Foraminifera - Knowledge

3871: 3819: 3496: 4164: 2198: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 2571: 4176: 145: 3914: 4152: 4140: 4128: 2529: 2788: 2122: 3370: 4033: 4004: 3804:, and International Ocean Drilling Programmes, as well as for the purposes of oil exploration, advanced deep-sea drilling techniques have been bringing up sediment cores bearing Foraminifera fossils. The effectively unlimited supply of these fossil tests and the relatively high-precision age-control models available for cores has produced an exceptionally high-quality planktonic Foraminifera fossil record dating back to the mid- 3894:. Due to their small size and hard shells, foraminifera may be preserved in great abundance and with high quality of preservation; due to their complex morphology, individual species are easily recognizable. Foraminifera species in the fossil record have limited ranges between the species' first evolution and their disappearance; stratigraphers have worked out the successive changes in foram assemblages throughout much of the 3697: 3835: 121: 2762: 2631: 3632: 5652: 7617: 2159:; that is, their pseudopodia appear granular under the microscope; these pseudopodia are often elongate and may split and rejoin each other. These can be extended and retracted to suit the needs of the cell. The pseudopods are used for locomotion, anchoring, excretion, test construction and in capturing food, which consists of small organisms such as diatoms or bacteria. 3808:, and presents an unparalleled record for scientists testing and documenting the evolutionary process. The exceptional quality of the fossil record has allowed an impressively detailed picture of species inter-relationships to be developed on the basis of fossils, in many cases subsequently validated independently through molecular genetic studies on extant specimens 615: 685:

different schemes of higher-level classification. Pawlowski's (2013) use of molecular systematics has generally confirmed Tappan and Loeblich's groupings, with some being found as polyphyletic or paraphyletic; this work has also helped to identify higher-level relationships among major foraminiferal groups.

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The most striking aspect of most foraminifera are their hard shells, or tests. These may consist of one of multiple chambers, and may be composed of protein, sediment particles, calcite, aragonite, or (in one case) silica. Some foraminifera lack tests entirely. Unlike other shell-secreting organisms,

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I was trying several small and single Magnifying Glasses, and casually viewing a parcel of white Sand, when I perceiv'd one of the grains exactly shap'd and wreath'd like a Shell I view'd it every way with a better Microscope and found it on both sides, and edge-ways, to resemble the Shell of a small

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Because certain types of foraminifera are found only in certain environments, their fossils can be used to figure out the kind of environment under which ancient marine sediments were deposited; conditions such as salinity, depth, oxygenic conditions, and light conditions can be determined from the

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Supporting this notion is the similar habitat of living xenophyophores to the inferred habitat of fossil graphoglyptids; however, the large size and regularity of many graphoglyptids as well as the apparent absence of xenophyae in their fossils casts doubt on the possibility. As of 2017 no definite

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aperture, leading to the exterior, take many different shapes in different species, including but not limited to rounded, crescent-shaped, slit-shaped, hooded, radiate (star-shaped), dendritic (branching). Some foraminifera have "toothed", flanged, or lipped primary apertures. There may be only one

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Later species of fusulinids grew to much larger size, with some forms reaching 5 cm in length; reportedly, some specimens reach up to 14 cm in length, making them among the largest foraminifera extant or extinct. Fusulinids are the earliest lineage of foraminifera thought to have evolved

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Foraminifera are themselves eaten by a host of larger organisms, including invertebrates, fish, shorebirds, and other foraminifera. It has been suggested, however, that in some cases predators may be more interested in the calcium from foram shells than in the organisms themselves. Several aquatic

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Cushman's scheme nevertheless remained the dominant scheme of classification until Tappan and Loeblich's 1964 classification, which placed foraminifera into the general groupings still used today, based on microstructure of the test wall. These groups have been variously moved around according to

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Test shape is highly variable among different foraminifera; they may be single-chambered (unilocular) or multi-chambered (multilocular). In multilocular forms, new chambers are added as the organism grows. A wide variety of test morphologies is found in both unilocular and multilocular forms,

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In the gamont (sexual form), foraminifera generally have only a single nucleus, while the agamont (asexual form) tends to have multiple nuclei. In at least some species the nuclei are dimorphic, with the somatic nuclei containing three times as much protein and RNA than the generative nuclei.

667:. Brady recognized 10 families with 29 subfamilies, with little regard to stratigraphic range; his taxonomy emphasized the idea that multiple different characters must separate taxonomic groups, and as such placed agglutinated and calcareous genera in close relation. 7379:

Petit, J. R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N. I.; Barnola, J.-M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.; Chappellaz, J.; Davis, M.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V. M.; Legrand, M.; Lipenkov, V. Y.; Lorius, C.; PÉpin, L.; Ritz, C.; Saltzman, E.; Stievenard, M. (1999).

2443:, infecting sponges, molluscs, corals, or even other foraminifera. Parasitic strategies vary; some act as ectoparasites, using their pseudopodia to steal food from the host, while others burrow through the shell or body wall of their host to feed on its soft tissue. 4048:

and are used routinely to interpret the ages and paleoenvironments of sedimentary strata in oil wells. Agglutinated fossil foraminifera buried deeply in sedimentary basins can be used to estimate thermal maturity, which is a key factor for petroleum generation. The

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of microtubules, which are loosely arranged without the structure seen in other amoeboids. Forams have evolved special cellular mechanisms to quickly assemble and disassemble microtubules, allowing for the rapid formation and retraction of elongated pseudopodia.

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Schematic diagram of a live multilocular foraminifera. 1-endoplasm, 2-ectoplasm, 3-chamber, 4-pores, 5-foramen, 6-food vacuole, 7-nucleus, 8-mitochondria, 9-granureticulose pseudopodia, 10-granules, 11- primary aperture, 12-food particle, 13-Golgi apparatus,

3980:(B), also hold a wealth of information about global temperature cycles, continental weathering, and the role of the ocean in the global carbon cycle. Geographic patterns seen in the fossil records of planktonic forams are also used to reconstruct ancient 1047:, both of which also include amoeboids with complex shells; these three groups make up the Rhizaria. However, the exact relationships of the forams to the other groups and to one another are still not entirely clear. Foraminifera are closely related to 3464:

as foraminiferans without tests. A few other amoeboids produce reticulose pseudopods, and were formerly classified with the forams as the Granuloreticulosa, but this is no longer considered a natural group, and most are now placed among the Cercozoa.

674:'s work in the late 1920s. Cushman viewed wall composition as the single most important trait in classification of foraminifera; his classification became widely accepted but also drew criticism from colleagues for being "not biologically sound". 2428:; some forams even predate upon other forams, drilling holes into the tests of their prey. One group, the xenophyophores, has been suggested to farm bacteria within their tests, although studies have failed to find support for this hypothesis. 535:

derivation), and is used to describe one or more specimens or taxa: its usage as singular or plural must be determined from context. Foraminifera is frequently used informally to describe the group, and in these cases is generally lowercase.

3898:. As such, the assemblage of foraminifera within a given locality can be analyzed and compared to known dates of appearance and disappearance in order to narrow down the age of the rocks. This allows paleontologists to interpret the age of 3438:

Many foraminifera exhibit dimorphism in their tests, with megalospheric and microspheric individuals. These names should not be taken as referring to the size of the full organism; rather, they refer to the size of the first chamber, or

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Mitochondria are distributed evenly throughout the cell, though in some species they are concentrated under the pores and around the external margin of the cell. This has been hypothesised to be an adaptation to low-oxygen environments.

3858:. Humans today emit about 10 Gt of carbon (about 37 Gt CO2e) per year, and at that rate will release a comparable amount to the PETM in about one thousand years. A main difference is that during the PETM the planet was ice-free, as the 2420:, while others specialise in consuming diatoms. Some benthic forams construct feeding cysts, using the pseuodopodia to encyst themselves inside of sediment and organic particles. Certain foraminifera prey upon small animals such as 7634:

Babila, Tali L.; Penman, Donald E.; Standish, Christopher D.; Doubrawa, Monika; Bralower, Timothy J.; Robinson, Marci M.; Self-Trail, Jean M.; Speijer, Robert P.; Stassen, Peter; Foster, Gavin L.; Zachos, James C. (18 March 2022).

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in 1781 that foraminifera had holes in the septa, which would eventually grant the group its name. Spengler also noted that the septa of foraminifera arced the opposite way from those of nautili and that they lacked a nerve tube.

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However, nuclear anatomy seems to be highly diverse. The nuclei are not necessarily confined to one chamber in multi-chambered species. Nuclei can be spherical or have many lobes. Nuclei are typically 30-50 μm in diameter.

2366:, seems to have independently evolved a planktonic lifestyle. Further, it has been suggested that some Jurassic fossil foraminifera may have also independently evolved a planktonic lifestyle, and may be members of Robertinida. 2476:

Nonmarine foraminifera have traditionally been neglected in foram research, but recent studies show them to be substantially more diverse than previously known. They are known to inhabit disparate ecological niches, including

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Benthic foraminifera are typically found in fine-grained sediments, where they actively move between layers; however, many species are found on hard rock substrates, attached to seaweeds, or sitting atop the sediment surface.

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Rona, Peter A.; Seilacher, Adolf; de Vargas, Colomban; Gooday, Andrew J.; Bernhard, Joan M.; Bowser, Sam; Vetriani, Costantino; Wirsen, Carl O.; Mullineaux, Lauren; Sherrell, Robert; Frederick Grassle, J. (1 September 2009).

4779:"Micrographia, or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses ?with observations and inquiries thereupon /by R. Hooke ... : Hooke, Robert, : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming" 4068:, are commonly found to contain fossilised foraminifera. The types and concentrations of these fossils within a sample of stone can be used to match that sample to a source known to contain the same "fossil signature". 2608:

In some cases the haploid young may mature into a megalospheric form which then reproduces asexually to produce another megalospheric, haploid offspring. In this case, the first megalospheric form is referred to as the

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in coastal environments, including indicators of coral reef health. Because calcium carbonate is susceptible to dissolution in acidic conditions, foraminifera may be particularly affected by changing climate and

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serve to protect the organism within. Owing to their generally hard and durable construction (compared to other protists), the tests of foraminifera are a major source of scientific knowledge about the group.

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in 1835. Shortly after, in 1852, d'Orbigny produced a classification scheme, recognising 72 genera of foraminifera, which he classified based on test shape—a scheme that drew severe criticism from colleagues.

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net may emerge through a single opening or through many perforations in the test. Individual pseudopods characteristically have small granules streaming in both directions. Foraminifera are unique in having

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Kontorovich, A. E.; Varlamov, A. I.; Grazhdankin, D. V.; Karlova, G. A.; Klets, A. G.; Kontorovich, V. A.; Saraev, S. V.; Terleev, A. A.; Belyaev, S. Yu.; Varaksina, I. V.; Efimov, A. S. (1 December 2008).

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different habitat preferences of various species of forams. This allows workers to track changing climates and environmental conditions over time by aggregating information about the foraminifera present.

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form produces a cyst that surrounds the entire cell; it then divides within this cyst and the juvenile cells cannibalise the calcite of the parent's test to form the first chamber of their own test. These

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epoch of the Carboniferous. Seeing little effect due to the Permo-Triassic or K-Pg extinctions, the group diversified through time. Secondarily unilocular taxa evolved during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.

2473:, the calcium carbonate of the tests is soluble in water due to the extreme pressure. The Foraminifera found in the Challenger Deep thus have no carbonate test, but instead have one of organic material. 3866:

had not yet closed. Although the PETM is now commonly held to be a case study for global warming and massive carbon emission, the cause, details, and overall significance of the event remain uncertain.

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Báldi, Katalin; Benkovics, László; Sztanó, Orsolya (1 May 2002). "Badenian (Middle Miocene) basin development in SW Hungary: subsidence history based on quantitative paleobathymetry of foraminifera".

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Morphs present in the foram life cycle—the megalosphere and the microsphere. The name derives from the size of the proloculus, or first chamber, and as such the microsphere has a larger overall size.

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eon. The earliest known definite foraminifera appear in the fossil record towards the very end of the Ediacaran; these forms all have agglutinated tests and are unilocular. These include forms like

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In other cases, the relative proportion of planktonic to benthic foraminifera fossils found in a rock can be used as a proxy for the depth of a given locality when the rocks were being deposited.

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undertook extensive research in this field, publishing some ninety papers—including notable work on foraminifera—as sole author as well as more than twenty in collaboration with other scientists.

2147:. The organelles of the cell are located within the compartment(s) of the test, and the hole(s) of the test allow the transfer of material from the pseudopodia to the internal cell and back. 3693:. Miliolids suffered about 50% casualties during both the Permo-Triassic and K-Pg extinctions but survived to the present day. Some fossil miliolids reached up to 2 cm in diameter. 3654:. The earliest of these were microscopic, planispirally coiled, and evolute; later forms evolved a diversity of shapes including lenticular, globular, and elongated rice-shaped forms. 5933:"Rapid response of the giant protist xenophyophores (Foraminifera, Rhizaria) to organic matter supply at abyssal depths revealed by an in situ dual stable isotope labeling experiment" 2174:

Some species of foraminifera have large, empty vacuoles within their cells; the exact purpose of these is unclear, but they have been suggested to function as a reservoir of nitrate.

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Ujiié, Yurika; Kimoto, Katsunori; Pawlowski, Jan (December 2008). "Molecular evidence for an independent origin of modern triserial planktonic foraminifera from benthic ancestors".

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Dickens, G.R.; Castillo, M.M.; Walker, J.C.G. (1997). "A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene; simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate".

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Pawlowski, Jan; Bolivar, Ignacio; Fahrni, Jose F.; Vargas, Colomban De; Bowser, Samuel S. (1999). "Molecular Evidence That Reticulomyxa Filosa Is A Freshwater Naked Foraminifer".

2733:, with sexes referred to as the "plus" and "minus"; these sexes differ in number of nuclei, with the "plus" form having three nuclei and the "minus" form having four nuclei. The 2337:

Modern Foraminifera are primarily marine organisms, but living individuals have been found in brackish, freshwater and even terrestrial habitats. The majority of the species are

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McIlroy, Duncan; Green, O. R.; Brasier, M. D. (2001). "Palaeobiology and evolution of the earliest agglutinated Foraminifera: Platysolenites, Spirosolenites and related forms".

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Lejzerowicz, Franck; Pawlowski, Jan; Fraissinet-Tachet, Laurence; Marmeisse, Roland (1 September 2010). "Molecular evidence for widespread occurrence of Foraminifera in soils".

3766:. Diversity of the group remained low until the aftermath of the Cenomanian-Turonian event, after which the group saw a rapid diversification. Of this group, the planktonic 7171:

Using the Multiple Analysis Approach to Reconstruct Phylogenetic Relationships among Planktonic Foraminifera from Highly Divergent and Length-polymorphic SSU rDNA Sequences

4053:(FCI) is used to quantify colour changes and estimate burial temperature. FCI data is particularly useful in the early stages of petroleum generation (about 100 °C). 485:. Fewer are known from freshwater or brackish conditions, and some very few (nonaquatic) soil species have been identified through molecular analysis of small subunit 3447:

period, and many marine sediments are composed primarily of them. For instance, the limestone that makes up the pyramids of Egypt is composed almost entirely of

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Takagi, H., Kimoto, K., Fujiki, T., Saito, H., Schmidt, C., Kucera, M. and Moriya, K. (2019) "Characterizing photosymbiosis in modern planktonic foraminifera".

