Franco-Dutch War - Knowledge

2912: 3114: 4263: 3371: 3832: 4069: 3443: 3610: 2518: 4305: 4251: 4176:, to hinder their trade. Arguably, their most lasting gain was William's marriage to Mary and his arrival as one of the most powerful statesmen in Europe, with sufficient stature to hold together an anti-French coalition. It also showed that while significant sections of the English mercantile and political class were anti-Dutch on commercial grounds, there was no popular support in England for an alliance with France. However, the advantageous separate peace, signed against William's wishes, meant that the Republic's allies were in a worse position. For years afterwards the Republic was burdened with the reputation of being an untrustworthy ally, concerned only with its commercial interests. The war had also seen the rebirth of the 3208: 978: 804: 792: 406: 910: 898: 458: 3021: 3545: 4116: 945: 676: 348: 3978: 3073: 592: 580: 568: 556: 544: 532: 512: 500: 3896: 935: 318: 4277: 4291: 988: 952: 886: 874: 862: 850: 664: 420: 361: 3297: 652: 640: 374: 3262: 143: 997: 815: 433: 2792: 2617:, helped maintain large field armies that could be mobilised much quicker. This meant the French could mount offensives in early spring before their opponents were ready, seize their objectives, then assume a defensive posture. As in other wars of the period, the army's strength fluctuated throughout the conflict; starting with 180,000 in 1672, by 1678 it had an authorised strength of 219,250 infantry and 60,360 cavalry, of whom 116,370 served in garrisons. 838: 826: 445: 628: 616: 604: 3088:

Holland proper seemed meaningless to them, unless Amsterdam could be besieged. This city would be a very problematic target. It had a population of 200,000 and could raise a large civil militia, reinforced by thousands of sailors. As the city had recently expanded, its fortifications were the best maintained in the Republic. Their normal armament of three hundred pieces was being enlarged by the militia hauling the reserve ordnance of the

25: 472: 333: 968: 780: 768: 756: 744: 724: 2989:, on 21 June. Louis ordered Luxembourg to expel them again, as he wanted to make the duchy of Guelders a French possession. Annoyed, Von Galen announced to advance to the north of the Republic and invited de Luxembourg to follow him by wading through the IJssel, as no pontoon bridge was available. Exasperated, Luxembourg got permission from Louis to withhold his corps and the army of Cologne from the Münsterite forces. 2388: 706: 694: 393: 3727: 3701:, the only Allied general considered equal to Turenne. He crossed the Rhine at Philippsburg with 25,000 men, hoping to draw the French north, then double back, but Turenne was not fooled, and instead blocked the river near Strasbourg to prevent Montecuccoli being resupplied. By mid-July, both armies were running out of food and Turenne tried to bring the retreating Imperial army to battle. At 2656: 3171:

on an even more prestigious object: 's-Hertogenbosch, which was considered "inexpugnable". The city was not only a formidable fortress in itself, it was surrounded by a rare fortification belt. Normally its marshy surroundings would make a siege impossible but its presently weak garrison seemed to offer some possibility of success. After

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Maastricht. Their possession would have greatly facilitated the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands, and the remaining Republic would have been little more than a French satellite state. De Louvois, rather bemused that the Estates had not capitulated but still considered some damage control possible, demanded far harsher terms.

3285:. Instead of a rapid victory, Louis was forced into a war of attrition around the French frontiers; in August, Turenne ended his offensive against the Dutch and proceeded to Germany with 25,000 infantry and 18,000 cavalry. Frederick William and Leopold combined their forces of around 25,000 under the Imperial general 3874:, leaving the island, with its castle, coastal batteries, more than 30 pieces of artillery and several ships, in the hands of the Dutch. For nearly three weeks, the Dutch flag flew from the walls of the French stronghold and the Dutch fleet captured many French ships in the meantime. The whole coastline from 2776:, just south of Maastricht; supported by Condé, Louis wanted to besiege the fortress immediately but Turenne convinced him it would be folly to allow the Dutch time to reinforce other positions. Avoiding a direct assault on Maastricht, Turenne prevented it being reinforced by occupying outlying positions at 3008:, the largest city in the north. Alternatively, he could take Delfzijl, allowing a landing by an English expeditionary force. But the bishop feared the Protestant British would make common cause with the Calvinist Groningers and expected that his siege mortars would force a fast capitulation, starting the 3882:

was in turmoil, and several strong French forces gathered to prevent the Dutch from landing. On 23 July the island of Noirmoutier was however abandoned after the Dutch blew up the castle and demolished the coastal batteries. The French coast was kept in fear for some time, but after ending the French

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extolling the magnanimity of the French king. For Louis, a campaign was not complete without some major siege to enhance his personal glory. The quick surrender of so many cities had been somewhat disappointing in this respect. Maastricht having escaped him for the time being, he turned his attention

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In February 1672, de Witt compromised by appointing William as Captain-General for a year. Budgets were approved and contracts issued to increase the army to over 80,000 but assembling these men would take months. Negotiations with Frederick William to reinforce Cleves with 30,000 men were delayed by

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Louis had the enormous advantages of a stellar corps of commanders, superior logistics and a unified strategy, in contrast to the differing objectives of his opponents. At the same time, the war demonstrated that the threat of French expansion overruled all other considerations for rival nations and

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The Dutch recovered from the near disaster of 1672 to prove they were a significant power in Northern Europe. They ended the war without losing an inch of their own territory, obtained the French evacuation of several advanced positions conquered in 1668 and the repeal of the rigorous customs tariff

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Observing that the water around 's-Hertogenbosch showed little sign of receding, Louis became impatient and lifted the siege on 26 July. Leaving his main force of 40,000 behind, he took 18,000 men with him, and marched to Paris within a week, straight through the Spanish Netherlands. He freed 12,000

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Several explanations have been given for this policy. The French were rather overwhelmed by their success. They had within a month captured three dozen fortresses. This strained their organisational and logistical capacities. All these strongholds had to be garrisoned and supplied. An intrusion into

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was to be largely complete. Louis believed this would deprive the Dutch regents of the courage to continue the war any longer. In this, however, he was mistaken. The impending French offensive actually led to an intensification of Dutch-Spanish cooperation. Still, the French offensive of 1677 was a

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The absence of the Dutch field army offered opportunities for the French to renew their offensive. On 27 December, after a severe frost, Luxembourg began to cross the ice of the Water Line with eight thousand men, hoping to sack The Hague. A sudden thaw cut his force in half and he narrowly escaped

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The faltering offensive caused financial problems for the anti-Dutch allies, especially England. Münster was in an even worse condition; on 27 August it had to abandon the siege of Groningen. Whereas the Dutch had managed to supply the city through waterways at its northern edge, Von Galen's troops

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they agreed there was even harsher, England and France promising never to conclude a separate peace. France demanded the areas of Brabant, Limburg and Guelders. Charles tried to right matters by writing a very moderate letter to William, claiming that the only obstacle to peace was the influence of

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prepared itself for a French onslaught on the IJssel Line. Only twenty thousand troops could be assembled to block a crossing and a dry spring meant that the river could be forded at many points. Nevertheless, there seemed to be no alternative but to make a last stand at the IJssel. However, should

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as one of the most disciplined and best trained European armed forces. That this was not sufficient to keep France from making conquests in the Spanish Netherlands, William and the regents blamed mainly on the Spanish themselves. The Dutch had expected more military strength from the once powerful

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on 27 July, he was killed by a stray cannonball while reconnoitering the enemy's positions. Demoralised by his death, the French withdrew after some inconclusive skirmishing, and fell back to Alsace. They were pursued by Montecuccoli, who crossed the Rhine at Strasbourg and besieged Hagenau, while

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protecting the core province of Holland. Eventually, the council of Utrecht delivered the keys of the gates to Henri Louis d'Aloigny (the Marquis de Rochefort), to avoid plundering. On 18 June, William withdrew his forces. The flooding was not ready yet, only having been ordered on 8 June, and the

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protecting the Lower Rhine abandoned his position. When he arrived at Arnhem with his troops, immediately a force of two thousand horse and foot under Field Marshal Paulus Wirtz was sent out to cover the Betuwe. At arrival they intercepted French cavalry crossing at a ford pointed out to them by a

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and Maastricht; in November 1671, the Council of State reported these as being short of supplies and money, with many fortifications barely defendable. Most units were substantially below strength; on 12 June, one officer reported his official strength of eighteen companies had only enough men for

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or iron belt (see Map). This aligned with Louis' preference for siege warfare, which was further reinforced by the death of Turenne, and Condé's retirement, removing two of the most talented and aggressive French generals of the 17th century, and the only ones with sufficient stature to challenge

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In June, the Dutch seemed defeated. The Amsterdam stock market collapsed and their international credit evaporated. Frederick William, the Elector of Brandenburg, in these circumstances hardly dared to threaten the eastern borders of Münster. A single loyal ally remained: the Spanish Netherlands.

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While Breda and Aix-la-Chapelle were seen as Dutch diplomatic triumphs, they also presented significant dangers; De Witt himself was well aware of these, but failed to convince his colleagues. Louis considered the January 1668 Partition Treaty with Leopold confirmation of his right to the Spanish

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to surrender the province to him. Of course, the opposite might happen too: that a French advance would lead to the Orangists taking power and capitulating to England. The province of Zealand had already decided to rather make Charles their lord than be subjugated by the French. Only fear of the

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where no one, except a few intimates, were allowed to disturb him. The next year only Grave and Maastricht remained in French hands, while the war expanded into the Rhineland and Spain. Münster was forced to signe a peace treaty with the Dutch Republic in April 1674 and Cologne followed in May.

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of the Holland Water Line had slowly filled, forming an obstacle to a possible French advance. Charles thought that William's rise to power allowed to quickly obtain a peace favourable to England. He sent two of his ministers to Holland. They were received with jubilation by the population, who

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The Dutch were given the choice of surrendering their southern fortresses, permitting religious freedom for Catholics and a payment of six million guilders, or France and Münster retaining their existing gains – thus the loss of Overijssel, Guelders and Utrecht – and a single payment of sixteen

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in the Rhineland while the Spanish aimed at recovering losses in the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch were further split by internal disputes; the powerful Amsterdam mercantile body were anxious to end an expensive war once their commercial interests were secured, while William saw France as a

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and puppet state. He very much preferred that it would be France pulling the strings but there was a distinct possibility that the uncle of the prince would be in control. Louis had not mentioned William in his peace conditions. The very patricians that the French king desired to punish were

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and ten million guilders. Compared to the eventual outcome of the war, these conditions were very favourable to France. It would have led to territorial gains in the Low Countries for France not equalled until 1810. The Generality Lands included the fortresses of Breda, 's-Hertogenbosch and

2699:, a move opposed by de Witt. Aware of internal English opposition to the Anglo-French alliance, the Dutch relied on the provisions of the Triple Alliance requiring England and the Republic to support each other, if attacked by Spain or France. This assumption was shared by the 2549:

was at the height of its power, an advantage rapidly eroded by English and French naval expansion. The Anglo-Dutch War was primarily fought at sea, masking the poor state of the Dutch army and forts, deliberately neglected since they were viewed as bolstering the power of the

3354:: unless noble refugees or Amsterdam merchants made regular payments, their luxury mansions would be burnt down. This made the general the favourite subject of Dutch anti-French propaganda. Special books were published highlighting the outrages he committed, illustrated by 3109:

with which many of the French military and the contractors had been paid, were covered by the gold and silver reserves of the Amsterdam banks. Their loss would mean the collapse of Europe's financial system and the personal bankruptcy of large segments of the French elite.

