Enhydriodon - Knowledge

6340: 2241:. In comparison to other bunodont lutrine genera where the upper incisor is known, its third incisors are only marginally larger than their first and second incisors. The right I of a skull of E. sivalensis, for instance, measures 3 mm (0.12 in) in anteroposterior diameter (APD) and 4.5 mm (0.18 in) in transverse diameter (TD). The skull's right I measures 5.2 mm (0.20 in) in APD and 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in TD. In comparison, the right I is the largest incisor of the holotype, with measurements of 10.5 mm (0.41 in) in APD and 8 mm (0.31 in) in TD (the canines are larger than the incisors, measuring 17.1 mm (0.67 in) in APD and 13.8 mm (0.54 in) in TD). The large I trait also applies to 2267: 3651: 6346: 2623: 1333:. Bunodont otters are defined as large to very large mustelids of North America, Eurasia, and Africa that had robust dentition compared to most of the extant otters, generally allowing them to prey upon hard-armored creatures. Despite sharing the feature of bunodont dentition, there are at least several clades of lutrines belonging to this category rather than one, so the term "bunodont otters" therefore is categorical rather than taxonomic and covers lutrines during the same periods with similar dentitions rather than one that directly defines their taxonomic state. 115: 716: 6334: 3332: 2764: 1051: 1251: 7818: 141: 2456: 7824: 3473: 7807: 3067: 2043: 3255: 7813: 3674:". The aggregate time span of the species is at least 0.7 myr, from 3.7 Ma to 3.0 Ma. The Hadar Formation is also known for its representation of a great diversity of bovid species that represented most major tribes in Africa. The bovid tribes that were found in the formation included the Aepycerotini, Alcelaphini, 2755:

given the lack of fossilized crabs at Dikika, unlikeliness for biomasses of crabs to support populations of large otters, and apparent incompatibility for enamel dentition. Fast-swimming fish might have been unlikely to have been regular food sources due to the specialized dentition for crushing hard

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Based on methods of determining palaeoenvironments such as ecomorphological analysis, dental microwear of bovids, and carbon and oxygen isotopes of enamel, the Basal Member (BM) has the greatest abundance of bovids and suids in the Hadar Formation, suggesting that the environments of which they were

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species in the African continent are suggested to have preyed upon a wider variety of foods in addition to their primary prey including softer prey despite their bunodont dentitions, making their potential diets distinct from those of their Indian subcontinental counterparts. One suggested type of

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assemblage of the Basal and Sidi Hakoma Members indicate sources of freshwater input, in which their shells also indicate only a three-month dry season, characteristic of the central African savannas. The single dry season, indicating a nine-month rainy season, is a distinctive factor of the Sidi

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genus as having a much larger I than I - I and being more conical in shape. DIK-56's I tooth measures 12.4 mm (0.49 in) in mesiodistal width (MD) and 11.6 mm (0.46 in) in buccolingual width (BL) compared to its I measurements of 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in MD and 9.7 mm

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Other Pliocene-age formations within Ethiopia show similar trends of great diversity in the Bovidae family from its multiple tribes along with suids, hippopatamids, cercopithecids, hominids, and equids of generally the same genera as the Hadar Formation. Most herbivores present in the Shungura

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species differences are usually attributed to dentition, so the premolar teeth or molar teeth fossils are examined to discern the two bunodont otter genera. The generic differences (larger P hypocone, conical post-protocone cusps, and apparent lack of anterior upper premolars for

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allowing the lutrine to consume prey by crushing them rather than shearing them like the modern sea otter and unlike most other extant otters. As such, it is grouped among the bunodont otters, a categorical term referring to fossil lutrines with non-bladelike carnassials in the

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Hakoma member from the modern climate in East Africa, which has a bimodal dry season format (two dry seasons) rather than a single one. The Sidi Hakoma Submember 2 (SH-2) is similar to SH-1 and is thought to have been associated with woodlands with some grassy plains, of which

