239:, power lever request position, engine temperatures, engine pressures, and many other parameters. The inputs are received by the EEC and analyzed up to 70 times per second. Engine operating parameters such as fuel flow, stator vane position, air bleed valve position, and others are computed from this data and applied as appropriate. FADEC also controls engine starting and restarting. The FADEC's basic purpose is to provide optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition.
349:(FMS). The FMS uses this data to calculate power settings for different phases of the flight. At take-off, the flight crew advances the power lever to a predetermined setting, or opts for an auto-throttle take-off if available. The FADECs now apply the calculated take-off thrust setting by sending an electronic signal to the engines; there is no direct linkage to open fuel flow. This procedure can be repeated for any other phase of flight.
582:
481:
367:
281:
167:
232:. An EEC, though a component of a FADEC, is not by itself FADEC. When standing alone, the EEC makes all of the decisions until the pilot wishes to intervene. The term FADEC is often misused for partial digital engine controls, such as those only electronically controlling fuel and ignition. A turbocharged piston engine would require digital control over all intake airflow to meet the definition of FADEC.
227:
True full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override nor manual controls available, placing full authority over all of the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer. If a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. If the engine is controlled digitally
81:
Analogue electronic control varies an electrical signal to communicate the desired engine settings. The system was an evident improvement over mechanical control but had its drawbacks, including common electronic noise interference and reliability issues. Full authority analogue control was used in
567:
Note: Most modern FADEC controlled aircraft engines (particularly those of the turboshaft variety) can be overridden and placed in manual mode, effectively countering most of the disadvantages on this list. Pilots should be very aware of where their manual override is located, because inadvertent
63:
The goal of any engine control system is to allow the engine to perform at maximum efficiency for a given condition. Originally, engine control systems consisted of simple mechanical linkages connected physically to the engine. By moving these levers the pilot or the flight engineer could control
242:
FADEC not only provides for efficient engine operation, it also allows the manufacturer to program engine limitations and receive engine health and maintenance reports. For example, to avoid exceeding a certain engine temperature, the FADEC can be programmed to automatically take the necessary
51:
352:
In flight, small changes in operation are constantly made to maintain efficiency. Maximum thrust is available for emergency situations if the power lever is advanced to full, but limitations can not be exceeded; the flight crew has no means of manually overriding the FADEC.
255:
is provided in the form of two or more separate but identical digital channels. Each channel may provide all engine functions without restriction. FADEC also monitors a variety of data coming from the engine subsystems and related aircraft systems, providing for
551:
Single point of failure risk can be mitigated with redundant FADECs (assuming that the failure is a random hardware failure and not the result of a design or manufacturing error, which may cause identical failures in all identical redundant components). (see
267:. Airbus Chief Strategy Officer Marwan Lahoud confirmed on 29 May that incorrectly installed engine control software caused the fatal crash. "There are no structural defects , but we have a serious quality problem in the final assembly."
646:
Formal systems engineering processes are often used in the design, implementation and testing of the software used in these safety-critical control systems. This requirement led to the development and use of specialized software such as
466:
Due to the high number of parameters monitored, the FADEC makes possible "Fault
Tolerant Systems" (where a system can operate within required reliability and safety limitation with certain fault configurations)
563:
Whereas in crisis (for example, imminent terrain contact), a non-FADEC engine can produce significantly more than its rated thrust, a FADEC engine will always operate within its limits. (see note)
704:
542:
Full authority digital engine controls have no form of manual override available, placing full authority over the operating parameters of the engine in the hands of the computer. (see note)
74:
piston aviation radial engine of World War II was just one notable example of this in its later stages of development. This mechanical engine control was progressively replaced first by
1024:
643:
Engineering processes must be used to design, manufacture, install and maintain the sensors which measure and report flight and engine parameters to the control system itself.
