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lore media with which a society conducts profound and common cultural affairs among its members, orally. In this sense, oral lore is an ancient practice and concept natural to the earliest storied communications and transmissions of bodies of knowledge and culture in verbal form from the dawn of language-based human societies, and 'oral literature' thus understood was putatively recognized in times prior to recordings of history in non-oral media, including painting and writing.
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1042:(Routledge, 2003), gives this definition: "Orature means something passed on through the spoken word, and because it is based on the spoken language it comes to life only in a living community. Where community life fades away, orality loses its function and dies. It needs people in a living social setting: it needs life itself."
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Building on Zirimu's orature concept, Mbube Nwi-Akeeri explained that
Western theories cannot effectively capture and explain oral literature, particularly those indigenous to regions such as Africa. The reason is that there are elements to oral traditions in these places that cannot be captured by
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which may interact with these forms, extend their expression, or offer additional expressive media. Thus even where no phrase in local language which exactly translates "oral literature" is used, what constitutes "oral literature" as understood today is already understood to be part or all of the
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have used varying descriptions for oral literature or folk literature. A broad conceptualization refers to it as literature characterized by oral transmission and the absence of any fixed form. It includes the stories, legends, and history passed through generations in a spoken form.
1061:, edited by Eckhard Breitinger (Rodopi, 1996, page 78): "This means that any 'oral society' had to develop means to make the spoken word last, at least for a while. We tend to regard all the genres of orature as belonging to the homogeneous complex of folklore."
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Oral tradition is seen in societies with vigorous oral conveyance practices to be a general term inclusive of both oral literature and any written literature, including sophisticated writings, as well, potentially, as visual and
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communicate manually rather than orally, their culture and traditions are considered in the same category as oral literature. Stories, jokes and poetry are passed on from person to person with no written medium.
968:, the result is still often referred to as "oral literature". The different genres of oral literature pose classification challenges to scholars because of cultural dynamism in the modern digital age.
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words alone, such as the existence of gestures, dance, and the interaction between the storyteller and the audience. According to Nwi-Akeeri, oral literature is not only a narrative, but also a
1506:"Noirs et blancs: leur image dans la litérature orale africaine: étude, anthologie. By Görög-Karady . Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1976. 427 pp. n.p."
1104:, which influentially examined fluidity in both ancient and later texts and "oral-formulaic" principles used during composition-in-performance, particularly by contemporary Eastern European
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and Hervé Maupeu (2007), it is stated (page 204) that Zirimu, who coined the term, defines orature as "the use of utterance as an aesthetic means of expression" (as quoted by
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Vansina, Jan (1978), "Oral
Tradition, Oral History: Achievements and Perspectives", in B. Bernardi, C. Poni and A. Triulzi (eds),
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Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed words, masked meanings: Proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies" in D. T. Niane's
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From the 1970s onwards, the term "Oral literature" appears in the work of both literary scholars and anthropologists:
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Pre-literate societies, by definition, have no written literature, but may possess rich and varied
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Oral literature as a concept, after 19th-century antecedents, was more widely circulated by
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29:"Folk literature" redirects here. For the collection of Chinese literature, see
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in their comparative work on the "growth of literature" (1932–40). In 1960,
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1360:. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press. pp. xxiii.
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Oral literatures forms a generally more fundamental component of
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is a genre of poetry that consciously shuns the written form.
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1320:. Chicago and London: Aldine and Routledge & Kegan Paul.
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Masterpieces of the Oral and
Intangible Heritage of Humanity
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1472:"Oral Literature in Nigeria: A Search for Critical Theory"
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remains more common both in academic and popular writing.
1115:(1970, 1977), Görög-Karady (1976), Bauman (1986), in the
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may be considered an example of oral literature, as can
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Defining New Idioms and
Alternative Forms of Expression
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Orality and
Literacy: the technologizing of the word
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that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is
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Research
Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies
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1318:Oral Tradition. A Study in Historical Methodology
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1559:Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
975:) or informal social structures. The telling of
36:"Folk tale" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1311:Fonti Orali, Oral Sources, Sources Orales
1448:, at p. 210, and Roscoe, Adrian (1977),
1413:"Three-minute poetry? It's all the rage"
1382:Oral Literature of the Marakwet of Kenya
1358:Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology
1751:National Council of Teachers of English
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1313:. Milan: Franco Angeli, pp. 59–74.
1036:The Encyclopaedia of African Literature
14:
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1213:Oral Literature and Research Programme
1108:relating long traditional narratives.
991:which has been a televised feature on
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1557:Barnard, Alan, and Jonathan Spencer,
1047:Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa
1278:. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.
1119:and in the articles of the journal
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1741:International Literacy Association
1688:List of countries by literacy rate
25:
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1424:from the original on Feb 1, 2017.
1384:, Nairobi: Kipchumba Foundation.
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1153:Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative
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1410:Parker, Sam (16 December 2009).
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1589:: voices of vanishing worlds,
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1561:(Taylor & Francis, 2002).
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1300:Sundiata: an epic of old Mali
1263:World Oral Literature Project
1148:Importance of oral literature
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1504:Samarin, William J. (1980).
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1746:International Literacy Day
1470:Nwi-Akeeri, Mbube (2017).
1295:. New York: Methuen Press.
