268:Hunters Palette
4229:
4222:
4194:Hoa Hakananai'a
4150:
4149:Africa, Oceania
4140:
4134:
4108:
4103:
4073:
4068:
4050:
4029:
3955:Metrical charms
3888:
3775:
3759:
3698:
3652:
3576:
3570:
3501:Ramirez, Janina
3487:Ramirez, Janina
3448:Wayback Machine
3422:
3417:
3290:M. Clunies Ross
3257:
3219:Webster, Leslie
3205:Anglo-Saxon Art
3201:Webster, Leslie
3171:Webster, Leslie
3149:Webster, Leslie
3131:, 13 Feb. 1904.
2869:. Berlin 2021,
2837:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2777:
2773:Simmons (2010).
2772:
2768:
2764:Simmons (2010).
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2608:Page (1999: 87)
2607:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:Webster (2000).
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:Webster (2000).
2336:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
1740:savage person?
1480:Late West Saxon
1469:'s dictionary.
1463:
1372:
1276:
1233:
1173:
1120:
1030:
965:
929:Guthrunarkvitha
905:
778:
658:Norse mythology
622:
559:
480:
475:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
299:
255:
251:
248:
246:
241:
237:
234:
232:
213:
201:Bargello Museum
153:Bargello Museum
145:
98:Roman mythology
71:Anglo-Saxon art
17:
12:
11:
5:
5443:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5254:Rondanini Faun
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5217:Triumphal Arch
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5189:Isabella Brant
5185:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5161:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5105:Royal Gold Cup
5102:
5100:Ringlemere Cup
5097:
5092:
5087:
5085:Lewis chessmen
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5040:Nimrud ivories
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4978:Cyrus Cylinder
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:Standard of Ur
4905:
4900:
4898:Blau Monuments
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4800:Tomb of Payava
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Mâcon Treasure
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Lion of Knidos
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4563:Bursa Treasure
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:Boy with Thorn
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4443:
4441:Statue of Tara
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Bimaran casket
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4313:Younger Memnon
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Papyrus of Ani
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4125:King's Library
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:British Museum
4102:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3720:Dwarf (Dweorh)
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3657:Heroic figures
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3527:West, Andrew,
3525:
3515:
3507:. Podcast in
3498:
3484:
3479:Foys, Martin,
3477:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3437:
3432:Boulton, Meg,
3430:
3421:
3420:External links
3418:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3297:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3234:
3216:
3198:
3168:
3146:
3132:
3118:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3091:London Academy
3087:
3074:
3063:
3056:
3046:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2941:
2923:
2912:
2902:
2901:(1965): 241–9.
2892:
2890:979-8354247431
2878:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2810:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2699:
2690:
2681:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2439:
2437:Webster (1991)
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2326:Leslie Webster
2317:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2290:Ruthwell Cross
2287:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1836:sad, agitated
1834:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:(neuter noun)
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1462:
1459:
1371:
1368:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1283:Nativity scene
1275:
1272:
1241:The Mabinogion
1232:
1229:
1181:Lorenz Frølich
1172:
1169:
1145:Nebuchadnezzar
1140:Book of Daniel
1119:
1116:
1029:
1026:
964:
961:
940:
939:
936:
904:
901:
897:
896:
889:
886:
882:
881:
876:
871:
839:
838:
829:
820:
809:
808:
805:
802:
777:
774:
678:Pforzen buckle
621:
618:
558:
555:
534:
533:
530:
527:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
479:
476:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
370:
362:
361:
357:stranded whale
298:
295:
286:Leslie Webster
280:V&A Museum
272:Brescia Casket
221:Brescia Casket
212:
209:
169:W. H. J. Weale
144:
141:
55:British Museum
27:British Museum
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5442:
5431:
5430:Bone carvings
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:Franks Casket
5068:
5066:
5065:Boxwood altar
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Oxus Treasure
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4943:Burney Relief
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4928:White Obelisk
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:Balawat Gates
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4755:Portland Vase
4753:
4751:
4750:Piranesi Vase
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Pericles bust
4738:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:Mainz Gladius
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Elgin Marbles
4616:
4614:
4613:Elgin Amphora
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:Bassae Frieze
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Armento Rider
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Rosetta Stone
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Prudhoe Lions
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4228:Ancient Egypt
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:Briggs Enigma
4172:
4170:
4169:Benin Bronzes
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Wilweorthunga
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:Franks Casket
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3575:and mythology
3574:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3512:Art Detective
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:Franks Casket
3458:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:9780714128184
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3213:9780714128092
3210:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:0-631-22492-0
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:(1975): 2-37.
