644:
794:, there were concerns that it would lead to an imbalance in the sex ratio. Early in the 1980s, senior officials became increasingly concerned with reports of abandonment and female infanticide by parents desperate for a son. In 1984, the government attempted to address the issue by adjusting the one-child policy. Couples whose first child is a girl are allowed to have a second child. Even when exceptions were made to the One-Child Policy if a couple had a female child first, the baby girls were still discarded, because the parents didn't want the financial burden of having two children. They would continuously do this until they had a boy.
1017:"As soon as the little girls are born, they are plunged into the water in order to drown them, or force is applied to their bodies in order to suffocate them or they are strangled with human hands. And something even more deplorable is that there are servants who place the girl in the chamber pot or in the basin used for the birth, which is still filled with water and blood, and, shut away there, they die miserably. And what is even more monstrous is that if the mother is not cruel enough to take the life of her daughter, then her father-in-law, mother-in-law, or husband agitates her by their words to kill the girl."
803:
827:
663:
850:. Banister (2004), in her literature review on China's shortage of girls, suggested that there has been a resurgence in the prevalence of female infanticide following the introduction of the one-child policy. On the other hand, many researchers have argued that female infanticide is rare in China today, especially since the government has outlawed the practice. Zeng and colleagues (1993), for example, contended that at least half of the nation's gender imbalance arises from the underreporting of female births.
694:
922:
families trying to avoid penalties when girls were born, and local government concealing the lack of enforcement from the central government. This implied that the sex disparity of the
Chinese newborns was likely exaggerated significantly in previous analyses. Though the degree of data discrepancy, the challenge in relation to sex-ratio imbalance in China is still disputed among scholars.
891:
The
Chinese government has enacted three laws to try to prevent future occurrences of female infanticide. The Mother and Child Health Care Law of 1994 prevented sex identification of the fetus and prohibited the use of technology for the use of selective abortions based on the fetus's sex in order to
822:
Many
Chinese couples desire to have sons because they provide support and security to their aging parents later in life. Conversely, a daughter is expected to leave her parents upon marriage to join and care for her husband's family (parents-in-law). In rural households, which as of 2014 constitute
882:
Female infanticide, especially as a result of the One-Child Policy, has caused an imbalance of genders and available females of childbearing age resulting in a decline in population and births. In 2017 there were under 13 birth per 1000 people. There were also 33 million more men than women. The
755:
In
Chinese society, most parents preferred having sons, so in 1979 when the government created the One-Child Policy, baby girls were aborted or abandoned. If parents had more than one child they would be fined. The earning potential of the male heir compared to a female made parents believe that
921:
practices. The finding challenged the earlier assumptions that rural
Chinese villagers killed their daughters on a massive scale and concluded that as many as 10 to 15 million missing women hadn't received proper birth registration since 1982. The underreporting is attributed to politics, with
634:
in the early 1980s. The 2020 census showed a male-to-female ratio of 105.07 to 100 for mainland China, a record low since the People's
Republic of China began conducting censuses. Every year in China and India alone, there are close to two million instances of some form of female infanticide.
678:(to drown girls), and drowning was the most common method used to kill female children. Other methods used were suffocation and starvation. Exposure to the elements was another method: the child would be placed in a basket which was then placed in a tree. Buddhist nunneries created "
1734:
857:(DCAF), the demographic shortfall of female babies who have died for gender-related issues is in the same range as the 191 million estimated dead accounting for all conflicts in the twentieth century. In 2012, the documentary
519:
900:
both prohibit female infanticide and protect women's rights. There is also a campaign started called "Care for Girls" which gives financial support to female-only families and supports equality between the genders.
874:), the gender ratio of mainland China has improved, with the male-to-female ratio reaching a new record low of 105.07. This is the most balanced gender ratio since the PRC began conducting a census in 1953.
883:
ratio imbalance between childbearing females and males because of female infanticide has also led to the rise of sex trafficking and bridal kidnapping of females or importing brides from other countries.
654:
has an influence on female infanticide in China. The fact that male children work to provide for their elderly and that certain traditions are male-driven lead many to believe they are more desirable.
