247:
1220:. At 9:00 a.m. on 17 March, the attackers formed two columns and stormed the walls; they achieved complete surprise and quickly over-ran the defenders, capturing a bridge over the Rhonelle that controlled access to the main city. Both sides wanted to minimise the damage that would follow an assault, since Louis intended to annex it to France, while the conventions of siege warfare shielded a town from being sacked if the defenders yielded once 'a practicable breach' had been made. Richebourg promptly surrendered, and Luxembourg withdrew the attacking troops after the city council agreed to pay a ransom.
1229:
189:
178:
145:
1006:
280:
1178:
201:
159:
39:
287:
254:
1083:
1027:
1097:
1125:
1055:
1041:
1069:
1111:
1013:
1212:
Work on the trenches finally began on 8 March, preparing for an assault on the Porte d'Anzin, the strongest part of the defences but where the ground was driest. By 16 March, Vauban felt they were close enough to launch an attack, and proposed they do so by day. Normal practice was to do so at night,
1295:
and on 19 September, they signed their own treaty with France, ceding Saint-Omer, Cassel, Aire, Ypres, Cambrai, Valenciennes and
Maubeuge. With the exception of Ypres, returned to Spain in 1697, this fixed France's northern frontier close to where it remains today but the Treaties of Nijmegen proved
1185:
His position was hopeless without relief, while the early start provided the French by
Louvois meant the Dutch were still assembling troops and supplies. Since it was accepted the best defended town could not be held indefinitely, Richebourg's objective was to occupy the attacking force as long as
828:
were subjected to a tight blockade, which prevented reinforcements or supplies reaching them from the outside. French armies also benefitted from superior logistics, which allowed them to begin campaigns far earlier than their opponents. Siege operations began on 28 February, supervised by French
1174:, an experienced soldier and brother of the Prince d'Epinoy, senior members of the French-speaking nobility in the Spanish Netherlands. He had around 1,150 regular troops, plus two to three thousand civilian auxiliaries and adequate supplies of food and arms.
984:
or "iron border," which Louis calculated would leave the Dutch little reason to continue. To confuse his opponents, the French king travelled to Metz on 7 February, where he inspected the Army of the
Moselle, now commanded by Schomberg. Over the winter,
1259:
Superior logistics allowed the French to make gains early in the campaigning season, before the Allies could mobilise, then consolidate. The capture of
Valenciennes and Cambrai largely completed their 1677 objectives in Flanders. The peace talks at
989:
assembled supply depots along the border with the
Spanish Netherlands, allowing the campaign to open in February, a month earlier than usual. In late February, a detachment of 12,000 men besieged Saint Omer, while the main army of 35,000 men under
1197:; the bombardment began on 1 March, but siege works were delayed by heavy rain. For propaganda purposes, Louis often appeared at major sieges and joined Luxembourg at Valenciennes, along with other subordinate commanders including his brother,
888:
began in May 1672 when France invaded the Dutch
Republic; they initially seemed to have won an overwhelming victory, but the Dutch position stabilised. Concern at French gains brought them support from
1171:
205:
1216:
His plan was approved, and the French artillery kept up a continuous bombardment during the night of 16th/17th, while an assault force of 4,000 moved into the trenches, including the elite
1272:. An Anglo-Dutch defensive alliance followed in March 1678, although English troops did not arrive in significant numbers until late May; Louis used this opportunity to capture
513:
246:
737:
376:
742:
680:
1167:. Until the advent of railways in the 19th century, goods and supplies were largely transported by water and campaigns often focused on gaining access to these.