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:Schwab, Ute,
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:Parsons, D.
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:Neophilologus
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:Franks Casket
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2709:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:0-7099-3507-2
2534:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2446:Fletcher, R.
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2262:
2251:there; where
2250:
2248:þǣr (adverb)
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:swā (adverb)
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:hēr (adverb)
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1434:elder futhark
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1197:Gesta Danorum
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1114:is depicted.
1113:
1109:
1106:, who brings
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:(temple) and
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
991:
986:
982:
974:
969:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
937:
934:
933:
932:
930:
926:
922:
914:
909:
900:
894:
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
837:
834:
830:
828:
825:
821:
819:
818:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:
794:
790:
782:
773:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
669:Völundarkviða
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
626:
617:
614:
612:
608:
603:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
568:
563:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
531:
528:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
500:
496:
489:
484:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
429:
424:
421:
416:
413:
408:
405:
400:
397:
392:
389:
384:
381:
376:
373:
368:
365:
360:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
327:
323:
319:
312:
308:
303:
294:
292:
287:
283:
281:
277:
276:Veroli Casket
273:
269:
264:
262:
226:
222:
217:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
154:
149:
140:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Emperor Titus
91:
90:Roman history
87:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:) is a small
40:
36:
35:Franks Casket
28:
23:
19:
5301:Private Case
5281:Blythe House
5258:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5137:Hedwig glass
5129:
5069:
5010:Taylor Prism
4997:
4703:Oscan Tablet
4668:Lycurgus Cup
4658:Jennings Dog
4533:Blacas Cameo
4508:Arundel Head
4445:
4401:Kang Hou gui
4212:Tree of Life
4210:
4198:
4151:and Americas
3883:Wið færstice
3881:
3874:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3703:Other beings
3518:West, Andrew
3473:
3461:
3411:
3404:
3394:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3318:
3311:
3300:
3293:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3247:
3240:
3222:
3204:
3178:
3174:
3160:
3157:J. Backhouse
3138:
3135:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2985:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2955:Celtic Myths
2954:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2881:
2866:
2852:
2845:
2841:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2796:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2549:Google books
2524:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2320:
2308:
2303:
2240:
2224:
2208:
2192:
2176:
2160:
2144:
2128:
2112:
2096:
2080:
2063:
2059:
2043:
2032:Rōmeceastre
2027:
2010:
2006:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1942:
1926:
1910:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1862:hearmbeorge
1857:
1841:
1825:
1809:
1793:
1788:swim, float
1777:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1697:
1686:firgenberig
1681:
1665:
1649:
1633:
1617:
1601:
1584:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1512:
1501:
1492:
1464:
1445:
1442:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1323:tae-gi-sgraf
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1225:Bous or Váli
1206:
1195:
1185:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:herhos sitæþ
1053:
1051:
1020:
1017:
1000:
994:
989:
980:
978:
957:
952:
941:
928:
918:
913:Sigurd stone
898:
892:
878:
873:
868:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:
835:
832:
826:
823:
816:
815:
812:
793:Raymond Page
791:
787:
770:
762:
758:
724:
715:
699:
690:
685:
681:
667:
661:
646:Sophus Bugge
643:
638:
632:
615:
604:
600:
595:
593:
586:
571:
543:East Anglian
537:
524:
492:
472:
469:
466:
462:
459:
454:
451:
446:
443:
438:
435:
430:
427:
422:
419:
414:
411:
406:
403:
398:
395:
390:
387:
382:
379:
374:
371:
366:
363:
354:
335:
315:
284:
268:Late Antique
265:
230:
225:Late Antique
158:
130:
83:
67:Northumbrian
39:Auzon Casket
38:
34:
32:
18:
5080:Hoxne Hoard
4918:Lyres of Ur
4893:Uruk Trough
4888:Blacas ewer
4865:Middle East
4558:Burgon vase
4458:Wardak Vase
4371:David Vases
4278:Min Palette
4263:Hornedjitef
4164:Aubin Codex
4141:and objects
4139:Departments
4120:Great Court
3830:Ealuscerwen
3771:Middangeard
3735:Eoten/Thurs
3495:Part 3 of 4
3405:The Vikings
3348:M. Osborn,
2986:Die Sprache
1682:fergenberig
1559:bone, tusk
1356:Crucifixion
1263:horse-block
1001:Ægelesthrep
953:genius loci
776:Right panel
767:Cassiodorus
688:= 'Egil'."