494:
767:
in 1980 stated that the practice of female infanticide was a "feudalistic evil". The state officially considers the practice a carryover from feudal times, not a result of the state's
550:
2609:
545:
489:
2656:
953:
1454:
Zhu, W. X., Lu, L., & Hesketh, T. (2009). China’s excess males, sex selective abortion, and one child policy: Analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey.
686:, a missionary wrote that these children survived for up to two days while exposed to the elements and that those passing by would ignore the screaming child. Missionary
2476:
187:
1636:
958:
854:
839:
504:
2181:
630:. The practice continued into the 19th century and declined precipitously during the Communist era, but has reemerged as an issue since the introduction of the
2599:
947:
913:
reported that the sex disparity in China was likely exaggerated due to administrative under-reporting and that delayed registration of females, instead of the
859:
2625:
1383:
Chan, C. L. W., Yip, P. S. F., Ng, E. H. Y., Ho, P. C., Chan, C. H. Y., & Au, J. S. K. (2002). Gender selection in China: Its meanings and implications.
1617:
1483:
Zeng, Y., Tu, P., Gu, B., Xu, Y., Li, B., & Li, Y. (1993). Causes and implications of the recent increase in the reported sex ratio at birth in China.
1715:
1958:
152:
2500:
727:. According to the information collected by Palatre the practice was more widespread in the southeastern provinces and the Lower Yangzi River region.
622:
arrived in China in the late sixteenth century, they witnessed newborns being thrown into rivers or onto rubbish piles. In the seventeenth century
601:
2469:
2504:
1807:
1544:
1562:
1499:
2309:
2174:
2118:
1106:
2462:
555:
499:
480:
1592:
1184:
1332:
2692:
1735:"Missing Girls or Hidden Girls? A Comment on Shi and Kennedy's "Delayed Registration and Identifying the 'Missing Girls' in China""
779:
2417:
471:
1404:
2167:
222:
535:
626:
documented that the practice occurred in several of China's provinces and said that the primary reason for the practice was
594:
2247:
1887:"Exposing Gendercide in India and China (Davis, Brown, and Denier's It's a Girl—the Three Deadliest Words in the World)"
2107:
2086:
2067:
2025:
1985:
1436:
823:
almost half the
Chinese population, males are additionally valuable for performing agricultural work and manual labor.
2518:
2485:
2314:
2265:
2046:
1151:
715:
274:
2237:
110:
690:
reported in 1844 that between one-fourth and one-third of all female children were killed at birth or soon after.
2682:
2578:
2242:
2217:
787:
587:
390:
385:
22:
1870:
1927:
301:
747:. In it he portrayed the extreme poverty in rural communities that was a direct cause of female infanticide.
509:
182:
2361:
771:. According to Jing-Bao Nie, it would be "inconceivable" to believe there is "no link" between the state's
575:
449:
380:
145:
1026:"Infanticide through drowning and abandoning female babies is an evil custom left over from feudal times."
2707:
2702:
2604:
1696:
1618:"It's a myth that China has 30 million "missing girls" because of the one-child policy, a new study says"
931:
864:
756:
having female children would be an economic hardship, making female infanticide more desirable solution.