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fossils appear during the Permian; the lineage diversified throughout the Mesozoic of Eurasia before apparently vanishing from the fossil record following the

6821:"Giant protists (xenophyophores, Foraminifera) are exceptionally diverse in parts of the abyssal eastern Pacific licensed for polymetallic nodule exploration" 3952:

ratios and trace element content of the shells (tests). Global temperature and ice volume can be revealed by the isotopes of oxygen, and the history of the

2345:. This count may, however, represent only a fraction of actual diversity, since many genetically distinct species may be morphologically indistinguishable. 7111:

Gräfe, K.U. (2005). "Benthic foraminifers and palaeoenvironment in the Lower and Middle Jurassic of the Western Basque-Cantabrian Basin (Northern Spain)".

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composition of benthic foraminifera. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum is characterized by a brief but prominent excursion, attributed to rapid warming.

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Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria; Berney, Cédric; Fahrni, José; Gooday, Andrew J.; Cedhagen, Tomas; Habura, Andrea; Bowser, Samuel S. (30 September 2003).

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primary aperture or multiple; when multiple are present, they may be clustered or equatorial. In addition to the primary aperture, many foraminifera have

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Dying planktonic Foraminifera continuously rain down on the sea floor in vast numbers, their mineralized tests preserved as fossils in the accumulating

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and noted their odd morphology, interpreting the pseudopodia as tentacles and noting the highly reduced (in actuality, absent) head. He named the group

2009: 1730: 1255: 1212: 10564: 10387: 9541: 3778:, but remains extant and diverse to this day. An additional evolution of planktonic lifestyle occurred in the Miocene or Pliocene, when the rotaliid 3613:

that still contains modern forms. Later spirillinids would evolve multilocularity and calcitic tests, with the first such forms appearing during the

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have amoeboid gametes rather than flagellated. Other aspects of reproduction in this group are generally similar to that of other groups of forams.

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Zeebe, R.; Zachos, J.C.; Dickens, G.R. (2009). "Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum warming".

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Gooday, Andrew J; Holzmann, Maria; Caulle, Clémence; Goineau, Aurélie; Kamenskaya, Olga; Weber, Alexandra A. -T.; Pawlowski, Jan (1 March 2017).

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Branson, Oscar; Redfern, Simon A.T.; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Sadekov, Aleksey; Langer, Gerald; Kimoto, Katsunori; Elderfield, Henry (December 2013).

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Some taxonomies put the Foraminifera in a phylum of their own, putting them on par with the amoeboid Sarcodina in which they had been placed.

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Foraminifera exhibit morphological dimorphism associated with their reproductive cycle. The gamont, or sexually reproducing haploid form, is

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Bobrovskiy, Ilya; Hope, Janet M.; Ivantsov, Andrey; Nettersheim, Benjamin J.; Hallmann, Christian; Brocks, Jochen J. (21 September 2018).

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Kucera, M.; Darling, K.F. (April 2002). "Cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera: their effect on palaeoceanographic reconstructions".

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Lekieffre, Charlotte; Bernhard, Joan M.; Mabilleau, Guillaume; Filipsson, Helena L.; Meibom, Anders; Geslin, Emmanuelle (1 January 2018).

3830:(PETM) sediments in southern Maryland. The scale bars measure 150 microns (0.015 cm). Each specimen is similar in size to a grain of sand. 3538:

cast doubt on this identification and suggest it may instead be an animal. Other researchers have suggested that the elusive trace fossil

496:, or shell, which can have either one or multiple chambers, some becoming quite elaborate in structure. These shells are commonly made of 9912: 9814: 4175: 2700: 1431: 5861:

Bernhard, J. M.; Bowser, S.M. (1999). "Benthic Foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology".

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Saraswati, Pratul Kumar; Srinivasan, M. S. (2016), Saraswati, Pratul Kumar; Srinivasan, M.S. (eds.), "Calcareous-Walled Microfossils",

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Siemensma, Ferry; Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil, Laure; Holzmann, Maria; Clauss, Steffen; Völcker, Eckhard; Pawlowski, Jan (1 August 2017).

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form larvae are produced inside of the cyst; any nuclei that are not bound into cells are consumed as food for the developing larvae.

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Most foraminifera are heterotrophic, consuming smaller organisms and organic matter; some smaller species are specialised feeders on

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Although as yet unsupported by morphological correlates, molecular data strongly suggest the Foraminifera are closely related to the

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in particular) are believed to be the most primitive type. Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the

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described and illustrated foraminiferal tests in 1700, describing them as minute cockles; his illustration is recognizable as being

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Calcareous fossil foraminifera are formed from elements found in the ancient seas where they lived. Thus, they are very useful in

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epoch of the Triassic. The group remained at low diversity throughout its fossil history; all living representatives belong to the

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to form a number of haploid offspring. These offspring then begin to form their megalospheric first chamber before dispersing.

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Wilkinson, Ian P.; Williams, Mark; Young, Jeremy R.; Cook, Samantha R.; Fulford, Michael G.; Lott, Graham K. (1 August 2008).

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form. Gamonts, despite having typically larger proloculi, also generally have smaller overall test diameter than do agamonts.

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apertures. These may form as relict apertures (past primary apertures from an earlier growth stage) or as unique structures.

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forms, upon maturity, gather into groups of up to nine individuals; they then form a protective cyst around the whole group.

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Maturation and reproduction occur more slowly in cooler and deeper water; these conditions also cause forams to grow larger.

638:, or "hole-bearers", as members of the group had holes in the divisions between compartments in their shells, in contrast to 8315: 7184:"Cenomanian to Turonian foraminifera from Ashaka (NE Nigeria): quantitative analysis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation" 8239: 8198: 3847: 3451:

benthic Foraminifera. It is estimated that reef Foraminifera generate about 43 million tons of calcium carbonate per year.

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The taxonomic position of the Foraminifera has varied since Schultze in 1854, who referred to as an order, Foraminiferida.

8352: 2590:, with a proportionally small first chamber but typically larger overall diameter with more chambers. The agamont is the 7981:

Hemming, N.G.; Hanson, G.N. (January 1992). "Boron isotopic composition and concentration in modern marine carbonates".

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Raymo, M. E. and Lisiecki, L. E. (2005) "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records",

6078:"New organic-walled Foraminifera (Protista) from the ocean's deepest point, the Challenger Deep (western Pacific Ocean)" 3582:. Single-chambered foraminifera continued to diversify throughout the Cambrian. Some commonly encountered forms include 9642: 8025: 5412: 4480: 3725: 3387: 3624:

The earliest multi-chambered foraminifera are agglutinated species, and appear in the fossil record during the middle

3477:, between 900 and 650 million years ago; this timing is consistent with Neoproterozoic fossils of the closely related 2559:, and are expelled from the test into the environment leaving the test undamaged. Gametes are not differentiated into 7296:

Zachos, James C.; Shackleton, Nicholas J.; Revenaugh, Justin S.; Pälike, Heiko; Flower, Benjamin P. (13 April 2001).

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For the same reasons they make useful biostratigraphic markers, living foraminiferal assemblages have been used as

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forms, likely due to the reduced likelihood of two gametes encountering one another and successfully combining.

11749: 5163: 4381:"Taxonomic revision of freshwater foraminifera with the description of two new agglutinated species and genera" 6780:. Marine Benthic Ecology and Biodiversity: A Compilation of Recent Advances in Honor of J. Frederick Grassle. 9755: 9745: 9728: 8465: 8455: 8438: 3264: 3259: 3092: 2893: 2594:

phase of the foraminifera; upon reaching adulthood, the protoplasm entirely vacates the test and divides its

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Culver, Stephen J.; Lipps, Jere H. (2003), Kelley, Patricia H.; Kowalewski, Michał; Hansen, Thor A. (eds.),

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Cushman, Joseph A.; Ellisor, Alva C. (1 January 1945). "The Foraminiferal Fauna of the Anahuac Formation".

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Kimoto, Katsunori (2015), Ohtsuka, Susumu; Suzaki, Toshinobu; Horiguchi, Takeo; Suzuki, Noritoshi (eds.),

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snail species are known to selectively feed upon foraminifera, often even preferring individual species.

144: 7486: 5789:"Chamber arrangement versus wall structure in the high-rank phylogenetic classification of Foraminifera" 4844:

BOUDAGHER-FADEL, MARCELLE K. (2018), "Biology and Evolutionary History of Larger Benthic Foraminifera",

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symbiosis with photosynthetic organisms. Fossils of fusulinids have been found on all continents except

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The Rhizaria are problematic, as they are often called a "supergroup", rather than using an established

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Tappan, Helen; Loeblich, Alfred R. (1988). "Foraminiferal Evolution, Diversification, and Extinction".

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has a slightly different reproductive strategy than most other foraminifera. The asexually reproducing

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form are still present. As in the microspheric morph of multilocular forams, the asexually reproducing

8162: 7709: 5932: 5838: 11672: 10885: 8284: 8096: 7926:"Lithium Isotope History of Cenozoic Seawater: Changes in Silicate Weathering and Reverse Weathering" 7183: 6773: 6478: 6306: 6257: 5227: 4962: 3851: 3797: 3713: 3315: 2974: 7585: 7513: 6258:"A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)" 3628:

period. Due to their poor preservation they cannot be positively assigned to any major foram group.

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generations, although they are mostly similar in form. The haploid or gamont initially has a single

11739: 11711: 7834: 4900: 2861: 2433: 671: 562:, in the 1st Century BCE, noted the same foraminifera, and suggested that they were the remains of 440: 2662:

There is a high degree of diversity in reproductive strategies in different foraminiferal groups.

10970: 9760: 8470: 8345: 5899:

Goldstein, Susan T. (2003), "Foraminifera: A biological overview", in Sen Gupta, Barun K. (ed.),

5828:

Symbiosis and microbiome flexibility in calcifying benthic foraminifera of the Great Barrier Reef

3863: 3097: 2969: 2532:

Diagram of a typical foraminiferan life cycle, showing characteristic alternation of generations.

2150:

The foraminiferal cell is divided into granular endoplasm and transparent ectoplasm from which a

1007: 587: 513: 11698: 7382:"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica" 5762: 618:

Earliest known illustration of a foraminifera shell, published by Robert Hooke in his 1665 book

11560: 11522: 10734: 9635: 7580: 6320: 6302: 5082: 4809:

Sen Gupta, Barun K. (2003), "Systematics of moder Foraminifera", in Sen Gupta, Barun K. (ed.),

3801: 3558:

have not been able to clear up the issue and the trace may alternately represent a burrow or a

3495: 3286: 3111: 4203: 11734: 11693: 11198: 10848: 9723: 8433: 7833:

Keul, Nina; Langer, G.; Thoms, S.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Reichart, G.J.; Bijma, J. (April 2017).

7027: 6360:"The new higher level classification of Eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of Protists" 5136:

Cavalier-Smith, T (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa".

5050: 4578: 4204: 2849: 2555:

to produce thousands of gametes which are also haploid. These gametes all have a full set of

2455: 1030: 985: 661: 549: 11685: 7900: 7142: 6589:"Ancient steroids establish the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia as one of the earliest animals" 4754:"Foraminifera | Fossil Focus | Time | Discovering Geology | British Geological Survey (BGS)" 572:

observed a foraminifera under the microscope, as described and illustrated in his 1665 book

11605: 10863: 8108: 7990: 7937: 7896: 7882: 7849: 7791: 7648: 7572: 7525: 7444: 7393: 7312: 7238: 7195: 6877: 6832: 6785: 6729: 6667: 6600: 6545: 6490: 6423: 6332: 6269: 6226: 6122: 5944: 5870: 5732: 5678: 5592: 5533: 5481: 5266: 5015:. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America. pp. C55–C786. 4974: 4934: 4720: 4508: 4233: 4217:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks" 2881: 2591: 2522: 421: 11649: 6655: 4922: 4216: 3548:

may represent a fossil xenophyophore and noted the similarity of the extant xenophyophore

3422:

Openings in the test that allow the cytoplasm to extend outside are called apertures. The

8: 9248: 9032: 7514:"A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future" 4026: 3929: 3855: 3473:

Molecular clocks indicate that the crown-group of foraminifera likely evolved during the

2803: 627: 207: 10726: 8184: 8112: 7994: 7941: 7853: 7795: 7652: 7636: 7576: 7537: 7529: 7448: 7397: 7316: 7242: 7199: 6881: 6836: 6789: 6733: 6671: 6604: 6549: 6494: 6427: 6336: 6273: 6230: 6126: 6109:

Holzmann, Maria; Gooday, Andrew J.; Siemensma, Ferry; Pawlowski, Jan (29 October 2021).

5948: 5874: 5736: 5682: 5596: 5537: 5485: 5270: 5199: 4978: 4724: 4705: 4512: 4237: 3670:. The group then gradually declined in diversity until finally going extinct during the 2189:

within their cells, among the highest of any eukaryote. The purpose of this is unknown.

11193: 10875: 9740: 9718: 9706: 9681: 9258: 8450: 8428: 8416: 8391: 8338: 7963: 7815: 7757: 7690: 7677: 7468: 7417: 7344: 7262: 7120: 6981: 6916:"Foraminifera from the Cambrian of Nova Scotia: The oldest multichambered foraminifera" 6753: 6699: 6569: 6389: 6164:

Moore, R.C.; Lalicker, A.G.; Fischer, C.G. (1952). "Ch 2 Foraminifera and Radiolaria".