663:Þiðrekssaga
346:Holy Spirit
297:Front panel
177:Haute Loire
133:Old English
43:Anglo-Saxon
5410:Containers
5374:Categories
5157:Prints and
5115:Sutton Hoo
5090:Lindow Man
5057:and Europe
5055:Prehistory
4903:Palmer Cup
4850:Warren Cup
4818:Discobolus
4688:Meroë Head
4643:Harpy Tomb
4411:Klang Bell
3870:Sutton Hoo
3865:Spong Hill
3401:L. Webster
3391:L. Webster
3305:L. Webster
3255:Literature
3153:L. Webster
3121:Viëtor, W.
3026:Page, R.I.
2835:References
2456:0002552035
2028:romæcæstri
1921:he/she/it
1750:gebrōðera
1734:gāsrīc(?)
1692:mountain?
1467:Clark Hall
1392:acrophonic
1380:Fisc Flodu
1254:Mabinogion
1217:Proserpina
1160:Belshazzar
949:Odainsaker
747:Septimania
739:Visigothic
708:Andromache
557:Rear panel
478:Left panel
399:ahofonferg
396:ᚪᚻᚩᚠᚩᚾᚠᛖᚱᚷ
338:Three Magi
326:hamstrings
155:, Florence
108:: that of
5319:Directors
4653:Isis Tomb
4416:Kulu Vase
4230:and Sudan
4159:Akan Drum
4046:Seax-Wica
4041:Heathenry
3960:Moot hill
3764:Locations
3674:Eormenric
3325:K. Malone
3221:(2012b),
3203:(2012a),
2356:database.
2235:she-wolf
1985:the Jews
1858:hærmberge
1746:gibroðæra
1450:bindrunes
1215:, Saxo’s
1009:Aylesford
925:Siegfried
741:ruler of
644:In 1866,
463:hronæsban
460:ᚻᚱᚩᚾᚫᛋᛒᚪᚾ
331:Beaduhild
5359:Category
5339:Trustees
5311:Secretum
5175:Epifania
5159:Drawings
4813:Caryatid
4808:Antinous
4470:and Rome
4113:Building
4064:Category
4000:Weregild
3920:Folkmoot
3750:Wælcyrge
3444:Archived
3378:Speculum
3263:Speculum
3173:(2000),
3055:: 17–52.
2531:, 1984,
2258:See also
1975:giuþeasu
1804:hostage
1766:gescræf
1756:brother
1670:feohtaþ
1487:Meaning
1461:Glossary
1408:feohgift
1362:and the
1360:Nativity
1249:Rhiannon
1167:events.
1112:Valhalla
1098:and the
1092:valknutr
1084:Sleipnir
1052:Usually
1046:valknuts
993:and the
931:(II,5):
743:Hispania
704:Achilles
656:.'" In
629:Achilles
607:Josephus
499:she-wolf
205:Florence
122:Achilles
37:(or the
5329:Keepers
5324:Friends
4823:Hadrian
3950:Maypole
3876:Widsith
3809:Beowulf
3795:Æcerbot
3780:Sources
3694:Waldere
3159:(eds),
3127:. Vol.
2677:Academy
2494:Norfolk
2490:Larling
2203:become
2181:unnēah
2165:twēgen
1979:Iūdēas
1947:hranes
1868:grave?
1782:geswam
1762:gisgraf
1622:drīgeþ
1497:āglǣc?