1006:, South Africa, which dates to the lower Pliocene and was named after the palaeontologist Quinton B. Hendey, who they said described the first known specimens that were since attributed to the species. In December of the same year, Jorge Morales and Pickford instead described 892:, despite their similarities, were differentiated by the structure of the maxillary 4th premolar (P) and apparent lack of the anterior upper premolar (P) that is presumed to be reflected at the bottom jaw as well (both of which are debated up to today). In the same year that 5068:

Barry, John C.; Morgan, Michèle E.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Pilbeam, David; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Raza, S. Mahmood; A. Khan, Imran; Badgley, Catherine; Hicks, Jason; Kelley, Jay (2002). "Faunal and Environmental Change in the Late Miocene Siwaliks of Northern Pakistan".

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is represented only by a single complete left femur which has a short neck and a round head that is oriented in a proximal direction (close to the center) rather than a medial direction (in the center), the former being shifted at 40° relative to the longitude of the

1280:

was a result of a Miocene-Pleistocene trend that gave prehistoric lutrines bunodont teeth and large sizes compared to their extant relatives. It is classified as a member of the bunodont otters group, a categorical term commonly used by researchers that also includes

3236:(?), is reported from the Dhok Pathan Formation of Pakistan and is Pliocene in age. Mammal genera that were found in the Dhok Pathan Formation are generally consistent with the mammal genera found within the Nagri Formation but also include other bovids, giraffids, 641:

because their bunodont dentitions would have allowed them to consume hard-shelled invertebrates. It is unknown whether African species were generally aquatic, semiaquatic, or terrestrial, but their potential diets suitable for bunodont dentitions include bivalves,

3694:, Reduncini, and Tragelaphini. Other groups, represented by extinct species of extant or extinct genera, include giraffids, hippopotamuses, suids, canids, felids (machairodontines were the most common), hyaenids, other mustelids, viverrids, rhinoceroses, equids, 3568:

The Sidi Hakoma Submember 1 (SH-1), ranging from ~3.45 to 3.35 Ma, had similar fauna and thereby similar habitats to other members within the Hadar Formation but also likely included wetlands in certain regions. Taxa such as a species within the forest-dwelling

2029:. Non-bunodont otters likely branched out separately from bunodont otters during or before the Pliocene epoch, but their poor fossil records and restriction to Plio-Pleistocene deposits in comparison leave little understanding in their evolutionary phylogenies. 3459:

as well as mustelids, ursids, felids (machairodontines, pantherines, and felines), hyaenids, and viverrids. Other mammalian genera found within the Pinjor Formation includes hominids, cercopithecids, rodents of various families, proboscideans, equines of the

2974:, can be used to understand a taxon's dependency on water, in which extant aquatic and semiaquatic taxa, which includes river and sea otters, have significantly lower oxygen isotopic deviations compared to terrestrial carnivorans. The researchers who studied 4451:

Constantino, Paul J.; Lee, James J.-W.; Morris, Dylan J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Hartstone-Rose, Adam; Lee, Wah-Keat; Dominy, Nathaniel J.; Cunningham, Andrew; Wagner, Mark; Lawn, Brian R. (2011). "Adaptation to hard-object feeding in sea otters and hominins".

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The taxonomies of individual lutrine species and genera continued to be revised into the 21st century as more prehistoric otter species were described while palaeontologists continually revised the fossil bunodont lutrine species to different genera.

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Ma, Jiao; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Changzhu; Hu, Yaowu; Bocherens, Hervé (2019). "Ecological flexibility and differential survival of Pleistocene Stegodon orientalis and Elephas maximus in mainland southeast Asia revealed by stable isotope (C, O) analysis".

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Jasinski, Steven E.; Abbas, Sayyed Ghyour; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar (2022). "New Carnivoran(Mammalia: Carnivora) specimens from the Siwaliks of Pakistan and India and their faunal and evolutionary implications".