1017:
884:
341:
A typical civilian transport aircraft flight may illustrate the function of a FADEC. The flight crew first enters flight data such as wind conditions,
719:
1010:
1541:
930:
2118:
1764:
1403:
1393:
39:" (ECU), and its related accessories that control all aspects of aircraft engine performance. FADECs have been produced for both
1366:
684:
806:
2158:
949:
911:
2113:
2058:
1923:
1398:
98:
2178:
102:
858:
263:
Engine control problems simultaneously causing loss of thrust on up to three engines have been cited as causal in the
1534:
844:
752:
629:
548:
Upon total FADEC failure, pilots have no manual controls for engine restart, throttle, or other functions. (see note)
528:
414:
328:
214:
611:
510:
396:
310:
196:
1266:
1948:
1145:
715:
648:
264:
2148:
1746:
1315:
779:
607:
506:
392:
306:
192:
83:
895:
2497:
2441:
1503:
460:
Number of external and internal parameters used in the control processes increases by one order of magnitude
2431:
2272:
1527:
1351:
990:
976:
822:
671:
has analyzed a distributed FADEC architecture rather than the current centralized one, specifically for
2502:
2153:
2108:
1799:
1346:
1122:
2339:
2183:
2133:
134:
130:
2123:
1676:
1606:
1423:
1341:
1201:
592:
491:
432:
377:
346:
291:
252:
177:
105:, worked on a digital engine control system that completed several hundred hours of operation on a
35:) is a system consisting of a digital computer, called an "electronic engine controller" (EEC) or "
2451:
2426:
2188:
2168:
2093:
1983:
1953:
1928:
1794:
1759:
1295:
1082:
934:
596:
495:
381:
295:
181:
126:
122:
2466:
2267:
2163:
1988:
1804:
1271:
1241:
1236:
1160:
1077:
603:
502:
445:
Ability to use single engine type for wide thrust requirements by just reprogramming the FADECs
388:
302:
188:
118:
659:) is an example of an MBSE tool and has been used as part of the development of FADEC systems.
2446:
2364:
2354:
1859:
1571:
1508:
1276:
1246:
1226:
796:
769:
235:
FADEC works by receiving multiple input variables of the current flight condition including
2411:
2214:
2008:
1819:
1774:
1493:
1456:
1408:
1170:
983:
133:
being the first military and civil engines, respectively, fitted with FADEC, and later the
8:
2390:
2297:
2013:
1721:
1550:
229:
138:
106:
94:
36:
1002:
675:. Greater flexibility and lower life cycle costs are likely advantages of distribution.
2098:
2078:
2073:
2047:
1958:
1899:
1671:
1361:
1310:
557:
High system complexity compared to hydromechanical, analogue or manual control systems
2492:
2406:
2143:
2088:
2068:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1666:
1388:
1180:
915:
840:
802:
775:
748:
114:
251:
With the operation of the engines relying on automation, safety is a great concern.
228:
and electronically but allows for manual override, it is considered to be an EEC or
2461:
2344:
2018:
1913:
1636:
1611:
1554:
1488:
1281:
1251:
1221:
1155:
142:
90:. However, the more critical inlet control was digital on the production aircraft.
1519:
2471:
2436:
2287:
2208:
2173:
2138:
1933:
1581:
1446:
1140:
1068:
1037:
1839:
1706:
137:
as the first commercial "dual FADEC" engine. The first FADEC in service was the
2456:
2316:
2033:
1591:
1586:
1053:
257:
2237:
2486:
2385:
2324:
2128:
2063:
1701:
1681:
1596:
1413:
1211:
1185:
1117:
75:
40:
2421:
2349:
2312:
2292:
2282:
2257:
2222:
2003:
1973:
1943:
1909:
1889:
1879:
1874:
1844:
1779:
1646:
1616:
1576:
1467:
1441:
1431:
1261:
1216:
863:
150:
2369:
2252:
1968:
1824:
1336:
1331:
1150:
1048:
1040:
672:
236:
146:
44:
2359:
2247:
2242:
2198:
2193:
2028:
1963:
1938:
1894:
1869:
1854:
1789:
1651:
1641:
1107:
1033:
568:
engagement of the manual mode can lead to an overspeed of the engine.