2652:. At the same time 30,000 mercenaries, paid by Münster and Cologne and led by Luxembourg, would attack from the east. One final element was a planned English landing in the Spanish Netherlands but this ceased to be a viable option as the Dutch retained control of the sea. 2474:

Although France and the Republic concluded an assistance treaty in 1662, the States of Holland refused to support a division of the Spanish Netherlands, convincing Louis his objectives could only be achieved by force. The Dutch received limited French support during the

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The news that the French had penetrated into the heart of the Republic led to a general panic in the cities of the province of Holland. Blaming the States regime for the Dutch collapse, their populations rioted. Members of the city councils were by force replaced by

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military power of De Ruyter's fleet had kept them from surrendering outright to the English. De Ruyter would not tolerate any talk of capitulation and intended, if necessary, to take the fleet overseas to continue the fight. Louis feared the English wanted to claim

3863:, and captured its coastal bulwarks. The Dutch, however, left the island again after two days, because the 3,000 French defenders had taken refuge in the island's strong fortress and a siege would have taken too long. A few days later, on 4 July, the island of 2866:. Anger at the alleged lack of support from D'Estrées increased opposition to the war, and the English Parliament was reluctant to approve funds for essential repairs. For the rest of the year, this restricted English naval operations to a failed attack on the 3682:, giving him a base for an attack on Alsace but delayed while he awaited the arrival of 20,000 troops under Frederick William. To prevent this, Turenne made a night march that enabled him to surprise the Imperial army and fought them to a standstill at 3329:

were also part of the republic—Dutch provincial areas. The supply lines of the French army were dangerously overextended. In the autumn of 1672, William tried to cut them off, crossing the Spanish Netherlands via Maastricht in forced marches to attack

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upon the ramparts which began to bristle with thousands of cannon. The low-lying surrounding terrain, below sea level, was easily flooded, making a traditional attack via trenches impractical. The battle fleet could support the fortifications from the

3417:. In November, a 30,000-strong Dutch-Spanish army, under William's command, marched into the lands of the Bishops of Münster and Cologne. The Dutch troops took revenge and carried out many atrocities. Together with 35,000 Imperial troops, they then 3236:. England would respect the French and Münsterite conquests. To their surprise, William flatly refused. He indicated that he might be more pliable if they managed to moderate the French peace terms. They then travelled to Heeswijk Castle, but the 4323: 3425:

in the long logistical lines between France and the Dutch Republic. The French position in the Netherlands became untenable and Louis was forced to evacuate French troops from the Dutch Republic. This deeply shocked Louis and he retreated to

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signed the Treaty of Dover with France in 1670. In April 1672, Sweden and France also concluded an alliance, with France promising subsidies in peace time, and more subsidies in war time, if Sweden maintained a 16,000 men strong army in its

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They well understood that if the Dutch capitulated, they too would be lost. Although officially neutral, and forced to allow the French to transgress their territory with impunity, they openly reinforced the Dutch with thousands of troops.

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in June 1672 withdrew their troops from the confederated army. The French army made little effort to cut off the escape route of the Dutch field army. Turenne recrossed the Lower Rhine to attack Arnhem, while part of his army moved to the

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confirmed most of the conquests the French had made in the latter stages of the war. Louis, having successfully fought a powerful coalition, came to be known as the 'Sun King' in the years that followed the conflict. France returned

3974:, thus ensuring control of Alsace. The Spanish theatre remained largely static; French victory at Espolla in July 1677 left the strategic position unchanged but their losses worsened the crisis faced by the Spanish administration. 4088:'s niece. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May. Louis seized this opportunity to improve his negotiating position and captured 4168:; with the exception of Ypres, all of these remain part of France today. But while favourable to France, and producing lasting gains, the peace terms were significantly worse than those that had been available in July 1672. 3556:

In broad terms, French strategy now focused on retaking Spanish possessions gained in 1667–1668 but returned at Aix-La-Chapelle, while preventing Imperialist advances in the Rhineland. They also supported minor campaigns in

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describing him as "one of our best friends." However, the Dutch were poorly prepared for a campaign against France; available funds had mostly been invested in the fleet, at the expense of their land defences. Most of the

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This combination of events led Louis to pursue a "policy of exhaustion that emphasised sieges and the gathering of war taxes, raids, and blockades over full-scale battles". In support of this strategy, Swedish forces in

2726:, and could not engage the French in 1672. The Maastricht garrison was increased to 11,000, in the hope they could delay the French long enough to strengthen the eastern border; the cities provided 12,000 men from their 4002:. De Ruyter disapproved of the operation, because he thought that his fleet was insufficient to change the balance of power in the Mediterranean, in which the French had a very strong presence. Under pressure from the 3628:; despite England's withdrawal from the war in February, his army of less than 8,000 retained a number of English regiments, as Charles II encouraged members to continue serving in order to keep his French subsidies. 2738:

river. These were unfinished when France declared war on 6 April, followed by England on 7 April, using a manufactured diplomatic incident known as the 'Merlin' affair. Münster and Cologne entered the war on 18 May.

3228:, they proposed to install William as monarch of a Principality of Holland. In return he should pay ten million guilders as "indemnities" and formalise a permanent military English occupation of the ports of Brill, 3084:

million livres. Louis knew perfectly well that the delegation did not have the mandate to agree such terms and would have to return for new instructions. However, he also did not continue his advance to the west.

3036:. The common citizens had taken over the city gates and refused him entrance. In talks with the official city council, William had to admit that he had no intention to defend the city but would retreat behind the 3438:

that managed government for Charles had gambled on a short war but when this proved not to be the case, opinion quickly turned against it, while the French were also accused of abandoning the English at Solebay.

3943:. This meant that they could not prevent the cities from falling into French hands. The French then took a defensive posture, afraid that more success would force England to intervene on the side of the Allies. 2530:

Netherlands, a point reinforced by Aix-la-Chapelle, despite his concessions. He no longer saw the need to negotiate, and decided their acquisition was best achieved by first defeating the Republic.

3718:. Condé was despatched from Flanders to take command and forced Montecuccoli to withdraw across the Rhine; however, ill-health forced him to retire in December and he was replaced by Créquy. 2911: 2703:, who approved funding for the fleet in early 1671 to fulfil its obligations under the alliance. The true danger only became obvious on 23 March, when acting under orders from Charles, the 164: 3589:. While both sides claimed victory, the appalling casualties confirmed Louis' preference for positional warfare, ushering in a period where siege and manoeuvre dominated military tactics. 4022:

in June. However, French intervention had been opportunistic; friction arose with the anti-Spanish rebels, the cost of operations was prohibitive and Messina was evacuated in early 1678.

3166:. The harsh peace conditions upon which he insisted were meant to humiliate the Dutch. He demanded an annual embassy to the French court asking pardon for their perfidy and presenting a 2674:

in mid 1670, while the Dutch were given accurate information on their plans as early as February 1671. These were confirmed by Condé in November and again in January 1672, Dutch regent

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Dutch prisoners of war for a small ransom, to avoid having to pay for their maintenance, allowing the majority to rejoin the Dutch States Army, which by August contained 57,000 men.

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some days earlier. On his right flank, the armies of Münster and Cologne, reinforced by a French corps under de Luxembourg, advanced to the north along the river, after having taken

4250: 4018:, but was mortally wounded in the process. The French would achieve naval supremacy in the Western Mediterranean after their galleys surprised the Dutch/Spanish fleet at anchor at 3309:

against their supply lines. Also, his siege mortars had lost the artillery duel with the fortress cannon, gradually having been destroyed. Before the end of 1672, the Dutch under

3155:, on 25–26 June. The attempt was a total failure, the small garrison killing hundreds of attackers and taking prisoner over six hundred Frenchmen who had become pinned down in a 2361:. Under William of Orange, the Dutch recovered all the territory lost at the beginning, making him dominant in domestic politics. This position helped him create the anti-French 3000:. With such fire shot he intimidated the garrison of Coevorden into a quick surrender on 1 July. He was advised by his subcommanders to subsequently plunder the hardly defended 2561:, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch. It contained secret clauses not revealed until 1771, including the payment to Charles of £230,000 per year for providing a British 4103:

was fought three days later on 13 August, when a combined Dutch-Spanish force attacked the French army under Luxembourg. The French were forced to withdraw, which ensured that

3807:. In December 1674 Sweden invaded Brandenburg after France had threatened to halt its subsidies if the Swedish would not use their army. In June, however, a Swedish army under 3204:

of having betrayed the Republic to Louis and De Ruyter of wanting to deliver the fleet to the French. When the French peace terms became known on 1 July, they caused outrage.

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In England, the alliance with Catholic France had been unpopular from the start and although the real terms of the Treaty of Dover remained secret, many suspected them. The

2479:(1665-1667) but increasingly preferred a weak Spain as a neighbour to a strong France. Shortly after talks to end the Anglo-Dutch War began in May 1667, Louis launched the 4262: 3126:

traditionally pro-French and his natural allies against the pro-English Orangists. He wanted to simply annex Holland and hoped that fear of the Orangists would cause the

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In the spring of 1674, the French invaded the Spanish province of Franche-Comté and overran the entire province in less than six weeks. French troops then reinforced

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Captain-General William Henry now wanted the entire field army to fall back on Utrecht. However, in 1666 the provinces had regained full sovereignty of their forces.

3144: 1830: 3745: 890: 6786: 3113: 1399: 4328: 2019: 1222: 1155: 3179:, which controlled the sluice outlets of the area, halting further inundations. The main French force, thus removed from the Holland war theatre, camped around 878: 1382: 1377: 1048: 3176: 2811:. The Dutch garrisoned forts intended to defend the Rhine crossings were still severely undermanned and poorly equipped. By 5 June, the French had captured 6137: 4127:

Louis XIV's two primary goals, the destruction of the Dutch Republic and the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands, had not been achieved. Nevertheless, the

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Leaving 10,000 men to cover Maastricht, the rest of the French army crossed back over the Meuse, then advanced along the Rhine, supported by troops from

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This was partly because with Prince William now of age, his Orangist supporters refused to approve additional military spending unless he was appointed

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that France, though having emerged as Europe's greatest power, could not easily impose its will against a coalition. French forces would soon capture

2502:, who was also concerned by French expansion. After his first suggestion of an Anglo-French alliance was rejected by Louis, Charles entered the 1668 1646: 3911:

On both sides, the last years of the war saw minimal return for their investment of men and money. French strategy in Flanders was largely based on

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However, in August, the Dutch, Spain and Emperor Leopold, supported by other German states, agreed the anti-French Alliance of The Hague, joined by

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One of the biggest obstacles to Allied success in Flanders was their diverging objectives; the Imperials wanted to prevent reinforcements reaching

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with gun fire, meanwhile ensuring a constant resupply of the food and ammunition stocks. A deeper problem was that Amsterdam was the world's main

2772:, one of the most magnificent displays of military power in the seventeenth century. Accompanied by Louis, on 17 May Turenne met up with Condé at 1532: 4068: 3241:

De Witt. William made counteroffers unacceptable to Charles but also on 15 August published the letter to incite the population. On 20 August,

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Although the situation on land had become critical for the Dutch, events at sea were much more favourable. On 7 June, Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral

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on 20 June. Von Galen, nicknamed "Bomb Berend", was an expert on artillery ammunition and had devised the first practical incendiary shell or

6831: 6781: 3524:(VOC) in both the intercontinental route and in intra-Asian trades. The VOC secured its position in Asia by defeating the French garrison in 3498: 2938: 1823: 4041:, Sweden's last possession on the continent, was lost on 5 November. Swedish seapower was annihilated, by the Danish and Dutch fleets under 1594: 3442: 2391:

The planned 1672 French offensive; the alliance with Münster and Cologne allowed them to bypass the Spanish Netherlands, marching through

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he had accepted command anyway. His doubts would soon be justified, but not after he repulsed an attack of a superior French fleet under

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and Aylva in the north of the Dutch Republic had now finally forced Von Galen to withdraw, while William crossed the Dutch Waterline and

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of Zealand and on 4 June of Holland. The new stadtholder William III of Orange was given a general mandate to negotiate. Meanwhile, the

2307:, or "Disaster Year". However, by late July their position had stabilised, while in 1673 concern over French gains brought support from 6846: 3741: 1525: 1041: 572: 4197: 3694:

on 5 January, which secured Alsace and prevented an Imperial invasion. This campaign is often considered to be Turenne's masterpiece.