503:
436:
663:
658:
329:
262:
924:
making peace between
England and the Dutch Republic. Despite this, by the end of 1674, France had re-captured Franche-Comté, and made significant gains in
787:
381:
991:
818:
182:
986:
493:
1792:
92:
1005:
279:
1802:
964:
322:
1812:
1807:
890:
1206:
939:
in 1676 but Louis' policy was to take the offensive before agreeing terms and negotiate from strength; the French quickly captured
877:. To split the Alliance, Louis paid Sweden to remain neutral, while signing an alliance with England against the Dutch in the 1670
722:
1673:
315:
1202:
1138:
1768:
1749:
1730:
1711:
1692:
1654:
1578:
928:; the focus now changed to consolidation. An effective Allied response in Flanders was hampered by power struggles in
1237:
1213:
but he argued it would also surprise the defenders, while allowing better co-ordination among the attacking force.
1190:
830:
193:
1797:
862:
559:
1597:
967:, commander of the French field army in Flanders, proposed taking Cambrai in August but was ordered to relieve
1198:
894:
695:
1288:
963:; their cavalry fought skirmishes with the Spanish garrisons and devastated the villages around the towns.
921:
685:
498:
446:
371:
782:
675:
636:
1787:
1685:
Princes, Posts and
Partisans: The Army of Louis XIV and Partisan Warfare in the Netherlands (1673–1678)
1194:
968:
416:
386:
488:
1817:
757:
641:
468:
366:
508:
940:
1253:
1217:
707:
431:
426:
396:
356:
833:, and the town surrendered on 17 March; Spain formally ceded it to France under the August 1678
1249:
878:
866:
732:
591:
581:
535:
1269:
717:
441:
411:
51:
1248:
After
Valenciennes surrendered on 17 March, the main army moved onto Cambrai. An attempt by
1284:
1193:
directed operations, using the siege parallel for the first time since it was pioneered at
772:
690:
621:
611:
574:
401:
55:
1228:
530:
8:
1264:
were given a greater sense of urgency in
November after William's marriage to his cousin
898:
858:
850:
814:
747:
626:
616:
586:
518:
483:
473:
391:
86:
1590:
The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688–1697: The Operations in the Low Countries
980:
1265:
834:
646:
596:
564:
478:
463:
458:
762:
1764:
1745:
1726:
1707:
1688:
1669:
1650:
1593:
1574:
1256:
on 11 April and Cambrai surrendered on 17 April, followed by Saint-Omer on 20 April.
846:
767:
752:
712:
631:
406:
361:
150:
82:
606:
885:
806:
339:
30:
1609:
European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies
1283:
The war with the Dutch officially ended on 10 August 1678 with the signing of the
854:
777:
1156:
727:
569:
1626:
1627:"The Wars of Louis XIV in Treaties (Part V): The Peace of Nijmegen (1678–1679)"
1177:
917:
874:
870:
601:
547:
163:
1761:
International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great
905:, but withdrew from the Netherlands in 1673, additional fronts opening in the
1781:
1292:
107:
94:
1723:
The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588–1688 (Warfare in History)
1280:
in early March, before signing a peace treaty with the Dutch on 10 August.
956:
810:
78:
932:, whose control over the Spanish Netherlands was by now largely nominal.
975:
902:
47:
906:
38:
1261:
1233:
1148:
948:
944:
936:
910:
307:
1498:
1462:
1164:
1152:
960:
825:
1287:, although a combined Dutch-Spanish army attacked the French at
1450:
929:
925:
1647:
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)
1402:
1277:
1273:
955:. The capture of Condé and Bouchain allowed them to blockade
952:
1142:
Key locations in Northern France and the Spanish Netherlands
1522:
1426:
1414:
1378:
994:
surrounded Valenciennes, where they were joined by Louis.
920:
joined the Alliance in January, followed by the February
805:
took place from 28 February to 17 March 1677, during the
286:
253:
1510:
1486:
1474:
974:
The plan for 1677 was to take Valenciennes, Cambrai and
1438:
1366:
1354:
1546:
1390:
1330:
1296:the highpoint of French expansion under Louis XIV.