2416:
2334:
2262:
2227:
2083:
1864:
1849:
1829:
1784:
1769:
1726:
1711:
1696:
1631:
1601:
1498:
1356:
1206:
1165:
1102:
771:
Flight
Control Systems: Practical Issues In Design and Implementation
581:
480:
366:
280:
166:
117:
experimented with their first experimental FADEC, first flown on an
2329:
2302:
2277:
2043:
2023:
1884:
1814:
1731:
1656:
1626:
1562:
1472:
1231:
1175:
1097:
1092:
1073:
560:
High system development and validation effort due to the complexity
87:
2103:
1754:
1736:
1661:
1087:
71:
50:
463:
Reduces the number of parameters to be monitored by flight crews
265:
crash of an Airbus A400M aircraft at
Seville Spain on 9 May 2015
1809:
1716:
1691:
1621:
1256:
1112:
451:
Provides high-idle control appropriate for piston engine warmup
439:
428:
Automatic engine protection against out-of-tolerance operations
342:
64:
fuel flow, power output, and many other engine parameters. The
651:(MBSE) tools. The application development toolset SCADE (from
457:
Can provide engine long-term health monitoring and diagnostics
1834:
1686:
859:"Airbus confirms software brought down A400M transport plane"
656:
652:
545:
If a total FADEC failure occurs, the engine fails. (see note)
668:
454:
Better systems integration with engine and aircraft systems
110:
837:
Avionics: The story and technology of aviation electronics
1032:
962:
16:
Computer used for engine control in aerospace engineering
70:
mechanical/hydraulic engine control unit for
Germany's
431:
Safer as the multiple channel FADEC computer provides
956:
655:) (not to be confused with the application category
1549:
747:. Cambridge, UK: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 26.
78:engine control and, later, digital engine control.
1404:Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)
1437:Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)
788:
774:. Institute of Electrical Engineers. p. 12.
761:
2484:
978:Harrier flies with digitally controlled Pegasus
82:the 1960s and introduced as a component of the
1394:Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)
93:Digital electronic control followed. In 1968,
1535:
1018:
948:Moren, Chuck. Interview with student. FADEC.
86:engine of the supersonic transport aircraft
65:
839:Patrick Stephens Ltd, Wellingborough UK. ,
610:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
509:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
438:Care-free engine handling, with guaranteed
395:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
309:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
195:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1542:
1528:
1399:Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)
1025:
1011:
958:Title 14 CFR: Federal Aviation Regulations
912:"Safran Electronics Canada: FADEC and EEC"
712:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
630:Learn how and when to remove this message
529:Learn how and when to remove this message
415:Learn how and when to remove this message
329:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
856:
823:"1968 | 2110 | Flight Archive"
49:
931:"Hispano-Suiza: Digital Engine Control"
798:Concorde: Story of a Supersonic Pioneer
742:
448:Provides semi-automatic engine starting
2485:
685:Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
1523:
1006:
767:
718:. 2008. pp. 6–19. Archived from
345:length, or cruise altitude, into the
243:measures without pilot intervention.
950:Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
794:
608:adding citations to reliable sources
575:
507:adding citations to reliable sources
474:
393:adding citations to reliable sources
360:
307:adding citations to reliable sources
274:
193:adding citations to reliable sources
160:
125:left engine. The experiments led to
13:
745:World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines
103:National Gas Turbine Establishment
14:
2514:
970:
1267:Thrust specific fuel consumption
857:Chirgwin, Richard (2015-05-31).
580:
479:
470:
365:
279:
165:
716:Federal Aviation Administration
649:model-based systems engineering
571:
270:
2452:In-flight entertainment system
2149:Horizontal situation indicator
1316:Propeller speed reduction unit
877:
850:
829:
815:
801:. Science Museum. p. 69.
736:
697:
121:fitted with a highly modified
84:Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593
1:
705:"Chapter 6: Aircraft Systems"
690:
356:
21:full authority digital engine
2432:Environmental control system
952:, Daytona Beach. 2007-03-13.
885:"Distributed Engine Control"
7:
1227:Engine pressure ratio (EPR)
678:
663:
156:
10:
2519:
2109:Course deviation indicator
1800:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1494:Auxiliary power unit (APU)
1123:Rotating detonation engine
151:Smiths Industries Controls
135:Pratt & Whitney PW4000
131:Pratt & Whitney PW2000
101:, in conjunction with the
58:
2399:
2378:
2340:Conventional landing gear
2311:
2207:
2042:
1908:
1745:
1561:
1481:
1455:
1422:
1379:
1324:
1303:
1294:
1194:
1131:
1061:
1047:
246:
141:engine developed for the
2124:Flight management system
1202:Aircraft engine starting
999:article on FADEC engines
347:flight management system
127:Pratt & Whitney F100
123:Pratt & Whitney TF30
2427:Emergency oxygen system
2189:Turn and slip indicator
1984:Leading-edge droop flap
1954:Drag-reducing aerospike
1929:Adaptive compliant wing
1924:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1083:Pulse detonation engine
768:Pratt, Roger W (2000).
