713:
4005:
4484:
their father's ambitions. Philip IV for the most part ignored the
Mediterranean and instead focused his foreign policy efforts on France's northern frontiers. Some of this was done at the expense of the Holy Roman Emperors, but the king's most aggressive actions were against England. Disputes over Aquitaine were a bone of contention for years and finally in 1294, war broke out. The French armies drove deep into Gascony, leading to Edward I of England joining forces with Flanders and other allies on the northern borders of France. The allied forces were soundly beaten in 1297 by a French army led by Robert of Artois and a truce was agreed to, leading to preservation of the
4302:(reigned 1226–1270). Saint Louis has often been portrayed as a one-dimensional character, a flawless example of the faith and an administrative reformer who cared for the governed ones. However, his reign was far from perfect for everyone: he made unsuccessful crusades, his expanding administrations raised opposition, and he burned Jewish books at the Pope's urging. His judgments were not often practical, although they seemed fair by the standards of the time. It appears Louis had a strong sense of justice and always wanted to judge people himself before applying any sentence. This was said about Louis and French clergy asking for excommunications of Louis' vassals:
3749:
included about half a dozen provostships. When appeals were instituted by the Crown, appeal of provost judgments, formerly impossible, now lay with the bailie. Moreover, in the 14th century, provosts no longer were in charge of collecting domainal revenues, except in farmed provostships, having instead yielded this responsibility to royal receivers (receveurs royaux). Raising local army contingents (ban and arrière-ban) also passed to bailies. Provosts therefore retained the sole function of inferior judges over vassals with original jurisdiction concurrent with bailies over claims against nobles and actions reserved for royal courts (
4521:
loyalty to the Church. Those who took the side of Philip met in a large assembly in Paris along with other segments of French society criticizing the Pope, who responded by excommunicating the king and all clergy who had supported him. The following year, Philip struck back with a vengeance. Prelates loyal to the crown formed a scheme to bring
Boniface to trial, and the Pope was summarily arrested at Anagni that September. He was beaten by his jailers and threatened with execution if he did not resign the papacy, but he refused. The 68-year-old Pope was released from captivity after only a few days and died several weeks later.
4178:
1621:
402:
2266:", governing assemblies, began to develop in towns. Starting sporadically in the late 10th, and increasingly in the 12th century, many towns and villages were able to gain economic, social or judicial privileges and franchises from their lords (exemptions from tolls and dues, rights to clear land or hold fairs, some judicial or administrative independence, etc.). The seigneurial reaction to expanding urbanism and enfranchisement was mixed; some lords fought against the changes, but some lords gained financial and political advantages from the communal movement and growing trade.
319:
2154:
armies (they had been able to serve in the royal armies as late as
Charlemagne's reign) and participation in public assemblies and law courts—were lost through the 9th to the 10th centuries, and they were increasingly made dependents of nobles, churches and large landholders. The mid-8th century to 1000 also saw a steady increase of aristocratic and monastic control of the land, at the expense of landowning peasants. At the same time, the traditional notion of "unfree" dependents and the distinction between "unfree" and "free" tenants was eroded as the concept of
4555:. The Templars had been founded during the Crusades more than a century earlier, but now consisted of old men whose prestige was greatly diminished after the fall of the Holy Land and no longer seemed to serve any useful purpose worth their privileges. Unable to find suitable evidence of misdeeds by the Templars to justify disposing of the order, Philip had to resort to a mass meeting at Tours in 1308 to rally support. Finally in 1312, Clement V, despite his misgivings, issued a bull ordering their dissolution. The Templars' possessions were handed over to the
2185:) or granted freedom to existing cities, etc. By the end of the 15th century, serfdom was largely extinct; henceforth "free" peasants paid rents for their own lands, and the lord's demesne was worked by hired labor. This liberated the peasantry to a certain degree, but also made their lives more precarious in times of economic uncertainty. For lords who rented out more and more of their holdings for fixed rents, the initial benefits were positive, but over time they found themselves increasingly cash-strapped as inflationary pressures reduced their incomes.
292:
390:
299:
3997:(reigned 1027–1060). Like Hugh Magnus, Henry was crowned as co-ruler with his father (1027), in the Capetian tradition, but he had little power or influence as junior king while his father still lived. Henry I was crowned after Robert's death in 1031, which is quite exceptional for a French king of the times. Henry I was one of the weakest kings of the Franks, and his reign saw the rise of some very powerful nobles such as William the Conqueror. Henry I's biggest source of concerns was his brother –
4930:
5440:
Jewish-Christian relations was focused primarily on the persecution that Jews faced in a prominently
Christian world. In France, however, there were many examples of Jewish and Christian people working together towards a prosperity that was beneficial to both religions. They conducted business together, as well as participated in intimate social affairs. While the Jews would never fully assimilate into French culture by choice, they were accepted by the Christians in their societies.
5299:
5239:
4065:(reigned 1108–1137) onward that royal authority became more accepted. Louis VI was more a soldier and warmongering king than a scholar. The way the king raised money from his vassals made him quite unpopular; he was described as greedy and ambitious and that is corroborated by records of the time. His regular attacks on his vassals, although damaging the royal image, reinforced the royal power. From 1127 onward Louis had the assistance of a skilled religious statesman,
1479:
Kingdom and the authority of the King within his kingdom would be quite fluctuant. The lands that composed the
Kingdom of France showed great geographical diversity; the northern and central parts enjoyed a temperate climate while the southern part was closer to the Mediterranean climate. While there were great differences between the northern and southern parts of the kingdom there were equally important differences depending on the distance of mountains: mainly the
3939:
671:
7804:
333:
2400:
veritable independent principalities and privatizing various privileges and rights of the state. (By 1025, the area north of the Loire was dominated by six or seven of these virtually independent states.) After 1000, these counties in turn began to break down into smaller lordships, as smaller lords wrest control of local lands in the so-called "feudal revolution" and seized control over many elements of comital powers (see vassal/feudal below).
7794:
3266:" or chancellor nobles) helped in preparing and putting into legal form the king's decisions, and they formed the early elements of a true civil service and royal administration which would – because of their permanence – provide a sense of stability and continuity to the royal council, despite its many reorganizations. In their attempts at greater efficiency, the kings tried to reduce the number of counsellors or to convoke "reduced councils".
339:
1385:; the so-called "feudal revolution" of the 11th century during which ever smaller lords took control of local lands in many regions; and the appropriation by regional/local seigneurs of various administrative, fiscal and judicial rights for themselves. From the 13th century on, the state slowly regained control of a number of these lost powers. The crises of the 13th and 14th centuries led to the convening of an advisory assembly, the
4738:
4573:
66:
5350:
3881:
1247:
25:
5448:
Jewish prayer. These falsities proclaimed that a Jewish religious event included the sacrifice of a
Christian child. In Blois, France, as many as 40 Jews were accused of killing a young Christian boy. They were found guilty and killed. Though Blood Libels and persecution did not define Jewish-Christian relations in the Middle-Ages in France, it had a large impact on the way the history of this time period is recited.
1848:
7814:
4500:
continued to do without
Brittany, Burgundy, and numerous lesser territories although they legislated for the whole realm. Governmental administration in France during this period became more bureaucratic and sophisticated along with the steady expansion of royal power. Even so, the Capetian kings should not be taken as arbitrary tyrants since feudal custom and tradition still acted as restraints on them.
1262:
4383:, as Duke of Aquitaine; however, the King of England was always late because he liked to stop each time he met a priest to hear the mass, so Louis made sure no priest was on the way of Henry III. Henry III and Louis IX then started a long contest for who was the most faithful; this evolved to the point that none ever arrived on time to the Parlement, which was then allowed to debate in their absence.
4968:
168:
3338:, who maintained a banking establishment in Paris. The royal Treasury was henceforth organized like a bank and salaries and revenues were transferred between accounts. Royal accounting officers in the field, who sent revenues to the Temple, were audited by the King's Court, which had special clerks assigned to work at the Temple. These financial specialists came to be called the
3935:. The loss of other Spanish principalities then followed, as the Spanish marches grew more and more independent. Hugh Capet, the first Capetian king, is not a well documented figure, his greatest achievement being certainly to survive as king and defeating the Carolingian claimant, thus allowing him to establish what would become one of Europe's most powerful house of kings.
4709:(1322–1328). The new king faced much of the same problems as his predecessors (namely the quarrels over Flanders and Gascony). Having put an end to the chaos in southern France that his brother faced, he turned his attention to Flanders, but then a revolt broke out in Gascony over the unwelcome construction of a fortress on the border by a French vassal. The king's uncle
3698:. Provosts were entrusted with and carried out local royal power, including the collection of the Crown's domainal revenues and all taxes and duties owed the King within a provostship's jurisdiction. They were also responsible for military defense such as raising local contingents for royal armies. The provosts also administered justice though with limited jurisdiction.
4073:. Louis VI frequently summoned his vassals to the court, and those who did not show up often had their land possessions confiscated and military campaigns mounted against them. This drastic policy clearly imposed some royal authority on Paris and its surrounding areas. When Louis VI died in 1137, much progress had been made towards strengthening Capetian authority.
2728:
Aquitaine, Toulouse and
Barcelona. Normandy became the strongest power in the north, while Barcelona became the strongest in the south. The rulers of both fiefs eventually became kings, the former by the conquest of England, and the latter by the succession to Aragon. French suzerainty over Barcelona was only formally relinquished by Saint Louis in 1258.
2461:" for the land (a monetary recognition of the lord's continuing proprietary rights over the property). By the 11th century, the bonds of vassalage and the granting of fiefs had spread throughout much of French society, but it was in no ways universal in France: in the south, feudal grants of land or of rights were unknown.
2457:" in the documents) for the lifetime of the vassal, or, sometimes extending to the second or third generation. By the middle of the 10th century, feudal land grants (fee, fiefs) had largely become hereditary. The eldest son of a deceased vassal would inherit, but first he had to do homage and fealty to the lord and pay a "
3124:" (the "royal household") was used for people attached directly to the person of the king, while (in the 12th century), those who were called upon to counsel the king in his administration of the realm took the form of a specific (and separate) institution called the King's Court (Latin: the "Curia Regis", later the
1685:
controversial. Josiah
Russell argued for about 80,000 in the early 14th century, although he noted that some other scholars suggested 200,000. The higher count would make it by far the largest city in western Europe; the lower count would put it behind Venice with 100,000 and Florence with 96,000. The
4689:
Philip V (1316–1322) made peace with
Flanders via a marriage compact with its count Robert III and faced continued quarrels with Edward II of England over Gascony. He made plans for a new crusade to relieve the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, but the Flanders situation remained unstable and an attempted
4499:
In addition, Philip IV extended royal jurisdiction by treaty into the ecclesiastical territories of Vivers, Cahors, Mende, and Le Puy. With all this, the king could now assert power nearly anywhere in France, yet there was still a great deal of work yet to be done and French rulers for the time being
4483:
Of the later Capetian rulers, Philip IV was the greatest, bringing royal power to the strongest level it would attain in the Middle Ages, yet alienated a great many people and generally left France exhausted. As such, his sons were obliged to follow a more restrained course without however abandoning
2495:
This "fragmentation of powers" was not however systematic throughout France, and in certain counties (such as Flanders, Normandy, Anjou, Toulouse), counts were able to maintain control of their lands into the 12th century or later. Thus, in some regions (like Normandy and Flanders), the vassal/feudal
2477:
and lesser seigneurs took control of local lands, and (as comital families had done before them) lesser lords usurped/privatized a wide range of prerogatives and rights of the state, most importantly the highly profitable rights of justice, but also travel dues, market dues, fees for using woodlands,
2153:
Traditional categories inherited from the Roman and Merovingian period (distinctions between free and unfree peasants, between tenants and peasants who owned their own land, etc.) underwent significant changes up to the 11th century. The traditional rights of "free" peasants—such as service in royal
1684:
At the end of the Middle Ages, France was the most populous region in Europe—having overtaken Spain and Italy by 1340. In the 14th century, before the arrival of the Black Death, the total population of the area covered by modern-day France has been estimated at 16 million. The population of Paris is
4677:
In 1314, Philip IV died abruptly in a hunting accident at the age of 47 and the throne passed to his son Louis X (1314–1316). Louis's brief reign saw further unsuccessful attempts to assert control over Flanders as the king mobilized an army along the border, but supply problems caused the effort to
4479:
was a close ally of Philip, he immediately excommunicated Peter and offered his throne to one of the French king's sons. Since Philip the Fair was already slated to inherit Navarre, the entire Spanish March seemed ripe for reconquest by France. However, Philip III's attempted crusade against Aragon,
3342:
and sat in special sessions of the King's Court for dealing with financial business. From 1297, accounts were audited twice yearly after Midsummer Day (24 June) and Christmas. In time, what was once a simple Exchequer of Receipts developed into a central auditing agency, branched off, and eventually
3273:
The Council had only a consultational role: the final decision was always the king's. Although jurists frequented praised (especially later in the 16th century) the advantages of consultative government (with the agreement of his counsellors, the king could more easily impose the most severe of his
2665:
of the king, attested to as early as 1179, symbolically upholding his crown, and each original peer had a specific role, often with an attribute. Since the peers were never twelve during the coronation in early periods, due to the fact that most lay peerages were forfeited to or merged in the crown,
2437:
did not imply the giving or receiving of landholdings (which were granted only as a reward for loyalty), but by the eighth century the giving of a landholding was becoming standard. The granting of a landholding to a vassal did not relinquish the lord's property rights, but only the use of the lands
6166:
p. 91: "In the first place, after 1072 William was largely an absentee. Of the 170 months remaining of his reign he spent around 130 in France, returning to England only on four occasions. This was no passing phase. Absentee kings continued to spend at best half their time in England until the loss
5447:
Small communities however, incorporated these prejudiced ideas into their beliefs, which led to some instances of blood libels which took many Jewish lives. Blood Libels consisted of accusations directed at small Jewish communities that promoted a false belief that there was a sacrificial aspect in
5443:
After years of peace, in the 13th Century, Louis IX became obsessed with restricting Jewish activities. Eventually, after the Jewish population suffered multiple expulsions from France, the anti-Jewish rhetoric gained some popularity in small villages and towns. Jews began to face a fatal price for
4717:
Charles was also eager to begin a new crusade in the Levant and had once plotted to become Byzantine emperor. He failed to work out an agreement with the Pope over funding the expedition however, and his attention was distracted by the events in Gascony. But in 1327, a French ambassador traveled to
4161:
The late direct Capetian kings were considerably more powerful and influential than the earliest ones. While Philip I could hardly control his Parisian barons, Philip IV could dictate popes and emperors. The late Capetians, although they often ruled for a shorter time than their earlier peers, were
3050:
The orderly succession of French kings for more than 300 years, combined with an abrupt dynastic crisis in 1316 led to the adoption of a succession law that prevented the kingship from going out of the Capetian dynasty. The successive deaths of the sons of Philip IV in a short period of time led to
4503:
If Philip's policies provoked hostility and complaints, it was because they favored no class in particular. The king's policy towards the towns remained fairly traditional, but this was not the case with the Church. When he wanted to tax French clergy to fund military campaigns, he encountered the
4363:
Ultimately, Henry III was defeated and had to recognize Louis IX's overlordship, although the King of France did not seize Aquitaine from Henry III. Louis IX was now the most important landowner of France, adding to his royal title. There were some opposition to his rule in Normandy, yet it proved
3970:
in 1023 on the borderline. They agreed to end all claims over each other's realm, setting a new stage of Capetian and Ottonian relationships. Although a king weak in power, Robert II's efforts were considerable. His surviving charters imply he relied heavily on the Church to rule France, much like
3871:
The Carolingian era had seen the gradual emergence of institutions which were to condition France's development for centuries to come: the acknowledgement by the crown of the administrative authority of the realm's nobles within their territories in return for their (sometimes tenuous) loyalty and
1478:
From the Middle Ages onward, French rulers believed their kingdoms had natural borders: the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Rhine. This was used as a pretext for an aggressive policy and repeated invasions. The belief, however, had mere basis in reality for not all of these territories were part of the
3896:
in 987. Capet was previously "Duke of the Franks" and then became "King of the Franks" (Rex Francorum). Hugh's lands extended little beyond the Paris basin; his political unimportance weighed against the powerful barons who elected him. Many of the king's vassals (who included for a long time the
5010:
It has been argued that the difficult conditions the French population suffered during the Hundred Years' War awakened French nationalism, a nationalism represented by Joan of Arc (1412–1431). Although this is debatable, the Hundred Years' War is remembered more as a Franco-English war than as a
4701:
that Jews in the employ of foreign Muslim rulers were using lepers to poison drinking wells. With the Pastoreux still fresh in everyone's mind, a volatile situation had formed especially as Philip V granted tolerance to Jews and even employed a number of them in his service. With the king facing
3748:
Over time, the role of the baillages would be greatly extended as extensions of royal power, administration and justice. With the office of Great Seneschal vacant after 1191, the bailies became stationary and established themselves as powerful officials superior to provosts. A bailie's district
2857:
The history of the monarchy is how it overcame the powerful barons over ensuing centuries, and established absolute sovereignty over France in the 16th century. A number of factors contributed to the rise of the French monarchy. The dynasty established by Hugh Capet continued uninterrupted until
2791:
as King. However, and despite the fact that the Capetian kings often treated other princes more as enemies and allies than as subordinates, their royal title was often recognised yet not often respected. The royal authority was so weak in some remote places that bandits were the effective power.