1291:on 13 August. The agreement ensured Spain retained
1163:), a major trade route giving access to the sea at
1568:
1504:
1468:
1342:
1318:
1306:
824:Over the winter of 1676 to 1677, Valenciennes and
916:The French position weakened in early 1674, when
1779:
1569:Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012).
1534:
1739:
1592:(2013 ed.). Manchester University Press.
1456:
323:
1720:
1528:
1432:
1420:
1384:
1682:
1408:
901:. France retained the Dutch stronghold of
817:, was attacked by a French army under the
330:
316:
294:Siege of Valenciennes (1676–1677) (France)
1615:
1606:
1571:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
1516:
1492:
1480:
1360:
1227:
1181:Valenciennes; the remains of the Citadel
1176:
891:Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia
861:relinquished most of these gains in the
141:
1666:Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715
1793:Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
1780:
1740:Visconti Primi, Jean Baptiste (1678).
1587:
1444:
1252:to relieve Saint-Omer was defeated at
1082:
16:French victory in the Franco-Dutch War
1758:
1744:(2018 ed.). Hachette Livre-BNF.
1701:
1663:
1552:
1396:
1372:
1336:
1236:was to create the line of fortresses
1172:Henri de Melun, Marquis de Richebourg
311:
1644:
1624:
1540:
1348:
1324:
1312:
1026:
337:
1803:Military history of Hauts-de-France
1147:Valenciennes was positioned on the
44:Prise de Valenciennes, 17 mars 1677
13:
1742:La campagne du roy en l'année 1677
1096:
266:Location within Nord-Pas-de-Calais
14:
1829:
1124:
978:; this would complete the French
971:, then under siege by the Dutch.
1813:1677 in the Habsburg Netherlands
1808:1676 in the Habsburg Netherlands
1706:. University of Michigan Press.
1123:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1067:
1053:
1039:
1025:
1011:
1004:
285:
278:
252:
245:
199:
187:
176:
157:
143:
69:28 February 1677 – 17 March 1677
37:
1631:Oxford Public International Law
1054:
1040:
1505:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1469:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1232:Post-1675, French strategy in
1191:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1189:The French military engineer,
1068:
853:, and the Spanish province of
849:, France captured most of the
831:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
269:Show map of Nord-Pas-de-Calais
1:
1618:Batailles françaises Volume V
1299:
1110:
1012:
840:
554:North Germany and Scandinavia
352:Low Countries and Lower Rhine
1683:Satterfield, George (2003).
1223:
718:First and Second Schooneveld
7:
1721:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010).
1607:Davenport, Frances (1917).
676:Dutch Raid on North America
10:
1834:
1562:
865:, under pressure from the
1616:De Périni, Hardÿ (1896).
1170:The Spanish governor was
997:
935:Peace talks had begun at
863:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
349:
239:
226:
211:
169:
135:
61:
36:
28:
23:
1798:Sieges involving France
1759:Young, William (2004).
1704:Spain; A Modern History
1218:Musketeers of the Guard
708:Action of 12 March 1672
222:2,000–3,000 auxiliaries
1664:Nolan, Cathal (2008).
1245:
1182:
1160:
170:Commanders and leaders
1588:Childs, John (1991).
1270:Charles II of England
1231:
1180:
1151:, a tributary of the
922:Treaty of Westminster
803:siege of Valenciennes
227:Casualties and losses
52:Galerie des batailles
24:Siege of Valenciennes
1702:Smith, Rhea (1965).
1620:. Ernest Flammarion.
1285:Treaties of Nijmegen
1139:class=notpageimage|
622:Conquest of Jemtland
263:class=notpageimage|
108:50.35806°N 3.52333°E
56:Palace of Versailles
1645:Lynn, John (1996).
1625:Lesaffer, Randall.
1457:Visconti Primi 1678
1411:, pp. 298–299.
1375:, pp. 134–135.