1364:Passion
1259:Pryderi
1194:in his
1042:Gotland
1013:Renwein
1005:Horsted
981:hengist
759:2 Kings
611:slavery
580:in the
415:enberig
412:ᛖᚾᛒᛖᚱᛁᚷ
291:psalter
278:in the
254:⁄
240:⁄
173:Brioude
161:Wilfrid
143:History
5315:Staff
5182:I Modi
4468:Greece
3980:Symbel
3940:Horses
3910:Burial
3905:Blōtan
3715:Dragon
3710:Cofgod
3689:Sceafa
3623:Saxnot
3613:Hretha
3608:Gefjon
3598:Ēostre
3229:
3211:
3193:
3185:
3040:Runron
2888:
2873:
2708:Daniel
2543:
2535:
2454:
2313:Mercia
2197:wearþ
2161:twœgen
2149:torne
2117:sorge
2101:siteþ
2085:sefan
2064:særden
2048:risce
2011:herhos
1953:whale
1943:hronæs
1883:hearg
1878:herhos
1830:grorn
1814:grēot
1778:giswom
1730:gasric
1666:fegtaþ
1654:fēdde
1618:drigiþ
1585:særden
1202:Hother
1188:Balder
1152:Daniel
1079:sigwif
921:Sigurd
893:sæuden
751:Elisha
734:, the
720:Teucer
676:. The
635:relief
431:warþga
428:ᚹᚪᚱᚦᚷᚪ
322:Niðhad
274:; the
261:tituli
114:Sigurd
96:) and
59:relief
47:baleen
5274:Other
5227:Other
4833:Venus
4005:Wicce
3995:Thyle
3990:Thing
3985:Thegn
3970:Rings
3965:Runes
3935:Hearg
3925:Frith
3755:Wight
3669:Beowa
3648:Wōden
3628:Þunor
3603:Frige
3593:Beowa
3509:acast
3105:Gesta
2994:, in
2710:5:21.
2579:Psalm
2296:Notes
2229:wylf
2225:wylif
2213:wudu
2177:unneg
2145:tornæ
2113:sorgæ
2097:sitæþ
2054:rush
2044:risci
1931:hire
1905:here
1826:grorn
1810:greut
1798:gīsl
1718:flōd
1714:flodu
1708:fish
1702:fisc
1650:fœddæ
1638:ēðle
1590:denn
1569:bita
1517:āhōf
1502:āglǣc
1426:sigel
1422:hagal
1342:Satan
1340:) is
1268:Epona
1221:Woden
1209:Norns
1108:myrrh
1040:from
1021:horse
1007:near
763:Ægili
757:from
736:Arian
732:Agila
727:Psalm
716:Ægili
712:Iliad
700:Ægili
686:ægili
674:Olrun
654:Ölrún
639:Ægili
578:Titus
383:flodu
380:ᚠᛚᚩᛞᚢ
193:Paris
185:Auzon
165:Ripon
51:chest
4828:Vase
4323:Asia
4025:Yule
4020:Wyrd
3975:Scop
3900:Bēot
3823:Deor
3745:Neck
3740:Mare
3730:Ides
3679:Finn
3664:Ægil
3638:Wade
3227:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3191:ISBN
3183:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2533:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2245:þǣr
2209:wudu
2193:warþ
2171:two
2133:swā
2081:sefa
2069:sār
1937:she
1927:hiri
1915:hīe
1899:hēr
1874:herh
1794:gisl
1698:fisc
1634:oþlæ
1606:dōm
1565:bita
1553:bān
1543:and
1537:and
1513:ahof
1454:Bede
1404:gyfu
1400:feoh
1384:feoh
1338:herh
1327:tae-
1164:Dan.
1131:Tate
1104:Magi
1070:Æsir
1066:herh
1058:herh
1036:The
985:Bede
971:The
848:and
755:Joas
753:and
745:and
696:Troy
650:Egil
367:fisc
364:ᚠᛁᛋᚳ
219:The
118:Egil
33:The
4728:103
4723:102
3945:Law
3725:Elf
3633:Tiw
3618:Ing
3588:Ēse
3472:',
3082:on
2938:217
2933:(=
2241:þær
2129:swa
2060:sær
2016:ōs
1995:on
1963:in
1911:hiæ
1895:her
1852:he
1846:hē
1602:dom
1581:den
1549:ban
1533:end
1529:and
1493:agl
1417:Tiw
1412:rad
1331:to-
1315:oþ-
1311:os-
1270:."
1213:Hel
987:'s
945:Urd
911:A "
620:Lid
576:by
245:by
175:in
5376::
4718:85
4713:84
3520:,
3503:,
3489:,
3292:,
3239:;
3189:,
3167:).
3155:-
3129:25
3053:46
3043:14
3013:92
2946:,
2918:,
2909:45
2846:21
2844:,
2820:,
2547:,
2539:,
2527:,
2492:,
2066:)
2013:)
2007:os
1991:on
1959:in
1880:)
1842:he
1587:)
1531:,
1366:.
1333:.
1319:er
1155:.
1133:)
1074:os
1062:os
1015:.
891:a
769:,
591:.
359::
203:,
128:.
49:)
4098:e
4091:t
4084:v
3565:e
3558:t
3551:v
3531:.
3524:.
3450:.
3233:.
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