2399:
From the late 9th to the late 10th century, the nature of the noble class changed significantly. First off, the aristocracy increasingly focused on establishing strong regional bases of landholdings, on taking hereditary control of the counties and duchies, and eventually on erecting these into
4520:
that Church property could not be confiscated without Rome's permission and all Christian rulers were subordinate to papal authority. The pope summoned French clergy to the Vatican to debate a reform of the kingdom. Once again the prelates were left divided between loyalty to their country and
3040:
Louis IX brought the prestige of the French monarchy at its height. Even the Mongol leader Hulagu, who had been under the impression that the Pope was the ruler of all Christians, realized that the true power rested in the King of France and sought an alliance with him. His crusading ventures,
3701:
In the 11th century, the provosts tended increasingly to make their positions hereditary and thus became more difficult to control. One of the King's great officers, the Great Seneschal, became their supervisor. In the 12th century, the office of provost was put up for bidding, and thereafter
3578:
In 1302, expanding French royal power led to a general assembly consisting of the chief lords, both lay and ecclesiastical, and the representatives of the principal privileged towns, which were like distinct lordships. Certain precedents paved the way for this institution: representatives of
2727:
and not a part of France. North of the Loire, the King of France at times fought or allied with one of the great principalities of Normandy, Anjou, Blois-Champagne, Flanders and Burgundy. The duke of Normandy was overlord of the duke of Brittany. South of the Loire were the principalities of
5462:
The period after the death of Charlemagne was marked by an economic crisis caused by political instability; town life all but disappeared. However, this had changed by the 11th century. The introduction of new crops, the improvements in the climate, and the introduction of new agricultural
5439:
In the Middle Ages, France was primarily made up of a Christian population that maintained a positive relationship with the Jewish minority. In a historical sense, Christians and Jews both made generalizations about the success of their community relations in Medieval France. The history of
4690:
French naval expedition to the Middle East was destroyed off Genoa in 1319. At this point, peasants and soldiers originally intended to invade Flanders rose in another self-proclaimed crusade (Pastoreux) which once again turned into an assault on the nobility, tax collectors, and Jews. Pope
2253:
From the 10th to the 11th centuries, the urban development of the country expanded (particularly on the northern coasts): new ports appeared and dukes and counts encouraged and created new towns. In other areas, urban growth was slower and centered on the monastic houses. In many regions,
4174:(junior king 1179–1180, senior king 1180–1223) marked an important step in the history of French monarchy. His reign saw the French royal domain and influence greatly expanded. He set the context for the rise of power to much more powerful monarchs like Saint Louis and Philip the Fair.
2496:
system was an effective tool for ducal and comital control, linking vassals to their lords; but in other regions, the system led to significant confusion, all the more so as vassals could and frequently did pledge themselves to two or more lords. In response to this, the idea of a "
3281:
The Council's purview concerned all matters pertaining to government and royal administration, both in times of war and of peace. In his council, the king received ambassadors, signed treaties, appointed administrators and gave them instructions (called, from the 12th century on,
2464:
In its origin, the feudal grant had been seen in terms of a personal bond between lord and vassal, but with time and the transformation of fiefs into hereditary holdings, the nature of the system came to be seen as a form of "politics of land" (an expression used by the historian
2862:
ensured orderly successions of power. Secondly, the successors of Capet came to be recognised as members of an illustrious and ancient royal house and therefore socially superior to their politically and economically superior rivals. Thirdly, the Capetians had the support of the
3469:(created in 1390). The Crown's domainal revenues, still retained by the Court of Accounts, fell in importance and value. By 1400, the Court's role had been much reduced. However, with the gradual enlargement of the realm through conquest, the need for the court remained secure.
4524:
Philip ensured that he would never again have trouble with the Church by promoting Raymond Bertrand de Got, archbishop of Bordeaux, as the next Pope. The papal conclave was evenly divided between French and Italian cardinals, but the latter acquiesced and de Got became Pope
4288:
4001:– who was pushed by his mother to the conflict. Robert of Burgundy was made Duke of Burgundy by King Henry I and had to be satisfied with that title. From Henry I onward, the Dukes of Burgundy were relatives of the King of the Franks until the end of the Duchy proper.
3319:, an "exceptional" tax could be imposed and collected; this resource was increasingly required during the protracted wars of the 14th–15th centuries and the taille became permanent in 1439, when the right to collect taxes in support of a standing army was granted to
4196:, which was probably the greatest threat to the King of France since the rise of the Capetian dynasty. During the first part of his reign Philip II tried using Henry II of England's son against him. He allied himself with the Duke of Aquitaine and son of Henry II –
4960:, usually considered an outbreak of bubonic plague), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhone valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 million in modern-day France at the time of the 1328
3262:, steadily increased as the technical aspects of the matters studied in the council mandated specialized counsellers. Coming from the lesser nobility or the bourgeoisie, these jurists (whose positions sometimes gave them or their heirs nobility, as the so-called "
4453:(1270–1285) and grandson Philip IV (1285–1314) followed him. Philip III was called "the Bold" on the basis of his abilities in combat and on horseback, and not because of his character or ruling abilities. Philip III took part in another crusading disaster: the
2407:, generally in the entourage of sworn lords, began to establish themselves in the ranks of the aristocracy (acquiring local lands, building private castles, seizing elements of justice), thereby transforming into the military noble class historians refer to as "
3156:. It was composed of a number of the king's trusted advisers but only a few traveled with the king at any time. By the later twelfth century it had become a judicial body with a few branching off to remain the king's council. By the fourteenth century the term
4491:
Flanders remained stubbornly rebellious and insubordinate. Although their count had been imprisoned by Philip, this did not prevent the Flemish burghers from rising up against French troops stationed there, inflicting a sensational defeat on them at the 1302
4480:
a blatantly political affair, ended in disaster as an epidemic struck his army, which then was soundly defeated by Aragonese forces at Col de Panissars. The humiliated king died shortly afterwards in Perpignan, followed by Charles of Anjou and Martin IV.
2731:
Initially, West Frankish kings were elected by the secular and ecclesiastic magnates, but the regular coronation of the eldest son of the reigning king during his father's lifetime established the principle of male primogeniture, later popularized as the
5444:
practicing their religious traditions. This discriminatory action promoted by the Royals, did not take hold with the general civilian populations in large cities because a large population of Christians permitted and accepted the differing Jewish faith.
4713:
invaded the province, whereupon the former declared Edward II's claims to it null and void. Although Charles IV's sister married the English king, he still refused to return Gascony and finally came to an agreement to divide it up among the two rulers.
1538:, southern Gaul was more heavily populated and because of this more episcopal sees were present there at first while in northern France they shrank greatly in size because of the barbarian invasions and became heavily fortified to resist the invaders.
4026:, named by his Kievan mother with a typically Eastern European name, was no more fortunate than his predecessor although the kingdom did enjoy a modest recovery during his extraordinarily long reign (1060–1108). His reign also saw the launch of the
4107:, who would become King of England as Henry II two years later. Louis VII was once a very powerful monarch and was now facing a much stronger vassal, who was his equal as King of England and his strongest prince as Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine.
2486:"). Power in this period became more personal and it would take centuries for the state to fully reimpose its control over local justice and fiscal administration (by the 15th century, much of the seigneur's legal purview had been given to the
2392:). Their access to political power in the Carolingian period might also necessitate a need for education. Their wealth and power was also evident in their lifestyle and purchase of luxury goods, and in their maintenance of an armed entourage of
3070:
The madness of Charles VI multiplied the woes of France, as the princes of the royal house split into factions in order to obtain power. France suffered another defeat at Agincourt, and the king was forced to disinherit his own son in favor of
2105:, except for (at least to the end of the 12th century) members of the great courts and, in the south, smaller noble families. This situation began to change in the 13th century, where we find highly literate members of the French nobility like
4416:
The 13th century was to bring the crown important gains also in the south, where a papal-royal crusade against the region's Albigensian or Cathar heretics (1209) led to the incorporation into the royal domain of Lower (1229) and Upper (1271)
3493:. The jurisdiction of the Parliament of Paris covered the entire kingdom as it was in the fourteenth century, but did not automatically advance in step with the enlarging personal dominions of the kings. In 1443, following the turmoil of the
1737:; it was also the language of science, literature, law, and administration. From 1200 on, vernacular languages began to be used in administrative work and the law courts, but Latin would remain an administrative and legal language until the
2100:
While education and literacy had been important components of aristocratic service in the Carolingian period, by the 11th century and continuing into the 13th century, the lay (secular) public in France—both nobles and peasants—was largely
6167:
of Normandy in 1204... But this absenteeism solidified rather than sapped royal government since it engendered structures both to maintain peace and extract money on the king's absence, money which was above all needed across the channel".
2786:
The fact that the Capetians both held lands as Prince as well as in the title of King gave them a complicated status. Thus they were involved in the struggle for power within France as princes but they also had a religious authority over
1609:). In principle, the lords of these lands owed homage to the French king for their possession, but in reality the king in Paris had little control over these lands, and this was to be confounded by the uniting of Normandy, Aquitaine and
4512:
in 1296 declaring that papal consent was necessary for this. Philip however became infuriated and issued loud arguments in defense of his actions, leaving the clergy divided over the matter. Eventually the pope withdrew his objection.
2375:
in the Latin documents) was by no means a legally defined category. With traditions going back to the Romans; one was "noble" if he or she possessed significant land holdings, had access to the king and royal court, could receive
2180:
had lost many of the gains made in the 12th and 13th centuries) reversed this trend: landlords offered serfs their freedom in exchange for working abandoned lands, ecclesiastical and royal authorities created new "free" cities
3274:
decisions, or he could have his most unpopular decisions blamed on his counsellors), mainstream legal opinion never held that the king was bound by the decisions of his council; the opposite was however put forward by the
3179:
close relations to the king, including younger sons, grandsons and princes of the royal bloodline ("prince du sang") from junior branches of the family – these individuals were often suspected of political ambition and of
318:
3655:
of the chapter. It was only the representation of the Third Estate which was furnished by election. Originally, moreover, the latter was not called upon as a whole to seek representation in the estates. It was only the
3175:
the queen (both as queen consort or as queen mother) – the influence of the queen lost direct political control as early as the 13th century, except in periods of regency; the queen thus only exceptionally attended the
2835:, because it linked England to France through Normandy. Although the Normans were now both vassals of the French kings and their equals as kings of England, their zone of political activity remained centered in France.
3377:. Its auditors were responsible for overseeing revenue from Crown estates and checking public spending. It audited the royal household, inspectors, royal commissioners, provosts, baillifs, and seneschals. In 1307, the
2193:
Much of the Gallo-Roman urban network of cities survived (albeit much changed) into the Middle Ages as regional centers and capitals: certain cities had been chosen as centers of bishoprics by the church (for example,
5463:
technologies created a large agricultural surplus. This was accompanied by the growth in town life, trade, and industry. The economy once again collapsed in the fourteenth century because of war, bad weather, and the
3381:
definitively removed royal funds from the Temple and placed them in the fortress of the Louvre. Thereafter, the financial specialists received accounts for audit in a room of the royal palace that became known as the
1666:", lasting from about the 10th century to about the 14th century. Part of the French population growth in this period (see below) is directly linked to this temperate weather and its effect on crops and livestock.
3081:
in 1429 and his reconciliation with the Duke of Burgundy in 1435. The French were victorious at the end of the war in 1453, and the King of France was once again the most powerful monarch in Europe, with the first
3630:
and other high clergy) who made up the Estates-General were not elected by their peers, but directly chosen and summoned by the king. In the order of the clergy, however, since certain ecclesiastical bodies, e.g.
3401:
to audit accounts, judge cases arising from accountability, and maintain registers of financial documents; it also laid out the basic composition of financial courts: three (later four) cleric masters of accounts
2345:); rural populations from the countrysides moved to the cities and burgs. This was also a period of urban building: the extension of walls around the entirety of the urban space, the vast construction of Gothic
3729:), Philip II Augustus, an able and ingenious administrator who founded many of the central institutions on which the French monarchy's system of power would be based, established itinerant justices known as
712:
4274:
as French and English (or rather Anglo-Norman) aristocracies were once one and were now split between allegiances. While the French kings were struggling against the Plantagenets, the Church called for the
3626:, to give aid and counsel. In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries, the Estates-General had only a limited elective element. The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords (
4130:
his vassal, and in effect ruled the western half of France as a greater power than the French throne. However, disputes among Henry's descendants over the division of his French territories, coupled with
4248:
and, as Louis VI had done often to his rebellious vassals, Philip II confiscated John's possessions in France. John's defeat was swift and his attempts to reconquer his French possession at the decisive
4211:; however, their alliance and friendship broke down during the crusade. The two men were once again at odds and fought each other in France until Richard was on the verge of totally defeating Philip II.
2646:. So popular was this notion, that for a long time people thought peerage had originated in the reign of Charlemagne, who was considered the model king and shining example for knighthood and nobility.
4162:
often much more influential. This period also saw the rise of a complex system of international alliances and conflicts opposing, through dynasties, Kings of France and England and Holy Roman Emperor.
2968:
for the imperial throne, but the German electors were unwilling to expand French influence even further. Henry was elected King of Germany in 1308 as a compromise candidate, and became emperor in 1312.
2681:
was absorbed by the French crown, and later in the 13th century two more of the lay peerages were absorbed by the crown (Toulouse 1271, Champagne 1284), so in 1297 three new peerages were created, the
4234:. Philip of Swabia had the upper hand, but his premature death made Otto IV Holy Roman Emperor. The crown of France was saved by Richard's demise after a wound he received fighting his own vassals in
3047:
Philip IV was the most absolutist of the medieval French kings, but his costly policies brought him into conflict with the pope and the persecution of the Templars in order to obtain their resources.
3790:
made advances along the northern and western perimeters of his kingdom. After Charlemagne's death in 814 his heirs were incapable of maintaining political unity and the empire began to crumble. The
4253:(1214) resulted in complete failure. The annexation of Normandy and Anjou was confirmed, the Counts of Boulogne and Flanders were captured, and the Emperor Otto IV was overthrown by Philip's ally
4188:
thus annexing Normandy and Anjou into his royal domains. This battle involved a complex set of alliances from three important states, the Kingdoms of France and England and the Holy Roman Empire.