2508:
2402:
2232:
1398:
Total population by urban and rural residence and birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate by region
115:
1773:
2407:
978:
434:
327:
105:
1797:
1496:
1333:"One Child Nation Is a Haunting Documentary About a Country's Attempts to Justify the Unjustifiable"
1211:
2687:
2454:
2427:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2341:
643:
429:
74:
2697:
2630:
2346:
2283:
843:
783:
286:
252:
2640:
2573:
2382:
2336:
2273:
2258:
1428:
1422:
983:
968:
619:
570:
30:
1110:
2594:
2377:
2278:
2129:
444:
296:
264:
802:
2439:
2432:
2422:
2412:
1928:"A penny for the little Chinese: The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951"
910:
662:
125:
2154:
1132:"Hindu Bioethics, the Concept of Dharma and Female Infanticide in India Santishree Pandit"
8:
2557:
871:
740:
279:
247:
217:
207:
120:
2536:
2356:
2329:
2190:
2004:
1950:
1914:
1906:
1862:
1846:
1754:
988:
826:
764:
615:
540:
360:
269:
64:
2661:
2227:
2103:
2082:
2063:
2042:
2021:
1981:
1954:
1918:
1854:
1802:
1758:
1677:
1432:
1401:
1340:
1147:
1107:"China's latest census reports more balanced gender ratio - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
807:
466:
398:
375:
167:
162:
130:
1866:
830:
Birth sex ratios have dramatically changed in China since the implementation of the
818:, which reads "It is forbidden to discriminate against, abuse or abandon baby girls"
2531:
2526:
2351:
2324:
2319:
2300:
1942:
1898:
1836:
1746:
1667:
1139:
831:
791:
768:
631:
439:
424:
135:
2097:
2057:
2036:
1503:
1408:
1172:
772:
710:
560:
514:
461:
419:
409:
332:
291:
232:
202:
172:
79:
2159:
2209:
998:
993:
322:
259:
237:
197:
140:
1910:
1750:
1672:
1655:
2676:
1681:
1344:
1131:
54:
44:
2099:
China's
Longest Campaign: Birth Planning in the People's Republic, 1949–2005
1886:
1143:
2252:
671:
651:
623:
370:
344:
337:
212:
2128:. Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces. Archived from
1858:
1946:
918:
877:
760:
687:
565:
404:
365:
317:
242:
227:
49:
2008:
1593:"Infanticide, Abortion Responsible for 60 Million Girls Missing in Asia"
872:
the
Seventh National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
2552:
1850:
1637:"Researchers may have 'found' many of China's 30 million missing girls"
1545:"Despite The End Of China's One-Child Policy, Births Are Still Lagging"
941:
679:
84:
719:(Annals of the Holy Childhood), also found evidence of infanticide in
2222:
790:, lead by example and have only one child. From the beginning of the
192:
177:
89:
69:
2484:
1841:
1824:
670:
During the 19th century, the practice was widespread. Readings from
1902:
1656:"Delayed Registration and Identifying the "Missing Girls" in China"
963:
936:
914:
59:
2018:
Hardness of Heart/hardness of Life: The Stain of Human
Infanticide
1716:"China's 'missing women' theory likely overblown, researchers say"
847:
815:
736:
724:
683:
627:
414:
1697:"Study finds millions of China's 'missing girls' actually exist"
2059:
Drowning Girls in China: Female Infanticide in China since 1650
1067:
973:
811:
720:
706:
698:
455:
2194:
954:
List of administrative divisions in China by infant mortality
693:
1774:"Have China's Missing Girls Actually Been There All Along?"
1427:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p.
682:" for people to leave a child. In 1845, in the province of
157:
1524:
1424:
Forsaken females : the global brutalization of women
1057:
1055:
1040:
959:
List of Chinese administrative divisions by gender ratio
855:
Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces
1995:
Lee, Bernice J. (1981). "Female Infanticide in China".
1772:
den Boer, Andrea; M. Hudson, Valerie (9 January 2017).
1467:
Banister, J. (2004). Shortage of girls in China today.
1300:
1288:
1264:
1084:
1082:
1052:
878:
Female infanticides' effects on population and society
1312:
1240:
1228:
2657:
List of administrative divisions by infant mortality
2038:
The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800
1654:
Shi, Yaojiang; Kennedy, John James (December 2016).
1512:
1362:
1360:
1563:"Patriotism may hold key to China births challenge"
1079:
948:
It's a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World
860:
It's a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World
153:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
2501:National Population and Family Planning Commission
1978:Women, the Family, and Peasant Revolution in China
1252:
904:
838:A 2005 intercensus survey demonstrated pronounced
2189:
1771:
1385:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 19
1357:
1276:
2674:
1396:National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2014).
886:
778:On September 25, 1980, in an "open letter", the
647:Burying Babies in China (p.40, March 1865, XXII)
1997:Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques
1101:
1099:
1097:
713:, collated documents from 13 provinces and the
2600:List of administrative divisions by population
2505:National Health and Family Planning Commission
2079:Behind the Silence: Chinese Voices on Abortion
2626:List of administrative divisions by sex ratio
2470:
2175:
1822:
1543:Neuman, Scott; Schmitz, Rob (July 16, 2018).
1542:
1212:"BBC - Ethics - Abortion: Female infanticide"
1073:
595:
1461:
1094:
1823:Coale, Ansley J.; Banister, Judith (1994).