1223:Oral-formulaic composition
1073:History of oral literature
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1343:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1591:University of Cambridge
1274:Finnegan, Ruth (2012),
1930:Information literacies
2096:Post-literate society
2056:Children's literature
1935:Information and media
1657:Functional illiteracy
1434:Auger, Peter (2010),
1316:Vansina, Jan (1961),
1092:Nora Kershaw Chadwick
1088:Hector Munro Chadwick
853:Literature portal
1583:at Wikimedia Commons
1291:Ong, Walter (1982),
1020:introduced the term
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1777:Ruth Johnson Colvin
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1898:Geo-literacy
1823:Agricultural
1802:Brian Street
1782:Paulo Freire
1734:Institutions
1709:New Zealand
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1306:27: 319–338.
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1269:Bibliography
1258:Storytelling
1208:Oral history
1158:Ethnopoetics
1132:
1129:Deaf culture
1120:
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1051:Kimani Njogu
1049:, edited by
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412:Encyclopedic
390:supernatural
306:Prose genres
162:closet drama
62:
26:
2010:Statistical
1925:Information
1811:Other types
1203:Oral poetry
1135:deaf people
1067:performance
989:slam poetry
985:oral poetry
962:folklorists
942:fairy tales
940:(including
817:Composition
694:Tragicomedy
533:Verse novel
421:Non-fiction
325:Speculative
264:Short story
134:spoken word
124:Performance
97:heroic epic
2126:Categories
2000:Scientific
1873:Ecological
1772:Marie Clay
1390:1973160064
1325:References
1304:Proverbium
1188:Korean art
1183:Kamishibai
1098:published
1018:Pio Zirimu
998:Def Poetry
987:including
950:folk drama
938:narratives
921:Background
906:literature
732:Postmodern
667:historical
606:Villanelle
487:Travelogue
482:Persuasive
462:Journalism
440:philosophy
407:Historical
375:paranormal
335:Children's
208:Electronic
82:fairy tale
47:Literature
2046:Aliteracy
1995:Religious
1893:Financial
1883:Emotional
1878:Electracy
1681:Locations
1545:147222497
1529:1750-0184
1491:2579-0528
1418:The Times
1248:Seanachai
1133:Although
983:and also
958:folksongs
827:Narrative
812:Magazines
807:Sociology
798:criticism
768:Movements
727:Modernist
717:Classical
509:Narrative
345:adventure
289:Religious
259:Novelette
224:Anthology
179:narrative
129:audiobook
87:folk play
18:Folktales
2071:Dyslexia
1980:Physical
1960:Numeracy
1868:Diaspora
1853:Cultural
1848:Critical
1838:Computer
1635:Learning
1628:Literacy
1460:at p. 9.
1422:Archived
1168:Hainteny
1142:See also
1113:Finnegan
1028:oxymoron
1016:scholar
954:proverbs
822:Language
753:Glossary
722:Medieval
657:Libretto
586:Limerick
538:National
528:Dramatic
518:Children
447:Anecdote
430:Academic
370:military
191:Nonsense
92:folksong
72:Folklore
2106:Writing
2101:Reading
2086:Orality
2039:Related
1955:Musical
1863:Digital
1828:Braille
1720:Romania
1713:Tokelau
1662:Phonics
1537:1158658
1228:Orality
1023:orature
1014:Ugandan
1010:culture
910:written
894:orature
763:Writers
748:Outline
712:Ancient
703:History
689:Tragedy
566:Epigram
452:Epistle
435:history
395:western
380:romance
365:fantasy
330:Realist
316:Fiction
284:Parable
269:Drabble
254:Novella
238:romance
203:Ergodic
119:Oration
112:proverb
2025:Visual
2005:Social
1990:Racial
1965:Object
1908:Health
1833:Carbon
1765:People
1693:Canada
1543:
1535:
1527:
1509:Africa
1489:
1456:
1444:
1396:
1388:
1364:
1238:Pantun
1163:Guslar
1030:, but
946:fables
837:Estate
794:Theory
783:poetry
773:Cycles
684:Script
679:Satire
652:Comedy
601:Sonnet
596:Qasida
571:Ghazal
556:Ballad
477:Nature
467:Letter
400:horror
360:erotic
294:Wisdom
274:Sketch
229:Serial
169:Poetry
141:Saying
102:legend
1975:Power
1970:Oracy
1945:Media
1940:Legal
1903:Graph
1888:Faith
1703:Bihar
1698:India
1541:S2CID
1533:JSTOR
1475:(PDF)
1253:Yukar
1243:Patha
1106:bards
981:jokes
931:epics
902:genre
900:is a
896:, or
758:Books
672:moral
632:Poets
614:Lists
576:Haiku
561:Elegy
547:Lyric
457:Essay
355:crime
340:Genre
234:Novel
196:verse
186:Prose
174:lyric
157:Drama
77:fable
1858:Data
1525:ISSN
1487:ISSN
1454:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1090:and
964:and
956:and
944:and
935:folk
832:Feud
796:and
662:Play
622:Epic
581:Hymn
523:Epic
472:Life
107:myth
2030:Web
1517:doi
1283:doi
1045:In
948:),
904:of
591:Ode
2128::
1818:AI
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1285::
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