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agricultural projects. Besides his intention for this new post to supply foodstuffs for company stations in the
Pacific Northwest, Simpson determined to relocate the Columbia Department administrative apparatus there as well. This new station was christened Fort Vancouver, with the initial construction completed in the spring of 1825. HBC personnel withdrew from Fort George two months later. Neighboring native villagers began to seasonally reside there, "rapidly reducing it to a state of ruin & filth." A small number of lodges, likely maintained by the
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599:. He carried a letter to the effect. The Astorians knew that the deal had fallen through but dealt with Thompson as if the deal were still on. The journals of Thompson and the Astorians are silent on the matter, yet both parties took steps to mislead or thwart the other, while at the same time remaining on friendly terms. It is likely that in this remote region, neither party knew for certain whether the two companies were to be allies or competitors.
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stations to the
British-owned NWC, "unless the necessary support and supplies arrive with advice from John Jacob Astor of New York, or the Stockholders to continue the trade, the same shall be abandoned as impracticable, as well as unprofitable." NWC staff arrived at the coast after running low on food supplies in the Interior on 7 October, with the liquidation of the PFC assets being executed on 23 October.
162:
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994:, with the volume consumed by the Astorians large enough to necessitate the creation of a small cellar made specifically to house the produce. Other typical purchases from Chinookans included manufactured goods. In particular woven hats were frequently bought for protection against the seasonal rains These hats were tightly interwoven, making them essentially waterproof.
1071:, a HBC trading ship, crashed near the station during that year. Neighboring Clatsops appeared on the scene, offering to recover property from the ship. Despite Chief Factor McLoughlin lamenting that "we have no alternative but to run the risk or lose the property", the assistance tendered by them proved invaluable for the company.
905:, visited Fort Astoria on 12 December 1813, previously instructed to claim the station as a British possession. Its captain William Black found the trading station far from militarily imposing, reportedly exclaiming "Is this the fort about which I have heard so much talking? Damn me, but I'd batter it down in two hours with a
1057:
focused on maintaining commercial ties with the
Chinookan peoples through "forcing our Competitors to reduce their prices." This continued value placed in the Chinookans by the British subjects went extended beyond a major source of fur pelts. For instance, the surrounding tribes of Fort George were
1052:
To counter
Americans merchant vessels, a reoccupation of Fort George by the HBC was ordered in 1829. The post was placed at the forefront of competition between the British and American fur traders. While the post was gradually rebuilt, the dilapidated condition and extensive repairs required forced
1139:
on 4 February 1818, Castlereagh stated that "whilst the
Government is not disposed to contest with the American govt't the point of possession as it stood in the Columbia River at the moment of the rupture, they are not prepared to admit the validity of the title of the Govt of the United States to
531:
The place thus selected for the emporium of the west, might challenge the whole continent to produce a spot of equal extent presenting more difficulties to the settler: studded with many gigantic trees of almost incredible size, many of them measuring fifty feet in girth, and so close together, and
526:
By the end of May 1811, company employees built Fort
Astoria out of bark-covered logs that enclosed a stockade and guns mounted for defense. Ross recalled that in almost two months, "scarcely yet an acre of ground cleared" due to the many initial difficulties the PFC employees faced in establishing
1024:
in miniature." At the time the NWC had no competition for the land-based fur trade in the region. NWC laborers developed Fort George by expanding its agricultural fields, in addition to creating "several large buildings erected, and the pallisades and bastions strengthened." Fort George became an
606:
was high and drills were directed by McDougall frequently. A delegation of
Chinookans visited Fort Astoria on 2 July quickly left after witnessing these military demonstrations. This fear by the natives convinced the Astorians that "they are not friendly disposed towards us..." having "a desire to
1123:
dramatically claimed that the vessel was sent "to seize or destroy the establishments and trade of the North West
Company..." The NWC partners had already instructed its staff at Fort George to not resist an attempt by Americans to reclaim the fur trading station. Despite the ceremony of formally
588:, arrived about a month later after navigating the entire length of the Columbia River. Thompson knew the Kootenai couple and told the Astorians about KaĂşxuma NĂşpika and their unusual life. Both the Astorians and Thompson's party ended up protecting the life of KaĂşxuma NĂşpika, whose prophecies of
1044:
spent the winter of 1824 at Fort George. He found the station inappropriate both as a fur post and a regional depot. Simpson ordered the establishment of a new post and depot further in the interior along the
Columbia River. A suitable prairie was selected by the Governor as having much more for
891:
between the
British and Americans brought tension to Fort Astoria, though not as a result of hostilities between the fur companies. On 1 July 1813, the fort officers of Donald Mackenzie, Duncan McDougall, David Stuart, and John Clarke, desiring to abandon the fort agreed to sell the PFC trading
959:. Consistently small stockpiles of foodstuffs at Fort Astoria created the need for frequent transactions with Chinookans for sustenance. Seasonal fish runs provided the major nutritional sources for the Columbian River based Natives. Major fish populations active in the Columbia included the
1053:
the sole clerk to live in a tent during the winter. The residency of the HBC trader was made to be 20 feet (6.1 m) wide by 60 feet (18 m) long. Along with two minor buildings, there was a small warehouse. While ordering a lowering of exchange rates for skins in 1829, Chief Factor
329:
The inhabitants of the fort differed greatly in background and position, and were structured into a corporate hierarchy. The fur trading partners of the company were at the top, with clerks, craftsmen, hunters, and laborers in descending order. Nationalities included Americans, Scots,
1163:. As the treaty would have subjected the Hudson's Bay Company to American jurisdiction, the company opted to sell off its possessions south of the 49th parallel, despite the fact that the treaty had specifically guaranteed their right to retain such properties.
