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Reticulomyxa

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all directions whereas when in moist condition the pseudopodia contract into the central body. The cytoplasm of this organism is thick and streams bidirectionally through the veins. Cytoplasmic streaming allowing for the movement of organelles and vacuoles throughout the network can reach speeds of 25 μm/s. Organelle movement is facilitated through the cytoskeleton, which consists of actin and microtubules. Organelles are attached to the microtubules of the cytoskeleton and movement is due to the sliding of microtubules along each other in both directions. This giant freshwater foraminferan contains many
441: 564: 66: 519:. Cysts covered with a thick envelope can withstand harsher conditions and disperse by wind as well as water. Covered cells were only observed to form during summer months in culture conditions. Uncovered cysts are smooth and have irregular sizes. These uncovered resting cysts were produced in culture conditions in response unfavorable environmental conditions like low temperatures or when nutrient availability was low. 388:, as well as large aquatic zooplankton. The vegetative plasmodium will stay in one location while eating until surrounding food sources have been depleted. Once devoid of food, the cell will excrete waste from the protoplasm and move to a new location. Feeding occurs through the pseudopodia of the cell, filose pseudopodia engulf and 303:
was isolated from a slime mold culture and observed in culture for twelve years before being officially described. It was continued to be found in damp environments in that area. This organism was initially cultured in semi aquatic conditions on damp blotting paper and in dishes of freshwater. From
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is round and has many pseudopodia extending outwards forming an array or network-like plasmodia which facilitate locomotion and feeding. These pseudopodia consistently change shape and length due to changing environmental and nutrient conditions. In aquatic conditions the pseudopodia branch out in
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is important because it suggests that there are potentially unstudied naked foraminiferans in marine ecosystems that have not been identified due to their lack of fossils. The organism has been used as a model system in studies of
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can be covered or uncovered. Covered cysts are enclosed by two layers, with the outer mucus layer being much thicker. Uncovered cysts do not have the thick outer layer as seen in covered cysts and have irregular sizes.
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that is a defining characteristic of foraminiferans. This test is suspected to have been lost throughout its evolution due to the adaptation to freshwater environments. When in the vegetative stage, the central body of
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separation. Under culture conditions, division was initiated following the movement to a new location. Division starts at the anterior end of the cell and produces three daughter cells.
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PAWLOWSKI, JAN; BOLIVAR, IGNACIO; FAHRNI, JOSE F.; VARGAS, COLOMBAN DE; BOWSER, SAMUEL S. (1999-11-01). "Molecular Evidence That Reticulomyxa Filosa Is A Freshwater Naked Foraminifer".
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Glöckner, Gernot; Hülsmann, Norbert; Schleicher, Michael; Noegel, Angelika A.; Eichinger, Ludwig; Gallinger, Christoph; Pawlowski, Jan; Sierra, Roberto; Euteneuer, Ursula (2014).
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naked foraminiferan can feed on microbes as well has larger organisms and is able to be sustained in culture by supplemented nutrients such as wheat germ and oats. The large,
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will take on various morphologies. When transferred to an aqueous environment, the plasmodia will dissociate into smaller cell bodies that reform pseudopodia.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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has been isolated from lakes, moist soil, decomposing organic matter, and artificial bodies of water. Under different conditions the
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Orokos, D. D.; Cole, R. W.; Travis, J. L. (December 2000). "Organelles are transported on sliding microtubules in Reticulomyxa".
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Euteneur, Ursula; McDonald, Kent L; Koonce, Michael P; Schliwa, Manfred (1986). "Intracellular-transport in Reticulomyxa".
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for dispersal or in response to adverse environmental conditions. Cysts with and without coverings have been produced by
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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Gothe, G; Bohm, K. J.; Unger, E (1997). "Different resting stages of the plasmodial rhizopod Reticulomyxa filosa".
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Orokos, D. D.; Bowser, S. S.; Travis, J. L. (1997). "Reactivation of cell surface transport in Reticulomyxa".
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components, despite no flagellated form observed. Also, genes coding for proteins associated with
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Nauss, Ruth N. (1949). "Reticulomyxa filosa Gen. Et Sp. Nov., A New Primitive Plasmodium".