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remained in Spanish hands. On 19 August, Spain and France agreed to an armistice, followed by a formal peace treaty on 17 September.

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the main body of the Danish forces was moved to southern Denmark, but the hostilities in Scania did not cease until September 1679.

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ensured the Dutch retained control of their coastal waters, secured their trade routes and ended hopes of an Anglo-French landing in

2649: 2636:. 120,000 men were allocated to attacks on the Republic, split into two main groups; one at Charleroi, under Turenne, the other near 818: 6483:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

2161: 1964: 1816: 4215:'s resentment at being forced to give up what he saw as his own territory turned Brandenburg-Prussia into an implacable opponent. 3939:

success. The Spaniards found it difficult to raise enough troops due to financial constraints and the Allies were defeated in the

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Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, goods and supplies were largely transported by water, making rivers such as the

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on 12 June, the Dutch cavalry was eventually overwhelmed by French reinforcements. Louis personally observed the battle from the

1587: 1441: 5675: 536: 6876: 4208: 2005: 89: 3462:, also a devout Catholic. In February 1673, Parliament refused to continue funding the war unless Charles withdrew a proposed 3121:

Relations with England were also delicate. Louis had promised Charles to make William Henry the Sovereign Prince of a Holland

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long-term threat that had to be defeated. This conflict increased once ending the war became a distinct possibility with the

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In preparation for an attack on the Republic, Louis embarked on a series of diplomatic initiatives, the first being the 1670

1639: 1140: 1034: 748: 181: 61: 3394:, which controlled a key access point on the Meuse; the city surrendered on 30 June. In June 1673, the French occupation of 6806: 3847:

At sea, after the peace with England, the Dutch fleet could now be deployed in an offensive manner. De Ruyter attempted an

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Map of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic and Spanish) and surrounding areas during the French invasion and occupation of 1672

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French armies of the period held significant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like

2452: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2073: 1986: 6748: 2827:, perhaps the most important fortress, surrendered when the townspeople threatened to butcher the commanders, followed by 6081:

Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century, Volume 2, F–O

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first, on the east side of the IJssel, taking it on 21 June. The king delayed the capture somewhat to allow his brother,

2835:; Grand Pensionary De Witt was deeply shocked by the news of the catastrophe and concluded "the fatherland is now lost". 2362: 3427: 2891:, the field army would fall back to the west to prevent being surrounded and quickly annihilated. The commander of Fort 2068: 2063: 68: 6594: 6575: 6556: 6537: 6509: 6452: 6408: 6389: 6333: 6295: 6276: 6238: 6219: 6171: 6107: 6088: 6069: 6013: 5961: 5942: 5923: 5904: 5848: 5829: 5810: 5757: 3998:

Looking to aid Spain in the defense of Sicily, the Dutch Republic sent a small fleet under command of De Ruyter to the

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failed to properly coordinate, which meant that the French ended up fighting a separate battle with Lieutenant-Admiral

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against its Spanish overlords in 1674, obliging San Germán to transfer some of his troops. A French naval force under

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Brandenburg-Prussia in December 1674 after Louis threatened to withhold their subsidies. It resulted in the 1675–1679

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were starving and had largely deserted. Largely due to an effective guerrilla campaign by troops from Friesland under

6730: 6719: 6471: 6314: 6257: 3629: 3346:. This increased the hatred against Luxembourg. The province of Utrecht was one of the richest regions of Europe and 2098: 108: 42: 3912: 3317:

and liberated the province of Drenthe, leaving the Allies in possession of only three of the ten—the territories of

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had been taken by the Brandenburgers, Imperials, and Danes. In December 1677, the elector of Brandenburg captured

2904:. Condé was shot through the wrist. In France, this battle was celebrated as a major victory and paintings of the 75: 6886: 6871: 6821: 6816: 2517: 1669: 1278: 3350:

Louis Robert had extorted large sums from its wealthy inhabitants. The French applied the not-unusual method of

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in September 1676 but the French stabilised their front. Créquy's maneuvering countered Imperial offensives by

2196: 1572: 46: 3616:, killed at Salzbach in 1675; the Rhineland campaign of 1674–1675 is often viewed as his greatest achievement 3470:

barring Catholics from public office. That summer De Ruyter again defeated the Anglo-French fleets, now under

2950: 2800: 2566: 6836: 4236: 3848: 3278: 2499: 2370: 2308: 2191: 1959: 1912: 1860: 1414: 796: 169: 57: 6881: 6866: 6732:

Nederlandsche zeehelden van de zeventiende eeuw. Naar het Engelsch bewerkt onder toezicht van C.H. de Goeje

4227:(1683–1684), which only further alienated other European states and led to the creation of the anti-French 4100: 3947: 3687: 3652: 3487: 3406: 3148: 2442: 2312: 2181: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1870: 1865: 1855: 1582: 1404: 1217: 1165: 1090: 830: 4310: 4050: 3870:. After a short struggle, which left more than a hundred Dutch men out of action, the French retreated to 2392: 1732: 1501: 6678: 4189: 3951: 3483: 2858:. This led to mutual recriminations between the two allies. Although ship losses were roughly equal, the 2510:. After the Alliance mediated between France and Spain, Louis relinquished many of his gains in the 1668 2093: 1875: 1577: 1394: 842: 668: 6656: 6641: 6628: 4025:

In Northern Germany meanwhile the Swedish position crumbled. In 1675, most of Swedish Pomerania and the

3577:'s army in the Spanish Netherlands, who were outnumbered by the main Allied field army. William invaded 3200:

partisans or in fear of reprisals declared for the cause of the Prince of Orange. Pamphlets accused the

2722:. By the time they reached agreement on 6 May, he was occupied with a French-backed Swedish invasion of 1787: 1355: 6401:

Princes, Posts and Partisans: The Army of Louis XIV and Partisan Warfare in the Netherlands (1673–1678)

4290: 4034: 3656: 3517: 3471: 3391: 3045:

countryside of Holland was defenceless against the French. On 19 June, the French took the fortress of

2431:. Preserving this monopoly was a Dutch priority, but this increasingly clashed with French aims in the 1927: 1135: 1105: 632: 3711: 3509:, whereby the Swedes tied up the armies of Brandenburg, Denmark and some minor German principalities. 1207: 6776: 4192:. She returned to power after his death in September 1679 but not before he arranged the marriage of 3764: 3513: 3009: 2216: 1792: 1712: 1476: 1360: 1187: 1085: 3686:

on 4 October. As was then accepted practice, Bournonville halted operations until spring but in his

3544: 3334:, the starting point of the supply route through Liège, though he had to abandon the siege quickly. 6801: 6796: 3521: 3454:

Opposition to the alliance with France further increased when Charles' heir, his Catholic brother,

3020: 2867: 2525:

in February 1672; political conflict between his supporters and de Witt impacted Dutch preparations

1227: 4115: 3940: 3707: 3506: 3414: 3399: 2992:

From that point onwards, Von Galen would wage a largely separate campaign. He started to besiege

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meanwhile operated along the French coast. Tromp directed a landing on 27 June on the island of

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in 1676 were given a greater sense of urgency in November 1677 when William married his cousin

4003: 3867: 3836: 3820: 3787: 3529: 3362:, that had been dedicated to Spanish misdeeds, was now rewritten to reflect French atrocities. 3197: 3089: 2785: 2731: 2558: 2551: 2503: 2491: 2476: 2331: 2322:

now faced war on multiple fronts. He changed focus, instead strengthening his borders with the

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or 'duelling zone' on France's northern border, defended by a line of fortresses known as the

2973:

on 25 June. Then, the province of Overijssel surrendered as a whole to the bishop of Münster,

2831:

on 9 June. Having secured their rear, the bulk of the French army began to cross the Rhine at

257: 82: 6382:

The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest 1661–1701

5935:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000

4173: 4085: 3977: 3799: 3698: 3598: 3475: 3306: 3286: 3233: 3032:

On 14 June, William arrived with the remnants of the field army, some eight thousand men, at

2804: 2700: 2696: 2570: 2522: 2495: 2287: 2255: 2118: 1692: 1599: 1549: 1436: 1160: 1130: 808: 772: 608: 365: 6181:

Lynn, John A (1994). "Recalculating French Army Growth during the Grand Siecle, 1610–1715".

3574: 2753: 2602: 2574: 6212:

Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

4062: 3955: 3816: 3780: 3749: 3486:

from the English. Pressure to end the war mounted in England and Charles made peace in the

3422: 3418: 3338:

to his own lines with the remainder, on his way back massacring the civilian population of

2997: 2628:

in 1668 allowed Louvois to pre-position supply dumps, stretching from the French border to

2578: 2438: 2088: 1772: 1762: 1685: 1491: 1409: 1340: 1330: 1293: 1120: 644: 284: 230: 3895: 3072: 2640:, commanded by Condé. After marching through the Bishopric of Liège, they would join near 2577:, then a dependency of Cologne (see Map). Preparations were completed in April 1672, when 2467:

as crucial for preserving Dutch economic power, but also to protect him from his domestic

2048: 1249: 8: 4224: 4193: 4120: 4011: 3987: 3962:

in July 1678 ended their hopes of retaking the city. The French followed up by capturing

3959: 3922:

him. The French were preparing a major offensive at the end of 1676. Intended to capture

3808: 3804: 3691: 3625: 3455: 3310: 3282: 2851: 2688: 2586: 2534: 2464: 2432: 2323: 2319: 2279: 2206: 2113: 1969: 1949: 1777: 1767: 1707: 1614: 1466: 1345: 1335: 1305: 1237: 1202: 1192: 1110: 854: 760: 656: 620: 504: 436: 5916:

The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries

3917: 3163: 2820: 2416: 6856: 6368: 6360: 6198: 6048: 6040: 5988: 5984: 5883: 5875: 4232: 4185: 4081: 3795: 3702: 3683: 3660: 3136: 2542: 2366: 2259: 2186: 1954: 1797: 1742: 1675: 1365: 1315: 1283: 1197: 1182: 1177: 909: 897: 866: 680: 627: 615: 603: 477: 462: 457: 338: 4046: 3887:

and visiting the Mediterranean, Tromp's fleet returned to Holland at the end of 1674.