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of the Dikika composite sequence as part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, from base to top: the Basal, Sidi Hakoma, Denen Dora, and Kada Hadar members. All together, they are dated to ca. 3.5-2.9 Ma and are best known for the numerous remains of

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Kargopoulos, Nikolaos; Valenciano, Alberto; Kampouridis, Panagiotis; Lechner, Thomas; Böhme, Madelaine (2021). "New early late Miocene species of Vishnuonyx (Carnivora, Lutrinae) from the hominid locality of Hammerschmiede, Bavaria, Germany".

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Klaus, Sebastian; Singh, Bahadur; Hartmann, Lukas; Krishan, Kewal; Ghosh, Abhik; Patnaik, Rajeev (2017). "A fossil freshwater crab from the Pliocene Tatrot Formation (Siwalik Group) in Northern India (Crustacea, Brachyura, Potamidae)".

2827:, Kenya remain unclear as their fossil materials, uncovered in the 1960s, were not specifically pronounced beyond "Kanapoi", which future research would have to cover. It is also pointed out that African species of bunodont otters like 2704:

in the same locations as them, both of which are common throughout the entire Siwalik sedimentary column which spans from 15-2 mya, ranging with the presence of the Enhydriodontini tribe in the Indian subcontinent (India and Pakistan).

2356:. The talus bone's trochlea (grooved surface forming the joints of bones) is shallow and mediolaterally wide while its tubercle is projected in the approximate center, both of which produce a robust and deep groove (or furrow) of the 3175:. It is suggested that the extinction of the amphicyonids and percrocutids left empty predatory niches that were quickly filled by other hyaenid genera, which became highly diversified and coexisted with felids in the subcontinent. 3313:

feeders that depended more on closed vegetation. These changes occurred shortly after the arrivals of the hipparionines and marked decreases in mammal groups within the Indian subcontinent such as the extinctions of the hominid

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browsers within the formation while the bovid tribes Aepycerotini and Tragelaphini were predominantly mixed feeders with little change in diet. Fossil fish remains are also known from the Shungura Formation, namely the genera

2803:, speculated to weigh 56.4 kg (124 lb) to 60.1 kg (132 lb), had non-specialized limb proportions that implied generalist-terrestrial locomotion and poor aquatic adaptations. Because of the hypothesis that 5146:

Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit; Paul, Debajyoti; Sukumar, Raman (2019). "Dietary and habitat shifts in relation to climate of Neogene-Quaternary proboscideans and associated mammals of the Indian subcontinent".

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indicates said lakeshore environments and surrounding wetlands. The bovid abundance data suggests similar amounts of tree cover for SH-3 and SH-4 with the difference being that the latter was slightly drier than the former.

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by Xiaoming Wang et al. in 2018 defines some of the following extant and extinct otter species and genera within the subfamily Lutrinae based on a 50% majority consensus (the bunodont otter genera are bolded beginning from

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of Ethiopia was estimated to have weighed 100 kg (220 lb) minimum and 200 kg (440 lb) maximum (the latter mentioned to be more likely), its holotype suggesting a bearlike size. Compared with most other

4093:"A new otter of giant size, Siamogale melilutra sp. nov. (Lutrinae: Mustelidae: Carnivora), from the latest Miocene Shuitangba site in north-eastern Yunnan, south-western China, and a total-evidence phylogeny of lutrines" 4262:"Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new insights into the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of the Turkana otters" 3366:

in the Pliocene were other lutrines, machairodontines, and hyaenids. Herbivorous mammals found at the Tatrot Formation on the Potwar Plateau contain highly diverse assemblages of bovids but also include cervids, suids,

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genus due to the supposed species of the former being an evolutionary "branch" of "crab-eating otters" in Italy, Spain, and California, eventually leading to the modern sea otter. He correctly introduced the idea that

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Alemseged, Zeresenay; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Kimbel, William H.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René (2005). "A new hominin from the Basal Member of the Hadar Formation, Dikika, Ethiopia, and its geological context".

