313:. Ingoli devoted the rest of his life to this role, and was recognised by his contemporaries as the key figure in the consolidating of the new institution. He did much, for example, to ensure that it could operate around the world independently of the Spanish and Portuguese colonial authorities. He also sought to combine the jurisdictional prerogatives of the Congregation with the missionary practices of the individual orders, and left many texts on this subject.
154:, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and this letter provided the "chief direct basis" for the Inquisition's actions against the Copernican system in February and March 1616. It is likely that Ingoli wrote his letter in January 1616; in March, the
320:. He was also concerned with the Protestant lands of Europe, with union with the Orthodox Church, and with Christian communities in the Islamic countries. He was a determined advocate of the need to re-evangelise these parts of the world, a task which he viewed as a new form of crusade. He also supported the
218:
An argument from Tycho Brahe that the supposed “third motion” of Earth in the
Copernican system (the first two being the Earth's daily rotation and yearly orbiting)—that by which the Earth's axis maintains the same orientation in space, parallel to itself at all times, so that it is always pointed at
327:
To promote the circulation of books in the languages of countries being evangelised, Ingoli founded the
Congregation's famous multilingual printing press. From 1636 he was, for ten years, secretary of the Congregatio super Correctione euchologii Graecorum, which produced an edition of texts for the
298:(1622). He was called back to Rome and charged by the Pope with the reform of the conclave, which led to the introduction of the secret ballot and the requirement for a two thirds majority for the election of a Pope. He codified the ceremonial procedures for the election of a Pope (
273:
placed on the Index in
February 1618. The Congregation also charged Ingoli with the task of correcting Copernicus’ work, so as to remove those parts which the Church now regarded as unacceptable. On 2 April 1618 he presented his revisions, which were accepted.
149:
was one of those who disagreed with him on this matter. Ingoli sent
Galileo a letter in January 1616 that listed eighteen scientific and four theological objections to Copernicanism, but suggested Galileo answer mainly the scientific ones. According to
324:, the seminary founded in 1627 by Juan Bautista Vives and linked to the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Here young men from different parts of the world were trained before going back to their countries as missionaries.
219:
the North Star—is not needed if Earth moved (today we understand that a rotating body naturally maintains its orientation in space gyroscopically, but at the time this was considered an actual third motion.)
283:
113:
and studied astronomy, writing an essay on stars in 1604 and another on comets in 1607. In 1606 he entered the service of
Cardinal Bonifazio Caetani (1567-1617) who was the papal legate in
303:
158:
issued its decree against
Copernicanism and on 10 May Ingoli was appointed consultant to the Congregation. A full English translation of Ingoli's essay to Galileo was published in 2015.
290:, Ingoli's career advanced rapidly. He was named gentleman of the bedchamber and was later placed in attendance with the Pope's nephew, who had been made Archbishop of
259:
Galileo did not immediately reply to Ingoli's letter; indeed he did so only after eight years, in an essay which is essentially a first draft of his great treatise
234:
An argument that
Copernicus attributes motion to all bright objects except the Sun, but that he makes the bright Sun motionless and makes the dark Earth moving
585:
490:
Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "Francesco Ingoli's essay to
Galileo: Tycho Brahe and science in the Inquisition's condemnation of the Copernican theory".
228:
An argument from Tycho Brahe and others that heavy bodies are less apt to motion, and since Earth is the heaviest of all known bodies, it should not move
282:
Cardinal
Lancellotti died in 1620, and Ingoli became secretary to the family of Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi and took part in the meetings of the
261:
310:
321:
242:
An argument based on the language of the first chapter of
Genesis, describing the sky as a tent and the Sun and Moon both being lights in it
155:
197:
An argument based on the behavior of swirling lumps of material like in a sieve, where the heavier ones accumulate at the center
580:
436:
141:
system. He used a combination of theological and scientific arguments to support the astronomical theory of Tycho Brahe (see
339:
Ingoli died in Rome on 24 April 1649. His remains were buried in the common sepulchre of the Theatines in the church of
215:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the motions of comets when opposite the Sun in the sky not comporting with Earth moving
547:
225:
An argument from Tycho Brahe that the “third motion” of Earth, in combination with the other motions, is too complex.
270:
560:
539:
Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo
374:
222:
An argument from Tycho Brahe that the supposed “third motion” of Earth in the Copernican system is not possible.
184:
about the Earth being at the center of the universe because an observer always sees half of the celestial sphere
329:
600:
340:
306:, in which role he was responsible for decision in June 1630 to refer to Cardinals as “your Eminence”.
252:
An argument based on the tenth chapter of Joshua, where the Sun is cited as temporarily standing still
269:
read Ingoli's letter and published a reply to it in 1618; Ingoli was instrumental in having Kepler's
118:
526:
209:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the positions of the celestial pole being changed if Earth moved
169:
513:
426:
595:
590:
501:
129:. On Caetani's death in 1617, he was taken into the service of Cardinal Orazio Lancelloti.
122:
8:
300:
Caeremoniale continens ritus electionis Romani pontificis, Gregorii papae XV iussu editum
151:
106:
505:
255:
An argument from Bellarmine based on a certain prayer that references a stationary Earth
491:
105:
Italy, Ingoli learned a number of languages, including Arabic, and graduated from the
543:
432:
309:
In the meantime Gregory XV also made an Ingoli secretary to the recently established
249:
on the location of hell being at the center or lowest point of Earth and the universe
246:
206:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the positions of stars being changed if Earth moved
172:
537:
317:
287:
266:
191:
that eccentricities of Venus and Mars were different from what Copernicus assumed
146:
142:
86:
83:
336:
college in his home town of Ravenna, though it only operated for a few years.