54:FADEC for piston engine
2467:Passenger service unit
2268:Self-sealing fuel tank
2164:Multi-function display
1272:Thrust to weight ratio
1242:Overall pressure ratio
1237:Jet engine performance
1161:Centrifugal compressor
1078:Gluhareff Pressure Jet
992:Active-control engines
795:Owen, Kenneth (2001).
743:Gunston, Bill (1989).
109:Mk 320. In the 1970s,
66:
55:
2447:Ice protection system
2365:Tricycle landing gear
2355:Landing gear extender
1572:Aft pressure bulkhead
1509:Ice protection system
1277:Variable cycle engine
1247:Propulsive efficiency
53:
2498:Aircraft instruments
2412:Auxiliary power unit
1820:Flight control modes
1409:Flight data recorder
1171:Constant speed drive
1151:Afterburner (reheat)
997:Flight International
984:Flight International
981:- a 1982 article in
604:improve this section
503:improve this section
389:improve this section
303:improve this section
189:improve this section
2391:Escape crew capsule
2298:War emergency power
2169:Pitot–static system
2014:Variable-sweep wing
1722:Vertical stabilizer
139:Rolls-Royce Pegasus
107:Rolls-Royce Olympus
76:analogue electronic
37:engine control unit
2099:Attitude indicator
2079:Airspeed indicator
2074:Aircraft periscope
1311:Propeller governor
435:in case of failure
99:Elliott Automation
56:
2503:Engine technology
2480:
2479:
2407:Aircraft lavatory
2144:Heading indicator
2089:Annunciator panel
2069:Air data computer
1979:Leading-edge cuff
1517:
1516:
1389:Annunciator panel
1375:
1374:
1290:
1289:
1181:Propelling nozzle
808:978-1-900747-42-4
640:
639:
632:
539:
538:
531:
425:
424:
417:
339:
338:
331:
225:
224:
217:
115:Pratt and Whitney
2510:
2462:Navigation light
2442:Hydraulic system
2417:Bleed air system
2345:Drogue parachute
2019:Vortex generator
1637:Interplane strut
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1504:Hydraulic system
1499:Bleed air system
1489:Air-start system
1352:Counter-rotating
1301:
1300:
1282:Windmill restart
1252:Specific impulse
1222:Compressor stall
1156:Axial compressor
1059:
1058:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1004:
1003:
966:
945:
943:
942:
933:. Archived from
926:
924:
923:
914:. Archived from
903:
902:
900:
894:. Archived from
889:
881:
875:
874:
872:
871:
854:
848:
833:
827:
826:
819:
813:
812:
792:
786:
785:
765:
759:
758:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
724:
709:
701:
635:
628:
624:
621:
615:
584:
576:
534:
527:
523:
520:
514:
483:
475:
420:
413:
409:
406:
400:
369:
361:
334:
327:
323:
320:
314:
283:
275:
260:engine control.
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
169:
161:
69:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2472:Ram air turbine
2437:Flight recorder
2395:
2374:
2307:
2288:Thrust reversal
2212:
2203:
2174:Radar altimeter
2139:Head-up display
2049:
2038:
1934:Anti-shock body
1916:
1904:
1765:Artificial feel
1747:Flight controls
1741:
1607:Fabric covering
1557:
1553:components and
1548:
1518:
1513:
1477:
1460:
1451:
1447:Thrust reversal
1424:Engine controls
1418:
1381:
1371:
1347:Contra-rotating
1320:
1286:
1190:
1141:Accessory drive
1133:
1127:
1069:Air turborocket
1051:
1043:
1031:
973:
955:
940:
938:
929:
921:
919:
910:
907:
906:
898:
887:
883:
882:
878:
869:
867:
855:
851:
835:Gunston (1990)
834:
830:
821:
820:
816:
809:
793:
789:
782:
766:
762:
755:
741:
737:
728:
726:
722:
707:
703:
702:
698:
693:
681:
666:
636:
625:
619:
616:
601:
585:
574:
535:
524:
518:
515:
500:
484:
473:
421:
410:
404:
401:
386:
370:
359:
335:
324:
318:
315:
300:
284:
273:
249:
221:
210:
204:
201:
186:
170:
159:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2457:Landing lights
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2379:Escape systems
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2317:arresting gear
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Splitter plate
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1592:Cruciform tail
1589:
1587:Crack arrestor
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1367:Variable-pitch
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Constant-speed
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1054:jet propulsion
1045:
1044:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1001:
1000:
988:
972:
971:External links
969:
968:
967:
953:
946:
927:
905:
904:
901:on 2016-12-22.