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that can feed on prey of a range of sizes. Previous studies have observed the ingestion of
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Pawlowski, Jan; Holzmann, Maria (2002). "Molecular phylogeny of Foraminifera a review".
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of this genus has been observed in culture, but the genome possesses genes related to
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transport due to the unique fast bidirectional cytoplasmic streaming in network of
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and are then transported back to the central body via the cytoskeletal machinery.
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has been isolated from various freshwater environments as well as terrestrially.
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is repetitive and approximately 320 Mbp in size. The genome contains genes for
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Gloeckner, Gernot; Huelsmann, Norbert; Schleicher, Michael (6 January 2014).
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surrounding its central body mass. The organism has unique bidirectional
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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was first described by Ruth Nauss in 1949 and named for its network of
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1997)37:2<139::AID-CM6>3.0.CO;2-3
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this original isolation, samples were cultivated and observed before
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10.1002/1097-0169(200012)47:4<296::AID-CM4>3.0.CO;2-4
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is found in aquatic and semi aquatic terrestrial environments.
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suggesting it is capable of sexually reproductive life stages.
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mitosis is closed, the nuclear membrane remains intact during
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to this template: there are already 1,876 articles in the
1158:(2016-10-01). "Dormancy in the Foraminifera: A Review". 480:
Plasmodia of this genera have only been seen to undergo
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for the unique transport of organelles throughout the
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was first described in 1949 and is commonly used as a
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in culture conditions. Asexual reproduction through
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
416:morphology, including a central body surrounded by 338:would not be identified this way. The existence of 996: 818:Koonce, M. P.; Euteneuer, U.; Schliwa, M. (1986). 1039: 263:pseudopodia that is some of the fastest reported 2600: 1107: 488:, where the nuclei will undergo many rounds of 444:Small section of the Reticulopodial Network of 247:foraminferan is characteristic for its lack of 1580: 1409: 879: 643:accompanying your translation by providing an 588:Click for important translation instructions. 575:expand this article with text translated from 1253: 2058: 1659: 492:division before the cytoplasm separates. In 1694: 1569: 1504: 1267: 1153: 1951: 1260: 1246: 908:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 31: 1626: 1219: 1084: 973: 835: 1396: 439: 294: 251:and named for the network of connecting 1806: 1515: 437:, approximately 5 μm in diameter. 