6146: 6050: 5979: 5702: 5616: 5333: 5313: 5282: 5110: 4867: 4614: 4579:"Next-Generation Environmental Diversity Surveys of Foraminifera: Preparing the Future" 4532: 4262: 3903: 3729: 3336: 3326: 3177: 3143: 3060: 3053: 2964: 2813: 2429: 657: 516:

sediment particles. Over 50,000 species are recognized, both living (6,700–10,000) and

139: 6454: 6411: 6238: 5882: 4428:

Boltovskoy, Esteban; Wright, Ramil (1976), Boltovskoy, Esteban; Wright, Ramil (eds.),

2638:

foraminiferans showing microspheric (larger) and megalospheric individuals (smaller);

2401:

foraminifers are particularly common in nutrient-poor oceanic waters. Some forams are

520:(40,000). They are usually less than 1 mm in size, but some are much larger, the 11680: 11592: 10985: 10714: 10091: 9987: 9750: 9713: 9701: 9691: 9628: 9592: 9518: 9499: 9209: 8792: 8460: 8423: 8411: 8401: 8156: 8124: 8075: 8048: 8021: 8002: 7955: 7807: 7776: 7728: 7694: 7682: 7664: 7460: 7421: 7409: 7336: 7328: 7297: 7266: 7254: 7211: 7033: 7006: 6973: 6935: 6893: 6850: 6801: 6745: 6691: 6683: 6636: 6628: 6573: 6561: 6514: 6506: 6459: 6441: 6381: 6376: 6359: 6321:"Global ocean carbonate and carbon dioxide production: The role of reef Foraminifera" 6285: 6197: 6169: 6150: 6138: 6094: 6058: 6042: 5995: 5960: 5912: 5810: 5694: 5620: 5608: 5580: 5561: 5497: 5448: 5418: 5408: 5375: 5325: 5317: 5257: 5252: 5115: 5056: 5016: 4990: 4885: 4857: 4822: 4654:

Next-generation environmental diversity surveys of foraminifera: preparing the future

4606: 4598: 4557: 4524: 4520: 4476: 4445: 4410: 4402: 4353: 4310: 4267: 4249: 3793: 3771: 3485:, it is likely that most of these Proterozoic forms did not have hard-shelled tests. 3341: 3251: 2920: 2854: 2779: 2750: 2494: 1003: 497: 458: 11574: 8074:. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. Vol. 499. Geological Survey of Canada. 7967: 7472: 7348: 7124: 6703: 5706: 5337: 5286: 4618: 4536: 650: 11261: 11140: 11032: 10975: 10915: 10910: 10838: 10823: 10698: 10515: 10294: 10051: 9665: 9564: 9510: 9264: 8710: 8375: 8279: 8228: 8175: 8116: 7998: 7945: 7904: 7865: 7857: 7819: 7799: 7672: 7656: 7590: 7533: 7452: 7401: 7320: 7246: 7203: 7150: 6927: 6885: 6840: 6793: 6737: 6675: 6618: 6608: 6553: 6533: 6498: 6449: 6431: 6393: 6371: 6340: 6277: 6234: 6130: 6089: 6034: 6023:"Tolerance of Infaunal Benthic Foraminifera for Low and High Oxygen Concentrations" 5987: 5952: 5904: 5878: 5800: 5744: 5740: 5686: 5642: 5600: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5521: 5489: 5367: 5309: 5274: 5145: 5105: 5097: 4986: 4982: 4930: 4849: 4814: 4728: 4590: 4516: 4437: 4392: 4345: 4306: 4302: 4275: 4257: 4241: 3941: 3937: 3899: 3647: 3301: 3291: 3271: 2888: 2808: 2602: 2578:

When two gametes combine, they create a diploid, multi-nucleated cell known as the

970:

Phylogeny of Foraminifera following Pawlowski et al. 2013. The monothalamid orders

349: 273: 9196: 4778: 4157:

Foraminifera of Indian Ocean, south-eastern coast of Bali, field width 5.5 mm

4145:

Foraminifera of Indian Ocean, south-eastern coast of Bali, field width 5.5 mm

4133:

Foraminifera of Indian Ocean, south-eastern coast of Bali, field width 5.5 mm

3770:—the first known group of planktonic forams—first appears in the aftermath of the 11434: 11339: 11301: 11256: 11188: 10945: 10905: 10890: 10783: 10702: 10239: 9437: 8612: 8243: 8232: 8202: 8191: 8169: 8071:

Colour Alteration, Thermal Maturity, and Burial Diagenesis in Fossil Foraminifers

8069: 8042: 7000: 6845: 6820: 6022: 5442: 5405:

Foraminifera: notes for a short course organized by M.A. Buzas and B.K. Sen Gupta

5400: 5206: 5188: 4551: 4294: 4208: 4008: 3945: 3907: 3891: 3618: 3167: 3043: 2957: 2925: 2466: 2197: 1048: 607: 477:), while a smaller number float in the water column at various depths (i.e., are 429: 11597: 8236: 8213: 8195: 6679: 6502: 6111:"Review: Freshwater and Soil Foraminifera – A Story of Long-Forgotten Relatives" 5991: 5371: 4653: 4441: 4430:"Benthonic Foraminifera of Brackish, Hypersaline, Ultrasaline, and Fresh Waters" 4349: 11494: 11439: 11429: 11271: 11085: 11037: 10950: 10925: 10920: 10900: 10895: 10798: 10788: 10657: 10468: 10372: 10101: 9977: 9837: 9793: 9696: 9533: 9523: 9487: 9462: 9151: 8942: 8843: 8765: 8574: 8406: 7909: 7884: 7381: 6889: 6797: 5656: 4681: 4397: 4380: 4225:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3956:

and oceanic productivity by examining the stable isotope ratios of carbon; see

3949: 3839: 3732:

has been referred to the involutinida, but this remains the subject of debate.

3572: 3518: 3506: 3474: 3415: 3309: 3172: 3159: 3013: 2986: 2981: 2570: 2462: 2410: 2394: 2182: 1097: 1022: 1010:, exists for their belonging to a major group within the Protozoa known as the 860: 493: 444: 244: 182: 169: 130: 8120: 7861: 7086: 6281: 5956: 5604: 5581:"Natural 226Ra and 232Th radionuclides in xenophyophores of the Pacific Ocean" 4498: 4429: 4378: 4337: 3481:. As fossils of foraminifera have not been found prior to the very end of the 11728: 11545: 11218: 11203: 11165: 11090: 11026: 11012: 10960: 10955: 10869: 10858: 10853: 10833: 10828: 10803: 10558: 10530: 10346: 10143: 10043: 9857: 9842: 9569: 9368: 9360: 9190: 9111: 9051: 8962: 8936: 8665: 8275: 8128: 7668: 7621: 7413: 7332: 7311:(5515). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 274–278. 7258: 7215: 6977: 6939: 6897: 6854: 6805: 6749: 6687: 6632: 6565: 6510: 6445: 6289: 6142: 6046: 5964: 5814: 5612: 5565: 5501: 5321: 4994: 4686: 4666: 4602: 4406: 4253: 4212: 3981: 3913: 3884: 3859: 3767: 3759: 3701: 3667: 3559: 3461: 3331: 3276: 3116: 3079: 2942: 2900: 2871: 2866: 2756: 2714: 2544:, or first chamber, is proportionally large. The gamont is also known as the 2514: 2451: 2432:

is also common in the group, and at least some species can take advantage of

2417: 2353: 2140: 1338: 1264: 1246: 881: 678: 548:, who in the 5th century BCE noted them as making up the rock that forms the 521: 486: 482: 295: 279: 73: 7950: 7925: 7803: 7647:(11). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): eabg1025. 7324: 6613: 6588: 6436: 6358:

Adl, S. M.; Simpson, A. G. B.; Farmer, M. A.; Anderson; et al. (2005).

5908: 5646: 5149: 4963:"New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: Molecules meet morphology" 4871: 4818: 4245: 2454:

conditions for over 24 hours, indicating that they are capable of selective

614: 443:

for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "

11414: 11409: 11384: 11359: 11349: 11276: 11145: 11019: 10980: 10965: 10940: 10935: 10880: 10813: 10681: 10599: 10538: 10510: 10491: 10480: 10462: 10453: 10279: 10244: 10231: 10221: 10126: 10111: 10106: 10096: 10078: 9964: 9954: 9889: 9832: 9824: 9602: 9429: 9409: 9349: 9253: 9226: 9173: 9131: 9098: 8651: 8590: 8330: 8311:

Illustrated catalog of recent and fossil Foraminifera by genus and locality

7959: 7811: 7686: 7660: 7464: 7340: 7298:"Climate Response to Orbital Forcing Across the Oligocene-Miocene Boundary" 7207: 6695: 6640: 6518: 6463: 6385: 6344: 6134: 6062: 5805: 5788: 5698: 5690: 5422: 5329: 5119: 5101: 4886:"On Lorentz Spengler and a neotype for the foraminifer Calcarina spengleri" 4732: 4610: 4528: 4414: 4271: 4021: 3993: 3953: 3921: 3917: 3721: 3690: 3686: 3685:

foraminifera first appeared in the fossil record, having diverged from the

3610: 3606: 3550: 3540: 3501: 3489: 3456: 3346: 3023: 3018: 3000: 2818: 2696: 2666: 2502: 2402: 2386: 2374: 2186: 2163: 1853: 1815: 1693: 1329: 1176: 1165: 1128: 975: 895: 791: 763: 620: 574: 569: 466: 328: 285: 268: 257: 250: 231: 223: 9620: 8305:

is a web site focused on Foraminifera and modeling of foraminiferal shells

8152: 7250: 6173: 5278: 4293:

Binczewska, Anna; Polovodova Asteman, Irina; Farmer, Elizabeth J. (2014),

4279: 2528: 11631: 11584: 11554: 11469: 11444: 11389: 11364: 11286: 11281: 11246: 11236: 10930: 10843: 10553: 10548: 10415: 10410: 10397: 10289: 10249: 9847: 9493: 9419: 9271: 9235: 9215: 9163: 9137: 9027: 8975: 8948: 8930: 8903: 8670: 8539: 8528: 7708:

Australia, c\=AU\;o\=Australia Government\;ou\=Geoscience (15 May 2014).

7434: 6357: 6110: 5469: 4853: 4594: 4057: 3997: 3895: 3823: 3736: 3678: 3567: 3566:

Test-bearing foraminifera have an excellent fossil record throughout the

3534: 3296: 3281: 3224: 3138: 2905: 2837: 2567:, and any two gametes from a species can generally fertilize each other. 2493:

The generalized foraminiferal life-cycle involves an alternation between

2406: 2378: 2151: 1384: 1345: 911: 470: 307: 302: 48: 7155: 5493: 4297:, in Harff, Jan; Meschede, Martin; Petersen, Sven; Thiede, Jörn (eds.), 3834: 2787: 2450:

Certain benthic foraminifera have been found to be capable of surviving

992:(1992) reranked Foraminifera as a class as it is now commonly regarded. 11623: 11502: 11464: 11394: 11374: 11369: 11354: 11324: 11296: 11251: 11241: 11213: 11208: 11150: 11125: 10818: 10793: 10690: 10616: 10500: 10405: 10364: 10354: 10336: 10284: 10259: 10254: 10086: 10056: 10010: 9992: 9982: 9574: 9398: 9389: 9374: 9242: 9179: 9038: 8999: 8994: 8880: 8797: 8692: 8604: 8299:

NB Most of this content is now included in the pforams@mikrotax website

7869: 7832: 7761: 6985: 6757: 6623: 6479:"Bayesian relaxed clock estimation of divergence times in foraminifera" 6054: 4121:

Foraminifera of Pag Island, Adriatic Sea -60 m, field width 5.5 mm

4109:

Foraminifera of Pag Island, Adriatic Sea -60 m, field width 5.5 mm

4097:

Foraminifera of Pag Island, Adriatic Sea -60 m, field width 5.5 mm

4085:

Foraminifera of Pag Island, Adriatic Sea -60 m, field width 5.5 mm

4061: 3659: 3643: 3636: 3584: 3522: 2876: 2761: 2440: 2144: 2000: 1907: 1460: 1044: 631: 603: 453: 312: 93: 58: 11636: 8261:– an online database detailing the taxonomy of planktonic foraminifera 7777:"Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate, 65 Ma to Present" 3906:

is not applicable. This application of foraminifera was discovered by

2121: 1033:

defines the Rhizaria as an infra-kingdom within the kingdom Protozoa.

11419: 11399: 11291: 11170: 11105: 11095: 11080: 11075: 11056: 10808: 10543: 10505: 10208: 10018: 9935: 9473: 9414: 9122: 9087: 9045: 9022: 9004: 8891: 8827: 8702: 8579: 8522: 8509: 8361: 7775:

Zachos, J.C.; Pagani, M.; Sloan, L.; Thomas, E.; Billups, K. (2001).

7060: 6931: 6720:

Levin, Lisa A. (1994). "Paleoecology and Ecology of Xenophyophores".

6557: 6254: 5556: 4065: 4045: 4032: 4013: 3969: 3965: 3774:; the group saw heavy losses during both the K-Pg extinction and the 3755: 3748: 3682: 3482: 3448: 3444: 3219: 3212: 3106: 2952: 2910: 2730: 2717:

occurs within this cyst, producing very low numbers of gametes. The

2635: 2595: 2556: 2510: 2461:

Foraminifera are found in the deepest parts of the ocean such as the

2398: 2382: 2357: 2095: 1961: 1952: 1878: 1525: 1366: 1235: 926: 776: 643: 592: 553: 545: 290: 263: 156: 110: 98: 42: 11516: 7594: 6741: 6077: 6038: 5839:

Characterizing photosymbiosis in modern planktonic foraminifera - BG

5253:"New insight into the systematics and evolution of the foraminifera" 5167: 4846:

Evolution and Geological Significance of Larger Benthic Foraminifera

3854:

and of massive carbon inputs to the ocean and atmosphere, including

3838:

Climate change during the last 65 million years as expressed by the

3663: 3631: 1018:

as phylum Rhizopodea (or Sarcodina) in the class Granuloreticulosa.

11539: 11474: 11454: 11449: 11424: 11404: 11379: 11344: 11334: 11329: 11160: 11135: 11115: 10775: 10710: 10706: 10604: 10216: 10191: 9927: 9782: 9735: 9651: 9480: 9442: 9343: 9320: 8867: 8862: 8854: 8784: 8659: 8534: 8517: 8495: 8445: 8258: 7774: 7002:

The Carboniferous of the World: China, Korea, Japan & S.E. Asia

5519: 4003: 3925: 3805: 3709: 3651: 3625: 3614: 3514: 3207: 3197: 2932: 2915: 2564: 2342: 2132: 1643: 1138: 1040: 1011: 996: 731: 639: 598: 478: 433: 333: 88: 83: 68: 63: 53: 8161:

Researchers at the University of South Florida developed a system

7562: 7405: 6477:

Groussin, Mathieu; Pawlowski, Jan; Yang, Ziheng (1 October 2011).

4961:

Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria; Tyszka, Jarosław (1 April 2013).

4292: 3880: 3696: 2369:

A number of forams, both benthic and planktonic, have unicellular

11479: 11459: 11155: 11130: 11120: 11110: 11066: 11003: 10694: 10320: 9596: 9331: 9168: 9014: 8921: 8910: 8774: 8680: 8636: 8544: 7620:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6586: 5655:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

4473:

Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments

3973: 3850:(PETM) has been investigated as an analogy for understanding the 3740: 3202: 3127: 3048: 2937: 2823: 2598: 2552: 2518: 2425: 2421: 2338: 1000: 474: 462: 436: 192: 120: 103: 78: 8194:

is the Lukas Hottinger's glossary published in the OA e-journal

6318: 6108: 3961: 3957: 3796:. Beginning in the 1960s, and largely under the auspices of the 3517:

of the Ediacaran period have been suggested to represent fossil

11319: 11311: 11180: 9189: 8986: 8716: 8618: 8560: 7835:"Exploring foraminiferal Sr/Ca as a new carbonate system proxy" 7295: 6914:

Scott, David B.; Medioli, Franco; Braund, Regan (1 June 2003).

6076:

Gooday, A.J.; Todo, Y.; Uematsu, K.; Kitazato, H. (July 2008).

3605:; these species are all agglutinated. They make up part of the 3529: 3478: 3231: 2639: 2506: 2498: 2390: 1026: 1015: 563: 559: 517: 448: 425: 2630: 2525:

between sexual generations are not uncommon in benthic forms.

11610: 11228: 11100: 9556: 8308: 8272:) is a cooperative database of information about Foraminifera 8178:

has an overview of Foraminifera, including many high-quality

6774:"Paleodictyon nodosum: A living fossil on the deep-sea floor" 6409: 5763:"Substitute names for some unicellular animal taxa (Protozoa" 5651: 4577:

Pawlowski, J.; Lejzerowicz, F.; Esling, P. (1 October 2014).