876:
849:
828:
814:
807:
787:
780:
760:
753:
735:
695:
694:
692:
689:
688:
687:
680:
677:
665:
662:
661:
660:
644:
638:
637:
588:
586:
579:
573:
570:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
553:
549:
546:
537:
536:
487:
485:
478:
472:
469:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
436:
429:
423:
422:
373:
371:
364:
358:
355:
337:
336:
287:
285:
278:
272:
269:
258:fault tolerant
248:
245:
223:
222:
173:
171:
164:
158:
155:
60:
57:
41:piston engines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2515:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:Other systems
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Ejection seat
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Arrestor hook
2328:
2326:
2325:Aircraft tire
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Glass cockpit
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Air data boom
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Rudder pedals
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Trailing edge
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:Stressed skin
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:Other systems
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1459:and induction
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:Glass cockpit
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Brayton cycle
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1186:Turbine blade
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1005:
998:
994:
993:
989:
986:
985:
980:
979:
975:
974:
965:. 2007-03-10.
964:
960:
959:
954:
951:
947:
937:on 2007-09-28
936:
932:
928:
918:on 2013-01-15
917:
913:
909:
908:
897:
893:
886:
880:
866:
865:
860:
853:
846:
845:1-85260-133-7
842:
838:
832:
824:
818:
810:
804:
800:
799:
791:
783:
777:
773:
772:
764:
756:
754:1-85260-163-9
750:
746:
739:
725:on 2013-12-10
721:
717:
713:
706:
700:
696:
686:
683:
682:
676:
674:
670:
658:
654:
650:
645:
642:
641:
634:
631:
623:
613:
609:
605:
599:
598:
594:
589:This section
587:
583:
578:
577:
569:
562:
559:
556:
550:
547:
544:
543:
541:
540:
533:
530:
522:
512:
508:
504:
498:
497:
493:
488:This section
486:
482:
477:
476:
471:Disadvantages
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
426:
419:
416:
408:
398:
394:
390:
384:
383:
379:
374:This section
372:
368:
363:
362:
354:
350:
348:
344:
333:
330:
322:
312:
308:
304:
298:
297:
293:
288:This section
286:
282:
277:
276:
268:
266:
261:
259:
254:
244:
240:
238:
233:
231:
219:
216:
208:
198:
194:
190:
184:
183:
179:
174:This section
172:
168:
163:
162:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
79:
77:
73:
68:
67:Kommandogerät
52:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2422:Deicing boot
2350:Landing gear
2293:Townend ring
2283:Thrust lever
2258:NACA cowling
2232:
2223:Autothrottle
2215:fuel systems
2213:devices and
2004:Stall strips
1974:Krueger flap
1944:Channel wing
1890:Wing warping
1880:Stick shaker
1875:Stick pusher
1795:Dual control
1780:Centre stick
1647:Leading edge
1617:Flying wires
1577:Cabane strut
1468:Flame holder
1442:Thrust lever
1436:
1432:Autothrottle
1262:Thrust lapse
1217:Bypass ratio
1049:Gas turbines
1041:gas turbines
996:
991:
982:
977:
957:
939:. Retrieved
935:the original
920:. Retrieved
916:the original
896:the original
891:
879:
868:. Retrieved
864:The Register
862:
852:
836:
831:
817:
797:
790:
770:
763:
744:
738:
727:. Retrieved
720:the original
711:
699:
667:
626:
617:
602:Please help
590:
572:Requirements
566:
525:
516:
501:Please help
489:
411:
402:
387:Please help
375:
351:
340:
325:
316:
301:Please help
289:
271:Applications
262:
250:
241:
234:
226:
211:
202:
187:Please help
175:
92:
80:
62:
32:
28:
24:
20:
18:
2370:Tundra tire
2253:Intake ramp
2184:Transponder
1969:Gurney flap
1910:Aerodynamic
1825:Fly-by-wire
1707:Triple tail
1382:instruments
1337:Blade pitch
1332:Autofeather
1034:Jet engines
673:helicopters
237:air density
95:Rolls-Royce
45:jet engines
25:electronics
2487:Categories
2360:Oleo strut
2248:Inlet cone
2243:Gascolator
2209:Propulsion
2199:Yaw string
2194:Variometer
2050:instrument
2029:Wing fence
1964:Gouge flap
1939:Blown flap
1895:Yaw damper
1870:Stabilator
1855:Side-stick
1790:Dive brake
1677:Stabilizer
1652:Lift strut
1642:Jury strut
1325:Principles
1304:Components
1296:Propellers
1195:Principles
1146:Air intake
1134:components
1132:Mechanical
1108:Turboshaft
941:2007-03-09
922:2010-04-30
870:2016-02-20
781:0852967667
729:2013-12-18
691:References
433:redundancy
357:Advantages
253:Redundancy
143:Harrier II
2335:Autobrake
2263:NACA duct
2238:Fuel tank
2228:Drop tank
2211:controls,
2094:Astrodome
2084:Altimeter
1949:Dog-tooth
1914:high-lift
1865:Spoileron
1850:Servo tab
1830:Gust lock
1785:Deceleron
1770:Autopilot
1727:Wing root
1712:Twin tail
1697:Tailplane
1632:Hardpoint
1602:Empennage
1565:structure
1357:Proprotor
1207:Bleed air
1166:Combustor
1103:Turboprop
620:June 2023
591:does not
519:June 2023
490:does not
405:June 2023
376:does not
319:June 2023
290:does not
205:June 2023
176:does not
2493:Avionics
2303:Wet wing
2278:Throttle
2024:Vortilon
1885:Trim tab
1815:Flaperon
1805:Elevator
1760:Airbrake
1732:Wing tip
1657:Longeron
1627:Fuselage
1563:Airframe
1551:Aircraft
1473:Jet fuel
1362:Scimitar
1232:Flameout
1176:Impeller
1098:Turbojet
1093:Turbofan
1074:Pulsejet
1038:aircraft
987:magazine
892:Nasa.gov
679:See also
664:Research
442:settings
157:Function
88:Concorde
2313:Landing
2104:Compass
2052:systems
2044:Avionic
2034:Winglet
1917:devices
1860:Spoiler
1755:Aileron
1737:Wingbox
1662:Nacelle
1612:Fairing
1555:systems
1461:systems
1088:Propfan
995:a 1988
612:removed
597:sources
511:removed
496:sources
397:removed
382:sources
311:removed
296:sources
197:removed
182:sources
72:BMW 801
59:History
29:control
2048:flight
2009:Strake
1840:Rudder
1810:Elevon
1775:Canard
1717:V-tail
1692:T-tail
1622:Former
1582:Canopy
1380:Engine
1257:Thrust
1118:Rocket
1113:Ramjet
843:
805:
778:
751:
440:thrust
343:runway
247:Safety
2233:FADEC
2119:EICAS
1994:Slats
1835:HOTAS
1687:Strut
1062:Types
899:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
723:(PDF)
708:(PDF)
657:SCADA
653:Ansys
552:note)
147:Dowty
119:F-111
33:FADEC
2315:and
2179:TCAS
2159:ISIS
2114:EFIS
2059:ACAS
2046:and
1999:Slot
1959:Flap
1912:and
1900:Yoke
1672:Spar
1597:Dope
1457:Fuel
1052:and
1036:and
841:ISBN
803:ISBN
776:ISBN
749:ISBN
669:NASA
595:any
593:cite
494:any
492:cite
380:any
378:cite
294:any
292:cite
180:any
178:cite
149:and
129:and
113:and
111:NASA
97:and
43:and
23:(or
2154:INS
2134:GPS
1989:LEX
1667:Rib
963:FAA
606:by
505:by
391:by
305:by
230:ECU
191:by
145:by
47:.
2489::
961:.
890:.
861:.
714:.
710:.
153:.
27:)
19:A
1543:e
1536:t
1529:v
1076:/
1026:e
1019:t
1012:v
944:.
925:.
873:.
847:.
825:.
811:.
784:.
757:.
732:.
633:)
627:(
622:)
618:(
614:.
600:.
532:)
526:(
521:)
517:(
513:.
499:.
418:)
412:(
407:)
403:(
399:.
385:.
332:)
326:(
321:)
317:(
313:.
299:.
218:)
212:(
207:)
203:(
199:.
185:.
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