3390:

vital for trade and military operations. The primary French objective in 1673 was the

1717: 1481: 6715: 6684: 6613: 6606:

De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning

6590: 6571: 6552: 6533: 6505: 6486: 6467: 6448: 6431: 6404: 6385: 6372: 6329: 6310: 6291: 6272: 6253: 6234: 6215: 6167: 6103: 6084: 6065: 6052: 6009: 6002: 5957: 5938: 5919: 5900: 5887: 5844: 5825: 5806: 5753: 4296: 4282: 4204: 4177: 4128: 4019: 4015: 3999: 3983: 3664: 3586: 3549: 3495: 3143:

of the French crown. In secret he arranged an informal warband of six thousand under

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was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678. Its primary belligerents were

2029: 1939: 1782: 1567: 1486: 1471: 1431: 1350: 1125: 1080: 728: 591: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 511: 499: 449: 411: 323: 280: 211: 152: 1752: 1325: 6352: 6190: 6142: 6032: 5980: 5867: 4007: 3355: 3246: 3224:

assumed they came to save them from the French. Arriving at the Dutch army camp in

3102: 3077: 3065: 3037: 3005: 2855: 2663: 2614: 2468: 2460: 2408: 1722: 1697: 732: 596: 520: 6154: 5858:

Boxer, CR (1969). "Some Second Thoughts on the Third Anglo-Dutch War, 1672–1674".

4141: 3851:, but was forced to retreat without having achieved anything. A Dutch fleet under 2484: 2335: 1727: 1496: 245: 6707: 6668:

Odegard, Erik (2020). "Merchant Companies at War: The Anglo-Dutch Wars in Asia".

6549:

Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era

5676:"Treaty of Peace between France and Spain, signed at Nimeguen, 17 September 1678" 4366: 4268: 4026: 3753: 3730: 3578: 3479: 3447: 3326: 3184: 3106: 3061: 2757: 2675: 2645: 2637: 2221: 1922: 1907: 1680: 1604: 1446: 1288: 5626: 4072:

The departure of William of Orange and Princess Mary for Holland, November 1677.

3767:

managed to resupply the city in early 1675 and establish local naval supremacy.

3300:

The surprise attack on Coevorden and its recapture by the Dutch, by Jacob de Vos

2349:

is often seen as the high point of French power in this period. Spain recovered

6269:

Oranje tegen de Zonnekoning: De strijd van Willem III en Lodewijk XIV om Europa

6146: 5627:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)" 4374: 4058: 3852: 3840: 3819:. The Swedish invasion had failed and in September, Imperial and Danish forces 3791: 3776: 3459: 3435: 3322: 3094: 3033: 2892: 2816: 2507: 2412: 2404: 2283: 2275: 2267: 2263: 1974: 1747: 1320: 1266: 967: 784: 779: 767: 755: 743: 723: 398: 378: 215: 207: 6568:

International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great

6036: 3398:

and lack of money temporarily drove Brandenburg-Prussia out of the war in the

3296: 2573:

allowed French forces to bypass the Spanish Netherlands, by attacking via the

6770: 6657:"Krijgskundige beschouwingen over den oorlog van 1672–1678 in de Nederlanden" 6435: 4211:

but this did little to improve its perilous financial position. In addition,

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The result was to bolster Dutch resistance. On 2 July, William was appointed

2828: 2498:

on a common diplomatic front against France. This was supported by Spain and

2456: 2201: 2103: 710: 3261: 6659:[Military reflections on the war of 1672–1678 in the Netherlands]. 6119:

The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance

4207:

completely in September 1678, France's ally Sweden regained it by the 1679

4165: 4157: 4096:

in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August.

3923: 2934: 2226: 1979: 1850: 714: 292: 269: 261: 142: 6288:

Printed Pandemonium: Popular Print and Politics in the Netherlands 1650–72

3856: 996: 814: 432: 6023:

Hutton, R (1986). "The Making of the Secret Treaty of Dover, 1668–1670".

4014:. Several months later in April 1676 De Ruyter repeated this feat at the 3864: 3525: 3502: 3379: 3293:

in January 1673 but Turenne forced him to retreat into northern Germany.

3225: 3216: 2884: 2298: 2291: 1656: 219: 5992: 1517: 6364: 6044: 5971:

Geyl, P (1936). "Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1653–72".

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and other towns in the Spanish Netherlands, while receiving the entire

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were lynched by an Orangist civil militia, leaving William in control.

3152: 3147:

to quickly cross the officially neutral Spanish Flanders and execute a

3122: 3041: 2986: 2977:, whose troops plundered towns on the west side of the IJssel, such as 2962: 2925: 2752:

The French offensive began on 4 May 1672 when a subsidiary force under

2727: 2704: 2641: 2108: 1932: 914: 265: 6202: 2908:

have this crossing as their subject, not the earlier one at Emmerich.

2791: 1808: 6231:

Command at Sea: Naval Command and Control Since the Sixteenth Century

6135:

Linklater, Magnus (2004). "Graham, John, first viscount of Dundee ".

5954:

The Northern Wars; State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

5841:

Warfare on the Mediterranean in the Age of Sail: A History, 1571–1866

4133: 3582: 3331: 3314: 3167: 3098: 3056:– Amsterdam was more pugnacious – sent a delegation to de Louvois in 3001: 2993: 2901: 2843: 2812: 2765: 2723: 2715: 2633: 2621: 2424: 2350: 2327: 273: 134: 6610:

The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King

5871: 5822:

Beyond the Military Revolution: War in the Seventeenth Century World

2670:

The French had demonstrated their new tactics when over-running the

1997: 24: 6356: 6194: 4149: 4110: 4077: 3860: 3759:

In Sicily, the French supported a successful revolt by the city of

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from France, but in return ceded Franche-Comté, as well as much of

2303: 1026: 837: 825: 444: 253: 158: 3884: 3520:

had been unable to seriously undermine the strong position of the

2494:

ended the Anglo-Dutch War, leading to talks between the Dutch and

2345:

Despite failing to conquer the Dutch Republic, the September 1678

6643:

De geschiedenis van Nederland, aan het Nederlandsche Volk verteld

6343:

Rowen, Herbert H (1954). "John De Witt and the Triple Alliance".

4030: 3927: 3879: 3760: 3533: 3318: 3290: 3175:

had been taken on 9 July, Turenne captured near 's-Hertogenbosch

3156: 3046: 3025: 2958: 2954: 2863: 2781: 2625: 2562: 2428: 2420: 2387: 5729: 3636:

were among those who did so, while others enrolled in the Dutch

2773: 6307:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815

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but the delay allowed Bournonville to link up with Charles at

2714:

his demands for Dutch-held fortresses on the Rhine, including

2609:, as well as vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced by 1624: 6164:

The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)

4883: 4145: 4137: 4093: 4089: 3967: 3958:

in November 1677. Defeating the Imperials at Rheinfelden and

3736:

Activity on this front was largely limited to skirmishing in

3715: 3671:; after receiving reinforcements, Turenne began crossing the 3648: 3395: 3387: 3229: 3057: 3024:

Lambert de Hondt (II): Louis XIV is offered the city keys of

2824: 2761: 2719: 2684: 2629: 425: 249: 5644: 5251: 4871: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4437: 3756:, ceded to France in 1659 and retaken by Schomberg in 1675. 3620:

During the winter of 1673–1674, Turenne based his troops in

2545:

was largely due to English financial weakness. In 1667, the

2342:, but neither side was able to achieve a decisive victory. 2334:

sought to minimise any losses. By 1677, France had occupied

2311:, Spain and Brandenburg-Prussia. England exited the war and 6712:

The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806

5705: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5174: 5114: 4991: 4861: 4859: 4738: 4736: 4231:

in 1688, which largely held together through the 1688–1697

3963: 3140: 2655: 2445:, with political control vested in the urban patricians or 288: 6250:

Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte

5467: 5323: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4324:

List of Dutch structures damaged by the French (1672–1673)

3697:

Command of Imperial operations in the Rhineland passed to

3162:

Louis also allowed his honour to take precedence over the

3117:

The three dozen fortresses captured by the invading forces

2842:

attacked the Anglo-French fleet as it took on supplies at

2581:

accepted French subsidies in return for invading areas of

2395:, and attack the Dutch from the relatively unguarded east. 2297:

Fighting began in May 1672 when France nearly overran the

5897:

Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

5656: 5503: 4512: 3811:

was decisively defeated by the Brandenburgian army under

2533:

The Dutch also over-estimated their own power; defeat at

6648:

The history of the Netherlands, told to the Dutch nation

5606: 5594: 5527: 5515: 5479: 5299: 5263: 5186: 5150: 5126: 5102: 5066: 5054: 5030: 5018: 4979: 4967: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4856: 4844: 4796: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4733: 4721: 4697: 4476: 4188:, being replaced by her long-term rival, the pro-French 2483:, rapidly occupying most of the Spanish Netherlands and 2419:

confirmed Dutch independence and permanently closed the

2338:

and made strategic gains in the Spanish Netherlands and

6670:

War, Trade and the State: Anglo-Dutch Conflict, 1652–89

5287: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5198: 5162: 5138: 5008: 5006: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4488: 4454: 4452: 4406: 4329:

Louis XIV Victory Monument (Place des Victoires, Paris)

3690:, Turenne inflicted a series of defeats culminating in 3028:, as its magistrates formally surrender on 30 June 1672 2537:

in 1665 exposed the shortcomings of their navy and the

6587:

Raid on America: The Dutch Naval campaign of 1672–1674

6502:

The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688

5717: 5443: 5419: 5383: 5347: 5311: 5275: 5239: 5090: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4596: 4425: 4393:

or "The Frenchman should be a friend, not a neighbour"

3986:

pays tribute to de Ruyter's fleet in Naples after the

3779:

experienced a financial crisis. In hope of subsidies,

2896:

farmer. A bloody encounter fight followed but in this

6464:

Stadhouder-koning Willem III: Een politieke biografie

5778: 5558: 5395: 5359: 4637: 4572: 4524: 4256:

Allegory on the French invasion of the Dutch Republic

6326:

John de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, 1625–1672

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whereas the French commander succeeded in capturing

3663:, the French routed a separate Imperial army led by 3446:

The Dutch victory over an Anglo-French fleet at the

6521:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

5491: 5455: 5431: 5407: 5371: 5210: 5042: 4955: 4685: 4620: 4608: 4500: 3890: 3678:Bournonville marched south to the Imperial city of 3585:and take Oudenarde, but was halted by Condé at the 2463:from 1653 to 1672. He viewed his relationship with 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6128:War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495 to 1975 6001: 3409:in October. In September, the resolute defense by 6004:Charles II: King of England, Scotland and Ireland 4464: 3647:The 1674 campaign began when Turenne crossed the 3568: 3565:that absorbed Spanish and Dutch naval resources. 2969:seceded from the Republic and again rejoined the 6768: 6633:Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 1 6585:Shomette, Donald G.; Haslach, Robert D. (1988). 4111:1678: the Peace of Nijmegen and its consequences 3770: 3581:, hoping to recapture the Spanish possession of 2846:on the English coast. The French squadron under 2318:Having sought a quick and overwhelming victory, 6787:Wars involving the states and peoples of Europe 6584: 4443: 3675:river, forcing the Imperial troops to retreat. 3273:Concern at French gains brought the support of 2708:attacked a Dutch merchant convoy in the Channel 2883:the enemy outflank this river by crossing the 2760:and marched north along the right bank of the 2683:was based in the three southern fortresses of 2666:, whose reforms were crucial to French success 2301:, an event remembered in Dutch history as the 6680:The great admirals: command at sea, 1587–1945 3135:which he saw as French territory because the 2399:As part of a general policy of opposition to 2013: 1824: 1640: 1533: 1042: 6603: 6499: 6141:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5860:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 5735: 5650: 5576: 5120: 4679: 3934:in the Spanish Netherlands, after which the 3915:'s proposed line of fortresses known as the 2873: 2730:, with 70,000 peasants conscripted to build 2710:; this followed a similar incident in 1664. 6430:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 6417: 6398: 6121:(1993 ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5329: 4123:; built to celebrate French victory in 1678 4057:was less successful. After the very bloody 2747: 6792:History of the foreign relations of France 6639: 6626: 6445:War in the Age of Enlightenment, 1700–1789 5932: 5509: 5245: 4703: 4419: 4184:In Spain, defeat led to the Queen Regent, 3655:before he could combine with forces under 3601:in October 1674, leaving only Maastricht. 3004:and use vessels captured there to isolate 2020: 2006: 1831: 1817: 1647: 1633: 1540: 1526: 1049: 1035: 6728: 6266: 6247: 6134: 5838: 5662: 5521: 5473: 5401: 5269: 5257: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5108: 5072: 5060: 5036: 5024: 4985: 4973: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4877: 4865: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4431: 3651:in June with 7,000 men, hoping to attack 3539: 3358:. The most common Dutch school book, the 2878:In early June, the Dutch headquarters at 2768:to inspect the main army of 50,000 under 2742: 2650:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 1547: 468: 329: 291:from the Holy Roman Empire. France cedes 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 6676: 6379: 6285: 5600: 5449: 4997: 4114: 4067: 4045:and Cornelis Tromp after the battles of 3976: 3894: 3830: 3725: 3608: 3552:, 1674; a bloody but inconclusive battle 3543: 3441: 3369: 3295: 3260: 3206: 3112: 3071: 3019: 2965:on 18 June. The IJssel cities panicked. 2910: 2790: 2654: 2516: 2386: 314: 6697: 6667: 6442: 6138:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6097: 6078: 6062:Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740 5711: 5564: 5389: 5353: 4778: 3532:, and besieged another French force in 3190: 1838: 6769: 6706: 6589:. University of South Carolina Press. 6530:The Emergence of European Civilization 6518: 6480: 6461: 6304: 6228: 6116: 6059: 6022: 5999: 5913: 5800: 5747: 5723: 5365: 5305: 5293: 5204: 4949: 4790: 4643: 4578: 4566: 4518: 4482: 4458: 3849:attack on the French Caribbean islands 3482:, while a Dutch fleet in the Americas 3450:in August 1673 ensured their survival. 3149:surprise assault on the Dutch fortress 2451:. This maximised the influence of the 6654: 6565: 6546: 6425: 6342: 6323: 6209: 5951: 5894: 5857: 5819: 5784: 5772: 5588: 5552: 5540: 5497: 5485: 5341: 5317: 5281: 5233: 5084: 5012: 4727: 4715: 4691: 4667: 4655: 4602: 4590: 4530: 4494: 4389:An attitude described at the time as 4172:of 1667, which had been designed, by 3946:In Germany, Imperial forces captured 3748:. The Spanish won a minor victory at 3015: 2027: 2001: 1812: 1628: 1521: 1030: 6832:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 6782:Military operations involving France 6527: 6180: 6161: 6125: 5970: 5699: 5624: 5612: 5461: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5377: 5216: 5096: 5048: 4961: 4631: 4614: 4554: 4542: 4506: 4470: 2521:Prince William of Orange, appointed 2506:, between England, the Republic and 2435:, which included reopening Antwerp. 1056: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 4223:(in 1681) and triumph in the brief 3721: 3256: 2620:The retention of border towns like 2403:power in Europe, France backed the 165:Dutch surprise assault on Coevorden 13: 6812:Wars involving Brandenburg-Prussia 6749:"The first stadtholderless period" 6627:Van der Aa, Abraham Jacob (1852). 6466:. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. 5985:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00103.x 3775:In the 1660s and early 1670s, the 3642:John Graham, later Viscount Dundee 3064:. The French king was offered the 3060:to ask for peace terms, headed by 2315:with the Dutch in February 1674. 2294:are considered related conflicts. 14: 6898: 6847:Wars involving the Dutch Republic 6741: 4035:Stralsund fell on 11 October 1678 3899:Vauban's proposal for creating a 2455:and Amsterdam, the power base of 5741: 5668: 5618: 4352:66,510 Imperial, 65,840 Habsburg 4303: 4289: 4275: 4261: 4249: 3891:Negotiating the peace: 1676–1678 3458:, was given permission to marry 2850:and English squadrons under the 2365:that fought in the 1688 to 1697 995: 986: 976: 966: 950: 943: 933: 908: 896: 884: 872: 860: 848: 836: 824: 813: 802: 790: 778: 766: 754: 742: 722: 704: 692: 674: 662: 650: 638: 626: 614: 602: 590: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 510: 498: 470: 456: 443: 431: 418: 404: 391: 372: 359: 346: 331: 316: 198:6 April 1672 – 17 September 1678 141: 23: 6735:(in Dutch). Leiden: E.J. Brill. 6523:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 6130:. University Press of Kentucky. 5918:. Manchester University Press. 5680:Oxford International Public Law 5631:Oxford Public International Law 4383: 4209:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3706:another Imperial army defeated 3076:William of Orange inspects the 2592: 2250:, backed at different times by 1654: 34:needs additional citations for 6852:Wars involving the Netherlands 6650:] (in Dutch). Leiden; z.j. 6612:] (in Dutch). Prometheus. 6328:. Princeton University Press. 6324:Rowen, Henry Herbert (2015) . 5895:Clark, Christopher M. (2007). 4355: 4346: 4203:Brandenburg managed to occupy 4076:The peace talks that began at 3821:attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden 3744:and Spanish forces led by the 3569:Flanders and the Franche-Comté 3052:In a defeatist mood a divided 2565:of 6,000. Agreements with the 2369:, and subsequent 1701 to 1714 159:murder of the De Witt brothers 1: 6877:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 6698:Goubert, Pierre, ed. (1991). 6345:The Journal of Modern History 4334: 4237:War of the Spanish Succession 4196:to Louis' niece, 17-year-old 4053:, but the Danish invasion of 3826: 3771:North Germany and Scandinavia 3411:John Maurice of Nassau-Siegen 3374:Louis XIV at Maastricht, 1673 2764:. Next day, Louis arrived in 2371:War of the Spanish Succession 1273:North Germany and Scandinavia 1071:Low Countries and Lower Rhine 1021:342,000 total military deaths 6700:The Course of French History 6677:Sweetman, Jack, ed. (1997). 6399:Satterfield, George (2003). 6233:. Harvard University Press. 6155:UK public library membership 6100:A History of the French Navy 5933:Clodfelter, Micheal (1992). 4400: 3740:between a French army under 3604: 3518:English East India Companies 3183:and Louis took residence in 2443:First Stadtholderless Period 2441:'s death in 1650 led to the 1437:First and Second Schooneveld 7: 6807:1670s in the Dutch Republic 6714:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6604:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2020). 6500:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010). 6481:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). 6443:Starkey, Armstrong (2003). 6418:Sommerville, J. P. (2008), 6064:. Oxford University Press. 4444:Shomette & Haslach 1988 4317: 4190:John of Austria the Younger 2951:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 2823:, with minimal resistance; 1395:Dutch Raid on North America 10: 6903: 6655:Knoop, Willem Jan (1848). 6640:Van Lennep, Jacob (1880). 6426:Smith, Rhea Marsh (1965). 5793: 4391:Gallus amicus, non-vicinus 4242: 3752:in June 1674 and captured 3657:Alexander von Bournonville 3289:; he crossed the Rhine at 3211:The murder of the De Witts 2945:. Louis wanted to besiege 2427:by eliminating its rival, 2380: 2376: 2330:, while the Allies led by 6683:. Naval Institute Press. 6519:Wilson, Peter H. (2016). 6305:Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). 6286:Reinders, Michel (2013). 6183:French Historical Studies 6060:Israel, Jonathan (1990). 6037:10.1017/S0018246X00018756 5752:. Palgrave. p. 146. 