616:
peasantry in order to receive their support. As liberated areas grew, colonial governmental structures were replaced, as
Frelimo activists and local chiefs assumed roles of authority. Traditional leaders were accustomed to controlling âthe productive and reproductive capacity of women.â They ârejected womenâs rights to participate in armed struggle and defended the bride price system, child marriage and polygamy.â These traditional practices âwere all viewed as incompatible with the tenets of revolutionary society.â Over time, traditional power structures were delegitimized by their association with Portuguese colonization and their inability to accommodate key components of revolutionary ideology. Frelimo encouraged the creation of collectives and greatly increased peasant access to education and healthcare. Often FRELIMO soldiers were assigned to medical assistance projects.
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leadership must be women. There is âequal distribution of womenâs names (every third name is a womanâs) through the candidate lists.â Equal distribution on lists are called âzebra listsâ and this type of list has proven to be important to the success of quota systems. The adoption of the quota system has resulted in steady growth since its implementation. In 1994 women made up 26% of the national parliament, in 1999 they made up 30%, and in 2004, women won 35%, in 2015 women won 40% of the parliamentary seats. Mozambique is ranked twelfth in the world and fourth in Africa for womenâs involvement in its national parliament.
879:
800:
ever initiated in Africa. The scheme reached over 90% of the
Mozambican Population in the first five years and led to a 20% drop in infant mortality rates. Illiteracy rates dropped from 95% in 1975 to 73% in 1978. Those who were previously denied access to education because of class, gender, or race were exposed to education. Frelimoâs dedication to accessible education had long-lasting consequences as previously marginalized groups, such as women, were able to engage intellectually and be involved in formal political and economic structures for the first time.
1076:
831:
38:
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807:
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battle against RENAMO and frequent raids against key roads and railways caused economic chaos across the country. FRELIMO's focus rapidly shifted from socialist construction to maintaining a basic level of infrastructure and protecting the towns and cities as best they could. Despite small scale reforms in the party and state and the growing war Machel continued to maintain a hardline
MarxistâLeninist stance and refused to negotiate with RENAMO.
3494:
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971:
1471:
1445:
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549:(mother country). Emigration to the colonies soared. Calls for Mozambican independence developed rapidly, and in 1962 several anti-colonial political groups formed FRELIMO. In September 1964, it initiated an armed campaign against Portuguese colonial rule. Portugal had ruled Mozambique for more than four hundred years; not all Mozambicans desired independence, and fewer still sought change through armed revolution.
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revolution, the guarantee of its continuity and the precondition to its victory.â This perspective recognizes the immense labor force that women constitute. Frelimo acknowledged that womenâs involvement in the formal economy would result in an economically stronger
Mozambique. The population was encouraged to view womenâs emancipation as vital to the amelioration of Mozambiqueâs society.
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823:
reduction in production. At the 4th Party
Congress in 1984 FRELIMO acknowledged its mistakes in the economic field and adopted a new set of directives and plans, reversing their previous positions and promoting more peasant and communal based farming projects over the larger state farms, many of which were either dismantled or shrunk.
749:
1127:
RENAMO and some other opposition parties made claims of election fraud and denounced the result. International observers (among others, members of the
European Union Election Observation Mission to Mozambique and the Carter Center) supported these claims, criticizing the National Electoral Commission
886:
With the removal of the final vestiges of
Marxism from FRELIMO at the 5th Party Congress, greater economic reform programs commenced with the help of the World Bank, IMF and various international donors. FRELIMO also believed it needed to reduce all traces of socialist influence, this resulted in the
771:
Immediately after independence, Mozambique and FRELIMO faced extraordinarily tough circumstances. The country was bankrupt with almost all of its skilled workforce fleeing or already fled, a 95% illiteracy rate and a brewing counter-revolutionary movement known as the "Mozambique
National Resistance"
718:
with FRELIMO. Government forces moved in and quickly smashed these movements and arrested various FRELIMO dissidents and
Portuguese collaborators who were involved in FICO, the Dragons and other political entities that conspired or aligned against FRELIMO. These included prominent dissidents such as
717:
At the same time FRELIMO had to deal with various small political parties that sprung up and were now contesting for control of
Mozambique with FRELIMO along with the reaction of white settlers. Prominent groups included FICO ("I stay" in Portuguese) and the "Dragons of Death" which directly clashed
659:
FRELIMO established some "liberated" zones (countryside zones with native rural populations controlled by FRELIMO guerrillas) in Northern Mozambique. The movement grew in strength during the ensuing decade. As FRELIMO's political campaign gained coherence, its forces advanced militarily, controlling
826:
As the war with RENAMO intensified much of the improvements to healthcare, education and basic infrastructure by FRELIMO were wiped out. Agriculture fell into disarray as farms were burnt and farmers fled into the cities for safety, industrial production slowed as many workers were conscripted into
631:
The war of liberation was viewed as a rejection of âobstructionist, traditional-feudal and capitalist practices.â The transformation of âsocial and economic relationsâ had significant implications for women. Womenâs liberation was ânot an act of charity,â but rather âa fundamental necessity for the
799:
FRELIMO began extensive programs for economic development, healthcare and education. Healthcare and Education became free and universal to all Mozambicans and the government begun a mass program of immunisations which was praised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as one of the most successful
655:
After Mondlane's assassination in February 1969, Uria Simango took over the leadership, but his presidency was disputed. In April 1969, leadership was assumed by a triumvirate, with Machel and Marcelino dos Santos supplementing Simango. After several months, in November 1969, Machel and dos Santos
925:
was signed. United Nations' peacekeeping operation started in 1992 and ended in 1994, helping to end the civil war. With the end of the civil war elections were scheduled for 1994 under the new pluralistic system. FRELIMO and RENAMO campaigned heavily for the elections. FRELIMO ultimately won the
795:
vanguard party of the worker-peasant alliance at the congress. The congress laid down firmly that the political and economic guidelines for the development of the economy and the society would be for the benefit of all Mozambicans. FRELIMO was also restructured extensively, the central committee
787:
Large steps had already been taken towards the construction of a Mozambican socialist society by time of the 3rd Party Congress in February 1977, including the nationalisation of the land, many agricultural, industrial and commercial enterprises, rented housing, the banks, health and education.