1199:Philippe of Orléans
899:Charles II of Spain
851:Spanish Netherlands
815:Spanish Netherlands
104: /
87:Spanish Netherlands
46:, oil on canvas by
1246:
1195:Maastricht in 1673
1183:
987:Marquis de Louvois
941:Condé-sur-l'Escaut
835:Treaty of Nijmegen
829:military engineer
647:Great Sleigh Drive
297:Show map of France
1788:Conflicts in 1677
1725:. Boydell Press.
1675:978-0-313-33046-9
1529:Van Nimwegen 2010
1459:, pp. 14–15.
1447:, pp. 32–33.
1433:Van Nimwegen 2010
1421:Van Nimwegen 2010
1385:Van Nimwegen 2010
1250:William of Orange
1244:.or 'iron border'
992:duc de Luxembourg
965:Marshal Schomberg
847:War of Devolution
845:In the 1667–1668
819:duc de Luxembourg
796:
795:
306:
305:
194:Marquis de Vauban
183:Duc de Luxembourg
131:
130:
113:50.35806; 3.52333
83:County of Hainaut
1825:
1818:Franco-Dutch War
1774:
1755:
1736:
1717:
1698:
1679:
1660:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1409:Satterfield 2003
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1242:frontière de fer
1127:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1008:
981:frontière de fer
909:and the Spanish
886:Franco-Dutch War
807:Franco-Dutch War
344:
342:
341:Franco-Dutch War
332:
325:
318:
309:
308:
298:
289:
288:
282:
270:
256:
255:
249:
204:
203:
202:
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
162:
161:
160:
153:
149:
147:
146:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
63:
62:
41:
31:Franco-Dutch War
21:
20:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1752:
1733:
1714:
1695:
1676:
1657:
1635:
1633:
1600:
1581:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1226:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1000:
895:Emperor Leopold
879:Treaty of Dover
867:Triple Alliance
843:
799:
798:
797:
792:
345:
340:
338:
336:
302:
301:
300:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
265:
259:
258:
257:
221:
220:1,150 initially
200:
198:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
158:
156:
144:
142:
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1770:978-0595813988
1769:
1756:
1751:978-2012679610
1750:
1737:
1732:978-1843835752
1731:
1718:
1713:978-0472071500
1712:
1699:
1694:978-9004131767
1693:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1656:978-0582056299
1655:
1642:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1580:978-0199693627
1579:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:, p. 128.
1545:
1533:
1531:, p. 502.
1521:
1519:, p. 189.
1517:De Périni 1896
1509:
1507:, p. 160.
1497:
1495:, p. 187.
1493:De Périni 1896
1485:
1483:, p. 186.
1481:De Périni 1896
1473:
1471:, p. 159.
1461:
1449:
1437:
1435:, p. 500.
1425:
1423:, p. 498.
1413:
1401:
1399:, p. 135.
1389:
1387:, p. 499.
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 238.
1361:Davenport 1917
1353:
1351:, p. 117.
1341:
1339:, p. 200.
1329:
1327:, p. 110.
1317:
1315:, p. 109.
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1225:
1222:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1089:Saint-Ghislain
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
996:
918:Denmark-Norway
873:, England and
871:Dutch Republic
842:
839:
813:, then in the
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
699:
698:
693:
688:
686:New Netherland
683:
678:
667:
666:
661:
650:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
578:
577:
572:
567:
551:
550:
542:Southern Italy
539:
538:
533:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
417:2nd Maastricht
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
387:1st Maastricht
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
350:
347:
346:
335:
334:
327:
320:
312:
304:
303:
293:
284:
283:
277:
276:
275:
274:
261:
260:
251:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
218:
217:35,000 maximum
214:
213:
209:
208:
206:Henri de Melun
196:
172:
171:
167:
166:
154:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:French victory
125:
121:
120:
77:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
34:
33:
26:
25:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1830:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1763:. iUniverse.
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
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1255:
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702:Naval battles
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582:Bremen-Verden
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489:Konzer Brücke
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1703:
1684:
1668:. ABC-CLIO.