954:
Scholars have affirmed that the American company and its "economic success depended on mutually beneficial economic exchanges with Indian groups... who controlled trade." Many of the settlements near the station were under the influence of headman
677:
people there. He reportedly took an animal pelt and struck the elder appointed as the primary negotiator. This greatly offended the Tla-o-qui-aht, and while Joseachal advised Thorn of the danger, the captain refused to immediately depart.
681:
Eventually a brisk trade commenced with the locals who had remained on board, with the pelts being sold primarily for American blades. Soon after receiving the weapons the Tla-o-qui-aht attacked and in the ensuing conflict
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The negotiations that would formally end the War of 1812 briefly touched upon the topic of Fort Astoria/George. The American government exerted pressure for the return of the station from British subjects. British
607:
harm us." According to Jones, this "latent distrust" of Chinookans by Astorians from this incident was probably unfounded, as they entered the post "for an innocent purpose" and were frightened by the drills.
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to resupply the fort which arrived in 1812. Besides additional American and British subjects, a further 26 Hawaiian Kanakas were transported to bolster the company workforce. From there the
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were not found in large numbers around Fort Astoria. This made them another important source of trade for the Chinookans when visiting the PFC station. Another frequent item sold was the
501:(also known as John Coxe). Notable among the early staff of Fort Astoria were two Scottish emigrants to Canada, Alexander MacKay, who had previously been with the North West Company, and
1065:
at the mouth of the Columbia necessitated the use of the trading post to guide ships inland. Beginning in 1830 the location was continuously used in a small capacity by the company. The
451:. However, Astor was unable to convince the British subjects to join him in such a venture. This did not deter the ambitious financier, who went ahead with his plans by creating the
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from the far interior. PFC management suspected the two of being spies for the NWC, but at the same time welcomed their detailed geographical knowledge. A NWC employee,
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transferring national possession, actual ownership by the NWC went on as before, and no actual American presence was established aside from the symbolic repossession.
493:. After several days were spent surveying the mouth of the Columbia River, 33 men disembarked on 12 April 1811. Among the PFC men were eleven Kanaka laborers from the
690:
caused a great deal of hardship for the personnel at Fort Astoria as it still held a large amount of the trade goods and foodstuffs intended for trade in the region.
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Thompson, who for months had been out of touch with the evolving politics between the fur companies, believed that the NWC held a one-third partnership with Astor's
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comprehensive travel log did not get to winter over after the initial fort was built, due to either being lost (deserting), drowning or perishing in the June 1811
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Kanaka additions: Harry, William Karimou, James Keemo, George Naaco, Dick Paow, Peter Pahia, Paul Pooar, Bob Pookarakara, Jack Powrowrie, and Thomas Tuana.
474:. To create these new fur trade locations, Astor planned to send detachments of laborers and officers both overland on a route similar to one taken by the
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between the United Kingdom and the United States. This accord allowed for subjects from either nation to travel to the distant region without hindrance.
407:. While Fort George was abandoned in 1825, the arrival of American naval merchants on the Columbia necessitated the reopening of Fort George by the HBC.
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979:. This dependence on fish made it a primary food source for the Astorians, which caused some discontent among employees desiring a more familiar diet.
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gained him significant profits in deals with Fort Astoria. In particular he controlled the sale of many of the pelts originating from the Chinookan,
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that came with David Thompson during the summer before he returned. Two additions came during fall 1811 following an expedition to establish
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was destroyed. Josechal was the sole survivor and later returned to Fort Astoria to inform McDougall of the fate of the vessel. The loss of
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was dispatched in 1817 to reassert the American claim to Fort Astoria, though ordered to avoid an armed confrontation. NWC partner
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disaster (aside a single Indigenous interpreter survivor). New Kanaka passengers had also been added during the stopover on the
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Competition for control of Fort Astoria was a factor in the British and the Americans' resolving their disputed claims to the
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surrounding Fort George. The company used the salmon to feed its employees, as well as exporting some to the markets of the
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In June 1812, the number of men at Fort Astoria were reduced to 11 Hawaiians and 39 European descendants. Fear of attack by
548:
around the perimeter for defense. The post was to serve as an administrative center for various PFC satellite forts such as
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reported that Birnie maintained "abundant crops of most excellent potatoes and garden vegetables" at the post. The growing
115:
1776:
Scouler, John (1905), "Dr. John Scouler's Journal of a Voyage to N. W. America. Columbia, Vancouver, & Nootka Sound",
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2020:
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The Pacific Fur Company was established shortly afterwards as an AFC subsidiary to establish commercial stations on the
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and utilized it as the headquarters of its most western operations, primarily based along the Columbia. In 1821, the
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Other 1811 MĂ©tis, Indigenous, and Iroquois additions: RĂ©gis Bruguier, Joseachal Shonowane, and Ignace Shonowane.
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By the time an overland party joined them in February 1812, the PFC laborers had constructed a trading store, a
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1041:
353:
341:
761:, Donald McLennan, Ovide de Montigny, John M. Mumford, William (Guillaume) Perrault, Francis Benjamin Pillet,
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remaining passengers and crew members: George Bell, Antoine Belleau, Jean Baptiste Belleau, Russel Farnham,
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and others from Eastern Canada. They found life quite monotonous, with the fish and vegetable diet boring.