3977: 2947: 2560: 2370: 2162:

Aside from the tests, foraminiferal cells are supported by a

2136: 649:

The protozoan nature of foraminifera was first recognized by

552:. These are today recognized as representatives of the genus 532: 413: 8229:

Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research

8185:

Illustrated glossary of terms used in foraminiferal research

7633: 6770: 5299: 4064:

of some stone raw material types. Some stone types, such as

630:, in his 1826 work, considered them to be a group of minute 11266: 10758: 8813: 7609:

Ancient microfossils are the key to future climate recovery

7457:

10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0259:abogit>2.3.co;2

6818: 3065: 3004: 2478: 660:'s 1884 monograph described the foraminiferal finds of the 391: 385: 370: 355: 8094: 7392:(6735). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 429–436. 6778:

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

4576: 4169:

Foraminifera in Ngapali, Myanmar, field width 5.22 mm

3890:

Foraminifera have significant application in the field of

3642:

The earliest known calcareous-walled foraminifera are the

10756: 8302: 8163:

using Foraminifera for monitoring coral reef environments

6075: 5011:

Loeblich, A.R. Jr.; Tappan, H. (1964). "Foraminiferida".

4652:

Pawlowski, J., Lejzerowicz, F., & Esling, P. (2014).

3435:

including spiraled, serial, and milioline, among others.

2482: 2352:

The majority of planktonic foraminifera are found in the

2185:

have been found to have unusually high concentrations of

670:

This overall scheme of classification would remain until

596:. Early workers classified foraminifera within the genus 465:, with different sized species playing a role within the 379: 364: 7511: 7378: 5440: 3883:, Northeastern Germany. Length:1.2 mm, Age: Upper lower 544:

The earliest known reference to foraminifera comes from

531:

is both singular and plural (irrespective of the word's

6217:

Lana, C (2001). "Cretaceous Carterina (Foraminifera)".

5937:

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

5894: 5892: 4960: 3617:; the group saw little effects on diversity due to the 2620:

form, while the second is referred to as the gamont or

2360:. However, at least one other extant rotaliid lineage, 8216:

from the 2005 Urbino Summer School of Paleoclimatology

8015: 5931:

Tsuchiya, Masashi; Nomaki, Hidetaka (1 October 2021).

5657:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

5366:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 81–119, 4000:

such as forams to find potential hydrocarbon deposits.

2469:, the deepest part known. At these depths, below the 8016:

Boardman, R.S.; Cheetham, A.H.; Rowell, A.J. (1987).

6656:"Piaeodicton: The Traces of Infaunal Xenophyophores?" 6476: 4682:"Zoologger: 'Living beach ball' is giant single cell" 4553:

Neogene planktonic foraminifera: a phylogenetic atlas

4436:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 139–150, 3758:

fossils do not appear in the fossil record until the

3443:. Tests as fossils are known from as far back as the 995:

The Foraminifera have typically been included in the

400: 382: 376: 358: 352: 7923: 7228: 6319:

Langer, M. R.; Silk, M. T. B.; Lipps, J. H. (1997).

6163: 5889: 5860: 5722: 4911:: 245–314 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 2650:

forms always seem to be much more numerous than are

2521:

divides to produce new gamonts. Multiple rounds of

388: 361: 8153:

The University of California Museum of Paleontology

8067: 7980: 6867: 6312: 5854: 5470:"Cytogenetic systems and evolution in foraminifera" 5441:Hemleben, C.; Anderson, O.R.; Spindler, M. (1989). 5361: 3662:; they reached their greatest diversity during the 2139:, the tests of foraminifera are located inside the 373: 367: 8068:McNeil, D.H.; Issler, D.R.; Snowdon, L.R. (1996). 6913: 6250: 6248: 5662: 4901:"Tableau Méthodique de la Classe des Céphalopodes" 2657: 2203:Photomicrographs of living planktonic foraminifera 7885:"The coordination of Mg in foraminiferal calcite" 4839: 4837: 4703: 4637:Diversity, Nomenclature, and Taxonomy of Protists 4549: 4301:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–8, 3454:Genetic studies have identified the naked amoeba 11726: 11043:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms 6538:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6405: 6403: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4427: 2586:form. In contrast to the gamont, the agamont is 2551:After reaching maturity, the gamont divides via 9509: 6416:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6245: 5984:Predator—Prey Interactions in the Fossil Record 5756: 5754: 4843: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4704:Lipps JH, Finger KL, Walker SE (October 2011). 4643:56(4), 684–689, DOI: 10.1080/10635150701494127. 3948:, to reconstruct past climate by examining the 3787: 3646:, which appear in the fossil record during the 9963: 9792: 7924:Misra, S.; Froelich, P. N. (26 January 2012). 7747: 6963: 5930: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5364:Micropaleontology: Principles and Applications 5135: 5080: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5010: 4834: 3784:independently evolved a planktonic lifestyle. 10742: 9636: 8346: 8235:(alternative version of the one published in 7768: 7518:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 7505: 7169:Journal bioinformatics and biology insights, 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6400: 6185: 6183: 6069: 5668: 5344: 4947: 4898: 3964:. The concentration of trace elements, like 3739:first appear in the fossil record during the 3395: 2681:form is larger than the sexually reproducing 10441: 10042: 8360: 8237:"Carnets de Géologie – Notebooks on Geology" 8196:"Carnets de Géologie – Notebooks on Geology" 7733:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7281:Planktic Foraminifera from Southern Maryland 6909: 6907: 6715: 6713: 5751: 5718: 5716: 5131: 5129: 5076: 5074: 5072: 4929:, Oxford University Press, 6 February 2018, 4797: 4699: 4697: 4040:of Hatoma Island, Japan. Field width 5.22 mm 2481:, rivers, lakes and ponds, wetlands, soils, 566:left by the workers who built the pyramids. 447:") of diverse forms and materials. Tests of 10077: 9952: 9887: 9650: 9225: 8061: 8044:Micropalaeontology in petroleum exploration 7032:. University of Chicago Press. p. 73. 6351: 6020: 5977: 5780: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5387: 5250: 5220:Testate amoebae as environmental indicators 5029: 5006: 5004: 4344:, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 129–178, 3554:to the fossil; however, modern examples of 10749: 10735: 10334: 9643: 9629: 8353: 8339: 7627: 6946: 6180: 6157: 5986:, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 7–32, 4679: 4656:. The Biological Bulletin, 227(2), 93-106. 4197: 3402: 3388: 1006:. Compelling evidence, based primarily on 119: 10009: 8603: 8034: 7949: 7908: 7707: 7676: 7584: 7556: 7154: 7136: 7134: 6904: 6844: 6710: 6653: 6622: 6612: 6531: 6453: 6435: 6375: 6093: 6082:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5898: 5804: 5713: 5555: 5545: 5398: 5126: 5109: 5069: 5048: 4808: 4694: 4396: 4261: 9779: 8508: 8009: 7428: 7181: 7025: 6210: 5903:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 37–55, 5760: 5429: 5001: 4848:(2 ed.), UCL Press, pp. 1–44, 4550:Kennett, J.P.; Srinivasan, M.S. (1983). 4031: 4002: 3912: 3869: 3833: 3817: 3695: 3630: 3494: 2760: 2642:of the United Arab Emirates; scale in mm 2629: 2569: 2527: 2196: 2120: 613: 10774: 10189: 9898: 8493: 7231:International Journal of Earth Sciences 7140: 7029:The Biology of Reefs and Reef Organisms 6021:Moodley, L.; Hess, C. (1 August 1992). 5850:Advances in Microbial Ecology, Volum 11 5786: 5578: 4927:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4813:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 7–36, 4625: 4342:Marine Protists: Diversity and Dynamics 3563:xenophyophore fossils have been found. 3468: 527:In modern scientific English, the term 416:for "hole bearers"; informally called " 14: 11727: 11002: 9611:denotes groups with over 1,000 species 8210:Martin Langer's Micropaleontology Page 7544:from the original on 14 September 2016 7131: 7084: 7026:Goldberg, Walter M. (4 October 2013). 6998: 6189: 5515: 5513: 5511: 4905:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris 4883: 4706:"What Should We call the Foraminifera" 4543: 4335: 3726:Cenomanian-Turonian Ocean Anoxic Event 11521: 11520: 10730: 9624: 8334: 8040: 7493:from the original on 12 February 2016 7110: 6719: 6483:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 6412:"The evolution of early Foraminifera" 5474:The Journal of Foraminiferal Research 5467: 4923:"Kennedy, Margaret Moore (1896–1967)" 4494: 4492: 4470: 3932:, Bahamas. Scale bar 100 micrometres 3822:Ten species of planktic foraminifera 3762:epoch of the Jurassic, following the 3488:Due to their non-mineralised tests, " 2341:, and a further 50 morphospecies are 602:, noting their similarity to certain 11673:cb1eeacf-c3d2-4a72-9eed-a67948e5abe9 7182:Gebhardt, Holger (1 February 1997). 6216: 4935:10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.34281 2377:, from diverse lineages such as the 583:Water-Snail with a flat spiral Shell 439:characterized by streaming granular 7889:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7538:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 7512:McInherney, F.A.; Wing, S. (2011). 6654:Swinbanks, D. D. (1 October 1982). 5508: 5293: 5189:European Register of Marine Species 999:, or in the similar Protoctista or 539: 24: 7141:Pearson, Paul (19 November 1998). 6364:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 5980:"Predation on and by Foraminifera" 5314:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x 5302:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 4489: 4475:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. 4299:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences 3944:. They can be used, as a climate 3747:, which first appeared during the 2766:Foraminiferan tests (ventral view) 2505:, and divides to produce numerous 1417:Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862 1268:Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862 451:(found in some simple genera, and 25: 11761: 11745:Extant Cambrian first appearances 8139: 8101:Journal of Archaeological Science 6325:Journal of Foraminiferal Research 6115:Journal of Foraminiferal Research 5401:"Ecology of benthic Foraminifera" 4713:Journal of Foraminiferal Research 4056:Foraminifera can also be used in 3505:has been interpreted as a fossil 492:Foraminifera typically produce a 8214:Benthic Foraminifera information 8157:Introduction to the Foraminifera 8088: 7615: 6532:Seilacher, A. (1 January 2007). 6377:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x 6095:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00393.x 5650: 5138:European Journal of Protistology 5090:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 4521:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02225.x 4385:European Journal of Protistology 4174: 4162: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4102: 4090: 4078: 3848:Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum 3828:Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 3700:A fossil test from a planktonic 3369: 3368: 2786: 481:), which belong to the suborder 348: 143: 46: 7983:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7974: 7917: 7876: 7842:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 7826: 7741: 7701: 7612:United States Geological Survey 7601: 7479: 7372: 7355: 7289: 7284:United States Geological Survey 7273: 7222: 7175: 7163: 7104: 7078: 7053: 7019: 6992: 6861: 6812: 6764: 6647: 6580: 6525: 6470: 6296: 6102: 6014: 5971: 5924: 5843: 5832: 5821: 5761:Özdikmen, Hüseyin (June 2009). 5627: 5572: 5468:Grell, K. G. (1 January 1979). 5461: 5244: 5211: 5193: 5182: 5156: 4915: 4892: 4877: 4771: 4746: 4673: 4659: 4646: 4051:Foraminiferal Colouration Index 4044:Foraminifera have many uses in 3928:lagoonal sediment in Rice Bay, 3672:Permo-Triassic extinction event 3532:associated with the remains of 3509:but this remains controversial. 3133:microbial calcite precipitation 2658:Variations in reproductive mode 2488: 2409:from ingested algae to conduct 1920:Mikhalevich & Kaminski 2004 1911:Kaminski & Mikhalevich 2004 1359:Mikhalevich & Kaminski 2003 1057:Taxonomy from Mikhalevich 2013 704:"Monothalamids" (paraphyletic) 9090: 9086: 8846: 8842: 8289:several Foraminifera resources 6999:Wagner, Robert Herman (1983). 6303:Foraminifera: History of Study 6262:Russian Geology and Geophysics 6190:Haynes, J. R. (18 June 1981). 5770:Munis Entomology & Zoology 5745:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.09.003 5547:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.10.005 5444:Modern Planktonic Foraminifera 4987:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.04.002 4680:Marshall M (3 February 2010). 4570: 4464: 4421: 4372: 4329: 4307:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_60-1 4286: 3987: 2737:form is again larger than the 13: 1: 6309:, retrieved 20 September 2007 6239:10.1016/S0377-8398(00)00050-5 5883:10.1016/S0012-8252(99)00017-3 5793:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4884:Hansen, H. (1 January 1981). 4667:"World Foraminifera Database" 4190: 3093:marine biogenic calcification 2513:. The diploid or agamont is 2310:Globorotalia truncatulinoides 2157:granuloreticulose pseudopodia 1830:Hohenegger & Piller 1975 1772:Pojarkov & Skvortsov 1979 1763:Pojarkov & Skvortsov 1979 8174:University College London's 8003:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90151-8 6846:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.01.006 5579:Domanov, M. M. (July 2015). 5403:. In Broadhead, T.W. (ed.). 5399:Sen Gupta, Barun K. (1982). 5049:Sen Gupta, Barun K. (2002). 3788:Paleontological applications 3681:epoch of the Carboniferous, 3521:. However, the discovery of 2471:carbonate compensation depth 2289:Pulleniatina obliquiloculata 2232:Globoturborotalita rubescens 1995:Hohenegger & Piller 1973 1885:(porcelaneous foraminifers) 1857:Hohenegger & Piller 1975 1819:Hohenegger & Piller 1977 1801:Hohenegger & Piller 1977 1656:Hohenegger & Piller 1975 7: 8208:Information on Foraminifera 6680:10.1126/science.218.4567.47 6534:"The nature of vendobionts" 6503:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.008 5992:10.1007/978-1-4615-0161-9_2 5372:10.1007/978-3-319-14574-7_6 5083:"Only Six Kingdoms of Life" 4442:10.1007/978-94-017-2860-7_5 4350:10.1007/978-4-431-55130-0_7 4012:, a benthic foram from the 3862:had not yet opened and the 3776:Eocene-Oligocene extinction 3322:Biomineralising polychaetes 3088:amorphous calcium carbonate 2774:Part of a series related to 2509:, which typically have two 2280:Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 2220:Globigerinoides conglobatus 1083:Cedhagen & Mattson 1992 688: 524:reaching up to 20 cm. 27:Phylum of amoeboid protists 10: 11766: 7910:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.09.037 7113:Journal of Iberian Geology 6890:10.1080/002411601300068170 6798:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.05.015 5585:Geochemistry International 5251:Mikhalevich, V.I. (2013). 5081:Cavalier-Smith, T (2004). 4899:d'Orbigny, Alcide (1826). 4501:Environmental Microbiology 4398:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.05.006 4071: 3712:fossils appear during the 3354:Burgess Shale preservation 2754: 2748: 2284:Neogloboquadrina dutertrei 2248:Globigerinella siphonifera 2244:Globigerinella siphonifera 2236:Globoturborotalita tenella 2216:Globigerinoides sacculifer 2192: 2116: 2099:Delage & Hérouard 1896 1938:Loeblich & Tappan 1989 1647:Delage & Hérouard 1896 1538:Delage & Hérouard 1896 1349:Loeblich & Tappan 1955 1333:Delage & Hérouard 1896 1169:Loeblich & Tappan 1961 11529: 11492: 11310: 11227: 11179: 11064: 11055: 10998: 10770: 10766: 10761:phyla/divisions by domain 10676: 10641: 10590: 10529: 10490: 10452: 10437: 10396: 10363: 10345: 10330: 10317: 10313: 10272: 10230: 10207: 10200: 10185: 10073: 10005: 9973: 9948: 9926: 9905: 9883: 9856: 9823: 9802: 9775: 9659: 9587: 9555: 9532: 9459: 9428: 9388: 9359: 9339: 9330: 9318: 9314: 9159: 9150: 9121: 9106: 9097: 9084: 9080: 9013: 8985: 8970: 8961: 8920: 8899: 8890: 8853: 8840: 8836: 8823: 8810: 8806: 8783: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8701: 8688: 8679: 8646: 8633: 8599: 8588: 8570: 8557: 8504: 8489: 8485: 8369: 8121:10.1016/j.jas.2008.03.010 7862:10.1016/j.gca.2016.11.022 6307:University College London 6282:10.1016/j.rgg.2008.06.012 5957:10.1016/j.dsr.2021.103608 5605:10.1134/S0016702915070034 4185:, field width 4.4 mm 4038:Baculogypsina sphaerulata 3852:effects of global warming 3846:Since at least 1997, the 3492:" have no fossil record. 3316:Cupriavidus metallidurans 2306:Globorotalia crassaformis 2276:Neogloboquadrina incompta 2260:Turborotalita quinqueloba 2212:Sphaeroidinella dehiscens 924: 909: 892: 885: 858: 845: 838: 831: 789: 774: 767: 751: 744: 729: 722: 715: 702: 220: 215: 140:Scientific classification 138: 127: 118: 34: 8816: 8812: 8278:of forams, generated by 7607:Marci M Robinson (2022) 7061:"Fusulinids | GeoKansas" 6219:Marine Micropaleontology 5725:Marine Micropaleontology 5671:Philos Trans Royal Soc A 5526:Marine Micropaleontology 5055:. Springer. p. 16. 4967:Marine Micropaleontology 4295:"Foraminifers (Benthic)" 3876:Neoflabellina reticulata 3037:Teeth, scales, tusks etc 2744: 2439:A few foram species are 2434:dissolved organic carbon 10971:Thermodesulfobacteriota 8168:15 January 2021 at the 7951:10.1126/science.1214697 7901:2013E&PSL.383..134B 7804:10.1126/science.1059412 7750:Journal of Paleontology 7325:10.1126/science.1058288 7279:Robinson, Marci (2021) 6966:Journal of Paleontology 6825:Biological Conservation 6614:10.1126/science.aat7228 6437:10.1073/pnas.2035132100 6027:The Biological Bulletin 5909:10.1007/0-306-48104-9_3 5787:Dubicka, Zofia (2019). 5647:10.5194/bg-16-3377-2019 5150:10.1078/0932-4739-00002 4819:10.1007/0-306-48104-9_2 4583:The Biological Bulletin 4338:"Planktic Foraminifera" 4246:10.1073/PNAS.1110633108 3864:Central American Seaway 3764:Triassic-Jurassic event 3098:calcareous nannofossils 2894:Choanoflagellate lorica 2356:, a lineage within the 2318:Globigerinita glutinata 2272:Hastigerinella digitata 2013:Minato & Honjo 1966 1242:(hyaline foraminifers) 1008:molecular phylogenetics 978:are both paraphyletic. 606:. It was recognised by 588:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 422:single-celled organisms 8176:micropaleontology site 7661:10.1126/sciadv.abg1025 7208:10.1006/cres.1996.0047 6345:10.2113/gsjfr.27.4.271 6135:10.2113/gsjfr.51.4.318 5806:10.4202/app.00564.2018 5691:10.1098/rsta.2001.0962 5205:3 October 2011 at the 5102:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 4733:10.2113/gsjfr.41.4.309 4183:Heterostegina depressa 4041: 4017: 3933: 3887: 3843: 3831: 3705: 3639: 3523:diagenetically altered 3510: 3287:Magnetotactic bacteria 3112:oolitic aragonite sand 2970:scaly-foot snail shell 2768: 2643: 2575: 2533: 2334: 2127: 624: 585: 11750:Great Pyramid of Giza 11694:Paleobiology Database 11199:Neocallimastigomycota 8324:NCBI Taxonomy Browser 7489:. RealClimate. 2009. 7251:10.1007/s005310100226 5863:Earth-Science Reviews 5279:10.47894/mpal.59.6.01 4205:Laura Wegener Parfrey 4046:petroleum exploration 4035: 4006: 3916: 3873: 3837: 3821: 3699: 3634: 3498: 2764: 2688:Forams in the family 2633: 2573: 2531: 2456:anaerobic respiration 2298:Globorotalia menardii 2264:Turborotalita humilis 2256:Globigerina bulloides 2252:Globigerinella adamsi 2240:Globigerinella calida 2228:Globigerinoides ruber 2224:Globigerinoides ruber 2200: 2124: 617: 580: 550:Great Pyramid of Giza 10864:Coprothermobacterota 8309:Foraminifera Gallery 8242:29 June 2017 at the 8201:29 June 2017 at the 8190:21 June 2012 at the 8041:Jones, R.W. (1996). 8018:Fossil Invertebrates 7085:Czaplewski, John J. 7005:. IGME. p. 88. 6166:Invertebrate Fossils 4854:10.2307/j.ctvqhsq3.3 4595:10.1086/BBLv227n2p93 4471:Giere, Olav (2009). 3469:Evolutionary history 2592:asexual reproduction 2523:asexual reproduction 2326:Tenuitella fleisheri 2302:Globorotalia scitula 2294:Globorotalia inflata 2268:Hastigerina pelagica 2187:radioactive isotopes 2040:Miklukho-Maklay 1949 10689:organization type: 9488:Gunflint microbiota 9249:Klebsormidiophyceae 9033:Hyphochytriomycetes 8297:micro-paleo section 8145:General information 8113:2008JArSc..35.2415W 8047:. Clarendon Press. 7995:1992GeCoA..56..537H 7942:2012Sci...335..818M 7854:2017GeCoA.202..374K 7796:2001Sci...292..686Z 7653:2022SciA....8G1025B 7577:2009NatGe...2..576Z 7530:2011AREPS..39..489M 7449:1997Geo....25..259D 7398:1999Natur.399..429P 7317:2001Sci...292..274Z 7243:2002IJEaS..91..490B 7200:1997CrRes..18...17G 7188:Cretaceous Research 7156:10.1038/nature28135 6882:2001Letha..34...13M 6837:2017BCons.207..106G 6790:2009DSRII..56.1700R 6734:1994Palai...9...32L 6672:1982Sci...218...47S 6605:2018Sci...361.1246B 6599:(6408): 1246–1249. 6550:2007GSLSP.286..387S 6495:2011MolPE..61..157G 6428:2003PNAS..10011494P 6422:(20): 11494–11498. 6337:1997JForR..27..271L 6274:2008RuGG...49..932K 6231:2001MarMP..41...97L 6127:2021JForR..51..318H 5949:2021DSRI..17603608T 5901:Modern Foraminifera 5875:1999ESRv...46..149B 5737:2008MarMP..69..334U 5683:2002RSPTA.360..695K 5597:2015GeocI..53..664D 5538:2018MarMP.138...12L 5494:10.2113/gsjfr.9.1.1 5486:1979JForR...9....1G 5447:. Springer-Verlag. 5271:2013MiPal..59..493M 5233:on 27 November 2016 5170:on 25 December 2019 5052:Modern Foraminifera 4979:2013MarMP.100....1P 4811:Modern Foraminifera 4725:2011JForR..41..309L 4556:. Hutchinson Ross. 4513:2010EnvMi..12.2518L 4434:Recent Foraminifera 4238:2011PNAS..10813624P 4207:; Daniel J G Lahr; 4027:ocean acidification 3930:San Salvador Island 3924:foraminiferan from 3856:ocean acidification 3754:The first definite 3728:. The extant group 3708:The earliest known 3650:epoch of the early 3014:Vertebrate skeleton 2804:Mineralized tissues 2729:form is reportedly 2701:Patellina corrugata 2322:Globigerinita uvula 2181:Several species of 11194:Blastocladiomycota 10323: 10319: 9259:Coleochaetophyceae 8639: 8635: 8563: 8559: 5013:Part C, Protista 2 4215:(16 August 2011). 