3975:– and was excommunicated because of this, he was regarded as a model of piety for monks (hence his nickname, Robert the Pious). The reign of Robert II was quite important because it involved the
2165:
From the mid-8th century on, particularly in the north, the relationship between peasants and the land became increasingly characterized by the extension of the new "bipartite estate" system (
4069:. The abbot was the son of a minor family of knights, but his political advice was extremely valuable to the king. Louis VI successfully defeated, both military and politically, many of the
3643:, were also summoned to the assembly, and as these bodies, being persons in the moral but not in the physical sense, could not appear in person, their representative had to be chosen by the
4257:. Aquitaine and Gascony survived the French conquest, for the Duchess Eleanor still lived. Philip II of France was crucial in ordering Western European politics in both England and France.
3292:). The council also served as a supreme court and rendered royal justice on those matters that the king reserved for himself (so-called "justice retenue") or decided to discuss personally.
3145:
and the Provincial Estates. The Parliament of Paris – as indeed all of the sovereign courts of the realm – was itself born out of the King's Council: originally a consultative body of the
1696:
In the early Middle Ages, France was a center of Jewish learning, but increasing persecution, and a series of expulsions in the 14th century, caused considerable suffering for French Jews;
4320:(although she did not formally use the title). Blanche's authority was strongly opposed by the French barons yet she maintained her position until Louis was old enough to rule by himself.
2273:
was the largest city in the realm, and indeed one of the largest cities in Europe, with an estimated population of 200,000 or more at the end of the century. The second-largest city was
3753:). This followed a precedent established in the chief feudal courts in the 13th and 14th centuries in which summary provostship suits were distinguished from solemn bailliary sessions.
4103:
but his relationship with Eleanor did not improve. The marriage was ultimately annulled by the pope under the pretext of consanguinity and Eleanor soon married the Duke of Normandy –
401:
3702:
provosts were farmers of revenues. The provost thus received the speculative right to collect the King's seignorial revenues within his provostship. This remained his primary role.
2469:). The 11th century in France saw what has been called by historians a "feudal revolution" or "mutation" and a "fragmentation of powers" (Bloch) that was unlike the development of
2433:
and benefices, including land, a practice which grew out of Late Antiquity. This practice would develop into the system of vassalage and feudalism in the Middle Ages. Originally,
2995:(1346): son of John of Bohemia, he received French education and resided in the French court for seven years. His close connection to the House of France facilitated the sale of
2700:, specifying the fief to which the peerage was attached, and the conditions under which the fief could be transmitted (e.g. only male heirs) for princes of the blood who held an
2449:
was the first to make large scale and systematic use (the practice had remained until then sporadic) of the remuneration of vassals by the concession of the usufruct of lands (a
4356:
with a massive force. Henry III's allies in Brittany and Normandy fell down because they did not dare fight their king, who led the counterstrike himself. This evolved into the
2736:. The authority of the king was more religious than administrative. The 11th century in France marked the apogee of princely power at the expense of the king when states like
4862:. This, in addition to a long-standing dispute over the rights to Gascony in the south of France, and the relationship between England and the Flemish cloth towns, led to the
3195:
The feudal aristocracy would maintain great control over the king's council up until the 14th and 15th centuries. The most important positions in the court were those of the
1507:. These rivers were settled earlier than the rest and important cities were founded on their banks but they were separated by large forests, marsh, and other rough terrains.
4949:(lost also in 1558). After victory over England, France's emergence as a powerful national monarchy was crowned by the "incorporation" of the Duchies of Burgundy (1477) and
4686:
on an extremely hot day. The king's wife was then pregnant and gave birth to a son, John, in November, but he died after a week and the throne passed to his brother Philip.
3023:
Louis VII's marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine brought the French monarchy's influence to southern France, but the annulment of their marriage brought about the rise of the
3739:
was thus the king's administrative representative in northern France responsible for the application of justice and control of the administration and local finances in his
3422:) who acted as auditors of the prests. This complement grew by 50 percent in the next two decades but was reduced to seven masters and twelve clerks in 1346. The office of
3017:
The early Capetians ruled much longer than their contemporaries, but had little power. They did not have the will, or the resources, to coerce their vassals into obedience.
3921:. The new dynasty was in immediate control of little beyond the middle Seine and adjacent territories, while powerful territorial lords such as the 10th- and 11th-century
2169:), in which peasants (who were bound to the land) held tenant holdings from a lord or monastery (for which they paid rent), but were also required to work the lord's own "
3599:, he receive the counsel from the three estates in this serious crisis. The letters summoning the assembly of 1302 are published by M. Georges Picot in his collection of
1392:
From the 12th and 13th centuries on, France was at the center of a vibrant cultural production that extended across much of western Europe, including the transition from
4645:
4496:. Eventually however, the king began a new offensive into Flanders and a peace was finally agreed to in 1305 which however still failed to placate the Flemish townsmen.
4926:. Subsequently, captured by the Burgundians and sold to their English allies, her execution for heresy in 1431 redoubled her value as the embodiment of France's cause.
3426:
was created by the Ordinance of 1381, and a second lay Chief Baron was appointed in 1400. Clerks of court were eventually added to the court's composition. Examiners (
3171:
The composition of the King's Council changed constantly over the centuries and according to the needs and desires of the king. Medieval councils frequently excluded:
4617:
646:
4088:
in Bordeaux, which made Louis VII Duke of Aquitaine and gave him considerable power. However, the couple disagreed over the burning of more than a thousand people in
3442:. Lastly, the Ordinance of 26 February 1464 named the Court of Accounts as the "sovereign, primary, supreme, and sole court of last resort in all things financial".
3358:
to render their final accounts. The King's Court's general secretariat had members who specialized in finance and accountancy and could receive accounts. A number of
8579:
2871:
was composed almost entirely of Frankish Princes. As time went on the power of the King was expanded by conquests, seizures and successful feudal political battles.
6788:
4467:
After taking the throne, Philip III felt obliged to continue his father's apparently solid diplomacy despite circumstances having changed. In 1282, the misrule of
4624:
4352:
had not yet recognized the Capetian overlordship over Aquitaine and still hoped to recover Normandy and Anjou and reform the Angevin Empire. He landed in 1230 at
1662:
The weather in France and Europe in the Middle Ages was significantly milder than during the periods preceding or following it. Historians refer to this as the "
8359:
3686:
were the first-level judges created by the Capetian monarchy around the 11th century who administered the scattered parts of the royal domain. Provosts replaced
3390:, and they began to be collectively identified under the same name, although still only a subcommission of the King's Court, consisting of about sixteen people.
4995:(actually several distinct wars over the period 1337 to 1453) when the Plantagenets claimed the throne of France from the Valois. This was also the time of the
7257:
6302:
Hallam & Everard, p. 64: "Then, in 1151, Henry Plantagenet paid homage for the duchy to Louis VII in Paris, homage he repeated as king of England in 1156.
3564:
1499/1515). All of them were administrative capitals of regions with strong historical traditions of independence before they were incorporated into France.
2301:. In addition to these, there also existed zones with an extended urban network of medium to small cities, as in the south and the Mediterranean coast (from
7623:
3966:– was crowned King of the Franks before Capet's demise. Hugh Capet decided so in order to have his succession secured. Robert II, as King of the Franks, met
4631:
7759:
5418:
3690:
wherever a viscounty had not been made a fief, and it is likely that the provost position imitated and was styled after the corresponding ecclesiastical
3137:
In addition to the King's Council, the consultative governing of the country also depended on other intermittent and permanent institutions, such as the
1290:
2173:"; in the north, some of these estates could be quite substantial. This system remained a standard part of lord-tenant relations into the 12th century.
5390:
4613:
3445:
While gaining in stability in the later 14th century, the court lost its central role in royal finances. First, currency was moved to a separate body (
3030:
Philip II made the French king the foremost power within his own kingdom, destroying Angevin power in France through the conquest of Normandy and Anjou
4718:
Constantinople and found the Byzantine Empire beset by civil wars. The following year, Charles IV died, ending any plans for crusades in the region.
2438:
and their income; the granting lord retained ultimate ownership of the fee and could, technically, recover the lands in case of disloyalty or death.
5315:
3872:
military support, a phenomenon readily visible in the rise of the Capetians and foreshadowed to some extent by the Carolingians' own rise to power.
2867:, which favoured a strong central government in France. This alliance with the Church was one of the great enduring legacies of the Capetians. The
5397:
6610:
4084:
over France than his predecessors. Powerful vassals paid homage to the French king. Abbot Suger arranged the 1137 marriage between Louis VII and
3852:
were subsequently to share the fate of their predecessors: after an intermittent power struggle between the two families, the accession (987) of
4334:
The kingdom was vulnerable: war was still going on in the County of Toulouse, and the royal army was occupied fighting resistance in Languedoc.
2429:
The Merovingians and Carolingians maintained relations of power with their aristocracy through the use of clientele systems and the granting of
1510:
Before the Romans conquered Gaul, the Gauls lived in villages organised in wider tribes. The Romans referred to the smallest of these groups as
7272:
4702:
potential disaster no matter what side he took, his health began to fail from stress and he succumbed at the start of 1322, only 29 years old.
2211:
5796:
Over the course of the 13th century, one historian (G. Sivery) estimates that the percentage dropped from 90% to 85%.. Bourin-Derruau, p. 75.
4307:
For it would be against God and contrary to right and justice if he compelled any man to seek absolution when the clergy were doing him wrong.
2974:(1310): son of Emperor Henry VII, he became of King of Bohemia by marriage. John was raised in Paris, and died fighting for the French in the
8685:
8251:
3350:
issued a decree ordering all mayors, burghesses, and town councilmen to appear before the King's sovereign auditors of the Exchequer (French
2055:
1113:
5404:
3735:("bailiff") based on medieval fiscal and tax divisions which had been used by earlier sovereign princes (such as the Duke of Normandy). The
7349:
1890:
on, the Franks expanded their rule over northern Gaul. Over time, the French language developed from either the Oïl languages found around
4810:
1530:
were often taken as a basis for the imperial administration and would survive up to the middle-ages when their capitals became centres of
4516:
In 1301, fresh trouble erupted when the Bishop of Pamiers was accused by the King of heresy and treason, leading to another protest from
5276:
4782:
4638:
3925:
accumulated large domains of their own through marriage and through private arrangements with lesser nobles for protection and support.
130:
6820:
5386:
5007:. Henry V failed to outlive Charles so it was Henry VI of England and France who consolidated the dual monarchy of England and France.
4895:
in 1415 against a France now bitterly divided between rival Armagnac and Burgundian factions of the royal house was to lead to his son
4759:
4594:
3990:– as King of the Franks at age 10 to secure the succession, but Hugh Magnus rebelled against his father and died fighting him in 1025.
3664:, who were frequently the municipal officials of the town, but deputies were often elected for the purpose. The country districts, the
2795:
Some of the king's vassals would grow sufficiently powerful that they would become some of the strongest rulers of western Europe. The
193:
83:
38:
102:
8024:
6778:
4214:
Adding to their battles in France, the Kings of France and England were trying to install their respective allies at the head of the
2403:
Secondly, from the 9th century on, military ability was increasingly seen as conferring special status, and professional soldiers or
4941:, duke of Burgundy, removed the greatest obstacle to French recovery, leading to the recapture of Paris (1436), Normandy (1450) and
2771:
kings added their principality to that title. The Capetians, in a way, held a dual status of King and Prince; as king they held the
4789:
3149:, later (in the thirteenth century) endowed with judicial functions, the Parliament was separated from the King's Council in 1254.
1934:
The Middle Ages also saw the influence of other linguistic groups on the dialects spoken in France. From the 4th to 7th centuries,
1541:
Discussion of the size of France in the Middle Ages is complicated by distinctions between lands personally held by the king (the "
2533:
for secular. Peerages attached to fiefs were transmissible or inheritable with the fief, and these fiefs are often designated as
7850:
7169:
5360:
4705:
Having failed to produce a son that survived infancy, Philip was succeeded by his brother (and the youngest of Philip IV's sons)
2117:(sometimes referred to as Joinville). Similarly, due to the outpouring of French vernacular literature from the 12th century on (
1898:(the Francien theory) or from a standard administrative language based on common characteristics found in all Oïl languages (the
1283:
109:
4488:. As part of the peace arrangement, Edward married Philip's sister and the son and daughter of both kings were slated to marry.
4379:, Louis established a cordial relation with the Plantagenet King. An amusing anecdote is about Henry III's attending the French
1635:
undertook a massive French expansion in the 13th century, but most of these acquisitions were lost both by the royal system of "
8399:
8384:
8301:
5270:
4910:
France's humiliation was abruptly reversed in 1429 by the appearance of a restorationist movement embodied by the peasant maid
3057:
Philip VI was an initially promising ruler, having brought Flanders into submission early in his reign. At the outbreak of the
3931:
called for Hugh's help against Islamic raids, but even if Hugh intended to help Borell, he was otherwise occupied in fighting
2473:
in England or Italy or Germany in the same period or later: counties and duchies began to break down into smaller holdings as
8152:
7227:
6442:
4914:
from Domremy la Pucelle, who claimed the guidance of divine voices for the campaign which rapidly ended the English siege of
4796:
3596:
3196:
3114:, etc.) before making important decisions. In the early Middle Ages, the entourage around the king was sometimes called the
2223:
933:
5553:
2050:. Anglo-Norman served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce in England from the time of the conquest until the
8887:
8783:
6893:
4884:
4880:
4053:
of 1066, making himself and his heirs the King's equal outside France (where he was still nominally subject to the Crown).
2838:
An important part of the French aristocracy also involved itself in the crusades, and French knights founded and ruled the
116:
3295:
Council meetings, initially irregular, took on a regular schedule which became daily from the middle of the 15th century.
2819:
successfully carved lands outside France for themselves. The most important of these conquests for French history was the
8892:
8506:
8269:
7925:
7915:
7683:
7658:
7598:
6897:
6603:
4867:
3020:
Louis VI began an aggressive policy of demanding obedience from his vassals in the Ile-de-France backed by military force
2989:(1342): son of Charles I of Hungary, eventually became King of Poland in addition to the realms inherited from his father
2666:
delegates were chosen by the king, mainly from the princes of the blood. In later periods peers also held up by poles a
2207:
2199:
2195:
1051:
547:
332:
5411:
4778:
1569:, the French kingdom was more or less a fiction. The "domaine royal" of the Capetians was limited to the regions around
8354:
7774:
6814:
6810:
6698:
6583:
6569:
6555:
6493:
6480:
6191:
4324:
4004:
2227:
2219:
2215:
1326:(987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the
1276:
5026:(1415) forced the French nobility to realise they could not stand just as armoured knights without an organised army.
4508:. The pope had received a number of complaints from French and English clergy over lay taxes and thus issued the bull
98:
8326:
8311:
7817:
7779:
7309:
7091:
6783:
6713:
6694:
6541:
6524:
6507:
6466:
6428:
4829:
4664:
3005:, Duke of Burgundy (1363): with his appanage of Burgundy and his marriage to the heiress of Flanders, he founded the
2203:
1212:
664:
229:
211:
149:
52:
4767:
4602:
1738:
1693:
slowed recovery. It would be the mid-16th century before the population recovered to mid-fourteenth century levels.
8594:
8435:
8389:
6732:
6721:
6717:
6690:
4254:
1165:
2341:
increased in size and many were able to gain privileges and franchises including transformation into free cities (
7277:
6670:
6666:
6619:
5646:"Population in Europe:, in Carlo M. Cipolla, ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. I: The Middle Ages
3932:
1469:
1425:
1234:
952:
5250:
3897:
kings of England) ruled over territories far greater than his own. He was recorded to be recognised king by the
8614:
8189:
7643:
7583:
7555:
7314:
6741:
6662:
6596:
6387:
5557:
of the 14th and 15th centuries. Some of the earliest painters lived in the Later Middle Ages in France such as
5375:
5324:
4763:
4598:
3928:
2992:
389:
87:
44:
4364:
remarkably easy to rule, especially compared to the County of Toulouse which had been brutally conquered. The
2564:
2022:
invaded France from the 9th century onwards and established themselves mostly in what would come to be called
8537:
8157:
8098:
8093:
7729:
7560:
6749:
6745:
6246:
Cour souveraine, principale, première et singulière du dernier ressort en tout le fait du compte des finances
2957:
1699:
1229:
1222:
1207:
1195:
1180:
982:
8179:
5593:
culture flourished after the 12th century, exemplified by famous personages of the High Middle Ages such as
3817:
Rivers and other inland waterways, wreaking havoc and spreading terror. In 843 Viking invaders murdered the
8865:
8604:
8083:
7920:
7177:
7173:
7044:
3967:
3061:
France was the foremost power in Western Europe, but this did not prevent his overwhelming defeat at Crécy.