1128:(CNE) for failing to conduct fair and transparent elections. They listed numerous cases of improper conduct by the electoral authorities that benefited FRELIMO. However, the EU observers concluded that the elections shortcomings probably did not affect the presidential election's final result.
862:
was elected as the President of FRELIMO and was inaugurated as the Second President of the People's Republic of Mozambique on 6 November 1986. Despite being considered a "Moderate Marxist" Chissano initially maintained Machel's hardline stance against RENAMO but begun economic reforms with the
615:
Frelimo's initial military operations were in the North of the country; by the late 1960s it had established "liberated zones" in Northern Mozambique in which it, rather than the Portuguese, constituted the civil authority. In administering these zones, FRELIMO worked to improve the lot of the
822:
Some of FRELIMO's more ambitious policies also caused further stress to the economy. Particularly FRELIMO's agricultural policy from 1977â1983 which placed heavy emphasis on state farms and neglected smaller peasant and community farms caused discontent among many peasant farmers and led to a
607:
countries, and some non-governmental organisations in the West. The mobilization of all, regardless of gender, motivated the initial inclusion of women into the war. Initially women were used to carry goods from Tanzania, but over time they were tasked with "making the first contacts with the
929:
In 1992 Frelimo implemented a voluntary quota system like many other "post-conflict countries that had left-leaning parties in power with longstanding commitments to gender equality." Frelimoâs quota system requires that 30% of the candidates running for the National Assembly under Frelimoâs
814:
However, some serious setbacks occurred, with particular force in the years 1982â1984. Neighbouring states, firstly Rhodesia and then South Africa, made direct armed incursions and promoted the growing RENAMO insurgency which continued to carry out economic sabotage and terrorism against the
686:
regime, and the country turned against supporting the long and draining colonial war in Mozambique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau. Portugal and FRELIMO negotiated Mozambique's independence, which resulted in a transitional government until official independence from Portugal in June 1975.
933:
Throughout the mid to late 1990s, FRELIMO moved towards democratic socialist views (officially adopting it at the 10th Party Congress), as further liberalisation continued the government received further support and aid from countries such as the
647:
and a majority of the Party's Central Committee promoted the struggle not just for independence but to create a socialist society. The 2nd Party Congress, held in July 1968, approved the socialist goals. Mondlane was reelected party President and
611:
Frelimo founded the Women's Detachment, a part of the Department of Defense, as a way to encourage the mobilization of women and enlarge Frelimo's support. Women cadres brought "a new and decisive force to the revolutionary struggle."
583:
The movement could not then be based in Mozambique as the Portuguese opposed nationalist movements and the colony was controlled by the police. (The three founding groups had also operated as exiles.) Tanzania and its president,
863:
adoption of The World Bank and IMF's "Economic Rehabilitation Program" (ERP) in September 1987. By 1988 Chissano had relented on his hardliner position and begun seeking third party negotiations with RENAMO to end the conflict.
627:
as the principal enemy of the common Mozambican people, not the Portuguese as such, and not Europeans in general. Although it was an African nationalist party, it adopted a non-racial stance. Numerous white people were members.
926:
elections with 53.3% of the vote with an 88% voter turnout. RENAMO contested the election results and threatened to return to violence, however, under both internal and external pressure RENAMO eventually accepted the results.
660:
one-third of the area of Mozambique by 1969, mostly in the northern and central provinces. It was not able to gain control of the cities located inside the "liberated" zones but established itself firmly in the rural regions.
4019:
853:
In 1986 while returning from a meeting with Zaire and Malawi, President Samora Machel died in a suspicious airplane crash many blamed on the apartheid regime in Pretoria. In the immediate aftermath the
3393:
2946:
3822:
592:, that peaceful agitation would not bring about independence, FRELIMO contemplated the possibility of armed struggle from the outset. It launched its first offensive in September 1964.
1982:
600:
443:
3856:
608:
population in a new area." Women were expected to engage with the locals and politicize them. This discourse helped legitimize female cadres as real revolutionaries.
2272:
1960:
866:
In 1989 at the 5th Party Congress, FRELIMO officially dropped all references to MarxismâLeninism and class struggle from its party directives and documents, and
796:
expanding to over 200 members and the transformation of FRELIMO from a front into a formal political party, adopting the name "Partido FRELIMO" (FRELIMO Party).
3226:
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3400:
3204:
855:
3123:
Basto, Maria-Benedita, "Writing a Nation or Writing a Culture? Frelimo and Nationalism During the Mozambican Liberation War" in Eric Morier-Genoud (ed.)
727:
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In early 2001 Chissano announced his intention to not stand for the 2004 presidential election, although the constitution permitted him to do so.
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3409:
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267:
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of the Portuguese Army. By the early 1970s, FRELIMO's 7,000-strong guerrilla force had opened new fronts in central and northern Mozambique.
4227:
656:
ousted Simango from FRELIMO. Simango left FRELIMO and joined the small Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique (COREMO) liberation movement.
1890:
4252:
3812:
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to Mozambique and ended one-party rule. The revisions also removed all references to socialism from the constitution and resulted in the
569:
561:
3219:
3657:
3592:
4237:
4132:
3629:
1205:
957:, Chissano was re-elected as President of Mozambique with 52.3% of the vote, while FRELIMO secured 133 of 250 parliamentary seats.