4042: 4018: 3996:relies heavily on 3934: 3904:radiometric dating 3888: 3844: 3832: 3730:planispirillinidae 3706: 3640: 3635:Cutaway view of a 3511: 3178:diatomaceous earth 3144:Great Calcite Belt 3061:Scale microfossils 3054:otolithic membrane 2965:small shelly fauna 2938:echinoderm stereom 2814:Biocrystallization 2769: 2667:unilocular species 2644: 2576: 2534: 2485:, and sand dunes. 2430:Suspension feeding 2335: 2128: 1969:Clade Fusulinoids 1653:Palaeotextulariida 1321:Spiroplectamminida 1080:Class Schizocladea 625: 11722: 11721: 11681:Open Tree of Life 11523:Taxon identifiers 11514: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11488: 11487: 11051: 11050: 10994: 10993: 10986:Verrucomicrobiota 10724: 10723: 10707:heliozoan amoebae 10699:amoeboflagellates 10663:Labyrinthomyxidae 10637: 10636: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10582:Globigerinitoidea 10433: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10268: 10267: 10181: 10180: 10177: 10176: 10173: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10157: 10156: 10092:Phaeogymnocellida 10069: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10001: 10000: 9988:Paracercomonadida 9944: 9943: 9879: 9878: 9618: 9617: 9583: 9582: 9519:Spironematellidae 9500:Meteora sporadica 9455: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9384: 9383: 9310: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9210:Prasinodermophyta 9146: 9145: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9060: 9059: 8957: 8956: 8793:Centroplasthelida 8751: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8629: 8628: 8553: 8552: 8293:taxon search page 8266:star*sand project 8221:Online flip-books 8081:978-0-660-16451-9 8054:978-0-19-854091-5 7936:(6070): 818–823. 7790:(5517): 686–693. 7710:"Biostratigraphy" 7565:Nature Geoscience 7039:978-0-226-92537-0 7012:978-84-300-9949-8 6920:Micropaleontology 6784:(19): 1700–1712. 6203:978-1-349-05397-1 6001:978-1-4613-4947-1 5918:978-0-306-48104-8 5677:(1793): 695–718. 5454:978-3-540-96815-3 5381:978-3-319-14574-7 5258:Micropaleontology 5164:"Tolweb Cercozoa" 5096:(1545): 1251–62. 5062:978-1-4020-0598-5 5022:978-0-8137-3003-5 4863:978-1-911576-94-5 4828:978-0-306-48104-8 4563:978-0-87933-070-5 4451:978-94-017-2860-7 4359:978-4-431-55130-0 4316:978-94-007-6644-0 3900:sedimentary rocks 3798:Deep Sea Drilling 3772:Toarcian Turnover 3460:and the peculiar 3412: 3411: 3342:permineralization 3327:Mineral nutrients 3252:Mineral evolution 2921:foraminifera test 2780:Biomineralization 2751:Foraminifera test 2332: 2331:Scale bars 200 μm 2208:Orbulina universa 2114: 2113: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046:Clade Milioloids 2041: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1944:Schlumbergerinida 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1890:Schlumbergerinana 1884: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1848:Mikhaelevich 2013 1840: 1831: 1820: 1811: 1802: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1684: 1675: 1666: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1574: 1570:Ammomarginulinida 1565: 1556: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1447: 1436: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1389: 1380: 1371: 1360: 1350: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1307: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1251: 1241: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1084: 1068: 982: 981: 964: 963: 955: 954: 946: 945: 937: 936: 898:" (paraphyletic) 871: 870: 820: 819: 811: 810: 802: 801: 498:calcium carbonate 459:seafloor sediment 341: 340: 211: 16:(Redirected from 11757: 11715: 11714: 11702: 11701: 11689: 11688: 11676: 11675: 11666: 11665: 11653: 11652: 11640: 11639: 11627: 11626: 11614: 11613: 11601: 11600: 11588: 11587: 11578: 11577: 11565: 11564: 11563: 11550: 11549: 11548: 11518: 11517: 11262:Anthocerotophyta 11141:Hemimastigophora 11062: 11061: 11033:Nitrososphaerota 11000: 10999: 10976:Thermomicrobiota 10916:Kiritimatiellota 10911:Ignavibacteriota 10876:Deferribacterota 10839:Campylobacterota 10824:Bdellovibrionota 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10728: 10727: 10516:Silicoloculinida 10450: 10449: 10446: 10439: 10438: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10295:Plasmodiophorida 10205: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10075: 10074: 10052:Thaumatomonadida 10040: 10039: 10007: 10006: 9971: 9970: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9950: 9949: 9903: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9885: 9884: 9800: 9799: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9777: 9776: 9688: 9668: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9622: 9621: 9565:Collodictyonidae 9511:Hemimastigophora 9507: 9506: 9466: 9337: 9336: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9316: 9315: 9265:Zygnematophyceae 9223: 9222: 9203: 9187: 9186: 9157: 9156: 9104: 9103: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9082: 9081: 8968: 8967: 8897: 8896: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8838: 8837: 8821: 8820: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8781: 8780: 8768: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8711:Choanoflagellata 8686: 8685: 8644: 8643: 8640: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8568: 8567: 8564: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8398: 8378: 8355: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8280:X-ray tomography 8259:pforams@mikrotax 8133: 8132: 8107:(8): 2415–2422. 8092: 8086: 8085: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7953: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7839: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7781: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7732: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7680: 7641:Science Advances 7631: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7588: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7487:"PETM Weirdness" 7483: 7477: 7476: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7376: 7370: 7363:Paleoceanography 7359: 7353: 7352: 7302: 7293: 7287: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7179: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7143:"Nature debates" 7138: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7087:"PBDB Navigator" 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7065:geokansas.ku.edu 7057: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6961: 6944: 6943: 6932:10.2113/49.2.109 6911: 6902: 6901: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6651: 6645: 6644: 6626: 6616: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6558:10.1144/SP286.28 6529: 6523: 6522: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6439: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6379: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6316: 6310: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6008: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5858: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5731:(3–4): 334–340. 5720: 5711: 5710: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5549: 5517: 5506: 5505: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5438: 5427: 5426: 5396: 5385: 5384: 5359: 5342: 5341: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5226:, archived from 5225: 5215: 5209: 5200:eForams-taxonomy 5197: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5166:. Archived from 5160: 5154: 5153: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5113: 5087: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5046: 5027: 5026: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4958: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4806: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4783:Internet Archive 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4710: 4701: 4692: 4691: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4496: 4487: 4486: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4400: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4265: 4221: 4201: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4009:Ammonia beccarii 3942:paleoceanography 3938:paleoclimatology 3404: 3397: 3390: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3292:Magnetoreception 3272:Ballast minerals 2867:Cephalopod shell 2862:Brachiopod shell 2809:Remineralisation 2790: 2771: 2770: 2603:multiple fission 2465:, including the 2330: 2098: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2063:Mikhalevich 1988 2062: 2054:Mikhalevich 1988 2053: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2010:Neoschwagerinida 2003: 1994: 1985: 1976: 1964: 1955: 1947:Mikhalevich 1980 1946: 1937: 1929:Mikhalevich 1992 1928: 1919: 1910: 1902:Mikhalevich 1992 1901: 1893:Mikhalevich 1992 1892: 1882: 1866:Mikhalevich 1992 1865: 1856: 1847: 1839:Mikhalevich 1980 1838: 1829: 1818: 1810:Mikhalevich 1993 1809: 1800: 1790:Mikhalevich 1981 1789: 1781:Mikhalevich 1993 1780: 1771: 1762: 1754:Mikhalevich 1992 1753: 1742: 1734:Mikhalevich 1999 1733: 1731:Ammovertellinida 1725:Mikhalevich 1980 1724: 1716:Mikhalevich 2003 1715: 1707:Mikhalevich 1980 1706: 1698:Mikhalevich 1992 1697: 1682: 1674:Mikhalevich 1993 1673: 1665:Mikhalevich 1980 1664: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1629:Mikhalevich 1981 1628: 1620:Mikhalevich 1992 1619: 1609:Mikhalevich 1980 1608: 1599: 1591:Mikhalevich 1992 1590: 1582:Mikhalevich 1980 1581: 1573:Mikhalevich 2002 1572: 1564:Mikhalevich 1992 1563: 1555:Mikhalevich 1992 1554: 1537: 1528: 1520:Mikhalevich 1992 1519: 1511:Mikhalevich 1994 1510: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1472: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1398: 1388:Mikhalevich 1980 1387: 1379:Mikhalevich 1980 1378: 1370:Mikhalevich 1980 1369: 1358: 1348: 1341: 1332: 1324:Mikhalevich 1992 1323: 1315:Mikhalevich 2003 1314: 1306:Mikhalevich 1980 1305: 1295:Mikhalevich 1980 1294: 1285: 1277:Mikhalevich 1980 1276: 1267: 1259:Mikhalevich 2013 1258: 1256:Cassigerinellida 1250:Mikhalevich 1980 1249: 1240:Mikhalevich 1980 1239: 1224: 1216:Mikhalevich 1980 1215: 1213:Parathuramminida 1206: 1198:Mikhalevich 1995 1197: 1188: 1179: 1168: 1160:Mikhalevich 1980 1159: 1151:Mikhalevich 1980 1150: 1142:Mikhalevich 1980 1141: 1132: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1082: 1066: 1054: 1053: 888: 887: 847:"Monothalamids" 841: 840: 834: 833: 770: 769: 753:"Monothalamids" 747: 746: 725: 724: 718: 717: 698: 697: 693: 692: 628:Alcide d'Orbigny 540:History of study 511: 510: 509: 408: 404: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 274:Silicoloculinida 206: 148: 147: 123: 108: 45: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 11765: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11754: 11740:Bikont subphyla 11725: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11710: 11705: 11697: 11692: 11684: 11679: 11671: 11669: 11661: 11656: 11648: 11643: 11635: 11630: 11622: 11617: 11609: 11604: 11596: 11591: 11583: 11581: 11573: 11568: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11525: 11515: 11506: 11484: 11435:Gnathostomulida 11340:Xenacoelomorpha 11306: 11302:Flowering plant 11257:Marchantiophyta 11223: 11189:Chytridiomycota 11175: 11047: 10990: 10946:Planctomycetota 10906:Gemmatimonadota 10891:Elusimicrobiota 10784:Acidobacteriota 10762: 10755: 10725: 10720: 10703:testate amoebae 10672: 10621: 10586: 10565:Globotruncanida 10525: 10486: 10442: 10425: 10392: 10388:Symphyacanthida 10359: 10335: 10318: 10301: 10264: 10240:Claustrosporida 10226: 10190: 10153: 10061: 10038: 9997: 9953: 9940: 9922: 9888: 9875: 9852: 9819: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9686: 9664: 9655: 9649: 9619: 9614: 9579: 9551: 9542:Ancyromonadidae 9528: 9505: 9460: 9447: 9438:Malawimonadidae 9424: 9380: 9355: 9319: 9278: 9221: 9194: 9193: 9185: 9142: 9117: 9085: 9056: 9009: 8981: 8953: 8916: 8886: 8841: 8832: 8811: 8802: 8779: 8764: 8723: 8697: 8675: 8634: 8625: 8589: 8584: 8558: 8549: 8494: 8481: 8480: 8396: 8374: 8365: 8359: 8314: 8244:Wayback Machine 8233:Lukas Hottinger 8203:Wayback Machine 8192:Wayback Machine 8170:Wayback Machine 8155:website has an 8142: 8137: 8136: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8039: 8035: 8028: 8014: 8010: 7979: 7975: 7922: 7918: 7881: 7877: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7779: 7773: 7769: 7746: 7742: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7716: 7706: 7702: 7632: 7628: 7616: 7606: 7602: 7595:10.1038/ngeo578 7586:10.1.1.704.7960 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7510: 7506: 7496: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7480: 7433: 7429: 7377: 7373: 7360: 7356: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7278: 7274: 7227: 7223: 7180: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7139: 7132: 7109: 7105: 7095: 7093: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6962: 6947: 6912: 6905: 6866: 6862: 6817: 6813: 6769: 6765: 6742:10.2307/3515076 6718: 6711: 6666:(4567): 47–49. 6652: 6648: 6585: 6581: 6530: 6526: 6475: 6471: 6408: 6401: 6356: 6352: 6317: 6313: 6301: 6297: 6268:(12): 932–939. 6253: 6246: 6225:(1–2): 97–102. 6215: 6211: 6204: 6188: 6181: 6168:. McGraw-Hill. 6162: 6158: 6107: 6103: 6074: 6070: 6039:10.2307/1542410 6019: 6015: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5976: 5972: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5897: 5890: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5785: 5781: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5721: 5714: 5667: 5663: 5632: 5628: 5577: 5573: 5518: 5509: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5439: 5430: 5415: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5360: 5345: 5298: 5294: 5249: 5245: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5207:Wayback Machine 5198: 5194: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5134: 5127: 5085: 5079: 5070: 5063: 5047: 5030: 5023: 5009: 5002: 4959: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4897: 4893: 4882: 4878: 4864: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4807: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4708: 4702: 4695: 4678: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4647: 4630: 4626: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4426: 4422: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4291: 4287: 4232:(33): 13624–9. 4219: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4167: 4158: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4131: 4122: 4119: 4110: 4107: 4098: 4095: 4086: 4083: 4074: 3990: 3908:Alva C. Ellisor 3892:biostratigraphy 3790: 3619:K-Pg extinction 3609:, a lineage of 3528: 3513:The mysterious 3499:The mysterious 3471: 3408: 3367: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3236: 3192: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3168:biogenic silica 3162: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3135: 3123: 3102: 3082: 3072: 3071: 3070: 3038: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3008: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2958:gastropod shell 2926:testate amoebae 2916:diatom frustule 2841: 2830: 2829: 2828: 2798: 2767: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2695:The calcareous 2660: 2625: 2618: 2491: 2467:Challenger Deep 2395:dinoflagellates 2333: 2314:Candeina nitida 2205: 2195: 2119: 1935:Haplophragmiida 1807:Hottingerellida 1740:Ataxophragmiida 1588:Pseudopalmulida 1490:Chilostomellida 1312:Nautiloculinida 1222:Psammosphaerida 1049:testate amoebae 965: 956: 947: 938: 872: 821: 812: 803: 691: 608:Lorenz Spengler 542: 522:largest species 508: 505: 504: 503: 501: 424:, members of a 406: 402: 351: 347: 205: 142: 114: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11763: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11703: 11690: 11677: 11667: 11654: 11641: 11628: 11615: 11602: 11589: 11579: 11566: 11551: 11535: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11512: 11511: 11508: 11507: 11500: 11498: 11495:Incertae sedis 11490: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11440:Micrognathozoa 11437: 11432: 11430:Acanthocephala 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11272:Lycopodiophyta 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11086:Ancyromonadida 11083: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11038:Thermoproteota 11035: 11030: 11023: 11016: 11008: 11006: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10951:Pseudomonadota 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10926:Mycoplasmatota 10923: 10921:Lentisphaerota 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10901:Fusobacteriota 10898: 10896:Fibrobacterota 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10799:Armatimonadota 10796: 10791: 10789:Actinomycetota 10786: 10780: 10778: 10764: 10763: 10754: 10753: 10746: 10739: 10731: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10711:sporozoan-like 10687: 10684: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10668:Rhizoplasmidae 10665: 10660: 10658:Gymnosphaerida 10655: 10647: 10645: 10643:Incertae sedis 10639: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10607: 10602: 10596: 10594: 10592:Incertae sedis 10588: 10587: 10585: 10584: 10579: 10577:Guembelitriida 10573: 10571:Heterohelicida 10567: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10535: 10533: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10496: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10477: 10471: 10469:Xenophyophorea 10466: 10459: 10457: 10447: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10378:Chaunocanthida 10375: 10373:Arthracanthida 10369: 10367: 10361: 10360: 10358: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10340: 10325: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10213: 10211: 10202: 10195: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10151: 10149:Ventricleftida 10146: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10102:Phaeosphaerida 10099: 10094: 10083: 10081: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10024:Spongomonadida 10021: 10015: 10013: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9978:Glissomonadida 9974: 9968: 9958: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9932: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9909: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9881: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9866:Chlorarachnida 9862: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9838:Desmothoracida 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9806: 9804: 9797: 9794:Reticulofilosa 9787: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9761:Mesomycetozoea 9758: 9753: 9743: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9697:Diaphoretickes 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654:classification 9648: 9647: 9640: 9633: 9625: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9612: 9606: 9599: 9595:excluded from 9588: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9547:Planomonadidae 9544: 9538: 9536: 9534:Ancyromonadida 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9524:Paramastigidae 9521: 9515: 9513: 9504: 9503: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9476: 9469: 9467: 9463:Incertae sedis 9457: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9394: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9371: 9365: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9346: 9340: 9334: 9325: 9312: 9311: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9239: 9231: 9229: 9220: 9219: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9184: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9154: 9152:Archaeplastida 9148: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9127: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9092: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8983: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8943:Dinoflagellata 8939: 8937:Chrompodellida 8934: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8915: 8914: 8907: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8885: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8865: 8859: 8857: 8848: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8824: 8818: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8778: 8777: 8771: 8769: 8766:Diaphoretickes 8753: 8752: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8655: 8647: 8641: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8594: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8582: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8512: 8499: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471:Mesomycetozoea 8468: 8463: 8453: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8407:Diaphoretickes 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8364:classification 8358: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8291:, including a 8282: 8273: 8262: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8182: 8172: 8159: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8141: 8140:External links 8138: 8135: 8134: 8087: 8080: 8060: 8053: 8033: 8027:978-0865423022 8026: 8008: 7989:(1): 537–543. 