2150:
In the Middle Ages in France, the vast majority of the population—between 80 and 90 percent—were peasants.
1837:
1314:(roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the
905:
8722:
8442:
8316:
8306:
8054:
7895:
7843:
7739:
6709:
5547:
4803:
4227:
3077:
Charles VII was apathetic during the early years of his reign, but his fortunes changed with the rise of
2788:
2707:
The number of lay peerages increased over time from 7 in 1297 to 26 in 1400, 21 in 1505, and 24 in 1588.
1741:(1539) prescribed the use of French in all judicial acts, notarized contracts, and official legislation.
1202:
5470:
The rural economy was based on the manor; in urban areas economic activity was organized around guilds.
2492:, leaving them only affairs concerning seigneurial dues and duties, and small affairs of local justice)
338:
8633:
8554:
8321:
8231:
8210:
7910:
7900:
7890:
7734:
7724:
7688:
7530:
7432:
7087:
6825:
6768:
6658:
5493:
5457:
5031:
4434:
4207:
Richard replaced his father as King of England afterward. The two kings then went crusading during the
3998:
3288:
3208:
2909:
2639:
2042:
and its dialects. They also contributed many words to French related to sailing and farming. After the
1429:
1217:
1185:
1160:
720:
692:
123:
5667:
4110:(Henry had inherited the Duchy of Normandy through his mother, Mathilda of England, and the County of
1639:" (the giving of regions to members of the royal family to be administered) and through losses in the
8813:
8569:
8484:
8457:
8374:
8169:
7457:
7220:
7143:
6973:
6830:
5311:
5019:
4976:
4493:
3224:
3165:
2720:
2110:
1413:
729:
183:
8394:
8364:
7969:
7708:
6737:
6727:
6704:
6681:
6653:
5541:
5371:
5320:
4748:
4583:
4429:(1300) was less successful, ending two years later in the rout of his knights by the forces of the
4343:
4177:
4070:
3603:. During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting
3573:
3024:
3006:
2879:
Vassals and cadets of the King of France made several foreign acquisitions during the Middle Ages:
2756:, were formerly powerful princes themselves who had successfully unseated the weak and unfortunate
1744:
The vast majority of the population, however, spoke a variety of vernacular languages derived from
1386:
748:
499:
291:
3227:(created in 1311). Certain kings were unable to reduce the importance of the feudal aristocracy (
2500:" was developed (where the obligations to one lord are regarded as superior) in the 12th century.
8650:
8532:
8479:
8425:
8379:
8068:
7412:
7382:
7109:
7075:
5523:
4752:
4587:
4551:
One of the more bizarre episodes of Philip's reign was his involvement in the destruction of the
4335:
4123:
2951:
2899:
1393:
1190:
1170:
863:
76:
7022:
4529:. Thus, Philip successfully installed an obedient French puppet in the papacy that was moved to
895:
8755:
8717:
8675:
8660:
8452:
8274:
8174:
7836:
7769:
7525:
7299:
7162:
7158:
7070:
6937:
5536:
4339:
3976:
3906:
3212:
3160:
was no longer used. However, it had served as a predecessor to later sovereign assemblies; the
3064:
John II brought the French monarchy at its lowest with another overwhelming defeat in Poitiers.
2928:, Count of Barcelona (1164): first Count of Barcelona to become King of Aragon in his own right
2177:
1679:
1620:
1417:
1175:
1123:
1002:
6181:
5539:
were diligently written and illustrated within this period, some notable examples include the
4999:, as well as several civil wars. The French population suffered much from these wars. In 1420
3330:
To oversee the Kingdom's revenues and expenditure, the French King first relied solely on the
8680:
8670:
8462:
8286:
8194:
8129:
7588:
7480:
7437:
5602:
5511:
5220:
5027:
4992:
4919:
4866:
of 1337–1453. The following century was to see devastating warfare and peasant revolts (the
4863:
4851:
4727:
4464:
in 1271 from his uncle and married his son and heir to the heiress of Champagne and Navarre.
4409:. Both proved to be complete failures for the French King. He died in the Eighth Crusade and
4223:
3987:
3595:
which led to the States-General of 1302; the king of France desired that, in addition to the
3498:
3494:
3490:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3275:
3138:
3058:
2980:
2931:
2883:
2824:
2051:
2047:
1761:
1690:
1675:
1644:
1640:
1543:
1473:
1421:
1355:
1133:
1060:
1022:
962:
537:
362:
5367:
5011:
succession of feudal struggles. During this war, France evolved politically and militarily.
4126:
led by Eleanor and three of their four sons, Henry had Eleanor imprisoned, made the Duke of
2596:
A few years later and before 1228 three peers were added to make the total of twelve peers:
1689:
killed an estimated one-third of the population from its appearance in 1348. The concurrent
8705:
8246:
8184:
8073:
7964:
7807:
7749:
7545:
7452:
7422:
7407:
7213:
7117:
6928:
5558:
5189:
5157:
5127:
5115:
4850:
the crown could not pass through a woman (Philip IV's daughter was Isabella, whose son was
4843:
4706:
4556:
4450:
4410:
4376:
4349:
4267:
4197:
4119:
4085:
4042:
4034:, which heavily involved his family although he personally did not support the expedition.
4016:
3947:
3584:
3580:
3240:
3204:
2947:
2941:
2925:
2905:
2772:
1663:
1614:
1347:
1012:
738:
324:
189:
3374:
1928:
8:
8788:
8745:
8665:
8619:
8496:
8489:
8469:
8430:
8342:
8134:
8103:
8078:
8044:
7946:
7941:
7693:
7673:
7653:
7618:
7550:
7462:
7329:
7013:
7008:
6997:
6977:
6947:
5581:, were active during Ars antiqua period, arguably the most famous being the 12th-century
5288:
5209:
5183:
5171:
5133:
5109:
5103:
5079:
5043:
5023:
4896:
4892:
4855:
4537:
4472:
4422:
4387:
4276:
4235:
4181:
4171:
4151:
4136:
4104:
4077:
4008:
3963:
3588:
3486:
3378:
3267:
3259:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3216:
3200:
3044:
Philip III inherited Toulouse and married his son to the heiress of Navarre and Champagne
3034:
2961:
2937:
2915:
2843:
2590:
2548:
2519:
2137:
poetry, etc.), French eventually became the "international language of the aristocracy".
2106:
1935:
1730:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1363:
1335:
972:
881:
820:
810:
6844:
5641:
4678:
break down. Louis died in the summer of 1316 at only 26 of an unknown illness (possibly
3622:: all others), and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise
1866:
1853:
1334:
regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under
446:
8700:
8645:
8599:
8447:
8413:
7997:
7797:
7633:
7608:
7510:
7387:
7339:
7334:
7324:
7262:
7139:
7038:
7003:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6959:
6955:
6918:
6889:
6836:
6686:
5504:
5202:
5151:
5121:
5097:
5091:
5039:
5000:
4888:
4342:
in 1229, in which he retained much of his lands for life, but his daughter, married to
4313:
4299:
4291:
4250:
4140:
4062:
4023:
3972:
3830:
3777:
3691:
3636:
3592:
3394:
3347:
3248:
3215:(Grand Butler), before being supplanted of these functions by the Chamber of Accounts (
3130:)), although by the middle of the 13th century distinctions between "hôtel du roi" and
3072:
2986:
2828:
2610:
2584:
2559:
2349:(starting in the 12th century), urban fortresses, castles (such as Philip II Augustus'
2243:
2159:
1883:
1648:
1602:
1562:
1339:
1315:
474:
6951:
5015:
4956:
The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the
4095:
King Louis VII was deeply horrified by the event and sought penitence by going to the
2975:
2514:
Medieval French kings conferred the dignity of peerage upon certain of his preëminent
2262:) with limited privileges were established by local lords. In the late 11th century, "
8846:
8828:
8823:
8808:
8793:
8732:
8695:
8609:
8542:
8520:
8501:
8369:
8296:
8119:
8019:
7905:
7885:
7862:
7793:
7535:
7505:
7495:
7485:
7402:
7392:
7377:
7244:
7189:
7154:
7150:
7128:
7105:
7101:
7034:
7030:
6969:
6933:
6923:
6913:
6908:
6885:
6579:
6565:
6551:
6537:
6520:
6503:
6489:
6476:
6462:
6438:
6424:
6393:
6383:
6187:
5578:
5177:
5139:
5085:
4972:
4938:
4859:
4710:
4454:
4215:
4115:
4089:
4041:
invaders as the Duchy of Normandy in 911, became a source of particular concern when
3994:
3955:
3762:
3705:
To monitor the performance and curtail abuses of the prévôts or their equivalent (in
3695:
3549:
3411:
3304:
3236:
3228:
2965:
2816:
2724:
2678:
2634:
2605:
2579:
2574:
2554:
2509:
2126:
2114:
1989:) in southwestern France, though the language gradually lost ground to the expanding
1829:
1825:
1766:
1712:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1457:
1441:
1307:
942:
841:
701:
467:
436:
406:
The Kingdom of France in 1190. The bright green area was controlled by the so-called
178:
6423:. Series: Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1999.
3203:(chief military officer of the realm; established by King Philip I in 1060) and the
1966:
in more recent centuries, and they gave their name to the peninsula they inhabited:
1327:
8760:
8712:
8584:
8559:
8049:
7754:
7703:
7698:
7638:
7603:
7515:
7472:
7442:
7364:
7282:
7252:
7124:
7113:
7083:
7062:
6943:
6848:
6799:
6793:
6773:
6648:
5562:
5500:
5145:
5063:
5004:
4988:
4900:
4698:
4468:
4271:
4244:, Richard's successor, refused to come to the French court for a trial against the
4219:
4155:
4139:
to recover influence over most of this territory. After the French victory at the
3865:
3857:
3818:
3795:
3791:
3263:
3164:
which was a judiciary body, the Chamber of Accounts which was a financial body and
2716:
2690:
2263:
2239:
2120:
2006:
1990:
1907:
1875:
1749:
1720:
1435:
915:
542:
524:
442:
8222:
8061:
3607:. Over time subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation.
2780:
2031:
1895:
1534:. These religious provinces would survive until the French revolution. During the
1082:
887:
566:
8855:
8818:
8803:
8798:
8740:
8655:
8215:
7956:
7764:
7678:
7648:
7372:
7289:
7185:
7097:
6965:
6588:
5598:
5165:
5051:
5035:
4679:
4552:
4402:
4391:
4346:, produced him no heir and so the County of Toulouse went to the King of France.
4241:
4132:
4111:
4081:
4050:
3980:
3922:
3861:
3660:, the privileged towns, which were called upon. They were represented by elected
3335:
3052:
3002:
2971:
2864:
2839:
2832:
2820:
2682:
2671:
2569:
2362:
2235:
2231:
2062:
2043:
2010:
1994:
1978:
1963:
1951:
1924:
1919:
for "yes", was the language group spoken in the south of France and northeastern
1871:
1753:
1734:
1343:
1331:
1071:
454:
450:
371:
310:
8201:
2944:, conquered the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, proclaimed himself King of Albania
2230:, etc.), others as seats of local (county, duchy) administrative power (such as
1362:
in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the
1033:
8778:
8773:
8765:
8589:
8547:
8124:
7668:
7613:
7567:
7520:
7500:
7344:
7267:
7181:
7135:
6803:
5566:
5067:
4530:
4406:
4365:
4312:
Louis IX was only twelve years old when he became King of France. His mother –
4193:
4100:
3652:
3466:
3153:
3126:
3106:
The kings of France traditionally always sought the advice of their entourage (
3101:
2919:
2847:
2776:
2768:
2749:
2697:
2624:, and the number twelve is sometimes said to have been chosen to mirror the 12
2600:
2446:
2066:
1982:
1726:
1566:
1488:
1453:
1351:
1323:
1266:
852:
486:
407:
305:
1801:, "that is it" – were spoken primarily in northern France, the
8881:
8860:
8690:
8474:
8162:
7427:
6840:
6536:
Series: Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale, tome 4. Editions du Seuil.
6519:
Series: Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale, tome 5. Editions du Seuil.
6461:
Series: Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale, tome 3. Editions du Seuil.
6331:
5489:
4541:
4517:
4505:
4357:
4328:
4231:
4208:
4200:– and together they launched a decisive attack on Henry's castle and home of
4143:
in 1214, the English monarchs maintained power only in southwestern Duchy of
4027:
4012:
3810:
3121:
3116:
3083:
2999:, an imperial fief, in 1349, and its eventual transfer into the French crown.
2890:
2868:
2859:
2686:
2526:
2458:
2035:
1974:
1899:
1861:
1531:
1251:
992:
617:
6397:
4929:
4694:
denounced the uprising and Philip was forced to send troops to break it up.
4460:
Philip III continued the steady expansion of the royal domain. He inherited
4449:
After Louis IX died of bubonic plague crusading in Tunisia in 1270, his son
3334:. However, by the mid-12th century, the Crown entrusted its finances to the
2934:, Count of Champagne (1234): inherited the Kingdom of Navarre from his uncle
1997:
influenced the emerging Latin-based language spoken in the area between the
1369:
Up to the 12th century, the period saw the elaboration and extension of the
8574:
8279:
8236:
8036:
8007:
7593:
7490:
7294:
6903:
5668:"ENERGY AND POPULATION IN EUROPE The Medieval Growth (10th-14th Centuries)"
4395:
3849:
3837:
were settled in an area on either side of the Seine River, downstream from
3799:
3745:(in the south of France, the equivalent post was "sénéchal, sénéchaussé").
3191:
the "grands" – the most powerful members of the church and of the nobility.
2964:
while Count of Luxembourg. Philip IV advanced the candidacy of his brother
2800:
2715:
France was a very decentralised state during the Middle Ages. At the time,
2658:
2479:
1745:
1535:
1319:
1100:
831:
651:
597:
592:
432:
298:
6487:
Strong of Body, Brave and Noble": Chivalry and Society in Medieval France.
5298:
4270:(the future Louis VIII, reigned 1223–1226) was involved in the subsequent
3717:
3521:
outside of Paris; its jurisdiction extended over most of southern France.
3481:, born out of the king's council in 1307, and sitting inside the medieval
2842:. An example of the legacy left in the Middle East by these nobles is the
1628:, at the time of his accession (1180) and at the time of his death (1223).
1373:
economic system (including the attachment of peasants to the land through
8241:
8144:
7989:
7744:
7447:
7354:
7236:
5570:
5464:
4996:
4984:
4957:
4911:
4261:
4066:
4038:
3951:
3943:
3938:
3910:
3783:
3682:
3188:
the crown prince (the "dauphin") – if he was of age to attend the council
3078:
3013:
The power of the French monarchy grew at a slower rate at the beginning:
3009:, the most powerful dynasty of the Middle Ages which is not of royal rank
2808:
2764:
2757:
2696:
Thus, beginning in 1297 the practice started of creating new peerages by
2643:
2629:
2338:
2314:
2255:
2166:
2090:
2016:
1955:
1686:
1549:
1370:
1359:
1311:
1095:
511:
5238:
4540:, also called Philip the Fair (reigned 1285–1314). This king signed the
3821:, and a few years after that, they burned the Church of Saint Martin at
3529:
2996:
2134:
1449:
8750:
7979:
7319:
7205:
7018:
5590:
5485:
5073:
4961:
4682:) after consuming a large quantity of chilled wine following a game of
4353:
4154:. This style became standard for most European cathedrals built in the
3889:
3853:
3583:
there had been assemblies of nobles and ecclesiastics in which the two
3579:
principal towns had several times been convoked by the king, and under
2896:
Norman knights settled in Sicily, which was raised to a kingdom in 1130
2812:
2753:
2662:
2525:
Peerage was attached to a specific territorial jurisdiction, either an
2497:
2466:
2130:
1716:
1554:
1445:
1401:
768:
5586:
4915:
4394:
became a very famous gothic building, and he is also credited for the
4192:
Philip II spent an important part of his reign fighting the so-called
3373:
In or around 1303, the Paris Court of Accounts was established in the
2748:
enjoyed a local authority comparable to kingdoms in all but name. The
2278:
2269:
The 13th to 14th centuries were a period of significant urbanization.