1647:
1479:
1477:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1165:
2477:
2463:
2182:
2168:
1825:"Five decades of missing females in China"
1688:
1653:
1450:
1448:
602:
588:
1840:
1671:
1138:, Routledge, pp. 77–94, 2012-11-12,
840:differences in sex ratio across provinces
666:Chinese anti-infanticide tract circa 1800
2119:"Slaughtering Eve The Hidden Gendercide"
2055:
2034:
1925:
1474:
1372:
1306:
1294:
1270:
1246:
1234:
1061:
825:
801:
780:Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
692:
661:
642:
2116:
1975:
1884:
1530:
1518:
1445:
1318:
2675:
2015:
1713:
1694:
1634:
1509:Ethics guide. Accessed 2 October 2019.
1420:
1046:
2458:
2163:
2095:
1795:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1485:Population and Development Review, 19
1282:
1088:
909:In December 2016, researchers at the
536:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
1714:Zhuang, Pinghui (30 November 2016).
1330:
1206:
1204:
1202:
797:
674:texts show a prevalence of the term
2076:
1994:
1810:from the original on 8 January 2014
1732:
1366:
1258:
979:Sex-selective abortion § China
750:
13:
2148:
1635:Denyer, Simon (30 November 2016).
1580:
1469:Journal of Population Research, 21
1187:from the original on 14 March 2020
870:According to China's 2020 census (
14:
2719:
2266:Three Obediences and Four Virtues
1695:Jozuka, Emiko (1 December 2016).
1456:BMJ: British Medical Journal, 338
1199:
775:policies and female infanticide.
2693:Violence against women in China
2579:Forced abortion of Feng Jianmei
2020:. University Press of America.
1980:. University of Chicago Press.
1964:from the original on 2018-11-04
1873:from the original on 2020-01-01
1788:
1765:
1726:
1707:
1628:
1610:
1555:
1536:
1490:
1414:
1402:China statistical yearbook 2014
1390:
1324:
1020:
1011:
905:Underreporting of female babies
730:
657:
2155:Female infanticide by Websters
1124:
782:requested that members of the
618:which spans 2,000 years. When
1:
2248:In ancient and imperial times
1885:DeLugan, Robin Maria (2013).
1033:
887:Preventing female infanticide
481:International legal framework
2362:Traditional Chinese marriage
2218:All-China Women's Federation
2117:Winkler, Theodor H. (2005).
2102:. Cornell University Press.
2081:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2062:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2041:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1926:Harrison, Henrietta (2008).
1796:Abeel, David (13 May 1844).
1109:. 2022-07-05. Archived from
1004:
892:protect female infants. The
863:was released. It focused on
716:Annales de la Sainte-Enfance
576:Violence against LGBT people
450:Online gender-based violence
146:Violence against prostitutes
7:
932:Female infanticide in India
925:
865:female infanticide in India
10:
2724:
2610:National Population Census
2509:National Health Commission
2403:LGBTQ culture in Hong Kong
2126:Women in an Insecure World
1935:American Historical Review
1497:Female infanticide. (n.d.)
1331:Kang, Inkoo (2019-08-09).
1177:Wesleyan Juvenile Offering
806:Roadside sign in Danshan,
638:
116:Sexual violence statistics
2649:
2618:
2587:
2566:
2545:
2517:
2493:
2408:LGBTQ culture in Shanghai
2370:
2310:Chinese-foreign marriages
2299:
2208:
2201:
1976:Johnson, Kay Ann (1985).
1751:10.1017/S0305741017001060
1673:10.1017/S0305741016001132
1411:, accessed 2 October 2019
1173:"Burying Babies in China"
1074:Coale & Banister 1994
435:Intimate partner violence
328:Female genital mutilation
106:Causes of sexual violence
2486:Family planning policies
2398:LGBTQ culture in Chengdu
2393:LGBTQ culture in Beijing
2342:Marriage in modern China
2315:Family planning policies
2056:Mungello, D. E. (2008).
2035:Mungello, D. E. (2012).
2016:Milner, Larry S (2000).
1720:South China Morning Post
1567:South China Morning Post
743:, wrote the short story
739:, a noted member of the
2488:and population of China
2243:Ideals of female beauty
2238:Globalization and women
1421:Parrot, Andrea (2006).