51:) surrounded by the fine stands of the 2601: 698:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2348: 2347: 1241: 1149: 1147: 778:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 775: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 655:{{Translated|de|Reticulomyxa filosa}} 1069:"Unusual Tubulins for Unusual Cells" 951: 949: 947: 945: 901: 899: 897: 895: 875: 873: 871: 869: 867: 865: 863: 813: 811: 809: 807: 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 743: 691: 689: 557: 824:Journal of Cell Science. Supplement 13: 1190: 1144: 1110:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 999:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 928:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb38479.x 710:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05137.x 315:. Since this initial description, 14: 2625: 1160:Journal of Foraminiferal Research 1060: 942: 892: 860: 804: 740: 686: 1200:"The Genome of the Forminiferan 1042:European Journal of Protistology 562: 330:is important for the history of 64: 16:Genus of single-celled organisms 1101: 837:10.1242/jcs.1986.supplement_5.9 1033: 990: 653:You may also add the template 399: 392:prey. Prey is encapsulated in 351:and on the cell body surface. 43:photo of the cell body (Z) of 1: 1086:10.1016/s1434-4610(98)70016-1 679: 475: 404: 543:genome but are not actively 7: 625:will aid in categorization. 522: 10: 2630: 2614:Monotypic eukaryote genera 600:Machine translation, like 555:production in this genus. 354: 2490: 2356: 2293: 2258: 2207: 2146: 2107: 2069: 2054: 2013: 1980: 1962: 1947: 1934: 1930: 1889: 1847: 1824: 1817: 1802: 1690: 1622: 1590: 1565: 1543: 1522: 1500: 1473: 1440: 1419: 1392: 1276: 1221:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.027 975:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.027 577:the corresponding article 458:Phase contrast micrograph 192: 185: 61:Scientific classification 59: 39: 30: 23: 1054:10.1078/0932-4739-00857 664:For more guidance, see 460:; bar = 50 micrometers) 1172:10.2113/gsjfr.46.4.358 461: 666:Knowledge:Translation 637:copyright attribution 443: 295:History and Etymology 257:cytoplasmic streaming 41:darkfield microscopic 285:asexual reproduction 267:transport observed. 2609:Foraminifera genera 2358:Reticulomyxa filosa 2306:organization type: 1202:Reticulomyxa filosa 1154:Ross, Benjamin J.; 920:1986NYASA.466..936E 882:Acta Protozoologica 549:sexual reproduction 539:are present in the 446:Reticulomyxa filosa 237:Reticulomyxa filosa 196:Reticulomyxa filosa 45:Reticulomyxa filosa 1940:    1936:    645:interlanguage link 462: 418:filose pseudopodia 313:filose pseudopodia 279:of pseudopodia by 2596: 2595: 2568:Open Tree of Life 2462:Open Tree of Life 2350:Taxon identifiers 2341: 2340: 2324:heliozoan amoebae 2316:amoeboflagellates 2280:Labyrinthomyxidae 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2199:Globigerinitoidea 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1885: 1884: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1709:Phaeogymnocellida 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1618: 1617: 1605:Paracercomonadida 1561: 1560: 1496: 1495: 677: 676: 589: 585: 452:alter with small 283:mechanisms. Only 210: 209: 2621: 2589: 2588: 2576: 2575: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2549: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2483: 2482: 2470: 2469: 2457: 2456: 2444: 2443: 2431: 2430: 2418: 2417: 2405: 2404: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2345: 2344: 2133:Silicoloculinida 2067: 2066: 2063: 2056: 2055: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1912:Plasmodiophorida 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1803: 1692: 1691: 1669:Thaumatomonadida 1657: 1656: 1624: 1623: 1588: 1587: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1509: 1502: 1501: 1417: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1305: 1285: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1184: 1183: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1037: 1031: 1030: 994: 988: 987: 977: 953: 940: 939: 903: 890: 889: 877: 858: 857: 839: 815: 802: 801: 773: 738: 737: 693: 656: 650: 624: 623:|topic= 621:, and specifying 606:Google Translate 587: 583: 566: 565: 558: 486:multiple fission 198: 69: 68: 35: 21: 20: 2629: 