8088:
7628:
7397:
6578:
Series: Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Routledge, 1995.
4872:
4847:
4691:
4545:
4526:
4476:
4418:
4380:
4369:
4096:
4031:
3741:
3640:
3623:
3619:
3604:
3502:
3478:
3363:
3161:
3142:
2804:
2745:
2733:
2667:
2474:
2470:
2346:
2306:
2039:
1582:
1378:
479:
343:
5582:
5349:
5030:(reigned 1422–1461) established the first French standing army, the
4737:
4572:
4471:
in Sicily compelled the island's populace to rebel in favor of King
1832:. Modern linguists typically add a third group within France around
1797:
65:
7663:
7540:
7417:
6548:
France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc.
6378:
Hallo, William W; Ruderman, David B; Stanislawski, Michael (1984).
5594:
5574:
4950:
4461:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4245:
4185:
4127:
3954:
and marked an important step in the cultural rebirth following the
3856:, Duke of France and Count of Paris, established on the throne the
3842:
3806:
3711:
3706:
3687:
3615:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3514:
2851:
2741:
2737:
2454:
2381:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2286:
2247:
2102:
2023:
2002:
1967:
1959:
1939:
1887:
1879:
1652:
1484:
612:
6164:
The Struggle for Mastery. The Penguin history of Britain 1066–1284
6151:
France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc
5723:
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1978, pp. 55–58.
4967:
4279:. Southern France was then largely absorbed in the royal domains.
3880:
3610:
The Estates-General included representatives of the First Estate (
3313:", or lands that belonged to him directly. In times of need, the
1820:
1807:
1794:
1496:
1346:(1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the
8002:
7870:
7304:
6880:
5519:
5515:
4942:
4899:'s recognition as king in Paris seven years later under the 1420
4150:
Abbot Suger's vision of construction became what is now known as
4144:
4046:
3918:
3902:
3773:
3648:
3541:
3537:
3454:
2796:
2701:
2625:
2442:
2170:
2155:
2027:
2019:
1998:
1847:
1656:
1636:
1610:
1574:
1518:
1504:
1374:
795:
7828:
5773:
Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages.
4401:
The Kingdom was involved in two crusades under Saint Louis: the
4165:
4118:, and in 1152, he had married France's newly divorced ex-queen,
3528:
were created in various provinces of France in the Middle Ages:
3152:
The King's Court functioned as an advisory body under the early
2250:) cities were seats of both episcopal and administrative power.
2176:
The economic and demographic crises of the 14th–15th centuries (
8291:
7859:
5047:
4953:(1532), which had previously been independent European states.
4946:
4923:
4846:
in 1328 without male heirs ended the main Capetian line. Under
4683:
4562:
4559:
and their remaining members imprisoned or executed for heresy.
4317:
4294:
saw France's cultural expansion in the Western Christian world.
4201:
4080:(junior king 1131–1137, senior king 1137–1180) enjoyed greater
3787:
3731:
3627:
3611:
3482:
3315:
3255:
3111:
3107:
3067:
Charles V recovered most of the territories lost during the war
2893:
led to the creation of a Frankish kingdom in the Levant in 1099
2515:
2488:
2434:
2420:
2408:
2366:
2350:
2334:
2326:
2118:
2074:
1558:
1491:. France had important rivers that were used as waterways: the
1433:
1382:
799:
251:
6435:
The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000.
5642:"Medieval Sourcebook: Tables on Population in Medieval Europe"
5046:(1453) was regarded as the last engagement of this "war", yet
1748:, the common spoken language of the Western Roman Empire. The
602:
344:
Two variants of the Oriflamme, the battle standard of the king
7026:
4904:
3914:
3898:
3893:
3838:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3814:
3632:
3561:
3553:
3355:
2693:, to compensate for the three peerages that had disappeared.
2385:
2330:
2298:
2294:
2282:
2277:; the other major cities (with populations over 10,000) were
2274:
2270:
1993:
during a period spanning most of the Early Middle Ages. This
1947:
1943:
1920:
1891:
1816:
1790:
1757:
1570:
1512:
1500:
1492:
1381:
system of political rights and obligations between lords and
419:
5499:
For the literature of Southern France written in one of the
5484:
For the literature of Northern France written in one of the
3805:
Viking advances were allowed to escalate, and their dreaded
2983:, Count of Évreux (1328): became King of Navarre by marriage
1729:
was the primary medium of scholarly exchange as well as the
1547:") and lands held in homage by another lord. The notion of
8564:
7974:
6183:
Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society: To 1789
6041:
6039:
5775:
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1991, p. 429.
4945:(1453), reducing England's foothold to a small area around
4287:
3888:
The history of medieval France starts with the election of
3802:, roughly corresponding to the territory of modern France.
3644:
2886:, Duke of Normandy (1066): conquered the Kingdom of England
2530:
2424:
2389:
2322:
2290:
1886:
spoken by the earliest Frankish invaders. From the time of
1833:
1578:
1480:
758:
6179:
3950:
monastery, was the centre of monastic life revival in the
3438:) appointed by the King were created to act alongside the
2551:
who had the distinction of anointing and crowning the king
6377:
4964:
returns had been reduced 150 years later by 50% or more.
4122:, who ruled much of southwest France. After defeating a
3414:") audit accounts. They were assisted by eleven clerks (
3309:
The king was expected to survive on the revenues of the "
3184:
On the other hand, medieval councils generally included:
2069:, Italian and Spanish. There are words for luxury goods (
6380:
Heritage: civilization and the Jews : source reader
6036:
5577:
in the Later Middle Ages. A group of composers from the
3449:), then the increasingly regular "extraordinary" taxes (
3037:, which brought northern France to war against the south
2522:(1137–1180) to have created the French system of peers.
5741:
Baugh, Cable, "A History of the English Language, 104."
5689:
5687:
5282:
4444:
2638:(see below). Parallels may also be seen with mythical
1769:
into three groups by their respective words for "yes":
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5014:
Although a Franco-Scottish army was successful at the
3993:
The next King of the Franks was Robert II's next son,
3868:
offshoots was to rule France for more than 800 years.
2918:(1154): ruled England and much of Western France (The
1811:, "that" – in southern France, and the
1651:
gain control of most of modern-day France (except for
5573:
musical style was common in the High Middle Ages and
4721:
4614:"France" "Louis X" OR "Philip V" OR "Charles IV"
4323:
In 1229 the King had to struggle with a long-lasting
4056:
1581:. The great majority of French territory was part of
6534:
Temps d'équilibres, temps de ruptures: XIIIe siècle.
6285:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6145:
6143:
6141:
5713:
5684:
4386:
Saint Louis also supported new forms of art such as
4092:
during the conflict against the Count of Champagne.
3971:
his father did. Although he lived with a mistress –
3601:
Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France
1962:
in northwest France. Their dialect evolved into the
1958:
invasions of England, and established themselves in
6336:. Vol. VIII. New York: Robert Appleton Company
6235:(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1922), p. 72
5615:
5057:
3587:deliberated separately. It was the dispute between
2767:kings had nothing more than a royal title when the
2518:, both clerical and lay. Some historians consider
1954:, both for reasons of trade and of flight from the
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6618:
6517:Temps de crises, temps d'espoirs: XIVe-XVe siècle.
3027:, the most formidable rival of the French monarchy
2874:
2061:Also around this time period, many words from the
6312:
6310:
6308:
6268:
6138:
6135:Such is the view of, for example, François Velde.
5510:For the literature written in the "langue d'oïl"
5387:"Medieval France" Jewish-Christian relations
4903:, reducing Valois rule to the lands south of the
4099:. He later involved the Kingdom of France in the
3875:
1322:(843–987); the expansion of royal control by the
257:
8879:
4298:France became a truly centralised kingdom under
3393:The Vivier-en-Brie Ordinance of 1320, issued by
2779:they held their personal fiefdom, best known as
1366:and the creation of a sense of French identity.
1081:
5966:
5964:
5535:Art was a large staple of the medieval France.
3286:), elaborated on the laws of the realm (called
2710:
2478:obligations to use the lord's mill, etc. (what
2356:
6564:Editions Longman. 2nd edition: Pearson, 2001.
6305:
6233:Medieval France: A Companion to French Studies
5909:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5867:
5865:
5783:
5781:
3211:who managed the Royal Treasury along with the
3120:; later the expression "hôtel du roi" or the "
2371:In the Carolingian period, the "aristocracy" (
2113:(sometimes referred to as Villehardouin), and
2046:in 1066, the Normans' language developed into
7844:
7221:
6604:
5771:Bumke, Joachim. Translated by Thomas Dunlap.
4166:Philip II Augustus and Louis VIII (1180–1226)
1931:, have relatively little Frankish influence.
1659:, and parts of eastern and northern France).
1284:
8220:
8199:
8059:
6261:1993:412f, discusses the institution of the
6175:
6173:
5961:
5376:introducing citations to additional sources
4937:Reconciliation in 1435 between the king and
4563:Louis X, Philip V and Charles IV (1314–1328)
2902:(1131): became King of Jerusalem by marriage
2414:
1864:group in the north of France, consisting of
1358:(1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic
359:
6057:
5904:
5892:
5862:
5778:
4766:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4699:a rumor began spreading through the country
4601:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4135:'s lengthy quarrel with Philip II, allowed
3794:of 843 divided the Carolingian Empire, and
3258:(or "légistes"), generally educated by the
2674:over the king during much of the ceremony.
1389:, and also to an effective end to serfdom.
1342:) in the 13th century; and the rise of the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
7851:
7837:
7228:
7214:
6611:
6597:
6560:Elizabeth M. Hallam & Judith Everard.
6373:
6371:
6369:
5753:
5306:This Jewish-Christian Relations in France
5229:
4282:
4076:Thanks to Abbot Suger's political advice,
4037:The area around the lower Seine, ceded to
2065:entered French, mainly indirectly through
1771:Nam alii oc, alii si, alii vero dicunt oil
1291:
1277:
400:
388:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6170:
5451:
4830:Learn how and when to remove this message
4665:Learn how and when to remove this message
4536:More administrative reforms were made by
2940:, Count of Anjou (1266): youngest son of
2704:. By 1328 all apanagists would be peers.
2396:(men who had sworn oaths to serve them).
2140:
2005:, eventually resulting in the dialect of
1706:
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
7235:
5488:languages ("langues d'oïl") and (later)
5366:Relevant discussion may be found on the
5277:List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France
5198:interlude (between Charles VI and VII):
5034:, and defeated the Plantagenets once at
4966:
4928:
4286:
4176:
4003:
3937:
3879:
3668:, were not represented. Even within the
2912:, and founder of the Kingdom of Portugal
1911:, consisting of the languages which use
1846:
1619:
6366:
4881:first phase of the conflict (1337–1360)
3362:were commissioned to sit as the King's
3090:
2616:These twelve peerages are known as the
2058:had spread throughout English society.
8880:
6209:
5271:History of Roman Catholicism in France
4922:'s coronation in the historic city of
3884:France at the Coronation of Hugh Capet
3782:During the later years of the elderly
3243:), while others were more successful (
1805:languages – from Latin
1605:and other territories (for a map, see
16:France from the 10th to 15th centuries
7832:
7209:
6592:
6459:L'ordre seigneurial: XIe-XIIe siècle.
6421:Les origines franques: Ve-IXe siècles
6330:Gigot, Francis E. (1910). "Judaism".
6329:
5639:
3892:(940–996) by an assembly summoned in
3767:
3675:
3597:Great Officers of the Crown of France
3406:) to act as chief auditors and three
3197:Great Officers of the Crown of France
1553:inherited from the Roman province of
6413:
5343:
5292:
5283:Jewish-Christian Relations in France
5233:
5054:remained ruled by the Plantagenets.
5038:(1429) and again, using cannons, at
4764:adding citations to reliable sources
4731:
4599:adding citations to reliable sources
4566:
4445:Philip III and Philip IV (1270–1314)
4264:and made Paris a city for scholars.
3756:
3343:specialized into a full-time court.
306:Royal banner of the Capetian dynasty
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
7813:
7258:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
6502:. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993.
6500:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
6448:
6259:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
5719:McEvedy, Colin, and Richard Jones,
5018:(1421), the humiliating defeats of
5003:was made heir to Charles VI by the
4983:The tensions between the Houses of
4457:, which cost him his life in 1285.
4331:was strongly hit by these strikes.
4226:, then Richard Lionheart supported
3461:) became the responsibility of the
2188:
13:
7350:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
6180:Marvin Perry; et al. (2008).
5721:Atlas of World Population History.
5554:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
4722:The Hundred Years' War (1328–1453)
4218:. If Philip II Augustus supported
4057:Louis VI and Louis VII (1108–1180)
4045:took possession of the kingdom of
3672:, the franchise was quite narrow.
3567:
3254:Over the centuries, the number of
2752:, as they were descended from the
1977:, a non-Celtic people who spoke a
1840:", whose modern word for "yes" is
1725:During the Middle Ages in France,
1643:. Only in the 15th century would
325:Coat of arms of the King of France
311:Royal banner of the Valois dynasty
14:
8904:
7858:
7780:Historiography in the Middle Ages
6186:. Cengage Learning. p. 235.
5708:Medieval Regions and Their Cities
5695:Medieval Regions and Their Cities
4325:strike at the University of Paris
4011:, a French knight, leader of the
3298:
3095:
2384:for service (such as being named
1824:, "thus" – on the
34:This article has multiple issues.
7812:
7803:
7802:
7792:
6576:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
6291:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
5530:
5359:relies largely or entirely on a
5348:
5297:
5237:
5058:List of kings during this period
4868:English peasants' revolt of 1381
4779:"France" Hundred Years' War
4736:
4571:
3825:, and in 845 the Vikings sacked
3715:, in parts of northern France a
3410:empowered to hear and adjudge ("
3207:. Other positions included the
2246:). In many cases (such as with
1981:-related language inhabited the
1815:languages – from
1789:languages – from
1565:, and by the early years of the
1557:was not fully maintained by the
1260:
1245:
711:
669:
644:
337:
331:
317:
297:
290:
192:has been specified. Please help
166:
64:
23:
7278:Christianity in the Middle Ages
7273:Decline of Hellenistic religion
6408:
6357:
6348:
6323:
6296:
6251:
6238:
6225:
6200:
6156:
6129:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6093:
6084:
6075:
6066:
6048:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5925:
5916:
5883:
5874:
5853:
5844:
5835:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5765:
4971:The capture of the French king
2875:French power in the Middle Ages
2846:' enlargement by the Counts of
2544:By 1216 there were nine peers:
2038:remained heavily influenced by
1470:Territorial evolution of France
1426:Renaissance of the 12th century
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
8190:Government of National Defense
7556:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
6620:European Middle Ages by region
6475:2nd edition: Routledge, 1989.
5744:
5735:
5726:
5700:
5660:
5633:
5630:Hallam & Everard, pp. 1–2.
4991:climaxed during the so-called
4372:, was founded in these times.