1986:
4068:
4050:
3242:
780:. As the RENAMO movement grew in strength, FRELIMO and RENAMO began clashing directly in what would quickly turn into the deadly
565:
416:
369:
118:
3009:"Mediators of Liberation: Eastern-Bloc Officials, Mozambican Diplomacy and the Origins of Soviet Support for Frelimo, 1958â1965"
4257:
4222:
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The early years of the party, during which its Marxist direction evolved, were times of internal turmoil. Mondlane, along with
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299:
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Its members' practical experiences in the liberated zones resulted in the FRELIMO leadership increasingly moving towards a
3140:, "The Social Origins of Good and Bad Governance: Re-interpreting the 1968 Schism in Frelimo" in Eric Morier-Genoud (ed.)
2867:
4217:
4087:
3900:
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Morier-Genoud, Eric, âMozambique since 1989: Shaping democracy after Socialismâ in A.R.Mustapha & L.Whitfield (eds),
3013:
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815:
population. Natural disasters compounded the already devastating situation, with large scale floods in some regions from
803:
Despite the difficult situation and economic chaos the Mozambican economy grew appreciably from the period of 1977â1983.
576:, who was elected president of the newly formed organization, FRELIMO settled its headquarters in 1963 in Dar es Salaam.
454:
the previous year. FRELIMO formally became a political party during its 3rd Party Congress in February 1977, and adopted
4138:
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3105:
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held on 1â2 December 2004. As expected given FRELIMO's majority status, he won, gaining about 60% of the vote. At the
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1080:
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114:
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1310:
954:
699:
515:
2967:
NĂłs, a FRELIMO, Partido de moçambicanos e para moçambicanos, guiamo-nos pelos princĂpios do socialismo democrĂĄtico
537:
After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies, Portugal, under the
4247:
3990:
3784:
3336:
3328:
3313:
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1987 Soviet stamps commemorating 25 years since the founding of FRELIMO and 10 years of USSR-Mozambique relations
435:
2973:[We, FRELIMO, Party of Mozambicans and for Mozambicans, are guided by the principles of democratic socialism
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from positions of power and influence within the party. Additionally FRELIMO begun to revise the history of the
3924:
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1851:
1209:
1022:
996:
900:
532:
491:
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1193:
842:
150:
4012:
3196:
2856:
Bauer, âThe Fast Track to Parliament: Comparing Electoral Gender Quotas in Eastern and Southern Africa,â 15.
446:, and received military and economic assistance from both. Independence was achieved in June 1975 after the
4029:
3915:
3680:
2686:
1087:
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assumed the duties of President of FRELIMO and President of Mozambique until a successor could be elected.
186:
3168:
Sumich, Jason, "The Party and the State: Frelimo and Social Stratification in Post-socialist Mozambique",
2176:
Samora Machel as quoted in Stephanie Urdang, The Last Transition? Women and Development in Mozambique, 90.
3980:
3930:
3695:
1124:
of the same date, the party won 62.0% of the popular vote and 160 of 250 seats in the national assembly.
1029:
870:
was adopted as the official ideology of FRELIMO while talks continued with RENAMO to broker a ceasefire.
714:
countries. Marcelino dos Santos became vice-president of FRELIMO and the central committee was expanded.
3532:
2204:
Unknown Author, "Mozambique Radio Seized by ExâPortuguese Soldiers" The New York Times, 7 September 1974
4123:
4095:
4044:
3971:
3598:
3318:
2825:
2319:
Madeley, R.; Jelley, D.; O'Keefe, P. (August 1984). "The Advent of Primary Health Care in Mozambique".
2280:
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922:
557:
506:
in 1990, which ended one-party rule and established a multi-party system. FRELIMO has since become the
503:
1912:[Militant trajectories: from Brazil to Mozambique in the networks of the international left].
772:(RENAMO) was beginning its first strikes against key government infrastructure with the assistance of
4158:
3750:
3643:
3450:
3438:
3308:
3008:
3154:
Opello, Walter C. "Pluralism and elite conflict in an independence movement: FRELIMO in the 1960s",
1011:
4004:
3986:
992:
981:
859:
313:
438:. During its anti-colonial struggle, FRELIMO managed to maintain friendly relations with both the
4173:
3775:
3734:
3378:
1121:
1114:
985:
943:
588:, were sympathetic to the Mozambican nationalist groups. Convinced by recent events, such as the
374:
257:
4072:
3367:
3060:
915:
816:
706:. The new government first received diplomatic recognition, economic and military support from
683:
664:
542:
538:
364:
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507:
291:
1252:
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896:
867:
781:
759:
743:
679:
636:
484:
455:
447:
413:
224:
209:
194:
946:, despite not being a former British colony, for its role in ensuring the independence of
846:
723:
672:
8:
3462:
2511:
2377:
Deo, Nandini (2012). "Women's Activism and feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua".
1075:
398:
393:
214:
3132:
The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique
663:
In 1970 the guerrilla movement suffered heavy losses as Portugal launched its ambitious
3841:
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2659:
2651:
2523:
2456:
2396:
2016:
1099:
907:
698:
principles, with Samora Machel re-elected as President of FRELIMO and subsequently the
480:
431:
239:
234:
2770:
878:
4035:
3137:
3101:
3042:
3030:
2894:
2837:
2684:
Munslow, Barry (1990). "Marxism-Leninism in reverse, the Fifth Congress of FRELIMO".
2663:
2643:
2595:
Dez meses depois do PRE, Ă© encorajador crescimento atingido, considera Ministro Osman
2434:
2400:
2328:
2307:
O Partido e as Classes Trabalhadoras Moçambicanas na Edificação da Democracia Popular
2219:
2157:
2090:
1931:
1870:
Also translated as the Mozambican Liberation Front or Liberation Front of Mozambique.
1036:
247:
2746:
Dinerman, Alice (September 2007). "Independence redux in postsocialist Mozambique".
2121:
Cabrita, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 116.
1910:"Trajetórias militantes: do Brasil a Moçambique nas redes da esquerda internacional"
1909:
1092:
4212:
3022:
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1921:
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1270:
1227:
792:
644:
573:
476:
219:
81:
3026:
3357:
3188:
2471:
Roesch, Otto (1988). "Rural Mozambique since the Frelimo Party Fourth Congress".