7973: 7916: 7875: 7825: 7767: 7756:(6): 545–572. 7740: 7700: 7626: 7600: 7571:(8): 576–580. 7555: 7504: 7478: 7443:(3): 259–262. 7427: 7371: 7354: 7288: 7272: 7237:(3): 490–504. 7221: 7174: 7162: 7130: 7119:(2): 217–233. 7103: 7091:paleobiodb.org 7077: 7052: 7038: 7018: 7011: 6991: 6972:(5): 695–714. 6945: 6926:(2): 109–126. 6903: 6860: 6811: 6763: 6709: 6646: 6579: 6544:(1): 387–397. 6524: 6489:(1): 157–166. 6469: 6399: 6370:(5): 399–451. 6350: 6331:(4): 271–277. 6311: 6295: 6244: 6209: 6202: 6179: 6156: 6121:(4): 318–331. 6101: 6088:(3): 399–423. 6068: 6013: 6000: 5970: 5923: 5917: 5888: 5869:(1): 149–165. 5853: 5842: 5831: 5820: 5779: 5750: 5712: 5661: 5635:Biogeosciences 5626: 5591:(7): 664–669. 5571: 5507: 5460: 5453: 5428: 5414:978-0910249058 5413: 5386: 5380: 5343: 5308:(6): 612–617. 5292: 5265:(6): 493–527. 5243: 5210: 5192: 5181: 5155: 5144:(4): 338–348. 5125: 5068: 5061: 5028: 5021: 5000: 4946: 4914: 4891: 4876: 4862: 4833: 4827: 4796: 4770: 4745: 4719:(4): 309–313. 4693: 4672: 4658: 4645: 4624: 4569: 4562: 4542: 4507:(9): 2518–26. 4488: 4482:978-3540686576 4481: 4463: 4450: 4420: 4371: 4358: 4328: 4315: 4285: 4209:Andrew H Knoll 4195: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4077: 4073: 4070: 3989: 3986: 3982:ocean currents 3950:stable isotope 3879:from chalk of 3840:oxygen isotope 3802:Ocean Drilling 3789: 3786: 3781:Neogallitellia 3702:globigerininan 3579:Spirosolenites 3573:Platysolenites 3526: 3519:xenophyophores 3479:filose amoebae 3475:Neoproterozoic 3470: 3467: 3462:xenophyophores 3414:Foraminiferal 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3265:immobilization 3262: 3260:mineralization 3254: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3228: 3227: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3173:siliceous ooze 3170: 3164: 3163: 3160:Silicification 3158: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982:Sponge spicule 2979: 2978: 2977: 2975:estuary shells 2972: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2940: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2765: 2749:Main article: 2746: 2743: 2659: 2656: 2623: 2616: 2540:—that is, its 2490: 2487: 2463:Mariana Trench 2411:photosynthesis 2363:Neogallitellia 2329: 2250:Type II, (12) 2201: 2194: 2191: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2074: 2065: 2056: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2033: 2031:Solovieva 1985 2024: 2019:Schubertellida 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1977:Solovieva 1980 1967: 1958: 1956:Lankester 1885 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1917:Sphaeramminida 1913: 1904: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1812: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1760:Archaediscoida 1747: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1662:Polymorphinida 1658: 1649: 1640: 1631: 1626:Biseriamminida 1613: 1612: 1611: 1602: 1600:Lankester 1885 1593: 1584: 1575: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1529:Lankester 1885 1522: 1517:Planorbulinida 1513: 1504: 1502:Ehrenberg 1838 1495: 1484:Ehrenberg 1838 1477: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1455:d'Orbigny 1839 1439: 1438: 1437: 1428: 1419: 1410: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1292:Globorotaliida 1288: 1283:Heterohelicida 1279: 1270: 1261: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1204:Hippocrepinida 1200: 1191: 1189:Lankester 1885 1173: 1172: 1171: 1162: 1153: 1148:Ammoscalariida 1124: 1123: 1122: 1113: 1098:Xenophyophorea 1093: 1092: 1091: 1077: 1075:Reticulomyxida 1067:d'Orbigny 1826 1059: 1058: 1031:Cavalier-Smith 1023:taxonomic rank 980: 979: 967: 966: 962: 961: 958: 957: 953: 952: 949: 948: 944: 943: 940: 939: 935: 934: 931: 930: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 891: 886: 884: 878: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 864: 861:Xenophyophorea 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 839: 837: 832: 830: 827: 826: 823: 822: 818: 817: 814: 813: 809: 808: 805: 804: 800: 799: 796: 795: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 773: 768: 766: 760: 759: 756: 755: 750: 745: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 728: 723: 721: 716: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 701: 696: 690: 687: 541: 538: 506: 339: 338: 337: 336: 331: 323:incertae sedis 320: 319: 310: 305: 300: 299: 298: 288: 277: 276: 271: 266: 255: 254: 247: 245:Xenophyophorea 242: 235: 218: 217: 213: 212: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 173: 172: 170:Diaphoretickes 167: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 136: 135: 131:Ammonia tepida 125: 124: 116: 115: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11762: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11713: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11664: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11519: 11505: 11504: 11499: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11219:Basidiomycota 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11204:Glomeromycota 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166:Stramenopiles 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11091:Apusomonadida 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11027:Nanoarchaeota 11024: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11013:Euryarchaeota 11010: 11009: 11007: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10961:Spirochaetota 10959: 10957: 10956:Rhodothermota 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10886:Dictyoglomota 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10870:Cyanobacteria 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10859:Chrysiogenota 10857: 10855: 10854:Chloroflexota 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10834:Calditrichota 10832: 10830: 10829:Caldisericota 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10804:Atribacterota 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10752: 10747: 10745: 10740: 10738: 10733: 10732: 10729: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10612: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10560: 10559:Globigerinida 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10531:Globothalamea 10528: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10440: 10436: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10399: 10395: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10347:Sticholonchea 10344: 10341: 10338: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10193: 10188: 10184: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10144:Tectofilosida 10142: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10117:Phaeoconchida 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10044:Silicofilosea 10041: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9993:Cercomonadida 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9918:Metromonadida 9916: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9891: 9886: 9882: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9858:Chlorarachnea 9855: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9843:Leucodictyida 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9724:Stramenopiles 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9687:(major groups 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9641: 9639: 9634: 9632: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9591:¹traditional 9590: 9589: 9586: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9570:Mantamonadida 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9495: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9458: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9369:Heterolobosea 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9361:Discicristata 9358: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9224: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9200: 9192: 9191:Viridiplantae 9188: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9149: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9112:Microheliella 9109: 9108: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9089: 9083: 9079: 9053: 9052:Actinophryida 9050: 9048: 9047: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8963:Stramenopiles 8960: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8719: 8718: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8666:Ichthyosporea 8664: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8614: 8613:Rotosphaerida 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8587: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8575:Apusomonadida 8573: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434:Stramenopiles 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8397:(major groups 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8342: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8319: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8064: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7730: 7715: 7711: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7623: 7622:public domain 7613: 7610: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7508: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7406:10.1038/20859 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7282: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7157: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6249: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6184: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6003: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5776:(1): 233–256. 5775: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5229: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5185: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4687:New Scientist 4683: 4676: 4668: 4662: 4655: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589:(2): 93–106. 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4493: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4318: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4184: 4181:Foraminifera 4177: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4039: 4036:Foraminifera 4034: 4030: 4028: 4023: 4022:bioindicators 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3885:Maastrichtian 3882: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860:Drake Passage 3857: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:Globigerinina 3765: 3761: 3760:Pliensbachian 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720:The earliest 3718: 3715: 3711: 3704:foraminifera. 3703: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3668:Carboniferous 3666:epoch of the 3665: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3602:Turritellella 3598: 3596: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3560:glass sponge. 3557: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3507:xenophyophore 3504: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3376: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337:Fossilization 3335: 3333: 3332:Microbial mat 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277:Magnetofossil 3275: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3155: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117:aragonite sea 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3080:Calcification 3076: 3075: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3001:Endoskeletons 2997: 2996: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2943:mollusc shell 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2901:Protist shell 2899: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2872:cirrate shell 2870: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2758: 2757:Protist shell 2752: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2715:Gametogenesis 2712: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2690:Spirillinidae 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:megalospheric 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515:multinucleate 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:phytodetritus 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403:kleptoplastic 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375:endosymbionts 2372: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354:globigerinina 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2246:Type I, (11) 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226:(white), (6) 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2183:xenophyophore 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2143:, within the 2142: 2141:cell membrane 2138: 2134: 2126:14-ribosomes. 2123: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2087:Nubeculariida 2084: 2081:Schultze 1854 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2028:Schwagerinida 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2004:Fursenko 1958 2002: 1998: 1993: 1992:Tournayellida 1989: 1986:Fursenko 1958 1984: 1980: 1975: 1974:Ozawainellida 1971: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1845:Cymbaloporida 1842: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827:Spirillinoida 1824: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1798:Involutinoida 1795: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1769:Archaediscida 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743:Fursenko 1958 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1713:Plagioraphida 1710: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1508:Glabratellida 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1452:Cassidulinida 1449: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1426:Copeland 1956 1424: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1356:Verneuilinida 1353: 1347: 1340: 1339:Trochamminida 1336: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1286:Fursenko 1958 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1265:Globigerinida 1262: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1247:Globigerinana 1244: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1195:Dendrophryida 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1102:Schultze 1904 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1089:Schizocladida 1086: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002: 998: 993: 991: 987: 977: 973: 969: 968: 960: 959: 951: 950: 942: 941: 933: 932: 929: 928: 922: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 907: 906: 903: 902: 899: 897: 890: 889: 883: 882:Globothalamea 880: 879: 876: 875: 867: 866: 863: 862: 856: 855: 852: 851: 848: 843: 842: 836: 835: 829: 828: 825: 824: 816: 815: 807: 806: 798: 797: 794: 793: 787: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 772: 771: 765: 762: 761: 758: 757: 754: 749: 748: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 733: 727: 726: 720: 719: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 700: 699: 695: 694: 686: 682: 680: 679:Irene Crespin 675: 673: 668: 666: 664: 659: 655: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 636:foraminifères 633: 629: 623: 622: 616: 612: 609: 605: 601: 600: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 578: 576: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 537: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 515: 499: 495: 490: 488: 487:ribosomal DNA 484: 483:Globigerinina 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455: 450: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 410: 396: 345: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 325: 324: 318: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 297: 296:Globigerinida 294: 293: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280:Globothalamea 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 260: 259: 253: 252: 248: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233: 229: 228: 227: 225: 219: 216:Subdivisions 214: 209: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 155: 152: 151: 146: 141: 137: 133: 132: 126: 122: 117: 112: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 44: 33: 30: 19: 18:Foraminiferan 11735:Foraminifera 11575:Foraminifera 11561:Foraminifera 11531:Foraminifera 11530: 11501: 11493: 11415:Orthonectida 11410:Gastrotricha 11385:Nematomorpha 11360:Chaetognatha 11350:Hemichordate 11277:Pteridophyta 11146:Malawimonada 11020:Korarchaeota 10981:Thermotogota 10966:Synergistota 10941:Nitrospirota 10936:Nitrospinota 10881:Deinococcota 10814:Bacteroidota 10682:paraphyletic 10652:Lapot gusevi 10650: 10642: 10611:Heterogromia 10609: 10600:Involutinida 10591: 10539:Textulariida 10521:Ammodiscidae 10511:Spirillinida 10492:Tubothalamea 10481:Reticulomyxa 10479: 10474:Astrorhizida 10463:Allogromiida 10454:Monothalamea 10444:Foraminifera 10443: 10398:Polycystinea 10383:Holocanthida 10280:Vampyrellida 10245:Haplosporida 10232:Ascetosporea 10222:Reticulosida 10127:Cryomonadida 10112:Phaeogromida 10107:Phaeocalpida 10097:Phaeocystida 10079:Thecofilosea 10034:Variglissida 10029:Marimonadida 9965:Sarcomonadea 9955:Ventrifilosa 9906:Metromonadea 9890:Monadofilosa 9833:Cryptofilida 9825:Granofilosea 9810:Aquavolonida 9746:Opisthokonta 9608: 9603:paraphyletic 9498: 9479: 9461: 9430:Malawimonada 9410:Anaeromonada 9405:Anaeramoebae 9397: 9373: 9350:Tsukubamonas 9348: 9270: 9263: 9254:Charophyceae 9241: 9234: 9227:Streptophyta 9214: 9198: 9178: 9174:Rhodelphidia 9132:Palpitomonas 9130: 9110: 9099:Pancryptista 9044: 9037: 8974: 8941: 8929: 8909: 8879: 8874:Foraminifera 8873: 8872: 8715: 8658: 8652:Tunicaraptor 8650: 8617: 8591:Opisthokonta 8527: 8456:Opisthokonta 8323: 8318:Foraminifera 8317: 8104: 8100: 8090: 8070: 8063: 8043: 8036: 8017: 8011: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7933: 7929: 7919: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7845: 7841: 7828: 7787: 7783: 7770: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7717:. Retrieved 7713: 7703: 7644: 7640: 7629: 7611: 7603: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7546:. Retrieved 7521: 7517: 7507: 7495:. Retrieved 7481: 7440: 7436: 7430: 7389: 7385: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7308: 7304: 7291: 7283: 7275: 7234: 7230: 7224: 7194:(1): 17–36. 