3907:(marked in red and green) 3798:, which broke apart when 3765:Jean-Baptiste de Valbelle 3688:Winter Campaign 1674/1675 3464:Declaration of Indulgence 2874:IJssel Line is outflanked 2512:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2039: 1846: 1664: 1559: 1068: 1020: 1016:100,000 killed or wounded 1013:120,000 killed or wounded 1007: 923: 488: 305: 295:to the Holy Roman Empire. 272:from Spain; France cedes 190: 140: 132: 127: 6229:Palmer, Michael (2005). 6102:. MacDonald and Jane's. 4339: 3966:and the bridge over the 3522:Dutch East India Company 3484:recaptured New Amsterdam 3474:, at the two battles of 2868:Dutch East India Company 2748:France crosses the Rhine 2407:during the 1568 to 1648 982:132,350 (annual average) 6753:Encyclopedia Britannica 6729:de Liefde, Jan (1885). 6629:"Hans Willem van Aylva" 6566:Young, William (2004). 6547:Wolfe, Michael (2009). 6532:. Joanna Cotler Books. 6428:Spain: A Modern History 6267:Panhuysen, Luc (2016). 6248:Panhuysen, Luc (2009). 6098:Jenkins, E. H. (1973). 6000:Hutton, Ronald (1989). 5748:Barton, Simon (2009) . 4198:Marie Louise of Orléans 3742:Frederick von Schomberg 3528:and the English in the 3507:Swedish-Brandenburg War 3365: 3145:Claude Antoine de Dreux 2541:, while the successful 1427:Action of 12 March 1672 6887:Christian V of Denmark 6872:William III of England 6822:Wars involving England 6817:Wars involving Cologne 6551:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6380:Rowlands, Guy (2002). 6210:Nolan, Cathal (2008). 6147:10.1093/ref:odnb/11208 6079:Jacques, Tony (2007). 6025:The Historical Journal 5952:Frost, Robert (2000). 5937:. McFarland & Co. 5843:. McFarland & Co. 5839:Blackmore, RT (2011). 5824:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5820:Black, Jeremy (2011). 5801:Barton, Simon (2008). 4378: 4370: 4124: 4073: 3995: 3908: 3844: 3837:Capture of Noirmoutier 3733: 3617: 3553: 3540:War expands: 1674–1675 3536:, which fell in 1674. 3530:Battle of Masulipatnam 3451: 3407:Charles IV of Lorraine 3375: 3301: 3266: 3265:The Holland Water Line 3212: 3118: 3090:Admiralty of Amsterdam 3080: 3029: 2921: 2796: 2743:French offensive: 1672 2667: 2559:Secret Treaty of Dover 2539:federal command system 2526: 2477:Second Anglo-Dutch War 2396: 489:Commanders and leaders 16:1672–1678 European war 6862:Charles II of England 6842:Wars involving Sweden 6827:Wars involving France 6420:The wars of Louis XIV 6126:Levy, Jack S (1983). 5914:Childs, John (1991). 4174:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 4118: 4101:Battle of Saint-Denis 4086:Charles II of England 4071: 3980: 3952:Charles V of Lorraine 3898: 3834: 3800:Charles II of England 3783:had entered the anti- 3729: 3612: 3547: 3488:Treaty of Westminster 3445: 3392:capture of Maastricht 3373: 3352:mettre à contribution 3307:Hans Willem van Aylva 3299: 3287:Raimondo Montecuccoli 3264: 3210: 3116: 3075: 3023: 2914: 2805:Electorate of Cologne 2794: 2701:Parliament of England 2658: 2571:Electorate of Cologne 2520: 2496:Charles II of England 2390: 2288:Third Anglo-Dutch War 1551:Third Anglo-Dutch War 1008:Casualties and losses 699:William III of Orange 609:Charles II of England 182:Siege of Valenciennes 6837:Wars involving Spain 6702:. London: Routledge. 6271:. De Arbeiderspers. 6252:. Uitgeverij Atlas. 4892:, pp. 149, 153. 4235:(1688–1697) and the 4063:Battle of Landskrona 3781:Charles XI of Sweden 3191:Orangists take power 3049:close to Amsterdam. 2579:Charles XI of Sweden 2567:Bishopric of Münster 2439:William II of Orange 2423:estuary, benefiting 1341:Conquest of Jemtland 231:Treaties of Nijmegen 133:Part of the wars of 43:improve this article 6882:Charles II of Spain 6867:James II of England 6528:Wolf, John (1962). 6462:Troost, W. (2001). 6162:Lynn, John (1999). 6117:Kenyon, JP (1986). 6008:. Clarendon Press. 5738:, pp. 166–167. 5714:, pp. 126–129. 5625:Lesaffer, Randall. 5615:, pp. 148–149. 5579:, pp. 157–161. 5543:, pp. 126–128. 5488:, pp. 209–210. 5260:, pp. 391–398. 4880:, pp. 151–152. 4841:, pp. 145–146. 4829:, pp. 146–150. 4817:, pp. 140–141. 4730:, pp. 755–756. 4682:, pp. 440–441. 4557:, pp. 109–110. 4545:, pp. 312–316. 4521:, pp. 299–300. 4497:, pp. 121–125. 4485:, pp. 197–199. 4225:War of the Reunions 4194:Charles II of Spain 4121:Place des Victoires 3988:Battle of Stromboli 3859:, off the coast of 3809:Carl Gustaf Wrangel 3746:Duque de San Germán 3653:Charles of Lorraine 3311:Carl von Rabenhaupt 3283:Charles II of Spain 3275:Brandenburg-Prussia 2587:Brandenburg-Prussia 2465:Louis XIV of France 2433:Spanish Netherlands 2324:Spanish Netherlands 2320:Louis XIV of France 2286:. The 1672 to 1674 2280:Brandenburg-Prussia 1840:Franco-Spanish wars 855:Charles II of Spain 657:Carl Gustaf Wrangel 437:Brandenburg-Prussia 5803:A History of Spain 5750:A History of Spain 5428:, pp. 131–32. 5308:, pp. 345–46. 5183:, pp. 197–98. 5099:, pp. 117–18. 5000:, p. 108–110. 4371:Guerre de Hollande 4361:also known as the 4311:Battle of Køge Bay 4200:in November 1679. 4186:Mariana of Austria 4125: 4074: 3996: 3909: 3845: 3796:Kingdom of England 3734: 3618: 3599:recapture of Grave 3554: 3490:of February 1674. 3452: 3415:recaptured Naarden 3376: 3302: 3267: 3238:Accord of Heeswijk 3213: 3137:County of Flanders 3119: 3081: 3038:Holland Water Line 3030: 3016:Peace negotiations 3010:Siege of Groningen 2922: 2797: 2668: 2648:, a possession of 2644:, then occupy the 2575:Bishopric of Liège 2543:Raid on the Medway 2527: 2397: 2270:, allied with the 1798:Great Sleigh Drive 1366:Great Sleigh Drive 867:Mariana of Austria 681:Bernhard von Galen 58:"Franco-Dutch War" 6690:978-0-87021-229-1 6619:978-90-446-3871-4 6504:. Boydell Press. 6492:978-1-85109-672-5 6153:(Subscription or 5736:Van Nimwegen 2020 5651:Van Nimwegen 2020 5577:Van Nimwegen 2020 5476:, pp. 95–96. 5320:, pp. 88–90. 5296:, pp. 60–61. 5284:, pp. 74–75. 5207:, pp. 32–33. 5121:Van Nimwegen 2020 4781:, pp. 51–53. 4680:Van Nimwegen 2010 4605:, pp. 97–99. 4569:, pp. 67–68. 4297:Battle of Augusta 4283:Battle of Seneffe 4213:Frederick William 4205:Swedish Pomerania 4178:Dutch States Army 4144:and the towns of 4129:Peace of Nijmegen 4016:Battle of Augusta 4000:Mediterranean Sea 3984:Viceroy of Naples 3813:Frederick William 3665:Aeneas de Caprara 3587:Battle of Seneffe 3550:Battle of Seneffe 3496:Swedish Pomerania 3133:Staats-Vlaanderen 3054:States of Holland 2975:Bernard von Galen 2971:Holy Roman Empire 2898:Battle of Tolhuis 2860:Battle of Solebay 2840:Michiel de Ruyter 2833:Emmerich am Rhein 2681:Dutch States Army 2672:Duchy of Lorraine 2547:Dutch States Navy 2481:War of Devolution 2453:States of Holland 2347:Peace of Nijmegen 2332:William of Orange 2309:Emperor Leopold I 2290:and 1675 to 1679 2272:Holy Roman Empire 2237: 2236: 2031:Anglo-French Wars 1995: 1994: 1806: 1805: 1622: 1621: 1515: 1514: 1025: 1024: 819:Frederick William 585:Jean II d'Estrées 412:Holy Roman Empire 301: 300: 212:Mediterranean Sea 153:Battle of Solebay 119: 118: 111: 93: 6894: 6777:Franco-Dutch War 6763: 6761: 6759: 6736: 6725: 6708:Israel, Jonathan 6703: 6694: 6673: 6664: 6661:Nieuwe Spectator 6651: 6636: 6623: 6600: 6581: 6562: 6543: 6524: 6515: 6496: 6477: 6458: 6439: 6422: 6414: 6395: 6376: 6339: 6320: 6301: 6282: 6263: 6244: 6225: 6206: 6177: 6158: 6150: 6131: 6122: 6113: 6094: 6075: 6056: 6019: 6007: 5996: 5967: 5948: 5929: 5910: 5891: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5330:Satterfield 2003 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4533:, pp. 9–12. 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4379:Hollandse Oorlog 4359: 4353: 4350: 4307: 4293: 4279: 4265: 4253: 4181:Spanish Empire. 4154:Câteau-Cambrésis 4008:Abraham Duquesne 3941:Battle of Cassel 3805:German dominions 3722:Spain and Sicily 3356:Romeyn de Hooghe 3257:War of attrition 3247:Cornelis de Witt 3107:promissory notes 3103:financial centre 3078:Dutch Water Line 3066:Generality Lands 2939:Fort Knodsenburg 2856:Adriaen Banckert 2689:'s-Hertogenbosch 2664:Secretary of War 2615:Secretary of War 2552:Prince of Orange 2461:Grand Pensionary 2417:Peace of Münster 2409:Eighty Years War 2244:Franco-Dutch War 2034: 2032: 2022: 2015: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1659: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1626: 1625: 1595:2nd Saint Helena 1573:1st Saint Helena 1554: 1552: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1063: 1061: 1060:Franco-Dutch War 1051: 1044: 1037: 1028: 1027: 999: 991: 990: 989: 981: 980: 979: 971: 970: 955: 954: 953: 948: 947: 946: 938: 937: 936: 913: 912: 901: 900: 889: 888: 887: 877: 876: 875: 865: 864: 863: 853: 852: 851: 841: 840: 829: 828: 817: 807: 806: 805: 795: 794: 793: 783: 782: 771: 770: 759: 758: 747: 746: 737: 727: 726: 709: 708: 707: 697: 696: 695: 679: 678: 677: 669:Maximilian Henry 667: 666: 665: 655: 654: 643: 642: 631: 630: 619: 618: 607: 606: 597:Abraham Duquesne 595: 594: 583: 582: 571: 570: 559: 558: 547: 546: 535: 534: 525: 515: 514: 503: 502: 480: 476: 474: 473: 461: 460: 448: 447: 435: 424: 422: 421: 410: 408: 407: 397: 395: 394: 377: 376: 364: 363: 362: 351: 350: 349: 341: 337: 335: 334: 326: 322: 320: 319: 258:Câteau-Cambrésis 192: 191: 177: 145: 128:Franco-Dutch War 125: 124: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6802:1670s in France 6797:1670s conflicts 6767: 6766: 6757: 6755: 6747: 6744: 6739: 6722: 6691: 6620: 6597: 6578: 6559: 6540: 6512: 6493: 6474: 6455: 6411: 6392: 6336: 6317: 6298: 6279: 6260: 6241: 6222: 6174: 6152: 6110: 6091: 6072: 6016: 5979:(80): 303–319. 5964: 5945: 5926: 5907: 5872:10.2307/3678740 5851: 5832: 5813: 5796: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5635: 5633: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5510:Van Lennep 1880 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5272:, pp. 419. 5268: 5264: 5256: 5252: 5246:Van der Aa 1852 5244: 5240: 5232: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123:, pp. 121. 