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overland expedition. The first "Astorians" to operate the fort during the first winter of 1811–1812 were:
447:. He promoted the idea of a joint company with the Canadian North West Company to open trade posts in the
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Although based in Fort Astoria, Ross, de Montigny, Roussel, and Lafantaisie all wintered over around new
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January 1812 additions: First "Astorian overlanders" Reed party from the Wilson Price Hunt expedition -
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1810:
Journal of a Voyage on the North West Coast of North America during the Years 1811, 1812, 1813 and 1814
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intermingled with huge rocks, as to make it work of no ordinary labour to level and clear the ground.
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caused the PFC to fold as it was too isolated to expect any military protection or support from the
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Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811-1813
1734:
Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811-1813
790:
770:
1036:, which took ownership of the fort. Fort George continued to function the primary entrepĂ´t of the
734:. Some members of that expedition did return by January 1812 along with the first arrivals of the
3865:
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3346:
3234:
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2623:
2547:
2432:
1705:
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1007:
849:, was made for the exchange of foodstuffs and trade goods in return for Russian furs. From there
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Narrative of a voyage to the Northwest coast of America, in the years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814
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3130:
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1935:
Judson, Katherine B. (1919), "British Side of the Restoration of Fort Astoria-II (continued)",
802:
462:. Notably Astor was able to recruit several NWC partners and employees into the PFC, including
399:
incorporated Fort George into its collection of posts after absorbing the NWC. The opening of
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1910:
1796:
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1021:
357:
137:
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3204:
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1950:
Kanaka: The Untold Story of Hawaiian Pioneers in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest
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Fort George soon became the center of NWC operations along the Columbia River, becoming "a
991:
452:
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1029:. By 1818, there about 50 NWC employees at Fort George, over half being Hawaiian Kanakas.
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8:
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acquired from trapping or trading with the local Native Americans. The traders arranged
489:
was used to carry a detachment of employees to the Pacific under the command of Captain
391:(NWC) bought out the assets of the PFC in 1813, including Fort Astoria. They renamed it
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In 1833, the post had a staff of four: an English clerk, a Scottish field manager from
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until 1825. During a tour of the newly acquired assets on the Pacific shore, Governor
813:. Robert Stuart, Pillet, McGillis, and Bruguier wintered around the Willamette River.
322:
in 1811, Fort Astoria was the first American-owned settlement on the Pacific coast of
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234:
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to sell the furs for highly valuable Chinese manufactured goods. Due to then ongoing
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and similarly, some did not winter over. One Kanaka was exchanged for an experienced
603:
448:
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merchant who over several decades financed several successful mercantile missions to
404:
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1999:
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In 1846, the post finally became United States territory as one of the terms of the
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793:, André Dufresne, Prisque Felax, Joseph Landry, Guillaume Leroux (dit Cardinal),
670:
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178:
50:
635:. The loss of the vessel created a shortage of provisions at Fort Astoria until
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off Vancouver Island, Thorn became frustrated with the prices set by the local
572:
490:
411:
400:
319:
2053:, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. XXX, San Francisco: History Co.
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28:
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983:
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549:
459:
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323:
205:
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1959:
Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843
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remained at Guangzhou until the resolution of the conflict and only reached
3685:
3585:
3565:
3266:
2757:
2563:
2467:
2462:
1849:
History of British Columbia from its earliest discovery to the present time
1079:
939:
902:
854:
444:
2387:
1981:
Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America
1818:
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1159:. In the treaty, Great Britain ceded its territorial rights south of the
972:
888:
882:
862:
376:
1789:
3341:
2833:
914:
561:
537:
2096:
1922:
Jones, Robert F. (1997), "The Identity of the Tonquin's Interpreter",
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harvesting operations of the Hudson's Bay Company were focused on the
403:
in 1825 was planned to allow for a better placed headquarters for the
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479:
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334:
311:
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took the stockpiled animal pelts at Astoria on board and sailed for
518:
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1746:
Letters of Dr. John McLoughlin, written at Fort Vancouver 1829-1832
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956:
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were problematic. Types of fur taken in trade at the fort included
349:
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on November 5, 1961. It is marked by a reconstructed block house.
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2334:
1418:
1416:
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780:
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Fall 1811 additions: Michel Boulard (in lieu of departing Kanaka
623:
498:
369:
3048:
1759:
Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River
982:
Terrestrial animals like members of the family Cervidae such as
304:(PFC). A maritime contingent of PFC staff was sent on board the
1544:
1391:
1389:
1311:
1087:
906:
545:
1966:
Morris, Grace P. (1937), "Development of Astoria, 1811-1850",
1413:
1301:
1299:
1012:
753:, Olivier Roy Lapensée, Gilles Leclerc, William W. Matthews,
1867:
Boyd, Robert T.; Ames, Kenneth A.; Johnson, Tony A. (2015),
1386:
3826:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
1801:
The Journals of William Fraser Tolmie: Physician and Trader
1296:
1235:
1233:
1231:
560:
On June 15, 1811, two unusual native visitors arrived: the
1700:, translated by Huntington, J. V., New York City: Redfield
1464:
1352:
1350:
702:
An engraving of Fort George, Astoria from the publication
3191:
2025:, vol. 1, Vancouver, B.C.: J. Clarke, archived from
1915:
The Hudson's Bay Company as an Imperial Factor, 1821-1869
1610:
920:
783:
alias John Coxe in June 1811 upon David Thompson return).