2454:
Kamm, Henry (18 November 1984). "Deadly Famine in Mozambique called Inevitable".
2392:
1956:
1683:
1372:
1258:
1233:
1110:
691:
157:
3161:
Simpson, Mark, "Foreign and Domestic Factors in the Transformation of Frelimo",
3073:
FRELIMO. Departamento de Informação e Propaganda, Mozambique revolution, Page 10
834:
572:(UNAMI) merged into one broad-based guerrilla movement. Under the leadership of
2351:
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589:
585:
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or RENAMO. RENAMO received support from the then white minority governments of
488:
2695:
2639:
2486:
560:, on 25 June 1962, when three regionally based nationalist organizations: the
4206:
4109:
3849:
3034:
2833:
2806:
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1935:
1926:
1521:
1221:
939:
838:
640:
553:
132:
86:
2711:"The Political-Ideological Path of FRELIMO in Mozambique, from 1962 to 2012"
2540:
Bob and Amy Coen, "Mozambique: The Struggle for Survival" Video Africa, 1987
830:
37:
4178:
4081:
3798:
3651:
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2332:
1766:
1429:
1239:
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The civil war conflict continued under a lessened pace until 1992 when the
903:
to distort it to suit FRELIMO's new, contradictory pro-capitalist beliefs.
719:
649:
596:
577:
499:
472:
439:
58:
53:
748:
595:
During the ensuing war of independence, FRELIMO received support from the
430:
Founded in 1962, FRELIMO began as a nationalist movement fighting for the
4183:
4062:
3963:
3562:
3510:
1173:
1118:
604:
3708:
3469:
3237:
2921:
2899:
2760:"Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique"], Assembleia Popular, 1990
1273:, politician, elected to Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique in 2009
806:
624:
420:
145:
2655:
2623:
2527:
1914:
Etnogråfica. Revista do Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia
4168:
773:
695:
546:
204:
970:
873:
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3457:
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2519:
1177:
1137:
947:
777:
495:
424:
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545:
and other Portuguese possessions were overseas territories of the
4163:
4115:
3493:
1169:
1145:
620:
475:
of Mozambique since then, initially as the sole legal party in a
3134:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press Of Virginia, 2000.
2056:
Women's Activism and Feminist Agency in Mozambique and Nicaragua
623:
policy. FRELIMO came to regard economic exploitation by Western
3481:
3265:
3198:
Final Report of the European Union Election Observation Mission
3142:
Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
3125:
Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique
2624:"Foreign and Domestic Factors in the Transformation of Frelimo"
2244:
2124:
1185:
1165:
1161:
1153:
451:
137:
2358:
906:
In 1990 a revised constitution was adopted which introduced a
3726:
3498:
2500:
Bowen, Merle L. (1989). "Peasant Agriculture in Mozambique".
2023:
1215:
1201:
1157:
1149:
170:
Association of Combatants of the National Liberation Struggle
3183:
1276:
Sharfudine Khan, Ambassador of Mozambique (After Liberation)
347:
4193:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
4190:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
3892:
3857:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
3818:
3767:
3613:
3486:
2895:"Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National Parliaments"
1189:
1079:
A section of the crowd at its final campaign rally for the
707:
2431:
Beggar Your Neighbours: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa
423:. It has governed the country since its independence from
2872:
2142:
Cabrita, Mozambique: The Tortuous Road to Democracy, 116.
510:
in Mozambique and has won a majority of the seats in the
280:
2350:. Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series.
2318:
479:
and later as the democratically elected government in a
2949:[Party program approved by the 10th congress].
2194:] (in Portuguese). Imprensa Nacional de Moçambique.
2607:
Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais da 5 Congresso FRELIMO
2417:
Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais da 4 Congresso FRELIMO
2348:
The Human Resources for Health Situation in Mozambique
2103:
2066:
737:
3563:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
3089:
Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1900â1982
2868:"Mozambique's New Parliament Faces 'Political Crisis"
2035:
1136:
FRELIMO has received support from the governments of
1109:
In 2002, during its 8th Congress, the party selected
4020:
Movement for the Liberation of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2241:
Literacy in Mozambique: education for all challenges
856:
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO
756:
Mozambique's national anthem from 1975 to 1992 was "
2259:
Comissão de Implementação dos Conselhos de Produção
1957:"Election of FRELIMO Candidate Goes Into the Night"
1891:"Guerra entre camaradas da Frelimo chega à Justiça"
1267:, Chairman of Frelimo Youth Organization since 2010
1091:FRELIMO's Secretary for Administration and Finance
2580:"Moderate Marxist Succeeds Machel in Mozambique".
2010:
1985:. sundayworld.co.za. 29 April 2014. Archived from
526:
2953:(in European Portuguese). FRELIMO. Archived from
2273:"Historical context: War and Peace in Mozambique"
2011:Abegunrin, Olayiwola; Manyeruke, Charity (2020).
874:Movement towards democratic socialism (1989â2000)
4204:
3716:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
3086:
2412:
2410:
2364:
2130:
2029:
757:
570:National African Union of Independent Mozambique
463:
2947:"Programa do Partido aprovado pelo 10 congreso"
2552:Carlos Cardoso: Telling the Truth in Mozambique
1983:"Dar-es-Salaam once a home for revolutionaries"
3614:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
3410:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3151:(Oxford: James Currey, 2009), pp. 153â166
268:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
3548:
3394:
3220:
3172:Volume 41, no. 4, July 2010, pp. 679â698
3057:Southern Africa: The Escalation of a Conflict
2407:
4263:1962 establishments in the Portuguese Empire
2345:
2309:Documentos do III Congresso da FRELIMO, 1977
2296:Documentos do III Congresso da FRELIMO, 1977
2089:. C Hurst & Co Publishers. p. 546.
1908:Azevedo, Desirée de Lemos (1 October 2012).