5119: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4704:Clodfelter 1992 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4420:Clodfelter 1992 4418: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4299: 4294: 4285: 4280: 4271: 4269:Battle of Texel 4266: 4257: 4254: 4245: 4233:Nine Years' War 4113: 4027:Duchy of Bremen 3936:Ceinture de fer 3918:Ceinture de fer 3905:Ceinture de fer 3893: 3829: 3788:Triple Alliance 3773: 3754:Fort Bellegarde 3731:Fort Bellegarde 3724: 3714:and recaptured 3607: 3579:French Flanders 3571: 3542: 3512:Meanwhile, the 3480:Battle of Texel 3466:and accepted a 3448:Battle of Texel 3421:, an important 3400:Peace of Vossem 3368: 3360:Mirror of Youth 3327:Staats-Overmaas 3279:Emperor Leopold 3259: 3193: 3185:Heeswijk Castle 3062:Pieter de Groot 3018: 2961:on 10 June and 2918:Passage du Rhin 2906:Passage du Rhin 2876: 2750: 2745: 2697:Captain-General 2646:Duchy of Cleves 2595: 2523:Captain-General 2504:Triple Alliance 2500:Emperor Leopold 2492:Treaty of Breda 2385: 2379: 2367:Nine Years' War 2240: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1996: 1991: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1807: 1802: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1623: 1618: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1516: 1511: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1003: 987: 985: 977: 975: 965: 959: 951: 949: 944: 942: 934: 932: 919: 907: 895: 885: 883: 873: 871: 861: 859: 849: 847: 835: 823: 803: 801: 791: 789: 777: 765: 753: 741: 733: 721: 705: 703: 693: 691: 685: 675: 673: 663: 661: 649: 637: 625: 613: 601: 589: 577: 565: 553: 541: 529: 521: 509: 497: 484: 471: 469: 455: 442: 419: 417: 405: 403: 392: 390: 384: 371: 360: 358: 347: 345: 332: 330: 317: 315: 238: 222: 186: 167: 146: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6900: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6765: 6764: 6743: 6742:External links 6740: 6738: 6737: 6726: 6720: 6704: 6695: 6689: 6674: 6665: 6652: 6637: 6624: 6618: 6601: 6596:978-0788422454 6595: 6582: 6577:978-0595329922 6576: 6563: 6558:978-0230608122 6557: 6544: 6539:978-0060471804 6538: 6525: 6516: 6511:978-1843835752 6510: 6497: 6491: 6478: 6472: 6459: 6454:978-0275972400 6453: 6440: 6423: 6415: 6410:978-9004131767 6409: 6396: 6391:978-0521144742 6390: 6377: 6357:10.1086/237659 6340: 6335:978-0691600437 6334: 6321: 6315: 6302: 6297:978-9004243187 6296: 6283: 6278:978-9029538718 6277: 6264: 6258: 6245: 6240:978-0674024113 6239: 6226: 6221:978-0313330469 6220: 6207: 6195:10.2307/286722 6189:(4): 881–906. 6178: 6173:978-0582056299 6172: 6159: 6132: 6123: 6114: 6109:978-0786457847 6108: 6095: 6090:978-0313335389 6089: 6076: 6071:978-0198211396 6070: 6057: 6031:(2): 297–318. 6020: 6015:978-0198229117 6014: 5997: 5968: 5963:978-0582064294 5962: 5949: 5944:978-0786474707 5943: 5930: 5925:978-0719089961 5924: 5911: 5906:978-0140293340 5905: 5892: 5855: 5850:978-0786447992 5849: 5836: 5831:978-0230251564 5830: 5817: 5812:978-0230200128 5811: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5787:, p. 128. 5777: 5765: 5759:978-0230200128 5758: 5740: 5728: 5726:, p. 825. 5716: 5704: 5702:, p. 159. 5692: 5667: 5665:, p. 451. 5663:Panhuysen 2009 5655: 5653:, p. 166. 5643: 5617: 5605: 5603:, p. 108. 5593: 5591:, p. 135. 5581: 5569: 5557: 5555:, p. 149. 5545: 5526: 5524:, p. 276. 5522:de Liefde 1885 5514: 5512:, p. 153. 5502: 5490: 5478: 5474:Blackmore 2011 5466: 5464:, p. 135. 5454: 5442: 5440:, p. 141. 5430: 5418: 5416:, p. 129. 5406: 5402:Linklater 2004 5394: 5392:, p. 408. 5382: 5380:, p. 125. 5370: 5368:, p. 650. 5358: 5356:, p. 143. 5346: 5344:, p. 210. 5334: 5332:, p. 319. 5322: 5310: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5270:Panhuysen 2009 5262: 5258:Panhuysen 2009 5250: 5238: 5236:, p. 132. 5221: 5219:, p. 120. 5209: 5197: 5195:, p. 200. 5193:Panhuysen 2009 5185: 5181:Panhuysen 2009 5173: 5169:Panhuysen 2016 5161: 5159:, p. 269. 5157:Panhuysen 2009 5149: 5145:Panhuysen 2016 5137: 5135:, p. 285. 5133:Panhuysen 2009 5125: 5113: 5111:, p. 210. 5109:Panhuysen 2009 5101: 5089: 5087:, p. 200. 5077: 5075:, p. 220. 5073:Panhuysen 2009 5065: 5063:, p. 185. 5061:Panhuysen 2009 5053: 5051:, p. 114. 5041: 5039:, p. 183. 5037:Panhuysen 2009 5029: 5027:, p. 202. 5025:Panhuysen 2009 5017: 5015:, p. 131. 5002: 4990: 4988:, p. 205. 4986:Panhuysen 2009 4978: 4976:, p. 158. 4974:Panhuysen 2009 4966: 4964:, p. 115. 4954: 4942: 4940:, p. 165. 4938:Panhuysen 2009 4930: 4928:, p. 149. 4926:Panhuysen 2009 4918: 4916:, p. 163. 4914:Panhuysen 2009 4906: 4904:, p. 162. 4902:Panhuysen 2009 4894: 4890:Panhuysen 2009 4882: 4878:Panhuysen 2009 4870: 4868:, p. 201. 4866:Panhuysen 2009 4855: 4853:, p. 150. 4851:Panhuysen 2009 4843: 4839:Panhuysen 2009 4831: 4827:Panhuysen 2009 4819: 4815:Panhuysen 2009 4807: 4805:, p. 139. 4803:Panhuysen 2009 4795: 4783: 4771: 4769:, p. 135. 4767:Panhuysen 2009 4759: 4757:, p. 134. 4755:Panhuysen 2009 4747: 4745:, p. 112. 4743:Panhuysen 2009 4732: 4720: 4718:, p. 771. 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4670:, p. 752. 4660: 4658:, p. 758. 4648: 4646:, p. 302. 4636: 4634:, p. 113. 4619: 4617:, p. 893. 4607: 4595: 4593:, p. 209. 4583: 4581:, p. 309. 4571: 4559: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4509:, p. 311. 4499: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4461:, p. 461. 4448: 4436: 4432:Panhuysen 2009 4424: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4382: 4354: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4229:Grand Alliance 4112: 4109: 4059:Battle of Lund 3892: 3889: 3853:Cornelis Tromp 3841:Cornelis Tromp 3828: 3825: 3792:Dutch Republic 3777:Swedish Empire 3772: 3769: 3723: 3720: 3606: 3603: 3570: 3567: 3541: 3538: 3460:Mary of Modena 3436:Cabal ministry 3367: 3364: 3323:Staats-Brabant 3258: 3255: 3192: 3189: 3177:Fort Crèvecœur 3040:, a series of 3017: 3014: 2893:Schenkenschanz 2875: 2872: 2870:Return Fleet. 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2594: 2591: 2405:Dutch Republic 2381:Main article: 2378: 2375: 2363:Grand Alliance 2284:Denmark-Norway 2268:Dutch Republic 2264:Swedish Empire 2235: 2234: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1965:Coalition Wars 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1813: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1637: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1583:New Netherland 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1405:New Netherland 1402: 1397: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1270: 1269: 1261:Southern Italy 1258: 1257: 1252: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136:2nd Maastricht 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1106:1st Maastricht 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1002: 1001: 993: 983: 973: 962: 960: 958: 957: 940: 939:253,000 (peak) 929: 926: 925: 921: 920: 918: 917: 905: 893: 881: 869: 857: 845: 833: 821: 811: 799: 787: 785:Cornelis Tromp 775: 763: 751: 739: 719: 701: 688: 686: 684: 683: 671: 659: 647: 635: 623: 611: 599: 587: 575: 563: 551: 539: 527: 507: 494: 491: 490: 486: 485: 483: 482: 466: 463:Denmark–Norway 453: 440: 429: 415: 401: 399:Dutch Republic 387: 385: 383: 382: 379:Swedish Empire 369: 356: 343: 327: 311: 308: 307: 303: 302: 299: 298: 297: 296: 277: 240: 234: 233: 228: 224: 223: 216:Atlantic Ocean 208:Western Europe 206: 204: 200: 199: 196: 188: 187: 185: 184: 178: 161: 155: 148: 147:Left to right: 138: 137: 130: 129: 123: 122: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6899: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6745: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6723: 6721:0-19-873072-1 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6682: 6681: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570:. iUniverse. 6569: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6473:90-6550-639-X 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6316:9780713994117 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6259:9789045013282 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214:. Greenwood. 6213: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083:. Greenwood. 6082: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5956:. Routledge. 5955: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 50. 5774: 5769: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5732: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5602: 5601:Sweetman 1997 5597: 5590: 5585: 5578: 5573: 5567:, p. 38. 5566: 5561: 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5500:, p. 20. 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5463: 5458: 5452:, p. 54. 5451: 5450:Rowlands 2002 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5171:, p. 87. 5170: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5147:, p. 86. 5146: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4998:Reinders 2013 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4958: 4952:, p. 87. 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4903: 4898: 4891: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4793:, p. 82. 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4712: 4706:, p. 46. 4705: 4700: 4694:, p. 71. 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4599: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4473:, p. 90. 4472: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4446:, p. 31. 4445: 4440: 4434:, p. 84. 4433: 4428: 4422:, p. 47. 4421: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4405: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4312: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4239:(1701–1714). 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4142:Franche-Comté 4139: 4135: 4130: 4122: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3993:Jan van Essen 3990: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712:Konzer Brücke 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3638:Scots Brigade 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3546: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472:Prince Rupert 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3428:Saint Germain 3424: 3420: 3419:captured Bonn 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3164:raison d'état 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728:civil militia 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2490:In July, the 2488: 2486: 2485:Franche-Comté 2482: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:Johan de Witt 2454: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2336:Franche-Comté 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 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Praeger. 