541:
2022:
British Columbia: From the Earliest Times to the Present
1588:
1586:
1571:
1532:
1440:
1362:
1228:
3856:
National Register of Historic Places in Astoria, Oregon
1961:, Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press
1559:
1508:
1347:
1250:
1248:
1622:
749:, Paul Jérémie, Joseph Lapierre, Jacques Lafantaisie,
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1583:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1428:
1812:, Toronto, Ontario: Champlain Society Publications,
1452:
1323:
1245:
1032:
In 1821, the North West Company was merged into the
3836:
Historic district contributing properties in Oregon
3136:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1520:
1401:
1374:
1335:
16:
Primary fur trading post of the Pacific Fur Company
1998:
1646:
1491:
314:. This land based group later became known as the
1732:McDougall, Duncan (1999), Robert F. Jones (ed.),
1284:
1135:determined a conciliatory policy. In a letter to
765:, Augustus (Augustin) Roussil, Benjamin Roussel,
3802:
2018:
1808:Franchère, Gabriel (1969), Lamb, William (ed.),
1681:Elliott, T. C. (1932), "Sale of Astoria, 1813",
1485:
1049:, were established fairly close to Fort George.
3846:Hudson's Bay Company forts in the United States
1905:, vol. 1, New York City: Francis P. Harper
1866:
1422:
669:, was hired to serve as a translator. While at
2039:
1937:The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
1778:The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society
1553:
1082:serving the longest. The Methodist missionary
592:among the local natives put his life at risk.
3177:
2819:
2403:
2112:
2005:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press,
1948:Koppel, Tom (1995), McLean, Elizabeth (ed.),
1016:A watercolor painting of Fort George in 1845.
310:, while another party traveled overland from
1058:frequently employed to man the post canoes.
2417:
1891:, The Pioneer Historical Publishing Company
1871:, Seattle: University of Washington Press,
693:
3184:
3170:
2826:
2812:
2410:
2396:
2119:
2105:
2086:Local information on visiting Fort Astoria
1895:
1740:
1616:
1577:
1395:
1273:. National Park Service. February 28, 2020
1211:National Historic Landmark summary listing
1101:
2835:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2019:Scholefield, E.O.S.; Howay, F.W. (1914),
1909:
1852:, Toronto: William Briggs, archived from
1817:
1807:
1803:, Vancouver, B.C.: Mitchell Press Limited
1736:, New York City: Fordham University Press
1731:
1693:
1538:
1470:
1446:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1265:
1263:
645:Acting on the orders of Astor, Thorn and
540:'s shop, a house, and a storage shed for
116:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1704:
1628:
1565:
1201:
1199:
1011:
997:
930:
697:
622:
517:
2126:
1974:(4), Oregon Historical Society: 413–424
1943:(4), Oregon Historical Society: 305–330
1930:(3), Oregon Historical Society: 296–314
1869:Chinookan Peoples of the Lower Columbia
1784:(3), Oregon Historical Society: 54–75,
1775:
1680:
1526:
1380:
1213:. National Park Service. Archived from
1144:established a "joint occupancy" of the
567:(known in English as Man-like Woman or
3803:
1978:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1934:
1917:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
1902:The American Fur Trade in the Far West
1795:
1659:
1640:
1592:
1514:
1502:
1356:
1260:
1239:
1180:"National Register Information System"
921:Relations with Lower Chinookan peoples
714:passengers and crew members listed in
704:Narrative of a Voyage around the World
3851:National Historic Landmarks in Oregon
3192:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806–1890)
3165:
2807:
2391:
2100:
2057:
1996:
1921:
1884:
1689:(1), Oregon Historical Society: 43–50
1458:
1368:
1341:
1196:
1061:The sinking of such HBC ships as the
478:and on merchant vessels that rounded
1842:
1836:
1752:
1434:
1407:
1290:
1254:
1185:National Register of Historic Places
233:Astoria Downtown Historic District (
161:
1748:, Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort
1172:
773:, William Wallace, and Henry Weeks.
641:arrived the following year in 1812.
522:The layout of Fort Astoria in 1811.
33:The trading post as it was in 1813.
13:
1762:, London: Smith, Elder & Co.,
1744:(1948), Barker, Burt Brown (ed.),
1674:
805:, Michel Samson, and André Vallée.
14:
3887:
2079:
1957:Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997),
1952:, Vancouver, B.C.: Whitecap Books
1140:this Settlement." Ultimately the
3841:History of the Pacific Northwest
3811:1811 establishments in New Spain
3295:
3230:Oregon & California Railroad
3047:
3040:
2697:
2064:, New York: Fordham Univ Press,
160:
153:
27:
3871:Pre-statehood history of Oregon
3757:Oregon Steam Navigation Company
1668:
1598:
1025:important port-of-call for the
631:was destroyed off the coast of
513:
318:. Built at the entrance of the
125:U.S. National Historic Landmark
2093:(Archived record of dead link)
2058:Jones, Robert Francis (1999),
876:
578:) and their wife, both of the
243:
1:
3317:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
1885:Carey, Charles Henry (1922),
1423:Boyd, Ames & Johnson 2015
847:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
555:
508:
428:
1486:Scholefield & Howay 1914
1166:
571:, which is derived from the
7:
3103:National Historic Landmarks
1968:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1924:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1694:Franchère, Gabriel (1854),
1683:Oregon Historical Quarterly
938:'s mercantile skills as an
423:National Historic Landmarks
206:46.18820278°N 123.8274694°W
89:Pacific Fur Company (orig.)