3324:Party for Peace, Democracy, and Development
3190:Special Report on Mozambique 2004 Elections
3087:Isaacman, Allen; Isaacman, Barbara (1983).
2793:
2791:
2708:
2013:China's Power in Africa: A New Global Order
2006:
2004:
999:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3555:
3541:
3401:
3387:
3227:
3213:
3098:Mozambique: The Revolution and its Origins
2990:"Wiariamu e as ajudas da Suécia à FRELIMO"
2617:
2615:
1246:
1216:Mozambican presidents representing FRELIMO
36:
3165:, Volume 31, no.02, June 1993, pp 309â337
3006:
1925:
1285:
1063:Learn how and when to remove this message
819:in 1984, followed by extensive droughts.
3585:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
2788:
2745:
2564:
2238:
2216:Mozambique: A Tortuous Road to Democracy
2001:
1086:
1074:
877:
829:
805:
752:FRELIMO 3rd Party Congress poster (1977)
747:
3696:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
3095:
3049:
2683:
2621:
2612:
2213:
2109:
2072:
2041:
1907:
1261:, Frelimo MP, sociologist and professor
682:" in Portugal overthrew the Portuguese
566:National Democratic Union of Mozambique
4205:
3931:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
2987:
2865:
2822:Women and Power in Postconflict Africa
2709:SimÔes Reis, Guilherme (8 July 2012).
2549:
2470:
2428:
2299:
2185:
2151:
2084:
2053:
514:in every election since the country's
4036:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
3630:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
3536:
3382:
3208:
3007:Telepneva, Natalia (2 January 2017).
2819:
2628:The Journal of Modern African Studies
2499:
1482:
887:removal of hardline Marxists such as
671:), which was masterminded by General
392:
16:Ruling party of Mozambique since 1977
4055:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
2748:IPRI Revista RelaçÔes Internacionais
2609:, Colecção 5 Congresso FRELIMO, 1989
2569:. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
2453:
2419:, Colecção 4 Congresso FRELIMO, 1983
1280:
997:adding citations to reliable sources
964:
942:. Mozambique became a member of the
434:and independence of Mozambique from
4228:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
4088:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3916:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
3156:Journal of Southern African Studies
3149:Turning Points in African Democracy
3014:Journal of Southern African Studies
2503:Canadian Journal of African Studies
2474:Review of African Political Economy
2376:
1236:: 2 February 2005 â 15 January 2015
1230:: 6 November 1986 â 2 February 2005
738:MarxistâLeninist period (1975â1989)
406:
13:
4253:1960s establishments in Mozambique
4139:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
4102:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
3881:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
3519:
3418:
3341:Mozambique Social Broadening Party
3289:Independent Alliance of Mozambique
3116:
2926:Women in International Parliaments
2270:
1131:
791:FRELIMO transformed itself into a
516:first multi-party election in 1994
410: Mozambique Liberation Front
403:Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
14:
4274:
3791:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
3177:
3163:Journal of Modern African Studies
2866:Powell, Anita (12 January 2015).
562:Mozambican African National Union
3901:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
3876:Hungarian Working People's Party
3805:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3236:
2154:Mozambique: Who Calls the Shots?
1897:(in Portuguese). 15 August 2023.
1831:
1824:
1823:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1709:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1658:
1657:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1587:
1580:
1579:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1469:
1443:
1412:
1386:
1355:
1329:
1224:: 25 June 1975 â 19 October 1986
1102:in Moscow, Russia, 26 April 2023
969:
4238:Political parties in Mozambique
3337:Independent Party of Mozambique
3329:Party of Freedom and Solidarity
3294:Mozambican Nationalist Movement
3243:Political parties in Mozambique
3079:
3067:
3000:
2981:
2939:
2914:
2887:
2859:
2850:
2813:
2763:
2754:
2739:
2702:
2677:
2600:
2588:
2573:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2493:
2464:
2447:
2422:
2370:
2346:Ferrinho, P.; Omar, C. (2006).
2339:
2312:
2294:Directivas EconĂłmicas e Sociais
2287:
2264:
2251:
2232:
2207:
2198:
2179:
2170:
2145:
2136:
2115:
2078:
960:
912:People's Republic of Mozambique
704:People's Republic of Mozambique
652:was re-elected vice-president.
527:War of independence (1964â1974)
2047:
1975:
1949:
1901:
1883:
1864:
1852:African independence movements
1832:
1793:
1749:
1710:
1666:
1627:
1588:
901:Mozambican War of Independence
784:which did not end until 1992.
580:was its first vice-president.
533:Mozambican War of Independence
492:Mozambican National Resistance
487:from 1976 to 1992 against the
1:
4258:1962 establishments in Africa
4223:National liberation movements
4051:Supreme Revolutionary Council
3345:Party of Greens of Mozambique
3333:National Reconciliation Party
3027:10.1080/03057070.2017.1265314
2775:Mozambique | Communist Crimes
2188:Unidade, Trabalho, VigilĂąncia
1877:
458:as its official ideology and
162:Mozambican Women Organisation
151:Mozambican Youth Organisation
4233:Parties of one-party systems
3991:Polish United Workers' Party
3681:Communist Party of Kampuchea
3314:People's Party of Mozambique
2687:Journal of Communist Studies
2393:10.1080/07393148.2012.646026
2365:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
2156:. James Currey. p. 12.