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1579: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1535:Metromonadida 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1475:Chlorarachnea 1472: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460:Leucodictyida 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1391: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1341:Stramenopiles 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1304:(major groups 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1148: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1063: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 993: 985: 981: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 952: 950: 948: 946: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 902: 900: 898: 896: 887: 883: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 814: 812: 810: 808: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 744: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 692: 690: 685: 667: 663: 660: 652: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 627: 620: 619:main category 616: 615: 610: 607: 603: 599: 596: 593: 592: 586: 580: 578: 573:You can help 569: 560: 559: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 494:Reticulomyxa, 491: 487: 483: 473: 470: 466: 459: 455: 454:Lamellipodial 451: 447: 442: 438: 436: 433: 428: 423: 419: 415: 411: 397: 395: 394:food vacuoles 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 352: 350: 346: 341: 337: 336:foraminferans 333: 332:foraminferans 329: 325: 320: 318: 314: 310: 307: 302: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:multinucleate 242: 241:heterotrophic 238: 235: 231: 227: 223: 220: 216: 215: 204: 199: 197: 191: 188: 187:Binomial name 184: 180: 179: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 86: 83: 82: 79: 76: 73: 72: 67: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 2492:Reticulomyxa 2491: 2388:Reticulomyxa 2357: 2299:paraphyletic 2269:Lapot gusevi 2267: 2259: 2228:Heterogromia 2226: 2217:Involutinida 2208: 2156:Textulariida 2138:Ammodiscidae 2128:Spirillinida 2109:Tubothalamea 2098:Reticulomyxa 2097: 2096: 2091:Astrorhizida 2080:Allogromiida 2071:Monothalamea 2061:Foraminifera 2015:Polycystinea 2000:Holocanthida 1897:Vampyrellida 1862:Haplosporida 1849:Ascetosporea 1839:Reticulosida 1744:Cryomonadida 1729:Phaeogromida 1724:Phaeocalpida 1714:Phaeocystida 1696:Thecofilosea 1651:Variglissida 1646:Marimonadida 1582:Sarcomonadea 1572:Ventrifilosa 1523:Metromonadea 1507:Monadofilosa 1450:Cryptofilida 1442:Granofilosea 1427:Aquavolonida 1363:Opisthokonta 1214:(1): 11–18. 1211: 1207: 1201: 1163: 1159: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1076: 1072: 1062: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1002: 998: 992: 968:(1): 11–18. 965: 961: 911: 907: 885: 881: 827: 823: 781: 777: 701: 697: 641:edit summary 632: 612: 582: 574: 541:Reticulomyxa 540: 529:Reticulomyxa 528: 526: 517:Reticulomyxa 516: 509:Reticulomyxa 508: 506: 493: 479: 469:Reticulomyxa 468: 467:produced by 463: 450:reticulopods 445: 427:Reticulomyxa 426: 410:Reticulomyxa 409: 408: 374:Reticulomyxa 373: 372: 363: 360:Reticulomyxa 359: 358: 345:cytoskeletal 340:Reticulomyxa 339: 328:Reticulomyxa 327: 322:The lack of 321: 317:Reticulomyxa 316: 308: 305: 301:Reticulomyxa 300: 298: 281:cytoskeletal 269:Reticulomyxa 268: 261:anastomosing 236: 230:type species 219:monospecific 214:Reticulomyxa 213: 212: 211: 195: 193: 177: 176: 165:Reticulomyxa 164: 163: 144:Allogromiida 134:Monothalamea 124:Foraminifera 97: 84: 55:Network (R) 44: 25:Reticulomyxa 24: 18: 2542:iNaturalist 2423:iNaturalist 2382:Wikispecies 2332:fungus-like 2308:flagellates 2171:Carterinida 2166:Robertinida 2033:Spumellaria 2028:Nassellaria 1907:Phagomyxida 1890:Proteomyxia 1867:Mikrocytida 1465:Limnofilida 1420:Skiomonadea 1048:(1): 1–10. 830:: 145–159. 