10:
3892:
2634:Pierre-Chrysologue Pambrun
1554:Victor & Bancroft 1890
1105:
1001:
924:
909:!" Black renamed the post
880:
822:
661:man with familial ties to
616:
610:
476:Lewis and Clark Expedition
432:
346:indigenous North Americans
3765:
3714:
3498:
3382:
3364:Constitutional Convention
3322:Willamette Cattle Company
3304:
3293:
3197:
3126:
3095:
3056:
3038:
2845:
2771:
2715:
2706:
2695:
2652:
2589:Alexander Roderick McLeod
2556:
2450:
2441:
2428:
2353:
2287:
2231:
2175:
2134:
843:Russian American Governor
816:
421:was added to the list of
279:
275:
267:
259:
254:
242:NRHP reference
241:
229:
221:
211:46.18820278; -123.8274694
184:
174:
148:
144:
131:
122:
113:
106:
102:
82:
74:
64:
56:
46:
38:
26:
21:
3861:North West Company forts
2435:in the Pacific Northwest
2345:François Benjamin Pillet
2254:William Wallace Matthews
2050:History of Oregon vol. 2
1718:, New York: J. Collard,
1607:, Oregon History Project
841:. An agreement with the
694:First winter (1811–1812)
3816:Astor family residences
3490:Willamette Trading Post
3347:Donation Land Claim Act
3235:Oregon boundary dispute
3113:National Historic Sites
2624:William Alexander Mouat
2548:Willamette Trading Post
1320:, pp. 100-102 fn..
1157:Oregon boundary dispute
1108:Oregon boundary dispute
1102:Role in Oregon Question
439:John Jacob Astor was a
3775:Native peoples history
3475:Thomas and Ruckle Road
3287:Provisional Government
3131:Keeper of the Register
2708:New Caledonia District
2041:Victor, Frances Fuller
1797:Tolmie, William Fraser
1017:
951:
707:
642:
534:
523:
134:U.S. Historic district
3551:Abigail Scott Duniway
3151:Contributing property
2599:William Henry McNeill
2579:William Fraser Tolmie
2473:Fort George (Astoria)
1997:Ronda, James (1990),
1979:Nisbet, Jack (1994),
1819:10.3138/9781442618039
1271:"Naukane (John Coxe)"
1190:National Park Service
1015:
998:British fur companies
934:
701:
626:
529:
521:
138:Contributing property
3876:American Fur Company
3225:Hudson's Bay Company
3205:American Fur Company
2619:John McLoughlin, Jr.
2091:Fort Astoria history
2001:Astoria & Empire
1897:Chittenden, Hiram M.
1629:Lee & Frost 1844
1566:Lee & Frost 1844
1133:Viscount Castlereagh
1034:Hudson's Bay Company
1008:Hudson's Bay Company
801:, Robert McLelland,
453:American Fur Company
397:Hudson's Bay Company
93:Hudson's Bay Company
3671:Eliza Hart Spalding
3282:Pacific Fur Company
3250:Oregon missionaries
3215:Executive Committee
3108:Bridges and Tunnels
3087:South and Southwest
2443:Columbia Department
2421:Columbia Department
2128:Pacific Fur Company
1983:, Sasquatch Books,
1715:Ten Years in Oregon
1488:, pp. 319–320.
1371:, pp. 238–242.
1308:, pp. 100–102.
1242:, pp. 209–214.
1207:"Fort Astoria Site"
1038:Columbia Department
757:, Donald McGillis,
619:Tonquin (1807 ship)
597:Pacific Fur Company
435:Pacific Fur Company
405:Columbia Department
302:Pacific Fur Company
268:Designated NHL
202: /
69:Pacific Fur Company
3616:Morton M. McCarver
3606:David Thomas Lenox
3470:Philip Foster Farm
3374:Great Gale of 1880
3210:Columbian exchange
3118:National Monuments
2779:Peter Warren Dease
2733:Fort Durham (Taku)
2670:Michel Laframboise
2569:Roderick Finlayson
2320:Michel Laframboise
1911:Galbraith, John S.
1398:, pp. 22–224.
1155:, which ended the
1027:maritime fur trade
1018:
1004:North West Company
952:
825:Beaver (1805 ship)
751:Michel Laframboise
708:
655:Destruction Island
643:
524:
482:for the Columbia.
389:North West Company
292:) was the primary
3798:
3797:
3681:William Vandevert
3576:Cornelius Gilliam
3556:Thomas Lamb Eliot
3531:William H. Boring
3526:François Blanchet
3455:Methodist Mission
3327:Champoeg Meetings
3159:
3158:
3146:Historic district
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2693:
2692:
2680:Ovide de Montigny
2629:Peter Skene Ogden
2385:
2384:
2330:Ovide de Montigny
2310:Marie Aioe Dorion
2305:Pierre Dorion Jr.
2244:Gabriel Franchère
2198:Wilson Price Hunt
1888:History of Oregon
1837:Secondary sources
1829:978-1-4426-1803-9
1556:, pp. 40–41.
1517:, pp. 47–48.
1473:, pp. 72–78.
1437:, pp. 71–75.
1359:, pp. 16–18.
1257:, pp. 69–71.