2131:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
2030:Isaacman & Isaacman 1983
7:
2720:. p. 9. Archived from
2597:, NotĂcias, 14 October 1987
1845:
1242:: 15 January 2015 â present
10:
4279:
4218:National liberation armies
4124:Communist Party of Vietnam
3827:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
3658:African Independence Party
3599:Party of Labour of Albania
3319:United Front of Mozambique
2826:Cambridge University Press
2803:African elections database
1097:Chairman of the State Duma
923:Rome General Peace Accords
741:
530:
521:
4159:List of communist parties
4154:
4131:
4108:
4094:
4080:
4069:National Liberation Front
4061:
4043:
4028:
4011:
3997:
3979:
3961:
3938:
3923:
3908:
3890:
3865:
3848:
3834:
3811:
3797:
3783:
3765:
3751:Congolese Party of Labour
3742:
3724:
3707:
3687:
3673:
3664:
3650:
3644:Bulgarian Communist Party
3636:
3622:
3605:
3591:
3577:
3568:
3517:
3427:
3416:
3363:List of political parties
3353:
3309:Front of Patriotic Action
3299:National Convention Party
3281:
3249:
3158:, Volume 2, Issue 1, 1975
2820:Tripp, Aili Mari (2015).
2799:"Elections in Mozambique"
2696:10.1080/13523279008415011
2640:10.1017/S0022278X00011952
2487:10.1080/03056248808703764
2192:Unity, Work, Surveillance
2054:Disney, Jennifer (2008).
1839:Supermajority government
1765:
1756:Supermajority government
1682:
1562:
1428:
1371:
1314:
1113:as its candidate for the
765:
502:. FRELIMO approved a new
390:Portuguese pronunciation:
360:
345:
340:
326:
312:
298:
286:
273:
263:
254:International affiliation
253:
233:
185:
174:
166:
156:
144:
128:
110:
95:
74:
64:
52:
44:
35:
23:
4243:Separatism in Mozambique
4005:Romanian Communist Party
2834:10.1017/CBO9781316336014
2239:Mouzinho, Mario (2006).
1927:10.4000/etnografica.2085
1857:
860:Joaquim Alberto Chissano
541:regime, maintained that
512:Assembly of the Republic
468:) as its official name.
436:Portuguese colonial rule
300:Assembly of the Republic
28:
3972:Workers' Party of Korea
3776:Communist Party of Cuba
3735:Chinese Communist Party
3170:Development and Change,
3096:Munslow, Barry (1983).
2565:Christie, Iain (1988).
2429:Hanlon, Joseph (1986).
2218:. New York: Macmillan.
2186:Machel, Samora (1974).
2152:Hanlon, Joseph (1991).
2087:A History of Mozambique
1247:Other prominent members
944:Commonwealth of Nations
552:FRELIMO was founded in
292:Unity, Criticism, Unity
258:Socialist International
235:Political position
4248:Separatism in Portugal
4073:Yemeni Socialist Party
3524:
3423:
3368:Politics of Mozambique
3144:(Leiden: Brill, 2012).
3127:(Leiden: Brill, 2012).
3061:University of Michigan
2922:"World Classification"
2622:Simpson, Mark (1993).
2554:. Double Storey Books.
2277:Conciliation Resources
2085:Newitt, Malyn (1994).
1961:Mozambique News Agency
1286:Presidential elections
1103:
1084:
916:Republic of Mozambique
883:
882:Former flag of FRELIMO
850:
817:Tropical Storm Domoina
811:
758:
753:
690:FRELIMO established a
665:Gordian Knot Operation
464:
402:
365:Politics of Mozambique
328:Pan-African Parliament
99:25 June 1962
4013:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3987:Polish Workers' Party
3523:
3422:
3184:FRELIMO official site
2994:Moçambique para todos
2550:Fauvet, Paul (2003).
2380:New Political Science
1115:presidential election
1090:
1078:
955:1999 general election
914:being renamed to the
881:
833:
809:
751:
504:national constitution
471:FRELIMO has been the
3304:National Unity Party
2567:Machel of Mozambique
2512:Taylor & Francis
2283:on 18 December 2022.
2214:Cabrita, J. (2001).
1800:Majority government
1717:Majority government
1673:Majority government
1634:Majority government
993:improve this section
897:Marcelino dos Santos
868:democratic socialism
782:Mozambican Civil War
760:Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
744:Mozambican Civil War
680:Carnation Revolution
637:Marcelino dos Santos
485:protracted civil war
448:Carnation Revolution
414:democratic socialist
225:Socialist patriotism
195:Democratic socialism
3063:. 1976. p. 99.
2957:on 28 December 2021
766:"Long Live FRELIMO"
722:, his wife Celina,
568:(UDENAMO), and the
483:. FRELIMO fought a
264:African affiliation
215:African nationalism
3842:New Jewel Movement
3525:
3424:
3138:Derluguian, Georgi
2951:www.frelimo.org.mz
2584:. 3 November 1986.
2457:The New York Times
2017:Palgrave Macmillan
1483:Assembly elections
1255:, justice minister
1253:José Ibraimo Abudo
1104:
1100:Vyacheslav Volodin
1085:
908:multi-party system
884:
851:
843:Romanian Communist
812:
754:
669:Operação Nó Górdio
481:multi-party system
432:self-determination
394:[fÉŸÉËlimu]
70:Roque Silva Samuel
4200:
4199:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
3955:
3954:
3759:
3758:
3703:
3702:
3530:
3529:
3376:
3375:
3091:. Westview Press.
2225:978-0-333-92001-5
2019:. pp. 86â88.
1916:(in Portuguese).
1843:
1842:
1595:Sole legal party
1553:Sole legal party
1480:
1479:
1281:Electoral history
1073:
1072:
1065:
1047:
847:Nicolae CeauĆescu
728:Lazaro Nkavandame
673:KaĂșlza de Arriaga
383:
382:
370:Political parties
66:Secretary-General
4270:
4022:
3959:
3958:
3859:
3763:
3762:
3718:
3698:
3671:
3670:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3421:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3241:
3240:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3193:, Carter Center]
3111:
3092:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2805:. Archived from
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2582:Associated Press
2577:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2433:. James Currey.
2426:
2420:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2279:. Archived from
2271:Rupiya, Martin.