6351:(1): 1–14. 6309:. Penguin. 6166:. Longman. 5899:. Penguin. 5724:Israel 1995 5685:31 December 5636:30 December 5366:Tucker 2009 5306:Hutton 1989 5294:Palmer 2005 5205:Childs 1991 4950:Troost 2001 4791:Rodger 2004 4644:Hutton 1986 4579:Hutton 1986 4567:Kenyon 1986 4519:Hutton 1986 4483:Israel 1990 4459:Wilson 2016 3865:Noirmoutier 3526:Trincomalee 3503:Scanian War 3478:and at the 3476:Schooneveld 3226:Nieuwerbrug 3217:stadtholder 3042:inundations 2885:Lower Rhine 2585:claimed by 2471:opponents. 2415:. The 1648 2299:Netherlands 2292:Scanian War 1670:Brandenburg 1657:Scanian War 1600:Schooneveld 1588:James River 1462:2nd Messina 1442:James River 1400:1st Curaçao 1279:Brandenburg 1267:1st Messina 1255:Noirmoutier 1233:Rheinfelden 1223:Kochersberg 1172:Upper Rhine 1166:Saint-Denis 903:Christian V 537:Great Condé 465:(from 1674) 452:(from 1673) 439:(from 1673) 428:(from 1673) 414:(from 1673) 381:(from 1674) 368:(1672–1674) 355:(1672–1674) 237:Territorial 220:East Indies 168: [ 6771:Categories 6672:: 230–247. 6157:required.) 5785:Nolan 2008 5773:Clark 2007 5589:Young 2004 5553:Wolfe 2009 5541:Nolan 2008 5498:Knoop 1848 5486:Frost 2000 5342:Frost 2000 5318:Boxer 1969 5282:Boxer 1969 5234:Young 2004 5085:Smith 1965 5013:Young 2004 4728:Rowen 2015 4716:Rowen 2015 4692:Boxer 1969 4656:Rowen 2015 4603:Black 2011 4591:Frost 2000 4531:Rowen 1954 4495:Rowen 2015 4335:References 4221:Strasbourg 4162:Saint-Omer 4043:Niels Juel 4039:Greifswald 3972:Strasbourg 3932:Saint-Omer 3827:War at sea 3817:Fehrbellin 3750:Maureillas 3738:Roussillon 3680:Strasbourg 3669:Heidelberg 3626:Palatinate 3559:Roussillon 3344:Zwammerdam 3340:Bodegraven 3153:Aardenburg 3123:rump state 2987:Harderwijk 2963:Bredevoort 2953:, to take 2926:Overijssel 2809:Luxembourg 2786:Valkenburg 2734:along the 2732:earthworks 2705:Royal Navy 2642:Maastricht 2607:Luxembourg 2313:made peace 2266:, and the 2262:, and the 1763:Landskrona 1686:Fehrbellin 1415:Martinique 1383:Espouilles 1378:Maureillas 1331:Landskrona 1294:Fehrbellin 1091:Aardenburg 915:Niels Juel 891:San Germán 831:Charles IV 761:Rabenhaupt 645:Charles XI 549:Luxembourg 266:Saint-Omer 69:newspapers 6857:Louis XIV 6436:733708764 6403:. Brill. 6373:145695238 6290:. Brill. 6053:159787254 5888:159934682 5866:: 67–94. 5700:Lynn 1999 5613:Lynn 1999 5462:Lynn 1999 5438:Lynn 1999 5426:Lynn 1999 5414:Lynn 1999 5378:Lynn 1999 5217:Lynn 1999 5097:Lynn 1999 5049:Lynn 1999 4962:Lynn 1999 4668:Rowen2015 4632:Lynn 1999 4615:Lynn 1994 4555:Lynn 1999 4543:Geyl 1936 4507:Geyl 1936 4471:Levy 1983 4401:Citations 4363:Dutch War 4134:Charleroi 4012:Stromboli 4004:admiralty 3960:Ortenbach 3901:Pré carré 3857:Belle Île 3790:with the 3692:Turckkeim 3634:Churchill 3605:Rhineland 3583:Charleroi 3348:intendant 3332:Charleroi 3315:Coevorden 3168:plaquette 3099:Zuyderzee 3006:Groningen 3002:Friesland 2994:Coevorden 2902:Elterberg 2887:into the 2848:d'Estrées 2844:Southwold 2813:Rheinberg 2807:, led by 2766:Charleroi 2724:Pomerania 2716:Rheinberg 2662:, French 2634:Rhineland 2622:Charleroi 2583:Pomerania 2535:Lowestoft 2425:Amsterdam 2351:Charleroi 2328:Rhineland 2222:1803–1814 2217:1793–1802 2212:1778–1783 2207:1754–1763 2202:1746–1763 2197:1744–1748 2192:1702–1713 2187:1689–1697 2182:1689–1815 2172:1666–1667 2167:1627–1629 2162:1562–1563 2157:1557–1559 2152:1542–1546 2147:1522–1526 2142:1512–1514 2137:1496–1498 2131:1415–1453 2127:1369–1389 2123:1337–1360 2119:1337–1453 2109:1294–1303 2104:1242–1243 2089:1215–1217 2084:1213–1214 2079:1202–1204 2074:1199–1200 2069:1197–1199 2064:1193–1196 2054:1173–1174 2049:1116–1120 2044:1109–1113 1975:1808–1814 1970:1793–1795 1960:1718–1720 1955:1688–1697 1950:1683–1684 1945:1673–1678 1940:1667–1668 1933:1648–1653 1928:1641–1659 1923:1640–1659 1918:1635–1659 1913:1628–1631 1903:1595–1598 1898:1580–1583 1891:1551–1559 1886:1542–1544 1881:1536–1538 1876:1526–1529 1871:1521–1526 1866:1512–1516 1861:1502–1504 1856:1495–1498 1793:Stralsund 1778:Uddevalla 1768:Marstrand 1615:Ronas Voe 1467:Stromboli 1361:Stralsund 1346:Uddevalla 1336:Marstrand 1238:Ortenbach 1203:Altenheim 1193:Turckheim 1111:Staphorst 1096:Coevorden 1086:Groningen 843:Charles V 797:Leopold I 729:De Ruyter 573:Schomberg 561:de Créquy 505:Louis XIV 342:(1672–74) 274:Charleroi 135:Louis XIV 6710:(1995). 5993:24401084 4318:See also 4150:Maubeuge 4078:Nijmegen 4061:and the 4051:Køge Bay 3956:Freiburg 3861:Brittany 3794:and the 3703:Salzbach 3684:Entzheim 3661:Sinsheim 3630:Monmouth 3624:and the 3534:São Tomé 3505:and the 3499:attacked 3468:Test Act 3423:magazine 3234:Flushing 3202:regenten 3198:Orangist 3173:Nijmegen 3128:regenten 2967:Deventer 2947:Doesburg 2943:Nijmegen 2937:towards 2930:Guelders 2803:and the 2778:Tongeren 2676:de Groot 2469:Orangist 2448:Regenten 2411:against 2401:Habsburg 2383:Rampjaar 2304:Rampjaar 1773:Jemtland 1743:Halmstad 1733:Køge Bay 1713:Bornholm 1693:Tribsees 1676:Rathenow 1502:Køge Bay 1477:Bornholm 1389:Americas 1372:Pyrenees 1316:Halmstad 1284:Rathenow 1250:Besançon 1228:Freiburg 1198:Salzbach 1188:Mulhouse 1183:Entzheim 1178:Sinsheim 924:Strength 450:Lorraine 285:Freiburg 281:Lorraine 276:to Spain 254:Maubeuge 203:Location 6384:. CUP. 6365:1874869 6045:2639064 5973:History 5880:3678740 5794:Sources 4243:Gallery 4031:Stettin 4020:Palermo 3928:Cambrai 3880:Bayonne 3761:Messina 3614:Turenne 3594:Turenne 3319:Drenthe 3313:retook 3291:Koblenz 3221:polders 3157:ravelin 3047:Naarden 3034:Utrecht 3026:Utrecht 2998:carcass 2955:Zutphen 2864:Zeeland 2801:Münster 2782:Maaseik 2770:Turenne 2660:Louvois 2632:in the 2626:Tournai 2611:Louvois 2599:Turenne 2563:brigade 2429:Antwerp 2421:Scheldt 2377:Origins 2359:Hainaut 2260:England 2256:Cologne 2252:Münster 1783:Warksow 1708:Gotland 1698:Wolgast 1568:Solebay 1507:Wissant 1487:Palermo 1472:Augusta 1432:Solebay 1351:Warksow 1306:Gotland 1151:Cambrai 1126:Seneffe 1116:Naarden 1101:Woerden 1081:Tolhuis 1076:Groenlo 735:† 523:† 517:Turenne 478:England 366:Cologne 353:Münster 339:England 239:changes 83:scholar 6718: 6687: 6616: 6593: 6574: 6555: 6536: 6508: 6489: 6470: 6451: 6434: 6407: 6388: 6371: 6363: 6332: 6313: 6294: 6275: 6256: 6237: 6218: 6203:286722 6201: 6170: 6151: 6106: 6087: 6068: 6051: 6043: 6012: 5991: 5960: 5941: 5922: 5903: 5886: 5878: 5847: 5828: 5809: 5756: 4367:French 4166:Cassel 4055:Scania 3913:Vauban 3872:Poitou 3843:, 1674 3785:French 3708:Créquy 3673:Neckar 3622:Alsace 3563:Sicily 3514:French 3384:Sambre 3325:, and 3181:Boxtel 3139:was a 3105:. The 2983:Elburg 2979:Hattem 2889:Betuwe 2880:Arnhem 2821:Burick 2736:IJssel 2692:four. 2613:, the 2508:Sweden 2355:Artois 2340:Alsace 2248:France 1492:Tobago 1457:Málaga 1410:Acadia 1244:France 1146:Cassel 992:25,000 972:80,000 956:30,000 731: 713: 519: 481:(1678) 475: 423: 409: 396: 336: 324:France 321: 287:, and 270:Cassel 227:Result 218:, and 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 6646:[ 6608:[ 6369:S2CID 6361:JSTOR 6199:JSTOR 6049:S2CID 6041:JSTOR 5989:JSTOR 5884:S2CID 5876:JSTOR 4375:Dutch 4365:, or 4340:Notes 4146:Ypres 4138:Ghent 4094:Ghent 4090:Ypres 4047:Öland 3970:near 3968:Rhine 3885:Cádiz 3876:Brest 3716:Trier 3659:. At 3649:Rhine 3575:Condé 3456:James 3396:Kleve 3388:Meuse 3243:Johan 3230:Sluys 3058:Zeist 2825:Wesel 2817:Orsoy 2762:Meuse 2758:Sedan 2756:left 2754:Condé 2720:Wesel 2685:Breda 2638:Sedan 2630:Neuss 2603:Condé 2413:Spain 2393:Liege 2276:Spain 1788:Rügen 1758:Bohus 1753:Malmö 1723:Ystad 1718:Öland 1681:Nauen 1605:Texel 1482:Öland 1447:Texel 1356:Rügen 1326:Malmö 1289:Nauen 1213:Trier 1161:Ypres 1156:Ghent 1131:Grave 773:Aylva 426:Spain 250:Ypres 176:] 90:JSTOR 76:books 6760:2019 6716:ISBN 6685:ISBN 6614:ISBN 6591:ISBN 6572:ISBN 6553:ISBN 6534:ISBN 6506:ISBN 6487:ISBN 6468:ISBN 6449:ISBN 6432:OCLC 6405:ISBN 6386:ISBN 6330:ISBN 6311:ISBN 6292:ISBN 6273:ISBN 6254:ISBN 6235:ISBN 6216:ISBN 6168:ISBN 6104:ISBN 6085:ISBN 6066:ISBN 6010:ISBN 5958:ISBN 5939:ISBN 5920:ISBN 5901:ISBN 5845:ISBN 5826:ISBN 5807:ISBN 5754:ISBN 5687:2018 5638:2018 4164:and 4119:The 4105:Mons 4099:The 4092:and 4082:Mary 4049:and 3982:The 3964:Kehl 3930:and 3835:The 3632:and 3561:and 3548:The 3516:and 3386:and 3366:1673 3342:and 3281:and 3245:and 3232:and 3141:fief 3097:and 2985:and 2959:Grol 2935:Waal 2928:and 2915:The 2829:Rees 2819:and 2784:and 2774:Visé 2718:and 2624:and 2605:and 2569:and 2357:and 2326:and 2282:and 2242:The 2227:1815 2177:1678 2114:1324 2099:1230 2094:1224 2059:1189 1987:1823 1980:1815 1908:1625 1748:Lund 1321:Lund 1121:Bonn 289:Kehl 268:and 195:Date 180:The 163:The 157:The 151:The 62:news 6353:doi 6191:doi 6143:doi 6033:doi 5981:doi 5868:doi 4010:at 3991:by 3878:to 3839:by 3815:at 3710:at 3380:Lys 3151:of 2941:at 1728:Møn 1497:Møn 45:by 6773:: 6751:. 6631:. 6367:. 6359:. 6349:26 6347:. 6197:. 6187:18 6185:. 6047:. 6039:. 6029:29 6027:. 5987:. 5977:20 5975:. 5882:. 5874:. 5864:19 5862:. 5678:. 5629:. 5529:^ 5224:^ 5005:^ 4858:^ 4735:^ 4622:^ 4451:^ 4408:^ 4377:: 4373:; 4369:: 4160:, 4156:, 4152:, 4148:, 4136:, 4084:, 4037:. 4033:. 3926:, 3823:. 3644:. 3402:. 3382:, 3321:, 3277:, 3187:. 3159:. 3095:IJ 2981:, 2815:, 2788:. 2780:, 2687:, 2601:, 2589:. 2554:. 2514:. 2487:. 2459:, 2373:. 2278:, 2274:, 2258:, 2254:, 2129:, 2125:, 283:, 264:, 260:, 256:, 252:, 248:, 214:, 210:, 174:fr 172:; 170:nl 6762:. 6724:. 6693:. 6622:. 6599:. 6580:. 6561:. 6542:. 6514:. 6495:. 6476:. 6457:. 6438:. 6413:. 6394:. 6375:. 6355:: 6338:. 6319:. 6300:. 6281:. 6262:. 6243:. 6224:. 6205:. 6193:: 6176:. 6149:. 6145:: 6112:. 6093:. 6074:. 6055:. 6035:: 6018:. 5995:. 5983:: 5966:. 5947:. 5928:. 5909:. 5890:. 5870:: 5853:. 5834:. 5815:. 5762:. 5689:. 5640:. 5404:. 5248:. 2133:) 2121:( 2021:e 2014:t 2007:v 1832:e 1825:t 1818:v 1648:e 1641:t 1634:v 1541:e 1534:t 1527:v 1050:e 1043:t 1036:v 716:X 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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