1192:. April 15, 2008.
1146:Pacific Northwest
1130:Foreign Secretary
1121:Simon McGillivray
988:black-tailed deer
927:Chinookan peoples
913:in honor of King
747:Gabriel Franchère
736:Wilson Price Hunt
716:Gabriel Franchère
653:in June 1811. At
449:Pacific Northwest
419:Fort Astoria Site
375:The onset of the
354:Venereal diseases
283:
282:
255:Significant dates
3883:
3701:Geo. H. Williams
3696:Narcissa Whitman
3506:George Abernethy
3480:Tualatin Academy
3465:Oregon Institute
3359:Rogue River Wars
3337:Whitman massacre
3299:
3262:Oregon Territory
3256:Oregon Spectator
3186:
3179:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3051:
3044:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2784:William Connolly
2716:Company Stations
2713:
2712:
2701:
2639:Francois Payette
2451:Company Stations
2448:
2447:
2422:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2340:François Payette
2218:Duncan McDougall
2213:Robert McClellan
2208:Donald Mackenzie
2183:John Jacob Astor
2121:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2074:
2054:
2045:Bancroft, Hubert
2036:
2035:
2034:
2015:
2004:
1993:
1975:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1906:
1892:
1881:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1832:
1821:
1804:
1792:
1772:
1749:
1742:McLoughlin, John
1737:
1728:
1710:Frost, Joseph H.
1701:
1690:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1096:Hawaiian Kingdom
961:candlefish smelt
755:Duncan McDougall
724:Sandwich Islands
663:Vancouver Island
633:Vancouver Island
495:Hawaiian Kingdom
472:Duncan McDougall
468:Alexander MacKay
316:Astor Expedition
298:John Jacob Astor
271:November 5, 1961
263:October 15, 1966
245:
217:
216:
214:
213:
212:
207:
203:
200:
199:
198:
195:
164:
163:
157:
31:
19:
18:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3821:Forts in Oregon
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3785:Pioneer history
3780:History to 1806
3761:
3710:
3656:Osborne Russell
3636:James D. Miller
3621:John McLoughlin
3511:Jesse Applegate
3494:
3485:Whitman Mission
3395:Applegate Trail
3378:
3300:
3291:
3193:
3190:
3160:
3155:
3122:
3091:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3036:
2848:
2841:
2832:
2802:
2793:
2767:
2723:Fort Alexandria
2702:
2689:
2660:Pierre Belleque
2648:
2614:John McLoughlin
2552:
2503:Fort Nez Percés
2498:Fort McLoughlin
2437:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2386:
2381:
2349:
2283:
2249:Donald McGillis
2227:
2203:Alexander McKay
2171:
2167:Clearwater Post
2130:
2125:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2032:
2030:
2013:
1991:
1879:
1859:
1857:
1839:
1830:
1770:
1754:Ross, Alexander
1726:
1677:
1675:Primary sources
1671:
1666:
1658:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1617:McLoughlin 1948
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1584:
1578:McLoughlin 1948
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1396:Chittenden 1902
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1110:
1104:
1063:William and Ann
1055:John McLoughlin
1010:
1002:Main articles:
1000:
929:
923:
885:
879:
827:
821:
799:Donald McKenzie
696:
671:Clayoquot Sound
651:Russian America
621:
615:
558:
516:
511:
464:Donald McKenzie
455:(AFC) in 1808.
441:German American
437:
431:
339:Native Hawaiian
332:French Canadian
210:
208:
204:
201:
196:
193:
191:
189:
188:
179:Astoria, Oregon
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
140:
136:
127:
118:
109:
98:
51:Astoria, Oregon
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:Oregon Country
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3790:Modern history
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3767:Oregon history
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3747:
3744:Colonel Wright
3740:
3733:
3726:
3718:
3716:
3715:Transportation
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Marcus Whitman
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Henry Spalding
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Joseph Kellogg
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Elijah Bristow
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:French Prairie
3437:
3432:
3430:Fort Vancouver
3427:
3422:
3417:
3415:Elliott Cutoff
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3353:Holmes v. Ford
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Star of Oregon
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Treaty of 1818
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Oregon Country
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Property types
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3054:
3053:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2753:Fort St. James
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Étienne Lucier
2672:
2667:
2665:Joseph Gervais
2662:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2644:Alexander Ross
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:James McMillan
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Fort Vancouver
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2508:Fort Nisqually
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2433:HBC operations
2429:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2325:Étienne Lucier
2322:
2317:
2315:Joseph Gervais
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Alexander Ross
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2239:Russel Farnham
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Fort She-whaps
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2080:External links
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2055:
2037:
2016:
2011:
1994:
1989:
1976:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1907:
1893:
1882:
1877:
1864:
1844:Begg, Alexaner
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1805:
1793:
1773:
1768:
1750:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1702:
1691:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1645:
1643:, p. 192.
1633:
1621:
1619:, p. 183.
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 166.
1582:
1570:
1568:, p. 223.
1558:
1543:
1541:, p. 183.
1539:Galbraith 1957
1531:
1519:
1507:
1490:
1475:
1471:McDougall 1999
1463:
1461:, p. 221.
1451:
1449:, p. 125.
1447:Franchère 1854
1439:
1427:
1425:, p. 263.
1412:
1410:, p. 105.