2268:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2058:. Philadelphia:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1895:Voice of America
1887:
1871:
1868:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1564:Joaquim Chissano
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1316:Joaquim Chissano
1296:Party candidate
1290:
1289:
1271:Isabel Nkavadeka
1228:Joaquim Chissano
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1005:
973:
965:
793:Marxist-Leninist
767:
763:
678:The April 1974 "
645:Joaquim Chissano
574:Eduardo Mondlane
477:one-party system
467:
456:MarxismâLeninism
411:
408:
396:
391:
356:
353:
351:
349:
335:
321:
307:
279:
220:Left-nationalism
210:MarxismâLeninism
178:
106:
104:
82:Eduardo Mondlane
67:
40:
21:
20:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4150:
4141:
4127:
4113:
4104:
4090:
4076:
4057:
4039:
4024:
4018:
4007:
3993:
3975:
3951:
3934:
3919:
3904:
3886:
3885:
3861:
3855:
3844:
3830:
3807:
3793:
3779:
3755:
3738:
3720:
3714:
3699:
3694:
3683:
3660:
3646:
3632:
3618:
3601:
3587:
3564:
3561:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3377:
3372:
3358:Portal:Politics
3349:
3277:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3180:
3175:
3119:
3117:Further reading
3114:
3108:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3005:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2968:
2960:
2958:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2828:. p. 198.
2818:
2814:
2809:on 24 May 2024.
2797:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2727:on 3 March 2016
2724:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2498:
2494:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2408:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2321:World Hospitals
2317:
2313:
2305:Samora Machel,
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2009:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1989:on 26 June 2017
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1848:
1820:
1817:
1781:
1778:
1737:
1734:
1698:
1695:
1684:Armando Guebuza
1654:
1651:
1615:
1612:
1576:
1573:
1534:
1531:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1448:
1444:
1417:
1413:
1391:
1387:
1373:Armando Guebuza
1360:
1356:
1334:
1330:
1288:
1283:
1259:Isabel Casimiro
1249:
1234:Armando Guebuza
1218:
1134:
1132:Foreign support
1111:Armando Guebuza
1069:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1006:
1004:
990:
974:
963:
876:
746:
740:
700:First President
692:one-party state
535:
529:
524:
465:Partido FRELIMO
417:political party
409:
389:
379:
346:
336:
333:
322:
319:
308:
305:
277:
246:
242:
229:
176:
167:Veterans' group
136:
102:
100:
91:
65:
31:
30:
29:Partido FRELIMO
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4098:
4092:
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3179:
3178:External links
3176:
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3152:
3145:
3135:
3130:Bowen, Merle.
3128:
3120:
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2102:
2096:978-1850651727
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1206:SFR Yugoslavia
1182:Czechoslovakia
1133:
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1093:Esperança Bias
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962:
959:
936:United Kingdom
875:
872:
849:, Maputo, 1979
742:Main article:
739:
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732:Adelino Gwambe
712:Socialist Bloc
590:Mueda massacre
586:Julius Nyerere
531:Main article:
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508:dominant party
489:anti-communist
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2481:(41): 73â91.
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2373:
2367:, p. 93.
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2098:
2092:
2088:
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2074:
2069:
2062:. p. 49.
2061:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2032:, p. 91.
2031:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1962:
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1952:
1937:
1933:
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1523:
1522:Samora Machel
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1493:Party leader
1492:
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1223:
1222:Samora Machel
1220:
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1199:
1195:
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1125:
1123:
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1116:
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1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1081:2014 election
1077:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014: â
1013:
1009:
1008:Find sources:
1002:
998:
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988:
987:
983:
978:This section
976:
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940:United States
937:
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904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
880:
871:
869:
864:
861:
857:
848:
844:
840:
839:Samora Machel
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
808:
804:
801:
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789:
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688:
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681:
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661:
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653:
651:
646:
642:
641:Samora Machel
638:
633:
629:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Dar es Salaam
550:
548:
544:
540:
534:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
466:
461:
460:FRELIMO Party
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
415:
404:
400:
395:
387:
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139:
134:
133:Dar es Salaam
131:
127:
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120:
116:
113:
109:
98:
94:
88:
87:Samora Machel
85:
83:
80:
79:
77:
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
26:FRELIMO Party
22:
19:
4179:Eastern Bloc
4122:
4114:
4082:Soviet Union
3970:
3962:
3946:
3945:
3899:
3891:
3799:East Germany
3774:
3766:
3749:
3733:
3725:
3652:Burkina Faso
3612:
3474:
3259:
3197:
3189:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3131:
3124:
3097:
3088:
3080:Bibliography
3069:
3056:
3051:
3021:(1): 67â81.
3018:
3012:
3002:
2993:
2988:Rui Mateus.
2983:
2966:
2959:. Retrieved
2955:the original
2950:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2925:
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2871:
2861:
2852:
2821:
2815:
2807:the original
2802:
2778:. Retrieved
2774:
2771:"Mozambique"
2765:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2729:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2631:
2627:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2575:
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2560:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2478:
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2455:
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2430:
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2416:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2360:
2347:
2341:
2327:(3): 13â17.
2324:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:the original
2276:
2266:
2258:
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2240:
2234:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2153:
2147:
2138:
2126:
2117:
2110:Munslow 1983
2105:
2086:
2080:
2073:Munslow 1983
2068:
2060:Temple Press
2055:
2049:
2042:Munslow 1983
2037:
2025:
2012:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1917:
1913:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1866:
1767:Filipe Nyusi
1466:
1440:
1430:Filipe Nyusi
1409:
1383:
1352:
1326:
1240:Filipe Nyusi
1198:Soviet Union
1142:South Africa
1135:
1126:
1108:
1105:
1059:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1007:
991:Please help
979:
961:21st century
952:
932:
928:
920:
905:
893:Jorge Rebelo
889:Sergio Viera
885:
865:
852:
825:
821:
813:
802:
798:
790:
786:
770:
764:" (English:
755:
724:Paulo Gumane
720:Uria Simango
716:
689:
677:
668:
662:
658:
654:
650:Uria Simango
634:
630:
618:
614:
610:
605:Scandinavian
597:Soviet Union
594:
582:
578:Uria Simango
551:
536:
500:South Africa
473:ruling party
470:
459:
440:Soviet Union
429:
385:
384:
243:
199:
158:Women's wing
129:Headquarters
59:Filipe Nyusi
45:Abbreviation
18:
4184:Warsaw Pact
4063:South Yemen
3964:North Korea
3579:Afghanistan
3100:. Longman.