1665:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:
1617:
1608:
1589:
1570:
1548:
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1247:
1241:
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1211:
1207:La Feuillade
1188:
1184:
1169:
1146:
1033:Valenciennes
979:
973:
957:Valenciennes
934:
915:
883:
844:
823:
811:Valenciennes
802:
800:
733:Masulipatnam
701:
700:
669:
668:
652:
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553:
552:
541:
540:
524:
523:
499:Philippsburg
452:
451:
422:Valenciennes
421:
351:
136:Belligerents
79:Valenciennes
43:
29:Part of the
1649:. Longman.
1636:30 December
1445:Childs 1991
1289:Saint-Denis
1268:, niece of
743:2nd Messina
723:James River
681:1st Curaçao
560:Brandenburg
548:1st Messina
536:Noirmoutier
514:Rheinfelden
504:Kochersberg
453:Upper Rhine
447:Saint-Denis
111: /
1782:Categories
1599:0719089964
1553:Nolan 2008
1397:Young 2004
1373:Young 2004
1337:Smith 1965
1300:References
1203:d'Humières
1186:possible.
1103:Maastricht
976:Saint-Omer
969:Maastricht
903:Maastricht
841:Background
696:Martinique
664:Espouilles
659:Maureillas
612:Landskrona
575:Fehrbellin
372:Aardenburg
96:50°21′29″N
48:Jean Alaux
1687:. Brill.
1349:Lynn 1996
1325:Lynn 1996
1313:Lynn 1996
1224:Aftermath
1155:(French;
1131:Charleroi
907:Rhineland
859:Louis XIV
748:Stromboli
642:Stralsund
627:Uddevalla
617:Marstrand
519:Ortenbach
484:Altenheim
474:Turckheim
392:Staphorst
377:Coevorden
367:Groningen
99:3°31′24″E
1541:Lesaffer
1262:Nijmegen
1234:Flanders
1161:l'Escaut
1149:Rhonelle
949:Maubeuge
945:Bouchain
937:Nijmegen
911:Pyrenees
783:Køge Bay
758:Bornholm
670:Americas
653:Pyrenees
597:Halmstad
565:Rathenow
531:Besançon
509:Freiburg
479:Salzbach
469:Mulhouse
464:Entzheim
459:Sinsheim
212:Strength
74:Location
50:, 1837,
1573:. OUP.
1563:Sources
1240:called
1165:Antwerp
1153:Scheldt
1061:Cambrai
1047:St Omer
961:Cambrai
869:of the
826:Cambrai
809:, when
788:Wissant
768:Palermo
753:Augusta
713:Solebay
632:Warksow
587:Gotland
432:Cambrai
407:Seneffe
397:Naarden
382:Woerden
362:Tolhuis
357:Groenlo
235:Unknown
232:Unknown
1767:
1748:
1729:
1710:
1691:
1672:
1653:
1596:
1577:
1254:Cassel
1238:Vauban
1157:French
1075:Cassel
998:Battle
930:Madrid
926:Alsace
875:Sweden
773:Tobago
738:Málaga
691:Acadia
525:France
427:Cassel
151:France
148:
124:Result
1278:Ghent
1274:Ypres
1117:Namur
1019:Ypres
953:Bavay
763:Öland
728:Texel
637:Rügen
607:Malmö
570:Nauen
494:Trier
442:Ypres
437:Ghent
412:Grave
164:Spain
1765:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1638:2018
1594:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1293:Mons
1276:and
1266:Mary
1205:and
959:and
951:and
897:and
884:The
801:The
602:Lund
402:Bonn
66:Date
1209:.
821:.
778:Møn
1784::
1629:.
1201:,
1159::
947:,
943:,
913:.
893:,
881:.
857:.
837:.
85:,
81:,
54:,
1773:.
1754:.
1735:.
1716:.
1697:.
1678:.
1659:.
1640:.
1611:.
1602:.
1583:.
1543:.
331:e
324:t
317:v
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