4368:, which would evolve into the
3876:The First Capetians (940–1108)
2993:Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1739:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1456:(such as the flowering of the
1:
8099:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
8094:War of the Spanish Succession
7730:Disability in the Middle Ages
7403:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
7335:Rise of the Venetian Republic
6485:Constance Brittain Bouchard.
6363:Hallam & Everard, p. 264.
6354:Hallam & Everard, p. 265.
5608:
5478:
4891:'s shattering victory at the
4336:Count Raymond VII of Toulouse
4316:– was the effective power as
3942:A view of the remains of the
3472:
3430:) were created to assist the
3408:maîtres-lais familiers du Roi
3270:had a council of 12 members.
2958:Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor
2954:, King of Hungary and Croatia
1700:History of the Jews in France
1669:
1624:The territorial conquests of
1430:secular vernacular literature
1408:(such as the universities of
572:
394:The Kingdom of France in 1000
271:
7045:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
4204:and removed him from power.
3986:Robert II crowned his son –
2711:Monarchy and regional powers
2661:, during the liturgy of the
2529:for episcopal peerages or a
2357:Aristocracy, nobles, knights
1463:
7:
8888:Former monarchies of Europe
6045:Cantor (1993), pp. 198–199.
5310:to comply with Knowledge's
5221:Charles VII the Well Served
4854:), so the throne passed to
3979:(beginning in 989) and the
3968:Holy Roman Emperor Henry II
3033:Louis VIII embarked on the
2789:Roman Catholicism in France
2653:played a role in the royal
2587:also called Duke of Guyenne
2443:8th-century Frankish empire
2145:
2054:, by which time the use of
1973:Attested since the time of
1923:. These languages, such as
1424:(1235)) and the so-called "
281:(France of the Middle Ages)
99:"France in the Middle Ages"
10:
8909:
8893:Medieval history of France
8580:French subdivisions by GDP
8327:2022 presidential election
8312:2017 presidential election
7531:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
5949:Bourin-Derruau, p.122-125.
5494:Medieval French literature
5473:
5458:Economic history of France
5455:
5286:
5268:
4725:
4435:Battle of the Golden Spurs
3771:
3760:
3571:
3302:
3099:
3041:however, were unsuccessful
2910:Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
2908:(1139): great-grandson of
2640:Knights of the Round Table
2507:
2503:
2418:
2360:
2353:around 1200) and bridges.
2044:Norman conquest of England
1710:
1673:
1467:
8841:
8731:
8641:
8632:
8528:
8519:
8421:
8412:
8350:
8341:
8262:
8143:
8112:
8084:Second Hundred Years' War
8035:
7988:
7955:
7934:
7926:Liberalism and radicalism
7878:
7869:
7788:
7717:
7576:
7471:
7458:Mongol invasion of Europe
7363:
7243:
7144:Principality of Chernigov
7053:
6974:Principality of Catalonia
6871:
6862:
6759:
6639:
6626:
6562:Capetian France 987–1328.
6333:The Catholic Encyclopedia
4377:King Henry III of England
4350:King Henry III of England
3929:Count Borell of Barcelona
3833:(898–922), Normans under
3225:Surintendant des finances
2482:called collectively the "
2415:Vassalage and feudal land
2111:Geoffrey of Villehardouin
2056:French-influenced English
1838:Franco-Provençal language
1626:Philip Augustus of France
623:
611:
585:
581:
563:
534:
521:
517:
507:
495:
485:
473:
463:
425:
415:
399:
387:
360:
352:
286:
266:
246:
8355:Administrative divisions
7123:Bosnia and Herzegovina (
6529:Monique Bourin-Derruau.
6231:Arthur Augustus Tilley,
5958:Bourin-Derruau, p.115-8.
5940:Bourin-Derruau, p.121-2.
5548:Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux
5542:Hours of Philip the Bold
5327:may contain suggestions.
5308:may need to be rewritten
4883:were partly reversed in
4375:After his conflict with
4260:Philip Augustus founded
3574:Estates General (France)
3489:, still the site of the
3434:. Other court officers (
3007:House of Valois-Burgundy
2831:and immortalised in the
2212:Carcassonne and Narbonne
1377:); the extension of the
1070:
1032:
862:
851:
830:
8575:Franc (former currency)
8180:Coup of 2 December 1851
8153:Long nineteenth century
7413:Investiture Controversy
7383:Second Bulgarian Empire
7054:Central, Eastern Europe
6760:Central, Eastern Europe
6550:Wiley-Blackwell. 1993.
6289:William W. Kibler, ed.
5710:, pp. 44, 64, 148, 150.
5537:Illuminated manuscripts
5524:Anglo-Norman literature
5230:Religion and the Church
5032:Compagnies d'ordonnance
4344:Count Alfonso of Poitou
4283:Saint Louis (1226–1270)
2952:Capetian House of Anjou
2119:
2034:spoken there, although
1938:-speaking peoples from
1516:and the widest ones as
1434:
1394:Romanesque architecture
379:"Mountjoy Saint Denis!"
258:
252:
8595:Science and technology
8252:Provisional Government
8221:
8200:
8060:
7770:Post-classical history
7526:Fall of Constantinople
7433:Capet–Plantagenet feud
7300:First Bulgarian Empire
6938:Burgundian Netherlands
6779:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6454:Dominique Barthélemy.
6206:Bourin-Derruau, p.186.
6063:Cantor (1993), p. 200.
5569:. While in music, the
5452:Economy and technology
5140:Louis X the Quarreller
4980:
4934:
4885:the second (1369–1396)
4544:, and established the
4486:status quo ante bellum
4310:
4295:
4189:
4020:
3977:Peace and Truce of God
3959:
3885:
3829:. During the reign of
3614:), Second Estate (the
3223:) and the position of
2900:Fulk V, Count of Anjou
2858:1328, and the laws of
2178:agricultural expansion
2141:Society and government
1857:
1707:Languages and literacy
1680:Demographics of France
1629:
1412:(recognized in 1150),
906:Valois-Angoulême kings
6815:Late Medieval Kingdom
6811:High Medieval Kingdom
5603:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
5512:Anglo-Norman language
5213:and France, 1422–1453
5146:John I the Posthumous
4970:
4932:
4879:French losses in the
4852:Edward III of England
4304:
4290:
4224:House of Hohenstaufen
4180:
4007:
3941:
3883:
3841:, that was to become
3618:), and Third Estate (
3499:Charles VII of France
3491:Paris Hall of Justice
3321:Charles VII of France
2981:Philip III of Navarre
2960:: became a vassal of
2950:(1301): scion of the
2932:Theobald I of Navarre
2884:William the Conqueror
2825:William the Conqueror
2419:Further information:
2361:Further information:
2083:alcool, bougie, coton
1950:travelled across the
1882:, were influenced by
1850:
1762:De vulgari eloquentia
1676:Medieval demographics
1623:
1617:in the 12th century.
1474:Crown lands of France
1428:"; a growing body of
1406:medieval universities
1354:, culminating in the
426:Common languages
363:Montjoie Saint Denis!
8400:World Heritage Sites
8317:Coronavirus pandemic
7750:Medieval reenactment
7546:Renaissance Humanism
7453:Medieval Warm Period
7423:Republic of Florence
7237:European Middle Ages
7023:Caliphate of Córdoba
6929:Republic of Florence
5760:La Chanson de Roland
5640:Josiah C., Russell.
5559:Jacquemart de Hesdin
5372:improve this article
4876:of 1358 in France).
4760:improve this section
4595:improve this section
4557:Knights Hospitallers
4120:Eleanor of Aquitaine
4086:Eleanor of Aquitaine
4017:Kingdom of Jerusalem
4009:Godefroy de Bouillon
3999:Robert I of Burgundy
3809:were sailing up the
3509:by establishing the
3447:Chambre des monnaies
3091:Royal administration
2948:Charles I of Hungary
2942:Louis VIII of France
2926:Alfonso II of Aragon
2906:Afonso I of Portugal
2773:Crown of Charlemagne
2317:) and in the north (
2162:) came to dominate.
1836:, the "Arpitan" or "
1664:Medieval Warm Period
1404:; the foundation of
1348:House of Plantagenet
1114:Provisional Republic
896:Valois-Orléans kings
523:• Beginning of
194:improve this article
182:to meet Knowledge's
84:improve this article
8538:Automotive industry
8322:2021 labor protests
8079:Peace of Westphalia
7947:History of Normandy
7942:History of Brittany
7463:Kingdom of Portugal
7330:Old Church Slavonic
7315:Anglo-Saxon England
7014:Lordship of Ireland
7009:Kingdom of Scotland
6998:Kingdom of Portugal
6978:Kingdom of Valencia
6948:Kingdom of Asturias
6318:Gothic Architecture
6054:Lebecq, pp.196–197.
5289:Antisemitic canards
5210:Henry VI of England
5172:Philip VI of Valois
5158:Charles IV the Fair
5148:, five days in 1316
5128:Philip III the Bold
5116:Louis VIII the Lion
5104:Louis VII the Young
5044:Battle of Castillon
4893:battle of Agincourt
4473:Peter III of Aragon
4388:Gothic architecture
4338:finally signed the
4277:Albigensian Crusade
4152:Gothic architecture
4015:and founder of the
3933:Charles of Lorraine
3479:Parliament of Paris
3388:Chambre des comptes
3260:université de Paris
3217:Chambre des comptes
3035:Albigensian Crusade
2962:Philip IV of France
2938:Charles I of Naples
2916:Henry II of England
2889:The success of the
2844:Krak des Chevaliers
2723:were states of the
2549:Archbishop of Reims
2107:Guillaume de Lorris
2095:algèbre, algorithme
1731:liturgical language
1615:Plantagenet dynasty
1607:Provinces of France
1398:Gothic architecture
1364:early modern period
576: 15th century
275: 15th century
8605:Telecommunications
8307:2015 Paris attacks
8170:Revolution of 1848
7998:Visigothic Kingdom
7644:In popular culture
7609:Crusading movement
7481:Hundred Years' War
7340:Civitas Schinesghe
7325:Carolingian Empire
7310:Kingdom of Croatia
7263:Barbarian kingdoms
7174:Grand Principality
7092:Kingdom of Croatia
7039:Emirate of Granada
7004:Kingdom of England
6988:Kingdom of Navarre
6982:Kingdom of Majorca
6960:Kingdom of Galicia
6956:Kingdom of Castile
6919:Republic of Venice
6890:Kingdom of Bohemia
6498:Norman F. Cantor.
6257:Norman F. Cantor,
6081:Wickham, p. 522-3.
5505:Occitan literature
5314:, as explained at
5249:. You can help by
5203:Henry V of England
5190:Charles VI the Mad
5184:Charles V the Wise
5134:Philip IV the Fair
5110:Philip II Augustus
4993:Hundred Years' War
4981:
4935:
4864:Hundred Years' War
4728:Hundred Years' War
4546:Parlement of Paris
4504:objection of Pope
4494:Battle of Courtrai
4314:Blanche of Castile
4296:
4251:Battle of Bouvines
4190:
4172:Philip II Augustus
4141:Battle of Bouvines
4021:
3973:Bertha of Burgundy
3960:
3886:
3831:Charles the Simple
3778:Carolingian Empire
3768:Carolingian legacy
3696:cathedral chapters
3676:Prévôts, baillages
3593:Pope Boniface VIII
3495:Hundred Years' War
3440:maîtres ordinaires
3420:clercs des comptes
3325:Hundred Years' War
3219:, created by King
3086:since Roman times.
3073:Henry V of England
3059:Hundred Years' War
2987:Louis I of Hungary
2829:Battle of Hastings
2591:Count of Champagne
2560:Bishop of Beauvais
2537:(for duchies) and
2160:History of serfdom
2052:Hundred Years' War
1884:Germanic languages
1858:
1830:Iberian peninsulas
1691:Hundred Years' War
1641:Hundred Years' War
1633:Philip II Augustus
1630:
1603:County of Flanders
1595:Comté of Champagne
1563:Carolingian Empire
1452:poetry, etc.) and
1356:Hundred Years' War
1336:Philip II Augustus
1316:Carolingian Empire
1267:History portal
763: until 50 BC
538:Hundred Years' War
259:Royaulme de France
8875:
8874:
8837:
8836:
8628:
8627:
8515:
8514:
8507:Political parties
8443:Foreign relations
8408:
8407:
8337:
8336:
8120:French Revolution
8074:Thirty Years' War
8055:Absolute monarchy
8020:Kingdom of France
7916:Foreign relations
7896:Political history
7826:
7825:
7735:Basic topics list
7536:Swiss mercenaries
7486:Wars of the Roses
7393:Kingdom of Poland
7378:Holy Roman Empire
7245:Early Middle Ages
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7155:Novgorod Republic
7129:Kingdom of Bosnia
7067:Bulgarian Empire
6970:Kingdom of Aragon
6934:Duchy of Burgundy
6924:Republic of Genoa
6914:Kingdom of Naples
6909:Kingdom of Sicily
6898:Swiss Confederacy
6886:Holy Roman Empire
6858:
6857:
6443:978-0-14-311742-1
6419:Stéphane Lebecq.
6414:Early Middle Ages
6033:Wickham, 519–520.
5750:see Wickham, 415.
5648:. Collins/Fontana
5579:Notre-Dame school
5501:Occitan languages
5437:
5436:
5422:
5342:
5341:
5312:quality standards
5267:
5266:
5152:Philip V the Tall
4939:Philippe the Good
4860:Charles of Valois
4840:
4839:
4832:
4814:
4711:Charles of Valois
4675:
4674:
4667:
4649:
4455:Aragonese Crusade
4272:English civil war
4216:Holy Roman Empire
4198:Richard Lionheart
4116:Geoffrey of Anjou
4114:from his father,
4105:Henry Fitzempress
3956:Early Middle Ages
3763:Kingdom of France
3757:Political history
3721:, in the south a
3412:oyer and terminer
3384:Camera compotorum
3375:Palais de la Cité
3340:Curia in Compotis
3305:Court of Finances
3134:were less clear.
2966:Charles of Valois
2817:House of Toulouse
2725:Holy Roman Empire
2691:Duchy of Brittany
2679:Duchy of Normandy
2611:Count of Toulouse
2606:Count of Flanders
2585:Duke of Aquitaine
2565:Bishop of Châlons
2555:Bishop of Langres
2510:Peerage of France
2484:seigneurie banale
2127:chivalric romance
2115:Jean de Joinville
1767:Romance languages
1765:, classified the
1713:History of French
1599:Duchy of Burgundy
1591:Duchy of Brittany
1587:Duchy of Normandy
1458:Notre Dame school
1442:chivalric romance
1308:Kingdom of France
1301:
1300:
1252:France portal
1145:
1144:
1042:
1041:
953:Kingdom of France
943:French Revolution
934:Long 19th century
924:
923:
872:
871:
842:Kingdom of France
777:
776:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
665:Kingdom of France
657:
656:
543:Capetians deposed
468:Roman Catholicism
248:Kingdom of France
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
184:quality standards
175:This article may
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
8900:
8639:
8638:
8555:Economic history
8526:
8525:
8419:
8418:
8348:
8347:
8226:
8205:
8104:Seven Years' War
8069:Wars of Religion
8065:
8050:House of Bourbon
8045:Early modern era
8025:Fundamental laws
7901:Military history
7876:
7875:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7816:
7815:
7806:
7805:
7796:
7755:Medieval studies
7599:Church and State
7473:Late Middle Ages
7365:High Middle Ages
7283:Christianization
7253:Migration Period
7230:
7223:
7216:
7207:
7206:
7125:Banate of Bosnia
7063:Byzantine Empire
6944:Crown of Castile
6894:Kingdom of Italy
6869:
6868:
6637:
6636:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6590:
6589:
6574:William Kibler.
6532:
6515:
6512:Alain Demurger.
6457:
6449:High Middle Ages
6402:
6401:
6375:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6303:
6300:
6294:
6287:
6266:
6255:
6249:
6242:
6236:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6177:
6168:
6162:David Carpenter
6160:
6154:
6147:
6136:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6099:Wickham, p. 518.