2514:: 355â379.
1174:Netherlands
1119:legislative
684:Estado Novo
539:Estado Novo
244:Historical:
200:Historical:
175:Membership
135:(1962â1975)
4207:Categories
4133:Yugoslavia
4030:Seychelles
3940:Mozambique
3910:Madagascar
3709:Cape Verde
2900:World Bank
2780:29 October
2731:16 October
2634:(2): 310.
2387:(1): 140.
1878:References
1810:4,323,298
1771:2,575,995
1727:2,907,335
1688:1,889,054
1644:2,005,713
1605:2,115,793
1460:4,639,172
1434:2,778,497
1403:2,974,627
1377:2,004,226
1346:2,338,333
1320:2,633,740
1053:April 2022
1023:newspapers
558:Tanganyika
543:Mozambique
421:Mozambique
399:Portuguese
146:Youth wing
103:1962-06-25
4174:Comintern
4169:Cominform
3043:151927659
3035:0305-7070
2664:153449070
2648:0022-278X
2401:144995760
2257:Various,
1941:13 August
1936:0873-6561
1818:184 / 250
1779:144 / 250
1735:191 / 250
1696:160 / 250
1652:133 / 250
1613:129 / 250
1574:249 / 259
1532:210 / 210
1508:Position
1490:Election
1293:Election
1122:elections
1012:"FRELIMO"
980:does not
950:in 1980.
774:Ian Smith
696:socialist
694:based on
547:metropole
427:in 1975.
375:Elections
306:184 / 250
240:Left-wing
205:Communism
181:4,000,000
3925:Mongolia
3813:Ethiopia
3666:Cambodia
3638:Bulgaria
3251:Assembly
2977:...]
2961:12 March
2931:15 April
2906:15 April
2879:16 April
2718:ipsa.org
2669:12 March
2333:10268477
1846:See also
1178:Bulgaria
1138:Tanzania
948:Zimbabwe
841:hosting
778:Rhodesia
710:and the
564:(MANU),
496:Rhodesia
425:Portugal
350:.frelimo
248:Far-left
187:Ideology
75:Founders
4213:FRELIMO
4164:Comecon
4116:Vietnam
4045:Somalia
3999:Romania
3947:FRELIMO
3867:Hungary
3836:Grenada
3593:Albania
3511:ZANUâPF
3475:FRELIMO
3260:FRELIMO
1993:23 June
1511:Result
1467:Elected
1463:73.46%
1441:Elected
1437:57.03%
1410:Elected
1406:75.01%
1384:Elected
1380:63.74%
1353:Elected
1349:52.29%
1327:Elected
1323:53.30%
1305:Result
1210:Somalia
1170:Denmark
1146:Algeria
1037:scholar
1001:removed
986:sources
953:In the
845:leader
702:of the
625:capital
621:Marxist
522:History
412:) is a
407:transl.
397:; from
386:FRELIMO
341:Website
314:SADC PF
274:Colours
119:UDENAMO
101: (
96:Founded
48:FRELIMO
3981:Poland
3607:Angola
3282:Others
3266:RENAMO
3201:, 2004
3104:
3041:
3033:
2975:
2969:
2840:
2662:
2656:161007
2654:
2646:
2528:485183
2526:
2437:
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2331:
2245:UNESCO
2222:
2160:
2093:
1967:9 June
1934:
1813:71.3%
1774:55.9%
1730:74.7%
1691:62.0%
1647:48.5%
1608:44.3%
1502:Seats
1496:Votes
1299:Votes
1196:, the
1186:Poland
1172:, the
1166:Norway
1162:Sweden
1154:Zambia
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1010:
603:, the
452:Lisbon
287:Slogan
278:
177:(2023)
138:Maputo
54:Leader
3823:COPWE
3744:Congo
3727:China
3624:Benin
3499:SWAPO
3262:(144)
3253:(250)
3039:S2CID
2750:(15).
2725:(PDF)
2714:(PDF)
2660:S2CID
2652:JSTOR
2524:JSTOR
2510:(3).
2397:S2CID
2190:[
1858:Notes
1202:Egypt
1194:China
1158:Libya
1150:Ghana
1095:with
1044:JSTOR
1030:books
835:Graça
601:China
444:China
334:0 / 5
320:0 / 5
123:UNAMI
4096:Tuva
3893:Laos
3819:Derg
3768:Cuba
3487:MPLA
3274:(17)
3268:(89)
3102:ISBN
3031:ISSN
2963:2021
2933:2017
2908:2017
2881:2017
2838:ISBN
2782:2020
2733:2014
2671:2021
2644:ISSN
2435:ISBN
2329:PMID
2261:1977
2220:ISBN
2158:ISBN
2091:ISBN
1995:2014
1969:2014
1943:2021
1932:ISSN
1836:1st
1806:2019
1797:1st
1762:2014
1753:1st
1723:2009
1714:1st
1679:2004
1670:1st
1640:1999
1631:1st
1623:120
1601:1994
1592:1st
1559:1986
1550:1st
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1517:1977
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1456:2019
1425:2014
1399:2009
1368:2004
1342:1999
1311:1994
1208:and
1190:Cuba
1016:news
984:any
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938:and
895:and
837:and
730:and
708:Cuba
498:and
442:and
352:.org
121:and
115:MANU
3689:PRK
3463:CCM
3451:BDP
3439:ANC
3272:MDM
3023:doi
2971:...
2873:VOA
2830:doi
2692:doi
2636:doi
2516:doi
2483:doi
2389:doi
1922:doi
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