7191: 7187: 7177: 7165: 7146: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7094:. Retrieved 7090: 7080: 7068:. Retrieved 7064: 7055: 7043:. Retrieved 7028: 7021: 7001: 6994: 6969: 6965: 6923: 6919: 6876:(1): 13–29. 6873: 6869: 6863: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6781: 6777: 6766: 6728:(1): 32–41. 6725: 6721: 6663: 6659: 6649: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6419: 6415: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6298: 6265: 6261: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6196:. Springer. 6193:Foraminifera 6192: 6165: 6159: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6033:(1): 94–98. 6030: 6026: 6016: 6007:30 September 6005:, retrieved 5983: 5973: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5900: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5845: 5834: 5823: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5773: 5769: 5728: 5724: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5588: 5584: 5574: 5529: 5525: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5443: 5404: 5363: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5262: 5256: 5246: 5235:, retrieved 5228:the original 5219: 5213: 5195: 5184: 5172:. Retrieved 5168:the original 5158: 5141: 5137: 5093: 5089: 5051: 5012: 4970: 4966: 4938:, retrieved 4926: 4917: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4879: 4872:j.ctvqhsq3.3 4845: 4810: 4787:. Retrieved 4782: 4773: 4761:. Retrieved 4757: 4748: 4736:. Retrieved 4716: 4712: 4685: 4675: 4661: 4648: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4552: 4545: 4504: 4500: 4472: 4466: 4455:, retrieved 4433: 4423: 4388: 4384: 4374: 4363:, retrieved 4341: 4331: 4320:, retrieved 4298: 4288: 4229: 4223: 4213:Laura A Katz 4199: 4182: 4062:provenancing 4055: 4043: 4037: 4019: 4007: 3998:microfossils 3994:oil industry 3991: 3954:carbon cycle 3935: 3918:Thin section 3889: 3874: 3845: 3824:microfossils 3814: 3810: 3791: 3779: 3753: 3745:Robertinidae 3734: 3719: 3707: 3691:Tubothalamea 3687:spirillinids 3676: 3656: 3648:Llandoverian 3641: 3623: 3611:spirillinids 3600: 3595:Psammosphera 3593: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3556:Paleodictyon 3555: 3551:Occultammina 3549: 3541:Paleodictyon 3539: 3533: 3512: 3502:Paleodictyon 3500: 3490:allogromiids 3487: 3472: 3457:Reticulomyxa 3455: 3453: 3440: 3437: 3433: 3429:supplemental 3428: 3423: 3421: 3413: 3347:petrifaction 3314: 3302: 3297:Microfossils 3044:Limpet teeth 3024:Ossification 3019:Bone mineral 2953:chiton shell 2838:Exoskeletons 2819:Biointerface 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2607: 2588:microspheric 2587: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2517:, and after 2492: 2489:Reproduction 2475: 2460: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2415: 2407:chloroplasts 2405:, retaining 2387:golden algae 2368: 2361: 2351: 2347: 2336: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:(pink), (7) 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164:cytoskeleton 2161: 2156: 2152:pseudopodial 2149: 2129: 2072:Jirovec 1953 2069:Cornuspirida 2060:Squamulinida 2022:Skinner 1931 1983:Endothyroida 1965:Saidova 1981 1883:Saidova 1981 1876: 1854:Spirillinida 1836:Seabrookiida 1816:Involutinida 1778:Lasiodiscida 1758:Superorder † 1751:Spirillinana 1694:Spirillinata 1691: 1683:Calkins 1926 1671:Vaginulinida 1597:Saccamminida 1548: 1493:Haeckel 1894 1473:Saidova 1981 1470:Bolivinitida 1464:Saidova 1981 1446:Saidova 1981 1435:Saidova 1981 1408:Saidova 1981 1399:Saidova 1981 1376:Robertinoida 1342:Saidova 1981 1330:Textulariida 1303:Textulariana 1274:Hantkeninida 1233: 1225:Haeckel 1894 1207:Saidova 1981 1186:Astrorhizida 1180:Saidova 1981 1177:Astrorhizana 1166:Allogromiida 1133:Saidova 1981 1129:Astrorhizata 1126: 1095: 1079: 1064:Foraminifera 1063: 1038: 1035: 1020: 994: 983: 976:Allogromiida 972:Astrorhizida 925: 910: 896:Textulariida 893: 859: 846: 792:Spirillinida 790: 775: 764:Tubothalamea 752: 730: 703: 683: 676: 669: 662: 656: 648: 635: 626: 621:Micrographia 619: 597: 591: 586: 581: 575:Micrographia 573: 570:Robert Hooke 568: 554: 543: 529:foraminifera 528: 526: 514:agglutinated 491: 475:microbenthos 467:macrobenthos 452: 417: 344:Foraminifera 343: 342: 329:Involutinida 322: 321: 316: 286:Textulariida 278: 269:Spirillinida 258:Tubothalamea 256: 251:Reticulomyxa 249: 239:Astrorhizida 232:Allogromiida 224:Monothalamea 221: 203:Foraminifera 202: 176: 163: 134:(Rotaliida) 129: 35:Foraminifera 29: 11632:iNaturalist 11555:Wikispecies 11470:Brachiopoda 11445:Cycliophora 11390:Onychophora 11365:Kinorhyncha 11287:Ginkgophyta 11282:Cycadophyta 11247:Chlorophyta 11237:Glaucophyta 10931:Myxococcota 10849:Chlorobiota 10844:Chlamydiota 10715:fungus-like 10691:flagellates 10554:Carterinida 10549:Robertinida 10416:Spumellaria 10411:Nassellaria 10290:Phagomyxida 10273:Proteomyxia 10250:Mikrocytida 9848:Limnofilida 9803:Skiomonadea 9494:Chitinozoan 9420:Parabasalia 9272:Embryophyta 9236:Chlorokybus 9216:Chlorophyta 9164:Glaucophyta 9138:Cryptophyta 9028:Pirsoniales 8995:Bicosoecida 8976:Platysulcus 8949:Perkinsozoa 8931:Apicomplexa 8904:Colponemida 8671:Pluriformea 8540:Archamoebea 8529:Eumycetozoa 8270:micro*scope 7895:: 134–141. 7870:1874/380107 7848:: 374–386. 7524:: 489–516. 6831:: 106–116. 6624:1885/230014 5480:(1): 1–13. 5237:27 November 4907:. Série 1. 4641:Syst. Biol. 4058:archaeology 3988:Modern uses 3896:Phanerozoic 3737:Robertinida 3722:Involutinid 3689:within the 3679:Tournaisian 3677:During the 3607:Ammodiscina 3568:Phanerozoic 3535:Dickinsonia 3282:Magnetosome 3225:phosphorite 3191:Other forms 3139:calcite sea 2906:coccosphere 2850:exoskeleton 2697:spirillinid 2599:meiotically 2399:mixotrophic 2379:green algae 2324:, and (30) 2051:Costiferida 2037:Staffellida 1926:Cyclolinida 1899:Lituotubida 1863:Patellinida 1825:Superorder 1796:Superorder 1787:Tetrataxida 1722:Ammodiscida 1704:Ammodiscana 1680:Nodosariida 1638:Revets 1989 1617:Nodosariana 1606:Hormosinida 1561:Hormosinana 1551:Nodosariata 1481:Discorboida 1479:Superorder 1443:Buliminoida 1441:Superorder 1423:Orbitoidida 1414:Nummulitida 1394:Superorder 1385:Robertinida 1374:Superorder 1346:Carterinida 1120:Tendal 1972 1111:Tendal 1972 988:(1987) and 912:Robertinida 632:cephalopods 604:cephalopods 471:meiobenthos 461:(i.e., are 308:Robertinida 303:Carterinida 199:Subphylum: 41:542–0 11729:Categories 11503:Parakaryon 11465:Entoprocta 11400:Arthropoda 11395:Tardigrada 11375:Priapulida 11370:Loricifera 11355:Echinoderm 11325:Ctenophora 11297:Gnetophyta 11252:Charophyta 11242:Rhodophyta 11214:Ascomycota 11209:Zygomycota 11151:Metamonada 11126:Euglenozoa 11111:Ciliophora 10819:Balneolota 10794:Aquificota 10617:Komokiacea 10501:Fusulinida 10406:Collodaria 10365:Acantharea 10355:Taxopodida 10337:Radiolaria 10285:Phytomyxea 10260:Paramyxida 10255:Paradinida 10087:Phaeodarea 10057:Euglyphida 10011:Imbricatea 9983:Katabiidae 9871:Minorisida 9575:Rigifilida 9474:Acritarchs 9399:Barthelona 9390:Metamonada 9375:Euglenozoa 9243:Mesostigma 9199:sensu lato 9180:Rhodophyta 9039:Ochrophyta 9000:Placidozoa 8911:Ciliophora 8881:Radiolaria 8798:Haptophyta 8693:Filasterea 8605:Holomycota 7548:3 February 7497:3 February 7045:10 January 5943:: 103608. 4940:3 November 4631:Ald, S.M. 4191:References 3922:peneroplid 3660:Antarctica 3644:Fusulinids 3589:Glomospira 3585:Ammodiscus 3515:vendozoans 3449:nummulitic 3441:proloculus 2877:cuttlebone 2846:Arthropod 2755:See also: 2636:nummulitid 2557:organelles 2542:proloculus 2343:planktonic 2145:protoplasm 2090:Jones 1875 2001:Fusulinida 1908:Loftusiida 1635:Delosinida 1535:Rosalinida 1499:Discorbida 1461:Buliminida 1405:Elphidiida 1396:Nonionoida 1117:Psamminida 1108:Stannomida 1045:Radiolaria 677:Geologist 665:expedition 663:Challenger 658:H.B. Brady 555:Nummulites 479:planktonic 454:Textularia 313:Fusulinida 11420:Dicyemida 11292:Pinophyta 11171:Telonemia 11106:Cryptista 11096:Breviatea 11081:Amoebozoa 11076:Alveolata 11057:Eukaryote 10809:Bacillota 10544:Rotaliida 10506:Miliolida 10209:Gromiidea 10201:Marimyxia 10123:Eothecia 10019:Krakenida 9936:Helkesida 9913:Metopiida 9815:Tremulida 9741:Amoebozoa 9719:Alveolata 9707:Cryptista 9682:Eukaryota 9415:Fornicata 9321:Excavates 9123:Cryptista 9046:Oomycetes 9023:Developea 9005:Sagenista 8892:Alveolata 8828:Telonemia 8703:Choanozoa 8580:Breviatea 8523:Tubulinea 8510:Amoebozoa 8451:Amoebozoa 8429:Alveolata 8417:Cryptista 8392:Eukaryota 8362:Eukaryote 8276:3D models 8268:(part of 8251:Resources 8129:0305-4403 8020:. Wiley. 7714:ga.gov.au 7695:247498325 7669:2375-2548 7581:CiteSeerX 7422:204993577 7414:0028-0836 7369:: PA1003. 7333:0036-8075 7267:129296067 7259:1437-3262 7216:0195-6671 6978:0022-3360 6940:1937-2795 6898:1502-3931 6855:0006-3207 6806:0967-0645 6750:0883-1351 6688:0036-8075 6633:0036-8075 6574:128619251 6566:0305-8719 6511:1055-7903 6446:0027-8424 6290:1068-7971 6151:240240437 6143:0096-1191 6047:0006-3185 5965:0967-0637 5815:0567-7920 5621:127121951 5613:0016-7029 5566:0377-8398 5557:1912/9530 5532:: 12–32. 5502:0096-1191 5322:1550-7408 4995:0377-8398 4758:bgs.ac.uk 4635:. (2007) 4603:0006-3185 4407:0932-4739 4391:: 28–44. 4280:Q24614721 4254:0027-8424 4066:limestone 4014:North Sea 3976:(Li) and 3970:magnesium 3966:strontium 3910:in 1920. 3749:Paleocene 3714:Moscovian 3637:Fusulinid 3546:relatives 3483:Ediacaran 3445:Ediacaran 3303:engrailed 3220:Phosphate 3213:oil shale 3107:Aragonite 2911:coccolith 2731:dioecious 2723:Patellina 2673:form and 2596:cytoplasm 2483:peat bogs 2441:parasitic 2426:cumaceans 2383:red algae 2358:rotaliida 2096:Miliolida 1962:Miliolana 1960:Subclass 1953:Lituolida 1888:Subclass 1879:Miliolata 1749:Subclass 1702:Subclass 1615:Subclass 1559:Subclass 1526:Rotaliida 1432:Nonionida 1367:Rotaliana 1365:Subclass 1301:Subclass 1245:Subclass 1236:Rotaliata 1175:Subclass 1137:Subclass 1016:amoeboids 927:Rotaliida 777:Miliolida 644:ammonites 593:Elphidium 546:Herodotus 441:ectoplasm 434:Rhizarian 291:Rotaliida 264:Miliolida 208:d'Orbigny 157:Eukaryota 111:Ediacaran 11582:BioLib: 11540:Wikidata 11480:Annelida 11475:Mollusca 11455:Phoronid 11450:Nemertea 11425:Rotifera 11405:Flatworm 11380:Nematoda 11345:Chordate 11335:Cnidaria 11330:Placozoa 11161:Rhizaria 11136:Haptista 11116:Cercozoa 10776:Bacteria 10686:†extinct 10605:Lagenida 10421:Orodaria 10217:Gromiida 10192:Endomyxa 10137:Matazida 10132:Ebriacea 9928:Helkesea 9899:Eoglissa 9783:Cercozoa 9736:Amorphea 9714:Rhizaria 9702:Hacrobia 9692:Excavata 9677:Bacteria 9652:Rhizaria 9597:protists 9593:kingdoms 9481:Grypania 9443:Imasidae 9344:Jakobida 8868:Endomyxa 8863:Cercozoa 8855:Rhizaria 8785:Haptista 8717:Animalia 8660:Bicellum 8535:Variosea 8518:Discosea 8496:Amorphea 8446:Amorphea 8424:Rhizaria 8412:Hacrobia 8402:Excavata 8387:Bacteria 8326:. 29178. 8240:Archived 8199:Archived 8188:Archived 8166:Archived 7968:42591236 7960:22282473 7812:11326091 7729:cite web 7687:35294237 7542:Archived 7491:Archived 7473:24020720 7465:11541226 7349:38231747 7341:11303100 7125:55664447 6704:28690086 6696:17776707 6641:30237355 6519:21723398 6464:14504394 6386:16248873 6063:29304574 5707:21279683 5699:12804300 5338:36497475 5330:10568034 5287:90243148 5203:Archived 5120:15306349 4973:: 1–10. 4738:10 April 4619:24388876 4611:25411369 4537:20940138 4529:20406290 4415:28609684 4276:Wikidata 4272:21810989 3926:Holocene 3806:Jurassic 3794:sediment 3756:Rotaliid 3683:Miliolid 3652:Silurian 3626:Cambrian 3615:Triassic 3544:and its 3375:Category 3256:In soil 3208:alginite 3198:Bone bed 2933:Seashell 2840:(shells) 2611:schizont 2580:agamont, 2511:flagella 2422:copepods 2397:. These 2133:molluscs 2131:such as 2078:Soritida 1644:Lagenida 1579:Nouriida 1157:Lagynida 1139:Lagynana 1041:Cercozoa 1025:such as 1012:Rhizaria 997:Protozoa 986:Loeblich 732:Lagenida 689:Taxonomy 651:Dujardin 599:Nautilus 437:protists 334:Lagenida 189:Phylum: 153:Domain: 11624:8376456 11546:Q107027 11460:Bryozoa 11156:Provora 11131:Jakobea 11121:Discoba 11067:Protist 11004:Archaea 10757:Extant 10695:amoebae 10321:Retaria 9751:Animals 9672:Archaea 9332:Discoba 9197:Plants 9169:Picozoa 9015:Gyrista 8922:Myzozoa 8775:Provora 8681:Filozoa 8637:Holozoa 8545:Cutosea 8461:Animals 8382:Archaea 8303:eForams 8285:CHRONOS 8109:Bibcode 7991:Bibcode 7938:Bibcode 7930:Science 7897:Bibcode 7850:Bibcode 7820:2365991 7792:Bibcode 7784:Science 7762:1299203 7719:20 July 7678:8926327 7649:Bibcode 7573:Bibcode 7526:Bibcode 7445:Bibcode 7437:Geology 7394:Bibcode 7313:Bibcode 7305:Science 7239:Bibcode 7196:Bibcode 7149:: 1–3. 6986:1305391 6878:Bibcode 6870:Lethaia 6833:Bibcode 6786:Bibcode 6758:3515076 6730:Bibcode 6722:PALAIOS 6668:Bibcode 6660:Science 6601:Bibcode 6593:Science 6546:Bibcode 6491:Bibcode 6424:Bibcode 6394:8060916 6333:Bibcode 6270:Bibcode 6227:Bibcode 6123:Bibcode 6055:1542410 5945:Bibcode 5871:Bibcode 5733:Bibcode 5679:Bibcode 5593:Bibcode 5534:Bibcode 5482:Bibcode 5423:9276403 5267:Bibcode 5174:21 June 5111:1691724 4975:Bibcode 4789:20 July 4763:20 July 4721:Bibcode 4509:Bibcode 4263:3158185 4234:Bibcode 4072:Gallery 4060:in the 3974:lithium 3741:Anisian 3710:Lagenid 3530:sterols 3424:primary 3245:Related 3203:Kerogen 3128:Calcite 3049:Otolith 2882:gladius 2855:cuticle 2824:Biofilm 2797:General 2634:Fossil 2553:mitosis 2519:meiosis 2507:gametes 2503:nucleus 2499:diploid 2495:haploid 2391:diatoms 2339:benthic 2320:, (29) 2316:, (28) 2312:, (27) 2308:, (26) 2304:, (25) 2300:, (24) 2296:, (23) 2292:, (22) 2286:, (21) 2282:, (20) 2278:, (19) 2274:, (18) 2270:, (17) 2266:, (16) 2262:, (15) 2258:, (14) 2254:, (13) 2242:, (10) 2193:Ecology 2117:Anatomy 2049:Order † 2035:Order † 2026:Order † 2017:Order † 2008:Order † 1999:Order † 1990:Order † 1981:Order † 1972:Order † 1805:Order † 1785:Order † 1776:Order † 1767:Order † 1711:Order † 1651:Order † 1624:Order † 1586:Order † 1421:Order † 1211:Order † 1004:kingdom 1001:Protist 672:Cushman 640:nautili 564:lentils 463:benthic 420:") are 317:extinct 193:Retaria 113:–Recent 109:Latest 11699:288974 11686:936399 11670:NZOR: 11637:348288 11320:Sponge 11312:Animal 9785: 9781: 9729:Plants 9666:Domain 9605:groups 8987:Bigyra 8561:Obazoa 8439:Plants 8376:Domain 8295:and a 8127: 8078: 8051: 8024: 7966: 7958: 7818: 7810: 7760: 7693: 7685: 7675: 7667: 7583: 7471: 7463: 7420: 7412: 7386:Nature 7347: 7339: 7331: 7265: 7257: 7214: 7147:Nature 7123: 7096:16 May 7070:16 May 7036: 7009: 6984: 6976: 6938: 6896: 6853: 6804: 6756: 6748: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6639: 6631: 6572: 6564: 6517: 6509: 6462: 6455:208786 6452: 6444: 6392: 6384: 6288: 6200: 6174:547380 6172: 6149: 6141: 6061: 6053: 6045: 5998: 5963: 5915: 5813: 5705: 5697: 5641:(17). 5619: 5611: 5564: 5500: 5451: 5421: 5411: 5378: 5336: 5328: 5320: 5285: 5118: 5108: 5059: 5019: 4993: 4870: 4860: 4825: 4785:. 1665 4617: 4609: 4601: 4560: 4535: 4527: 4479: 4457:13 May 4448: 4413: 4405: 4365:13 May 4356: 4322:13 May 4313: 4278: 4270: 4260: 4252: 3972:(Mg), 3968:(Sr), 3664:Visean 3373: 3232:Pyrena 2889:Lorica 2741:form. 2685:form. 2669:, the 2640:Eocene 2627:form. 2479:mosses 2452:anoxic 2393:, and 2238:, (9) 2234:, (8) 2222:, (5) 2218:, (4) 2214:, (3) 2210:, (2) 2137:corals 2094:Order 2085:Order 2076:Order 2067:Order 2058:Order 1951:Order 1942:Order 1933:Order 1924:Order 1915:Order 1906:Order 1897:Order 1877:Class 1861:Order 1852:Order 1843:Order 1834:Order 1814:Order 1738:Order 1729:Order 1720:Order 1692:Class 1678:Order 1669:Order 1660:Order 1642:Order 1633:Order 1604:Order 1595:Order 1577:Order 1568:Order 1549:Class 1533:Order 1524:Order 1515:Order 1506:Order 1497:Order 1488:Order 1468:Order 1459:Order 1450:Order 1430:Order 1412:Order 1403:Order 1383:Order 1354:Order 1337:Order 1328:Order 1319:Order 1310:Order 1290:Order 1281:Order 1272:Order 1263:Order 1254:Order 1234:Class 1220:Order 1202:Order 1193:Order 1184:Order 1164:Order 1155:Order 1146:Order 1127:Class 1115:Order 1106:Order 1096:Class 1087:Order 1073:Order 1027:phylum 990:Tappan 560:Strabo 518:fossil 473:, and 449:chitin 426:phylum 418:forams 409:-fə-rə 210:, 1826 11707:WoRMS 11663:29178 11645:IRMNG 11585:94421 11229:Plant 11181:Fungi 11101:CRuMs 9756:Fungi 9557:CRuMs 8619:Fungi 8466:Fungi 7964:S2CID 7838:(PDF) 7816:S2CID 7780:(PDF) 7758:JSTOR 7691:S2CID 7469:S2CID 7418:S2CID 7345:S2CID 7301:(PDF) 7263:S2CID 7121:S2CID 6982:JSTOR 6754:JSTOR 6700:S2CID 6570:S2CID 6390:S2CID 6147:S2CID 6051:JSTOR 5766:(PDF) 5703:S2CID 5617:S2CID 5334:S2CID 5283:S2CID 5231:(PDF) 5224:(PDF) 5086:(PDF) 4868:JSTOR 4709:(PDF) 4633:et al 4615:S2CID 4533:S2CID 4220:(PDF) 3978:boron 3946:proxy 3920:of a 3902:when 3881:Rügen 3826:from 3416:tests 3310:Druse 3005:bones 2948:nacre 2745:Tests 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