177:
about the appearances of the stars not changing like they would if Earth moved
574:
138:
126:
203:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the flight of cannonballs fired east or west
212:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the day length being changed if Earth moved
188:
428:
Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs
110:
90:
333:
496:
291:
194:
An argument about the relative densities of the Earth and the Sun
181:
114:
102:
44:
117:, following him to Rome when the Cardinal was appointed to the
200:
An argument from Tycho Brahe on the behavior of falling bodies
302:(1622)), and after this Gregory XV made him secretary to the
161:
The eighteen scientific objections that Ingoli listed were:
137:
His name is particularly linked to the controversy over the
62:
109:
in civil and canon law in 1601, he entered the order of
431:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 72–.
316:
Ingoli's career continued under Gregory XV's successor
424:
294:. At this time Ingoli wrote a treatise on parishes,
238:
The four theological objections Ingoli listed were:
231:
An argument that bodies have single natural motions
165:An argument about the parallax of the sun and moon
420:
418:
572:
82:(21 November 1578 – 24 April 1649) was an
262:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
415:
311:Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith
16:Italian Catholic priest, lawyer and professor
586:17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
425:Maurice A. Finocchiaro (15 January 2010).
368:
366:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
296:De parochis et eorum officio Libri quatuor
495:
353:
132:
573:
372:
562:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
379:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
89:, lawyer and professor of civil and
73:Priest, lawyer and professor of law
13:
542:. University of Notre Dame Press.
14:
612:
277:
271:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
536:Graney, Christopher M. (2015).
467:
456:
445:
404:
393:
1:
558:
535:
489:
482:
473:
462:
451:
410:
399:
330:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
96:
581:17th-century Italian lawyers
286:. When Ludovisi was elected
7:
474:Graney (2012, 27-29, 37-39)
145:) over that of Copernicus.
10:
617:
304:Congregation of Ceremonies
121:. In Rome he attended the
156:Congregation of the Index
119:Congregation of the Index
69:
51:
30:
23:
346:
341:Sant'Andrea della Valle
521:Cite journal requires
373:Pizzorusso, Giovanni.
284:Accademia dei Virtuosi
565:. Vol. 62. 2004.
559:"INGOLI, Francesco".
463:Graney (2012, 16-37)
332:. He also founded a
133:Dispute with Galileo
123:Accademia dei Lincei
601:People from Ravenna
506:2012arXiv1211.4244G
375:"Ingoli, Francesco"
152:Maurice Finocchiaro
107:University of Padua
438:978-90-481-3201-0
245:An argument from
187:An argument from
180:An argument from
168:An argument from
77:
76:
608:
566:
553:
530:
524:
519:
517:
509:
499:
476:
471:
465:
460:
454:
449:
443:
442:
422:
413:
411:Graney (2012, 4)
408:
402:
397:
391:
390:
388:
386:
370:
80:Francesco Ingoli
58:
41:21 November 1578
40:
38:
25:Francesco Ingoli
21:
20:
616:
615:
611:
610:
609:
607:
606:
605:
571:
570:
569:
550:
522:
520:
511:
510:
485:
480:
479:
472:
468:
461:
457:
450:
446:
439:
423:
416:
409:
405:
398:
394:
384:
382:
371:
354:
349:
322:Collegio Urbano
288:Pope Gregory XV
280:
267:Johannes Kepler
147:Galileo Galilei
143:Tychonic System
135:
99:
87:Catholic priest
65:
60:
56:
47:
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
614:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
568:
567:
555:
554:
548:
532:
531:
523:|journal=
486:
484:
481:
478:
477:
466:
455:
444:
437:
414:
403:
392:
351:
350:
348:
345:
279:
276:
257:
256:
253:
250:
243:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
185:
178:
166:
134:
131:
98:
95:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
59:(aged 70)
53:
49:
48:
43:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
613:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
564:
563:
557:
556:
551:
549:9780268029883
545:
541:
540:
534:
533:
528:
515:
507:
503:
498:
493:
488:
487:
475:
470:
464:
459:
453:
452:Graney (2015)
448:
440:
434:
430:
429:
421:
419:
412:
407:
401:
400:Ingoli (2004)
396:
380:
376:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
352:
344:
342:
337:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
278:Church career
275:
272:
268:
264:
263:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
130:
128:
127:Federico Cesi
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
94:
92:
88:
85:
81:
72:
70:Occupation(s)
68:
64:
55:24 April 1649
54:
50:
46:
33:
29:
22:
19:
561:
538:
514:cite journal
469:
458:
447:
427:
406:
395:
383:. Retrieved
378:
338:
326:
315:
308:
299:
295:
281:
260:
258:
237:
173:
170:Sacrobosco's
160:
136:
100:
79:
78:
57:(1649-04-24)
18:
596:1649 deaths
591:1578 births
189:Tycho Brahe
125:founded by
575:Categories
483:References
381:. Treccani
318:Urban VIII
265:. However
247:Bellarmine
139:Copernican
97:Early life
37:1578-11-21
497:1211.4244
111:Theatines
91:canon law
334:Maronite
101:Born in
502:Bibcode
292:Bologna
182:Ptolemy
115:Romagna
103:Ravenna
84:Italian
45:Ravenna
546:
435:
174:Sphere
492:arXiv
385:6 May
347:Notes
544:ISBN
527:help
433:ISBN
387:2018
63:Rome
52:Died
31:Born
577::
518::
516:}}
512:{{
500:.
417:^
377:.
355:^
343:.
93:.
552:.
529:)
525:(
508:.
504::
494::
441:.
389:.
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.