6097:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6064:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6034:
6031:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6007:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5989:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5959:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5932:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5902:
5899:
5890:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5860:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5824:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5805:Wickham, 529-30.
5803:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5785:
5776:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5751:
5748:
5742:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5724:
5717:
5711:
5706:Josiah Russell,
5704:
5698:
5693:Josiah Russell,
5691:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5637:
5631:
5628:
5563:Jean de Beaumetz
5432:
5429:
5423:
5421:
5380:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5334:
5328:
5301:
5293:
5262:
5259:
5241:
5234:
5178:John II the Good
5098:Louis VI the Fat
5080:Robert the Pious
5064:Capetian Dynasty
5005:Treaty of Troyes
4901:Treaty of Troyes
4835:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4772:
4740:
4732:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4607:
4575:
4567:
4469:Charles of Anjou
4230:, member of the
4222:, member of the
4220:Philip of Swabia
4156:late Middle Ages
3964:Robert the Pious
3858:Capetian dynasty
3819:Bishop of Nantes
3796:Charles the Bald
3792:Treaty of Verdun
3352:gens des comptes
3264:noblesse de robe
3213:Grand Bouteiller
3199:, headed by the
3051:the rise of the
2827:, following the
2683:County of Artois
2635:Chanson de geste
2580:Duke of Burgundy
2575:Duke of Normandy
2541:(for counties).
2189:Cities and towns
2124:
2121:chanson de geste
2087:alchimie, hasard
2081:), trade goods (
1987:Aquitania Tertia
1750:medieval Italian
1721:Occitan language
1567:Direct Capetians
1559:Frankish kingdom
1439:
1436:chanson de geste
1293:
1286:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1141:
1057:
1056:
939:
938:
892:
891:
853:Direct Capetians
792:
791:
735:
734:
715:
705:
687:
686:
673:
672:
661:
660:
648:
647:
641:
640:
625:
624:
577:
574:
551:
525:Capetian dynasty
447:Franco-Provençal
404:
392:
380:
375:
367:
366:
341:
335:
329:
321:
301:
294:
282:
276:
273:
261:
255:
253:Reaume de France
244:
243:
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
8908:
8907:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8897:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8871:
8870:
8851:
8833:
8814:Public holidays
8727:
8686:Life expectancy
8624:
8511:
8404:
8333:
8302:Great Recession
8275:Fourth Republic
8270:1900 to present
8258:
8175:Second Republic
8139:
8108:
8031:
7984:
7951:
7930:
7865:
7857:
7827:
7822:
7784:
7765:Neo-medievalism
7713:
7649:Itinerant court
7572:
7467:
7388:Georgian Empire
7373:Norman Conquest
7359:
7305:Frankish Empire
7239:
7234:
7204:
7195:
7140:Kingdom of Rus'
7098:Crusader states
7055:
7049:
6966:Crown of Aragon
6952:Kingdom of León
6881:Frankish Empire
6874:Northern Europe
6873:
6864:
6854:
6761:
6755:
6642:Northern Europe
6641:
6633:political units
6632:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6617:
6530:
6513:
6473:Feudal Society.
6455:
6451:
6437:Penguin: 2009.
6433:Chris Wickham.
6416:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6390:
6376:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6315:
6306:
6301:
6297:
6288:
6269:
6256:
6252:
6243:
6239:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6194:
6178:
6171:
6161:
6157:
6148:
6139:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:Hallam, p. 140.
5921:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5900:
5893:
5889:Hallam, pp.1–2.
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5845:
5841:Wickham, 537-8.
5840:
5836:
5832:Wickham, 534-5.
5831:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5736:
5731:
5727:
5718:
5714:
5705:
5701:
5692:
5685:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5616:
5611:
5599:Bertran de Born
5533:
5481:
5476:
5460:
5454:
5433:
5427:
5424:
5381:
5379:
5365:
5353:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5319:
5302:
5291:
5285:
5273:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5247:needs expansion
5232:
5166:House of Valois
5060:
5052:Channel Islands
5016:Battle of Baugé
4836:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4773:
4771:
4757:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4680:gastroenteritis
4671:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4608:
4606:
4592:
4576:
4565:
4553:Knights Templar
4510:Clericis lacios
4447:
4403:Seventh Crusade
4392:Sainte-Chapelle
4340:Treaty of Paris
4285:
4168:
4133:John of England
4082:moral authority
4059:
4051:Norman Conquest
3981:Cluniac Reforms
3923:counts of Blois
3878:
3860:which with its
3780:
3772:Main articles:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3678:
3589:Philip the Fair
3576:
3570:
3568:Estates General
3475:
3397:, required the
3336:Knights Templar
3307:
3301:
3209:Grand Chambrier
3104:
3098:
3093:
3053:House of Valois
3025:Angevin dynasty
3003:Philip the Bold
2976:Battle of Crécy
2972:John of Bohemia
2877:
2840:Crusader states
2833:Bayeux Tapestry
2821:Norman Conquest
2713:
2672:cloth of honour
2622:pairie ancienne
2618:ancient peerage
2570:Bishop of Noyon
2512:
2506:
2427:
2417:
2369:
2363:French nobility
2359:
2343:villes franches
2191:
2148:
2143:
2079:camphre, safran
2063:Arabic language
1964:Breton language
1952:English Channel
1773:("For some say
1735:Catholic Church
1723:
1711:Main articles:
1709:
1682:
1674:Main articles:
1672:
1503:as well as the
1476:
1468:Main articles:
1466:
1460:of polyphony).
1432:(including the
1387:Estates General
1344:House of Valois
1303:
1297:
1261:
1259:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1124:Fourth Republic
1105:
1072:Interwar period
1054:
1044:
1043:
1003:Second Republic
936:
926:
925:
884:
874:
873:
789:
779:
778:
732:
703:
696:
670:
645:
607:
575:
569:
556:
552:
545:
540:
527:
502:
500:Estates General
480:Feudal monarchy
459:
411:
395:
383:
378:
369:
348:
347:
346:
342:
327:
322:
314:
313:
308:
302:
295:
280:
279:
274:
262:
256:
249:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
187:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8906:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8770:Cultural icons
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8737:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8726:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8590:Stock exchange
8587:
8582:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8557:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8472:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8428:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8390:National parks
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8365:Climate change
8362:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8287:Fifth Republic
8284:
8283:
8282:
8272:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8229:
8228:
8227:
8213:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8195:Third Republic
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8149:
8147:
8141:
8140:
8138:
8137:
8132:
8130:First Republic
8127:
8125:Napoleonic era
8122:
8116:
8114:
8110:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8041:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8017:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7994:
7992:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7970:Greek colonies
7967:
7961:
7959:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7882:
7880:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7856:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7833:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7760:Misconceptions
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7719:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7568:Little Ice Age
7565:
7564:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:Western Schism
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7369:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7270:
7268:Late antiquity
7265:
7260:
7255:
7249:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7233:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7166:
7151:Rus' Khaganate
7147:
7132:
7121:
7095:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7065:
7059:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6990:
6985:
6963:
6941:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6883:
6877:
6875:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6807:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6753:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6707:
6702:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6616:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:978-0824044442
6572:
6570:978-0582404281
6558:
6556:978-0631189459
6546:Georges Duby.
6544:
6527:
6510:
6496:
6494:978-0801485480
6483:
6481:978-0226059785
6469:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6431:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6388:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6322:
6304:
6295:
6267:
6250:
6237:
6224:
6222:Kibler, p. 255
6208:
6199:
6193:978-0547147420
6192:
6169:
6155:
6149:Georges Duby,
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6083:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6047:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5933:
5931:Hallam, p.142.
5924:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5882:
5880:Cantor, 484-5.
5873:
5861:
5852:
5850:Cantor, 481-2.
5843:
5834:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5777:
5764:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5725:
5712:
5699:
5683:
5659:
5632:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:among others.
5567:Colart de Laon
5532:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5508:
5497:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5456:Main article:
5453:
5450:
5435:
5434:
5370:. Please help
5356:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5339:
5305:
5303:
5296:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5269:Main article:
5265:
5264:
5244:
5242:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5122:Saint Louis IX
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5068:House of Capet
5059:
5056:
4933:France in 1435
4907:River Valley.
4838:
4837:
4744:
4742:
4735:
4726:Main article:
4723:
4720:
4673:
4672:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4446:
4443:
4433:cities at the
4425:'s seizure of
4407:Eighth Crusade
4366:Conseil du Roi
4284:
4281:
4194:Angevin Empire
4184:victorious at
4167:
4164:
4101:Second Crusade
4078:King Louis VII
4058:
4055:
4030:to regain the
3944:Abbey of Cluny
3917:, Spanish and
3877:
3874:
3769:
3766:
3761:Main article:
3758:
3755:
3677:
3674:
3572:Main article:
3569:
3566:
3524:Several other
3487:Île de la Cité
3474:
3471:
3467:Cour des aides
3404:maîtres-clercs
3368:comptes du Roi
3303:Main article:
3300:
3299:Royal finances
3297:
3278:of 1355–1358.
3276:States General
3193:
3192:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3166:King's Council
3154:Capetian kings
3139:States General
3127:Conseil du Roi
3102:Conseil du Roi
3100:Main article:
3097:
3096:King's Council
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2969:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2920:Angevin Empire
2913:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2777:Count of Paris
2712:
2709:
2698:letters patent
2687:Duchy of Anjou
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Bishop of Laon
2594:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2508:Main article:
2505:
2502:
2447:Charles Martel
2416:
2413:
2358:
2355:
2190:
2187:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2071:élixir, orange
2067:Medieval Latin
1983:Novempopulania
1727:Medieval Latin
1708:
1705:
1671:
1668:
1489:Massif Central
1465:
1462:
1454:medieval music
1352:Angevin Empire
1324:House of Capet
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1134:Fifth Republic
1130:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1061:Third Republic
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:Third Republic
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
963:First Republic
959:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
937:
932:
931:
928:
927:
922:
921:
918:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
898:
885:
880:
879:
876:
875:
870:
869:
866:
859:
858:
855:
848:
847:
844:
838:
837:
834:
827:
826:
823:
817:
816:
813:
807:
806:
803:
790:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
774:
773:50 BC – 486 AD
771:
765:
764:
761:
755:
754:
753:600 BC – 49 BC
751:
749:Greek colonies
745:
744:
741:
733:
728:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
708:
707:
698:
697:
690:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
667:
658:
655:
654:
649:
637:
636:
631:
621:
620:
615:
609:
608:
606:
605:
600:
595:
589:
587:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
564:
561:
560:
553:
535:
532:
531:
528:
522:
519:
518:
515:
514:
509:
508:Historical era
505:
504:
497:
493:
492:
489:
487:King of France
483:
482:
477:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
440:
429:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
408:Angevin Empire
405:
397:
396:
393:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
356:
350:
349:
330:
323:
316:
315:
303:
296:
289:
288:
287:
284:
283:
278:
277:
267:
264:
263:
250:
247:
238:
237:
220:
219:
190:cleanup reason
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8905:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8840:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8651:Birth control
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8426:Constitutions
8424:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8411:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8281:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8225:
8224:
8223:Années folles
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8197:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8185:Second Empire
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8164:
8163:July Monarchy
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8111:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8062:Ancien Régime
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7854:
7849:
7847:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7819:
7811:
7809:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7428:Scholasticism
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7290:Rise of Islam
7288:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7238:
7231:
7226:
7224:
7219:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7058:
7056:and Near East
7052:
7046:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:and Near East
6758:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:2-02-012220-0
6539:
6535:
6528:
6526:
6525:2-02-012221-9
6522:
6518:
6511:
6509:
6508:0-06-092553-1
6505:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6468:
6467:2-02-011554-9
6464:
6460:
6453:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6430:
6429:2-02-011552-2
6426:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6360:
6351:
6335:
6334:
6326:
6319:
6316:Paul Frankl,
6313:
6311:
6309:
6299:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6247:
6241:
6234:
6228:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6203:
6195:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6132:
6126:Hallam, p.17.
6123:
6117:Wickham, 523.
6114:
6108:Wickham, 522.
6105:
6096:
6090:Wickham, 518.
6087:
6078:
6072:Hallam, p.56.
6069:
6060:
6051:
6042:
6040:
6030:
6024:Wickham, 444.
6021:
6015:Wickham, 443.
6012:
6006:Wickham, 442.
6003:
5997:Wickham, 441.
5994:
5988:Wickham, 450.
5985:
5979:Wickham, 415.
5976:
5970:Wickham, 520.
5967:
5965:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5919:
5910:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5886:
5877:
5868:
5866:
5856:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5823:Wickham, 538.
5820:
5814:Wickham, 515.
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5782:
5774:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5747:
5738:
5729:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5703:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5669:
5663:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5531:Art and music
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5490:Middle French
5487:
5483:
5482:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5459:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5431:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389: –
5388:
5384:
5383:Find sources:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5361:single source
5357:This section
5355:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5261:
5252:
5248:
5245:This section
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5222:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4918:and ended in
4917:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4842:The death of
4834:
4831:
4823:
4812:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4781: –
4780:
4776:
4775:Find sources:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4745:This section
4743:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4669:
4666:
4658:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616: –
4615:
4611:
4610:Find sources:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4580:This section
4578:
4574:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4542:Auld Alliance
4539:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4518:Boniface VIII
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:Boniface VIII
4501:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4413:became king.
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4358:Saintonge War
4355:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4330:
4329:Latin Quarter
4326:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4280:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4242:John Lackland
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:House of Welf
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:Third Crusade
4205:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4170:The reign of
4163:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4071:robber barons
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:First Crusade
4025:
4024:King Philip I
4018:
4014:
4013:First Crusade
4010:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3962:Hugh's son –
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:'s rule, the
3785:
3779:
3775:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3670:bonnes villes
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:bonnes villes
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3311:domaine royal
3306:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:maison du roi
3119:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3085:
3084:standing army
3080:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:First Crusade
2888:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2869:First Crusade
2866:
2861:
2860:primogeniture
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2781:Île-de-France
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2527:episcopal see
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2183:villefranches
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:), sciences (
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:Norman French
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Julius Caesar
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1900:lingua franca
1897:
1896:Île-de-France
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1867:langues d'oïl
1863:
1862:Gallo-Romance
1856:
1855:
1854:langues d'oïl
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:, others say
1780:
1777:, others say
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:domaine royal
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:Années folles
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:Second Empire
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:July Monarchy
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
935:
930:
929:
919:
917:
916:Bourbon kings
914:
913:
909:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:Ancien Régime
883:
878:
877:
867:
865:
861:
860:
856:
854:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
812:
809:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
782:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
756:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
740:
737:
736:
731:
726:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
710:
709:
706:
700:
699:
694:
689:
688:
668:
666:
663:
662:
659:
653:
650:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
614:
613:ISO 3166 code
610:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
584:
580:
571:
568:
567:Ancien Régime
562:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
529:
526:
520:
516:
513:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
490:
488:
484:
481:
478:
476:
472:
469:
466:
462:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
438:
434:
431:
430:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
409:
403:
398:
391:
386:
377:
373:
364:
358:
357:
355:
351:
345:
340:
334:
326:
320:
312:
307:
300:
293:
285:
269:
268:
265:
260:
254:
245:
242:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
195:
191:
185:
181:
180:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
8756:Coat of arms
8746:Architecture
8718:Social class
8676:Homelessness
8661:Demographics
8615:Trade unions
8548:Central bank
8490:criminal law
8453:Human rights
8436:presidential
8280:Algerian War
8263:Contemporary
8237:Vichy France
8232:World War II
8202:Belle Époque
8135:First Empire
8037:Early Modern
8014:
8008:West Francia
7589:Architecture
7561:Great Famine
7551:Universities
7491:Hussite Wars
7408:Great Schism
7295:Papal States
7170:Principality
6904:Papal States
6676:
6629:histories of
6575:
6561:
6547:
6533:
6516:
6499:
6486:
6472:
6471:Marc Bloch.