1400:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1346:
1334:
1330:Franchère 1854
1322:
1318:McDougall 1999
1310:
1306:McDougall 1999
1295:
1283:
1259:
1244:
1227:
1195:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1142:Treaty of 1818
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1042:George Simpson
999:
996:
977:Chinook salmon
969:sockeye salmon
965:white sturgeon
925:Main article:
922:
919:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
853:sailed to the
823:Main article:
820:
815:
807:
806:
795:Étienne Lucier
791:William Cannon
787:
784:
777:
774:
763:Alexander Ross
695:
692:
617:Main article:
614:
609:
586:David Thompson
573:Chinook Jargon
565:KaĂşxuma NĂşpika
557:
554:
527:Fort Astoria:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:Alexander Ross
491:Jonathan Thorn
433:Main article:
430:
427:
412:Oregon Country
401:Fort Vancouver
344:, and various
320:Columbia River
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
252:
251:
246:
239:
238:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
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186:
182:
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176:
172:
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159:
158:
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151:
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142:
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132:
129:
128:
123:
120:
119:
114:
111:
110:
107:
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100:
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97:
96:
90:
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
42:Fur trade post
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3888:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
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3842:
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3808:
3806:
3791:
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3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
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3752:
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3741:
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3732:
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3727:
3725:
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3720:
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3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Sager orphans
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:Robert Newell
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
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3609:
3607:
3604:
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3599:
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3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Philip Foster
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Matthew Deady
3544:
3542:
3541:Tabitha Brown
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
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3408:
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3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Oregon Treaty
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:Oregon Lyceum
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:James Douglas
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Spokane House
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Fort Victoria
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Fort Okanogan
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Fort Kamloops
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2279:Robert Stuart
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Ramsay Crooks
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Wallace House
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Fort Okanogan
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:Trading posts
2133:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2073:
2071:9780823217632
2067:
2063:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2029:on 2016-03-04
2028:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:0-8032-3896-7
2008:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1990:1-57061-522-5
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:9780295995236
1874:
1870:
1865:
1856:on 2016-03-05
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1769:9780598286024
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1725:9780598285843
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1631:, p. 74.
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1580:, p. 11.
1579:
1574:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1344:, p. 10.
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1293:, p. 74.
1292:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1217:on 2007-02-28
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1161:49th parallel
1158:
1154:
1153:Oregon Treaty
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:Charles Bagot
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1014:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:Roosevelt elk
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
893:
890:
884:
874:
872:
871:New York City
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:New Archangel
836:
832:
826:
819:
814:
812:
811:Fort Okanogan
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
778:
775:
772:
771:Robert Stuart
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
740:
739:
737:
733:
732:Fort Okanogan
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
705:
700:
691:
689:
685:
679:
676:
675:Tla-o-qui-aht
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:departed for
648:
640:
639:
634:
630:
627:Late in 1811
625:
620:
613:
608:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
574:
570:
566:
563:
553:
551:
550:Fort Okanogan
547:
543:
539:
533:
528:
520:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:Pacific Coast
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:United States
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
333:
327:
325:
324:North America
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
260:Added to NRHP
258:
253:
250:
247:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
156:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
101:
94:
91:
88:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3730:Lot Whitcomb
3728:
3722:
3686:Elijah White
3586:Chief Joseph
3566:Peter French
3435:Fort William
3420:Fort Astoria
3419:
3351:
3277:Organic Laws
3267:Oregon Trail
3254:
2758:Fort Stikine
2604:Thomas McKay
2584:Thomas McKay
2564:James Birnie
2538:Fort William
2518:Fort Simpson
2488:Fort Langley
2472:
2468:Cowlitz Farm
2463:Fort Colvile
2430:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2274:Alfred Seton
2259:Thomas McKay
2223:David Stuart
2157:Fort Spokane
2142:Fort Astoria
2141:
2060:
2049:
2031:, retrieved
2027:the original
2021:
2000:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1887:
1868:
1858:, retrieved
1854:the original
1848:
1809:
1800:
1781:
1777:
1758:
1745:
1733:
1714:
1696:
1686:
1682:
1669:Bibliography
1636:
1624:
1612:
1605:Fort Astoria
1600:
1573:
1561:
1534:
1527:Scouler 1905
1522:
1510:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1403:
1381:Elliott 1932
1376:
1364:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1286:
1275:. Retrieved
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1210:
1183:
1174:
1150:
1126:
1115:
1111:
1080:James Birnie
1073:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1031:
1022:Fort William
1019:
981:
953:
940:intermediary
910:
907:four pounder
903:sloop-of-war
901:, a British
897:
894:
886:
866:
850:
834:
830:
828:
817:
808:
767:David Stuart
759:Thomas McKay
742:
719:
711:
709:
703:
687:
683:
680:
646:
644:
636:
628:
611:
601:
594:
579:
575:
568:
559:
535:
530:
525:
514:Construction
497:, including
486:
484:
457:
438:
418:
416:
409:
392:
374:
348:, including
328:
315:
305:
289:
288:(also named
286:Fort Astoria
285:
284:
108:Fort Astoria
22:Fort Astoria
3706:Ewing Young
3651:Joel Palmer
3631:Ezra Meeker
3626:Joseph Meek
3611:Asa Lovejoy
3571:Joseph Gale
3516:Ira Babcock
3460:Oregon City
3450:Meek Cutoff
3425:Fort Dalles
3400:Barlow Road
3096:Other lists
2789:John Stuart
2748:Fort McLeod
2743:Fort George
2738:Fort Fraser
2728:Fort Babine
2609:John McLeod
2523:Fort Umpqua
2513:Fort Rupert
2188:John Clarke
1706:Lee, Daniel
1660:Judson 1919
1641:Mackie 1997
1593:Tolmie 1963
1515:Mackie 1997
1503:Morris 1937
1357:Koppel 1995
1240:Nisbet 1994
992:wapato root
973:coho salmon
911:Fort George
889:War of 1812
883:War of 1812
877:War of 1812
863:War of 1812
829:Astor sent
393:Fort George
377:War of 1812
294:fur trading
290:Fort George
209: /
197:123°49′39″W
185:Coordinates
57:Constructed
3805:Categories
3666:Levi Scott
3641:John Minto
3596:H.A.G. Lee
3581:David Hill
3521:Sam Barlow
3342:Cayuse War
3022:Washington
2922:Hood River
2763:Fort Yukon
2458:Fort Boise
2033:2014-09-21
1860:2008-07-13
1459:Ronda 1990
1369:Carey 1922
1342:Jones 1999
1277:2022-10-23
1221:2008-07-05
1084:Daniel Lee
915:George III
604:Chinookans
562:two-spirit
556:Activities
538:blacksmith
509:Operations
445:Qing China
429:Background
235:ID98000631
194:46°11′18″N
3831:Fur trade
3601:Jason Lee
3445:Linn City
3369:Modoc War
3082:Southeast
3077:Northwest
3072:Northeast
2997:Tillamook
2982:Multnomah
2937:Josephine
2932:Jefferson
2897:Deschutes
2867:Clackamas
2849:by county
2478:Fort Hall
2431:Historic
2288:Personnel
2264:John Reed
1435:Ross 1849
1408:Begg 1894
1291:Ross 1849
1255:Ross 1849
1167:Citations
1092:fisheries
1076:Stromness
950:nations.
896:HMS
873:in 1816.
859:Guangzhou
803:John Reed
667:Joseachal
480:Cape Horn
362:sea otter
335:voyageurs
312:St. Louis
75:Abandoned
65:Built for
3723:Columbia
3410:Champoeg
3058:Portland
3002:Umatilla
2877:Columbia
2772:Officers
2653:Laborers
2557:Officers
2376:Albatros
2300:John Day
2295:Ross Cox
2176:Partners
2047:(1890),
1913:(1957),
1899:(1902),
1846:(1894),
1799:(1963),
1790:20609656
1756:(1849),
1712:(1844),
1068:Isabella
957:Comcomly
948:Quinault
944:Chehalis
936:Comcomly
857:port of
728:voyageur
659:Quinault
590:smallpox
581:Kootenai
385:Montreal
366:squirrel
350:Iroquois
296:post of
249:66000639
175:Location
47:Location
3751:Gazelle
3737:Canemah
3405:Canemah
3220:Ferries
3032:Yamhill
3027:Wheeler
3012:Wallowa
2992:Sherman
2967:Malheur
2957:Lincoln
2942:Klamath
2927:Jackson
2907:Gilliam
2902:Douglas
2872:Clatsop
2685:Naukane
2362:Tonquin
2335:Naukane
1116:Ontario
1047:Clatsop
855:Chinese
781:Naukane
743:Tonquin
720:Tonquin
712:Tonquin
688:Tonquin
684:Tonquin
647:Tonquin
629:Tonquin
612:Tonquin
576:burdash
569:Bowdash
546:cannons
499:Naukane
487:Tonquin
387:-based
370:red fox
342:Kanakas
307:Tonquin
230:Part of
95:(later)
78:Unknown
3499:People
3390:Albina
3383:Places
3305:Events
3198:Topics
2977:Morrow
2972:Marion
2917:Harney
2862:Benton
2839:Oregon
2369:Beaver
2232:Clerks
2068:
2009:
1987:
1875:
1826:
1788:
1766:
1722:
1088:salmon
975:, and
898:Racoon
867:Beaver
851:Beaver
835:Beaver
831:Beaver
818:Beaver
706:(1843)
638:Beaver
470:, and
383:. The
368:, and
358:beaver
3067:North
3060:lists
3017:Wasco
3007:Union
2912:Grant
2892:Curry
2887:Crook
2857:Baker
2847:Lists
2354:Ships
1786:JSTOR
710:Many
542:pelts
222:Built
83:Owner
2987:Polk
2962:Linn
2952:Lane
2947:Lake
2882:Coos
2418:The
2066:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1985:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1114:USS
1112:The
1006:and
986:and
946:and
887:The
485:The
417:The
225:1811
60:1811
39:Type
2837:in
1814:doi
300:'s
244:No.
3807::
2043:;
1972:38
1970:,
1941:20
1939:,
1928:98
1926:,
1822:,
1780:,
1708:;
1687:33
1685:,
1648:^
1585:^
1546:^
1493:^
1478:^
1415:^
1388:^
1349:^
1298:^
1262:^
1247:^
1230:^
1209:.
1198:^
1188:.
1182:.
1098:.
971:,
967:,
963:,
917:.
865:,
845:,
797:,
769:,
665:,
657:a
552:.
505:.
466:,
414:.
372:.
364:,
360:,
337:,
326:.
3185:e
3178:t
3171:v
2827:e
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2813:v
2411:e
2404:t
2397:v
2120:e
2113:t
2106:v
1816::
1782:6
1662:.
1529:.
1505:.
1383:.
1332:.
1280:.
1224:.
237:)
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