545:transcribed 456:sections. ( 400:Description 390:phagocytize 378:heterotroph 349:pseudopodia 253:pseudopodia 234:unicellular 120:Subphylum: 2603:Categories 2234:Komokiacea 2118:Fusulinida 2023:Collodaria 1982:Acantharea 1972:Taxopodida 1954:Radiolaria 1902:Phytomyxea 1877:Paramyxida 1872:Paradinida 1704:Phaeodarea 1674:Euglyphida 1628:Imbricatea 1600:Katabiidae 1488:Minorisida 680:References 502:chromosome 476:Life cycle 414:plasmodial 405:Morphology 384:and other 368:plasmodium 49:wheat germ 2507:Q19833398 2161:Rotaliida 2123:Miliolida 1826:Gromiidea 1818:Marimyxia 1740:Eothecia 1636:Krakenida 1553:Helkesida 1530:Metopiida 1432:Tremulida 1358:Amoebozoa 1336:Alveolata 1324:Cryptista 1299:Eukaryota 1180:0096-1191 1130:0886-1544 1019:0886-1544 846:0269-3518 718:1550-7408 659:talk page 611:Consider 579:in German 533:flagellar 364:R. filosa 277:cytoplasm 265:organelle 172:Species: 78:Eukaryota 2516:Fungorum 2501:Wikidata 2436:MycoBank 2397:Fungorum 2373:Q1865437 2367:Wikidata 2303:†extinct 2222:Lagenida 2038:Orodaria 1834:Gromiida 1809:Endomyxa 1754:Matazida 1749:Ebriacea 1545:Helkesea 1516:Eoglissa 1400:Cercozoa 1353:Amorphea 1331:Rhizaria 1319:Hacrobia 1309:Excavata 1294:Bacteria 1269:Rhizaria 1230:24332546 1138:11093250 1095:23196161 984:24332546 936:84102411 888:: 23–29. 734:36497475 726:10568034 635:provide 523:Genetics 386:protists 382:bacteria 326:seen in 299:In 1937 150:Family: 110:Phylum: 74:Domain: 2560:1101826 2534:3285385 2415:3285386 2312:amoebae 1938:Retaria 1368:Animals 1289:Archaea 1073:Protist 1027:9186011 916:Bibcode 854:3477550 798:2482203 657:to the 639:in the 581:. 537:meiosis 498:spindle 490:mitotic 482:mitosis 448:: Fine 432:haploid 355:Ecology 289:meiosis 232:is the 160:Genus: 140:Order: 130:Class: 114:Retaria 2586:819232 2573:434295 2547:492317 2480:819233 2467:434296 2441:305097 2428:492316 2402:305097 1402:  1398:  1346:Plants 1283:Domain 1228:  1178:  1136:  1128:  1093:  1025:  1017:  982:  934:  852:  844:  796:  732:  724:  716:  553:gamete 513:encyst 435:nuclei 412:has a 309:filosa 228:. The 2581:WoRMS 2555:IRMNG 2521:12211 2475:WoRMS 2454:46433 1373:Fungi 932:S2CID 794:JSTOR 730:S2CID 602:DeepL 465:Cysts 376:is a 222:genus 217:is a 203:Nauss 98:Clade 85:Clade 2529:GBIF 2449:NCBI 2410:GBIF 1226:PMID 1176:ISSN 1134:PMID 1126:ISSN 1091:PMID 1023:PMID 1015:ISSN 980:PMID 850:PMID 842:ISSN 722:PMID 714:ISSN 633:must 631:You 595:View 551:and 507:The 422:test 324:test 249:test 205:1949 1216:doi 1168:doi 1118:doi 1081:doi 1077:149 1050:doi 1007:doi 970:doi 924:doi 912:466 832:doi 786:doi 706:doi 604:or 104:SAR 2605:: 2583:: 2570:: 2557:: 2544:: 2531:: 2518:: 2503:: 2477:: 2464:: 2451:: 2438:: 2425:: 2412:: 2399:: 2384:: 2369:: 2330:; 2326:; 2322:; 2318:; 2314:; 2310:; 1224:. 1212:24 1210:. 1206:. 1174:. 1164:46 1162:. 1146:^ 1132:. 1124:. 1114:47 1112:. 1089:. 1075:. 1071:. 1046:38 1044:. 1021:. 1013:. 1003:37 1001:. 978:. 966:24 964:. 960:. 944:^ 930:. 922:. 910:. 894:^ 886:36 884:. 862:^ 848:. 840:. 826:. 822:. 806:^ 792:. 782:76 780:. 742:^ 728:. 720:. 712:. 702:46 700:. 688:^ 306:R. 100:: 87:: 2334:. 2297:* 2192:† 2186:† 2180:† 2116:† 2093:* 2082:* 2073:* 1584:* 1413:* 1380:) 1261:e 1254:t 1247:v 1232:. 1218:: 1204:" 1182:. 1170:: 1140:. 1120:: 1097:. 1083:: 1056:. 1052:: 1029:. 1009:: 986:. 972:: 938:. 926:: 918:: 856:. 834:: 828:5 800:. 788:: 736:. 708:: 668:. 661:.

Index

darkfield microscopic photo of the cell body (Z) of Reticulomyxa filosa. In the lower right of the picture you see some food particles (F) (wheat germ) surrounded by the fine stands of the Reticulopodial Network (R)
darkfield microscopic
wheat germ
Reticulopodial
Scientific classification
Edit this classification
Eukaryota
Diaphoretickes
SAR
Retaria
Foraminifera
Monothalamea
Allogromiida
Reticulomyxidae
Reticulomyxa
Binomial name
Nauss
monospecific
genus
foraminiferans
type species
unicellular
heterotrophic
multinucleate
test
pseudopodia
cytoplasmic streaming
anastomosing
organelle
model organism

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