6458:
6434:
6420:
6409:Bibliography
6379:
6359:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6332:
6325:
6317:
6298:
6290:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6227:
6202:
6182:
6163:
6158:
6150:
6131:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6029:
6020:
6011:
6002:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5913:Hallam, p 9.
5901:Hallam, p 8.
5885:
5876:
5871:Cantor, 484.
5859:Cantor, 483.
5855:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5792:
5787:Cantor, 466.
5772:
5767:
5759:
5755:
5746:
5737:
5732:Cantor, 344.
5728:
5720:
5715:
5707:
5702:
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2032:langue d'oïl
2030:took up the
2017:Scandinavian
2015:
1995:Proto-Basque
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1320:West Francia
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1213:Christianity
1101:Vichy France
1052:20th century
1034:Belle Époque
973:First Empire
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832:West Francia
821:Carolingians
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77:verification
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8866:WikiProject
8681:Immigration
8671:Health care
8533:Agriculture
8485:enforcement
8242:Free France
8211:World War I
8158:Restoration
8145:Late Modern
8015:Middle Ages
7990:Middle Ages
7975:Celtic Gaul
7818:WikiProject
7745:Medievalism
7584:Agriculture
7448:Manorialism
7443:Communalism
7438:Monasticism
7355:Reconquista
7345:Kievan Rus'
7136:Kievan Rus'
6872:Western and
6865:territories
6789:Czech lands
6640:Western and
6531:(in French)
6514:(in French)
6456:(in French)
6382:. Praeger.
6244:In French:
5676:23 February
5571:Ars antiqua
5514:during the
5465:Black Death
5428:August 2021
5223:, 1422–1461
5186:, 1364–1380
5180:, 1350–1364
5174:, 1328–1350
5160:, 1322–1328
5154:, 1316–1322
5142:, 1314–1316
5136:, 1285–1314
5130:, 1270–1285
5124:, 1226–1270
5118:, 1223–1226
5112:, 1180–1223
5106:, 1137–1180
5100:, 1108–1137
5094:, 1060–1108
5088:, 1027–1060
5028:Charles VII
5022:(1356) and
4997:Black Death
4985:Plantagenet
4958:Black Death
4920:Charles VII
4912:Joan of Arc
4292:Saint Louis
4067:Abbot Suger
4061:It is from
3988:Hugh Magnus
3952:Middle Ages
3948:Benedictine
3911:Aquitanians
3798:ruled over
3784:Charlemagne
3436:conseillers
3428:correcteurs
3348:Saint Louis
3332:Curia Regis
3323:during the
3289:ordonnances
3158:curia regis
3147:Curia Regis
3132:curia regis
3079:Joan of Arc
2809:Hautevilles
2765:Carolingian
2758:Carolingian
2644:King Arthur
2630:Charlemagne
2315:Montpellier
2167:manorialism
2091:mathematics
1956:Anglo-Saxon
1908:langue d'oc
1687:Black Death
1645:Charles VII
1550:res publica
1414:Montpellier
1371:seigneurial
1360:Black Death
1312:Middle Ages
1166:Health care
1096:Free France
983:Restoration
787:Middle Ages
759:Celtic Gaul
702:History of
629:Preceded by
512:Middle Ages
496:Legislature
439:(official),
328:(from 1376)
196:if you can.
8882:Categories
8809:Philosophy
8794:Literature
8706:secularism
8502:Parliament
8297:2005 riots
8247:Liberation
8113:Revolution
7980:Roman Gaul
7965:Prehistory
7921:Journalism
7740:Land terms
7694:Technology
7674:Philosophy
7654:Literature
7619:Demography
7320:Viking Age
7031:Almoravids
7019:al-Andalus
6992:Portugal (
6835:Anatolia (
6389:0030004799
5609:References
5591:Troubadour
5486:Old French
5479:Literature
5398:newspapers
5287:See also:
5082:, 996–1027
5074:Hugh Capet
4962:hearth tax
4844:Charles IV
4790:newspapers
4707:Charles IV
4625:newspapers
4475:. As Pope
4451:Philip III
4411:Philip III
4354:Saint-Malo
3890:Hugh Capet
3854:Hugh Capet
3751:cas royaux
3662:procureurs
3641:cathedrals
3581:Philip III
3526:parlements
3473:Parlements
3284:mandements
3241:Charles VI
3205:chancellor
3201:connétable
3143:Parlements
2815:, and the
2813:Ramnulfids
2754:Robertians
2663:coronation
2649:The dozen
2498:liege lord
2489:bailliages
2475:castellans
2467:Marc Bloch
2347:cathedrals
2158:(see also
2131:troubadour
2103:illiterate
1717:Old French
1670:Demography
1613:under the
1532:bishoprics
1446:troubadour
1402:Gothic art
1350:and their
802:settlement
769:Roman Gaul
739:Prehistory
475:Government
202:March 2012
140:March 2012
110:newspapers
39:improve it
8666:Education
8620:Transport
8470:Judiciary
8431:Elections
8385:Mountains
8343:Geography
8089:Louis XIV
7879:Overviews
7725:Dark Ages
7634:Household
7629:Hastilude
7398:Feudalism
7190:Despotate
7134:Ukraine (
7118:Jerusalem
7082:Croatia (
6837:Byzantine
6809:Hungary (
6800:Byzantine
6699:1169–1536
6340:13 August
5697:, p. 150.
5368:talk page
5333:July 2021
5325:talk page
5076:, 940–996
5024:Agincourt
4873:Jacquerie
4858:, son of
4856:Philip VI
4848:Salic law
4820:July 2021
4747:does not
4697:In 1321,
4692:John XXII
4655:July 2021
4582:does not
4538:Philip IV
4527:Clement V
4477:Martin IV
4423:Philip IV
4419:Languedoc
4381:Parlement
4370:Parlement
4246:Lusignans
4182:Philip II
4137:Philip II
4097:Holy Land
4032:Holy Land
3807:longboats
3718:châtelain
3688:viscounts
3666:plat pays
3624:the Crown
3620:commoners
3605:subsidies
3519:parlement
3511:Parlement
3507:parlement
3503:Languedoc
3424:président
3379:Philip IV
3364:Exchequer
3346:In 1256,
3268:Charles V
3245:Charles V
3233:Philip VI
3221:Philip IV
3180:plotting.
3162:Parlement
2805:Lusignans
2750:Capetians
2746:Languedoc
2734:Salic law
2668:baldaquin
2520:Louis VII
2471:feudalism
2435:vassalage
2382:benefices
2337:, etc.).
2307:Marseille
2040:Old Norse
1936:Brythonic
1929:Provençal
1902:theory).
1756:, in his
1583:Aquitaine
1528:civitates
1519:civitates
1464:Geography
1235:Territory
1128:1946–1958
1118:1944–1946
1108:1940–1944
1087:1920–1929
1076:1919–1939
1065:1870–1940
1038:1871–1914
1027:1870–1940
1017:1852–1870
1007:1848–1852
997:1830–1848
987:1814–1830
977:1804–1814
967:1792–1804
957:1791–1792
947:1789–1799
920:1589–1792
910:1515–1589
900:1498–1515
868:1328–1498
555:1337–1453
464:Religion
45:talk page
8856:Category
8789:Language
8701:Religion
8646:Abortion
8600:Taxation
8497:Military
8458:Intersex
8448:Politics
8414:Politics
8216:Interwar
7911:Economic
7906:Language
7891:Timeline
7808:Category
7775:Timeline
7664:Minstrel
7659:Medicine
7541:Chivalry
7496:Burgundy
7418:Crusades
7186:Lordship
7168:Serbia (
7149:Russia (
7088:Pannonia
7084:Dalmatia
7035:Almohads
6863:Medieval
6798:Greece (
6710:Scotland
6695:800–1169
6627:Medieval
6398:10949828
5595:Perdigon
5575:Ars nova
5551:and the
5518:rule of
5258:May 2013
5092:Philip I
5050:and the
5040:Formigny
5020:Poitiers
4977:Poitiers
4951:Brittany
4897:Henry VI
4870:and the
4462:Toulouse
4439:Kortrijk
4427:Flanders
4405:and the
4360:(1242).
4300:Louis IX
4236:Limousin
4186:Bouvines
4128:Brittany
4063:Louis VI
3843:Normandy
3742:baillage
3707:Normandy
3637:chapters
3616:nobility
3558:Normandy
3550:Burgundy
3546:Bordeaux
3534:Grenoble
3530:Dauphiné
3515:Toulouse
3505:its own
3501:granted
3463:généraux
3418:, later
3395:Philip V
3249:Louis XI
3176:Council.
2997:Dauphiné
2852:Toulouse
2769:Capetian
2742:Flanders
2738:Normandy
2721:Provence
2717:Lorraine
2689:and the
2626:paladins
2455:benefice
2319:Beauvais
2311:Narbonne
2303:Toulouse
2287:Bordeaux
2264:communes
2248:Poitiers
2244:Toulouse
2240:Poitiers
2146:Peasants
2135:trouvère
2024:Normandy
2003:Pyrenees
2001:and the
1968:Brittany
1960:Armorica
1940:Cornwall
1888:Clovis I
1880:Francien
1870:such as
1785:"). The
1653:Brittany
1649:Louis XI
1561:and the
1522:. These
1487:and the
1485:Pyrenees
1450:trouvère
1418:Toulouse
1416:(1220),
1340:Louis IX
1230:Taxation
1208:Religion
1203:Politics
1196:Consorts
1191:Monarchs
1186:Military
1181:Medicine
857:987–1328
846:987–1792
800:Frankish
798:and the
721:Timeline
693:a series
691:Part of
586:Currency
548:disputed
309:Bottom:
177:require
8847:Outline
8829:Theatre
8824:Symbols
8784:Gardens
8774:Fashion
8766:Cuisine
8733:Culture
8723:Welfare
8696:Poverty
8634:Society
8610:Tourism
8570:Exports
8543:Banking
8521:Economy
8480:history
8375:Islands
8370:Borders
8003:Francia
7957:Ancient
7935:Regions
7886:History
7871:History
7718:Related
7704:Warfare
7699:Theatre
7689:Slavery
7684:Science
7639:Hunting
7604:Cuisine
7577:Culture
7516:Castile
7511:England
7178:Kingdom
7110:Antioch
7106:Tripoli
6849:Ottoman
6826:Romania
6804:Ottoman
6794:Georgia
6784:Croatia
6774:Armenia
6769:Albania
6691:400–800
6687:Ireland
6682:Germany
6659:England
6654:Denmark
6649:Corsica
6631:current
6153:(1993).
5652:2 March
5587:Pérotin
5520:England
5474:Culture
5412:scholar
5196:English
5086:Henry I
5001:Henry V
4979:in 1356
4973:John II
4943:Guienne
4916:Orléans
4889:Henry V
4804:scholar
4768:removed
4753:sources
4639:scholar
4603:removed
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4431:Flemish
4228:Otto IV
4145:Guyenne
4049:in the
4047:England
3995:Henry I
3919:Gascons
3903:Bretons
3866:Bourbon
3788:Vikings
3774:Francia
3732:baillis
3723:viguier
3712:vicomte
3692:provost
3683:prévôts
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3647:of the
3628:bishops
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3497:, King
3485:on the
3465:of the
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3455:tallage
3432:maitres
3399:Chambre
3256:jurists
3237:John II
3229:Louis X
3117:familia
3112:clerics
3108:vassals
2848:Tripoli
2797:Normans
2775:and as
2760:kings.
2702:apanage
2632:in the
2516:vassals
2504:Peerage
2441:In the
2431:honores
2409:knights
2405:milites
2394:fideles
2378:honores
2373:nobilis
2279:Orléans
2224:Bourges
2171:demesne
2156:serfdom
2089:), and
2028:Normans
2020:Vikings
2009:called
2007:Occitan
1999:Garonne
1991:Romance
1876:Walloon
1826:Italian
1733:of the
1657:Navarre
1637:apanage
1611:England
1575:Bourges
1505:Garonne
1422:Orleans
1383:vassals
1375:serfdom
1332:Angevin
1310:in the
1223:Judaism
1161:Economy
1140:present
836:843–987
825:751–987
815:481–751
796:Francia
730:Ancient
565:•
536:•
443:Occitan
416:Capital
179:cleanup
124:scholar
8861:Portal
8761:Cinema
8741:Anthem
8713:Racism
8691:People
8585:Mining
8560:Energy
8395:Rivers
8360:Cities
8292:May 68
7863:topics
7860:France
7798:Portal
7679:Poetry
7506:France
7182:Empire
7163:Moscow
7159:Ryazan
7114:Edessa
7102:Cyprus
7076:Second
6994:County
6841:Seljuk
6831:Serbia
6821:Poland
6733:Sweden
6677:France
6582:
6568:
6554:
6540:
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6506:
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6479:
6465:
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6427:
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6386:
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6293:(1995)
6263:bailli
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5545:, the
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5516:Norman
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5492:, see
5414:
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4887:; but
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4390:; his
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4202:Chinon
4124:revolt
3862:Valois
3737:bailli
3653:canons
3633:abbeys
3612:clergy
3585:orders
3316:taille
3141:, the
2865:Church
2811:, the
2807:, the
2803:, the
2799:, the
2685:, the
2642:under
2459:relief
2421:Vassal
2367:knight
2351:Louvre
2335:Bruges
2327:Amiens
2297:, and
2232:Angers
2075:spices
2026:. The
2011:Gascon
1979:Basque
1946:, and
1925:Gascon
1878:, and
1872:Picard
1719:, and
1601:, the
1597:, the
1593:, the
1589:, the
1585:, the
1499:, the
1495:, the
1483:, the
1379:Feudal
1328:Norman
1256:·
1254:
1152:Topics
864:Valois
805:
743:
704:France
695:on the
491:
455:Basque
451:Breton
437:French
372:French
368:
336:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
8819:Sport
8804:Music
8799:Media
8656:Crime
8380:Lakes
7709:Women
7669:Music
7624:Domes
7614:Dance
7501:Milan
7071:First
7027:Taifa
6742:Early
6738:Wales
6728:Spain
6714:Early
6705:Italy
6663:Early
5762:, 12.
5671:(PDF)
5419:JSTOR
5405:books
5036:Patay
4989:Capet
4905:Loire
4811:JSTOR
4797:books
4646:JSTOR
4632:books
4437:near
4112:Anjou
4090:Vitry
3915:Goths
3907:Danes
3899:Gauls
3894:Reims
3839:Paris
3835:Rollo
3827:Paris
3823:Tours
3815:Seine
3811:Loire
3727:bayle
3725:or a
3645:monks
3562:Rouen
3554:Dijon
3356:Paris
3354:) in
2655:sacre
2651:pairs
2386:count
2331:Arras
2299:Reims
2295:Dijon
2283:Tours
2275:Rouen
2271:Paris
2260:burgs
2236:Blois
2208:Tours
2200:Reims
2196:Paris
1948:Wales
1944:Devon
1921:Spain
1892:Paris
1817:Latin
1791:Latin
1758:Latin
1754:Dante
1752:poet
1571:Paris
1501:Seine
1497:Rhône
1493:Loire
1410:Paris
1258:
1218:Islam
1138:1958–
598:Franc
593:Livre
433:Latin
420:Paris
304:Top:
131:JSTOR
117:books
8779:Flag
8565:Euro
8463:LGBT
6996:and
6847:and
6813:and
6802:and
6750:Late
6746:High
6722:Late
6718:High
6671:Late
6667:High
6580:ISBN
6566:ISBN
6552:ISBN
6538:ISBN
6521:ISBN
6504:ISBN
6490:ISBN
6477:ISBN
6463:ISBN
6439:ISBN
6425:ISBN
6394:OCLC
6384:ISBN
6342:2007
6188:ISBN
5678:2020
5654:2011
5601:and
5585:and
5565:and
5391:news
5316:Talk
4987:and
4783:news
4751:any
4749:cite
4618:news
4586:any
4584:cite
3946:, a
3864:and
3848:The
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