1144:10.4324/9780203040324-8
842:, ranging from 1.04 in
614:China has a history of
287:Secondary victimisation
111:Child sexual initiation
98:Sexual assault and rape
2683:Sex selection in China
2574:Childless Hundred Days
2259:Good Wife, Wise Mother
2223:Female migrant workers
2096:White, Tyrene (2006).
2077:Nie, Jing-Bao (2005).
1798:"Infanticide In China"
984:Violence against women
969:Missing women of China
898:Women's Protection Law
835:
819:
788:Communist Youth League
702:
667:
648:
620:Christian missionaries
571:Violence against women
31:Violence against women
829:
805:
696:
665:
646:
445:Marry-your-rapist law
440:Marriage by abduction
297:Virgin cleansing myth
1947:10.1086/ahr.113.1.72
1891:Current Anthropology
911:University of Kansas
430:Forced sterilisation
126:Cybersex trafficking
2558:Shidu (bereavement)
1739:The China Quarterly
1660:The China Quarterly
1624:. 29 November 2016.
1533:, pp. 649–650.
1076:, pp. 459–479.
1049:, pp. 238–239.
786:, and those in the
741:May Fourth Movement
121:Forced prostitution
2708:Childhood in China
2703:Female infanticide
2636:Female infanticide
2605:Population history
2537:Three-child policy
2357:Polyandry in Tibet
2330:Three-child policy
2289:Female infanticide
1733:Cai, Yong (2017).
1502:2019-11-21 at the
1407:2015-11-26 at the
1183:: 40. March 1865.
989:Women and religion
836:
820:
765:Chinese government
703:
668:
649:
616:female infanticide
361:Narcissistic abuse
2670:
2669:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
1803:Signal of Liberty
1778:New Security Beat
1400:. Retrieved from
853:According to the
808:Yanjiang District
798:Current situation
763:published by the
612:
611:
467:Toxic masculinity
399:Droit du seigneur
376:Domestic violence
131:Human trafficking
2715:
2532:Two-child policy
2527:One-child policy
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2352:New Marriage Law
2325:Two-child policy
2320:One-child policy
2206:
2205:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2113:
2092:
2073:
2052:
2031:
2012:
1991:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1932:
1922:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1844:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1745:(231): 797-803.
1730:
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1704:
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1136:Genomics In Asia
1128:
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1121:
1119:
1118:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
832:One-Child Policy
792:one-child policy
769:one-child policy
751:One-Child Policy
632:one-child policy
604:
597:
590:
425:Forced pregnancy
18:
17:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2688:Sexism in China
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2645:
2614:
2583:
2562:
2541:
2513:
2489:
2483:
2453:
2444:
2418:same-sex unions
2366:
2295:
2197:
2188:
2151:
2149:Further reading
2146:
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1842:10.2307/2061752
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1641:Washington Post
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1504:Wayback Machine
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2069:978-0742555310
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2027:978-0761815785
2026:
2013:
2003:(3): 163–177.
1992:
1987:978-0226401898
1986:
1973:
1923:
1911:10.1086/672365
1903:10.1086/672365
1897:(5): 649–650.
1882:
1835:(3): 459–479.
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1261:, p. 164.
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2135:on 2019-10-07
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2048:9781442219755
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1487:(2), 283-302.
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1387:(9), 426-430.
1386:
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1368:
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1342:
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1334:
1327:
1321:, p. 29.
1320:
1315:
1309:, p. 13.
1308:
1307:Mungello 2008
1303:
1297:, p. 77.
1296:
1295:Harrison 2008
1291:
1284:
1279:
1273:, p. 10.
1272:
1271:Mungello 2008
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1247:Mungello 2008
1243:
1237:, p. 17.
1236:
1235:Mungello 2008
1231:
1217:
1216:www.bbc.co.uk
1213:
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1153:9780203040324
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1113:on 2022-07-05
1112:
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1062:Mungello 2012
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510:Belém do Pará
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415:Force-feeding
413:
411:
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391:and pregnancy
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314:
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310:Disfigurement
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147:
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139:
137:
136:Fetish slaves
134:
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127:
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123:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
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88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
55:Honor killing
53:
51:
48:
46:
45:Bride burning
43:
42:
41:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2635:
2595:Demographics
2288:
2279:Prostitution
2253:Foot binding
2137:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2125:
2098:
2078:
2058:
2037:
2017:
2000:
1996:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1941:(1): 72–92.
1938:
1934:
1894:
1890:
1875:. Retrieved
1832:
1828:
1812:. Retrieved
1801:
1789:Bibliography
1777:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1599:. 2015-03-25
1596:
1571:. Retrieved
1569:. 2018-06-19
1566:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1531:DeLugan 2013
1526:
1521:, p. 7.
1519:Winkler 2005
1514:
1506:
1492:
1484:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1423:
1416:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1348:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1319:Johnson 1985
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1249:, p. 9.
1242:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1189:. Retrieved
1180:
1176:
1167:
1157:, retrieved
1135:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1111:the original
1069:
1042:
1022:
1013:
946:
908:
897:
894:Marriage Law
893:
890:
881:
869:
858:
852:
837:
821:
777:
758:
754:
744:
734:
731:20th century
714:
709:missionary,
704:
675:
669:
658:19th century
652:Confucianism
650:
624:Matteo Ricci
613:
472:Witch trials
454:
397:
371:Dating abuse
353:Other issues
345:Foot binding
338:Infibulation
168:By Deception
163:Acquaintance
15:
2440:Transgender
1814:16 November
1471:(1), 19-45.
1047:Milner 2000
919:infanticide
867:and China.
846:to 1.43 in
761:white paper
688:David Abeel
680:baby towers
566:Victimology
546:25 November
405:Eve teasing
366:Gaslighting
318:Acid attack
65:Infanticide
50:Dowry death
2677:Categories
2588:Population
2553:Only child
2494:Commission
2303:and family
2233:Healthcare
2139:2013-11-17
1968:2018-11-04
1877:2019-09-11
1829:Demography
1603:2023-04-23
1573:2023-04-23
1350:2023-12-15
1283:Abeel 1844
1221:2023-04-23
1191:1 December
1159:2023-04-18
1117:2022-07-05
1089:White 2006
1034:References
942:Gendercide
556:By country
551:6 February
386:management
275:In Service
233:Statistics
223:Prevention
173:Corrective
85:Sororicide
2619:Sex ratio
2428:Hong Kong
2191:Sexuality
1955:163110059
1919:142658205
1759:158924618
1682:0305-7410
1345:1091-2339
1005:Footnotes
735:In 1930,
238:Statutory
218:Pregnancy
198:Genocidal
90:Uxoricide
70:Matricide
2662:Abortion
2388:Intersex
2301:Marriage
2228:Feminism
2009:41298766
1959:Archived
1871:Archived
1867:24724998
1808:Archived
1597:Fox News
1500:Archived
1405:Archived
1367:Nie 2005
1259:Lee 1981
1185:Archived
964:Misogyny
937:Femicide
926:See also
915:abortion
896:and the
701:Province
520:Istanbul
60:Femicide
23:a series
21:Part of
2378:History
1859:7828766
1851:2061752
848:Jiangxi
816:Sichuan
737:Rou Shi
725:Sichuan
684:Jiangxi
639:History
628:poverty
381:outline
253:Wartime
213:Marital
203:History
188:Factors
183:Effects
37:Killing
2567:Events
2519:Policy
2413:Rights
2202:Topics
2106:
2085:
2066:
2045:
2024:
2007:
1984:
1953:
1917:
1909:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1757:
1680:
1622:Quartz
1458:(7700)
1435:
1343:
1150:
974:Sexism
812:Ziyang
721:Shanxi
707:Jesuit
699:Fujian
515:Maputo
456:Raptio
265:Campus
243:Threat
228:Prison
2650:Other
2433:Macau
2423:Tibet
2210:Women
2195:China
2133:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
2005:JSTOR
1962:(PDF)
1951:S2CID
1931:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1907:JSTOR
1863:S2CID
1847:JSTOR
1755:S2CID
1337:Slate
844:Tibet
784:party
676:ni nü
505:DEVAW
495:CEDAW
490:DEDAW
270:Child
2546:Term
2371:LGBT
2104:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2064:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1855:PMID
1816:2013
1678:ISSN
1433:ISBN
1341:ISSN
1193:2015
1181:XXII
1148:ISBN
917:and
723:and
672:Qing
500:VDPA
280:Mass
208:Laws
193:Gang
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