2795:. However, the Omo and Hadar femoras' proximal ends pointed to a more aquatic nature than most lutrines, while their relative lengths resembled that of terrestrial generalist mustelids, including semiaquatic otters. 3442:

genus to have ever existed within the Siwaliks of the Indian subcontinent, identified from the Nagri-Pinjor formations. However, the species identified within the Pinjor Formation of the Plio-Pleistocene epochs is

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The transition from the middle Miocene to the late Miocene reflected a period in which the evergreen to deciduous tropical forests once covering a large part of the Indian subcontinent shrank and were replaced by

2561:) to possibly exceed 100 kg (220 lb) in weight, making it the largest-known prehistoric otter at the time, although he mentioned that the undescribed fossil otters in Ethiopia (likely sorted later under 2552:

species are estimated to be some of the largest species of otters to ever exist, reflecting on the Miocene-Pleistocene trend of bunodont otters growing larger than their non-bunodont cousins. Pickford described

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to be the largest prehistoric otter in India, ranging from 22 kg (49 lb) minimum to 25 kg (55 lb) maximum in body weight, its skull possibly being wolf-sized. He also estimated the body of

2191:) by tooth measurements have been difficult to prove due to the fragmentary nature of the fossils and relative inconsistencies of tooth measurements/dimensions by species. The reclassification of all "African 2123:

is complete, although the left M and left I are both missing and most of the teeth are broken from their crowns. It has a large brain case, a broad and short muzzle, and a large nasal opening. Outlines of the

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was the most abundant bovid, and SH-1 had the lowest proportion of grazing bovids at any sub-member of the Hadar Formation. The vegetation of SH-1 might have closely resembled those at the Guinea or Sudanese

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are known by the proximal (upper part) left femur, distal (lower part) right femur, and a humerus. The proximal left femur is known by a large tubercle along the posterior area of the neck, middle-aligning

1135:, with some researchers claiming neutrality due to preferred focuses on researching the individual species instead of their genus placements. In 2022, the four species were eventually reclassified into 5035:

Wang, Xiaoming; Flynn, Lawrence; Fortelius, Mikael (2013). "Chapter 17: Indian Neogene Siwalik Mammalian Biostratigraphy: An Overview". In Wang, Xiaoming; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Fortelius, Mikael (eds.).

3011:, which was present in the continent at the same time range. Based on investigations using carbon stable isotopes, a diet of pure oysters would result in an enamel δ13C value of −11.3%. The diet of 1222:, the species name was derived directly from the site in which it was recovered. In a September 2022 conference by Alberto Valenciano, Morales, and Pickford (the same month as the research paper on 1276:

epoch. It is perhaps the most well-known prehistoric otter given its old taxonomic history and it being a primary source of comparisons to other bunodont otter genera. It is generally thought that

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are similar in weight to modern large-sized otters while others are estimated as much larger than them (It should also be noted that weight estimates are more often made for bunodont otters like

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Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (2011). "Enhydriodon dikikae, sp. nov. (Carnivora: Mammalia), a gigantic otter from the Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia".

2439:, and a strong lesser trochanter that is centered more in the middle than on the ventral (or underside) and is thereby visible in a back view. The medial condyle of the femur is larger than the 4992:

Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Aftab, Kiran; Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Abbas, Ghyour (2021). "Tetraconodon and Sivachoerus (Suidae) from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot area of Potwar Plateau, northern Pakistan".

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plant diets which if true makes its behaviour unlike any extant otters. It is unknown whether the species is an outlier amongst African bunodont otter species, but it has been suggested that

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Cautley, Proby Thomas; Falconer, Hugh (1835). "Synopsis of Fossil Genera and Species from the upper deposits of the tertiary strata of the Sivalik Hills, in the collection of the authors".

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food in addition to large animals likely not having the ability to catch fast prey. Other armored prey, such as juvenile crocodiles, turtles, and ostrich eggs, were also suggested prey of

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based on their smaller femur sizes were more locomotor generalists similar to most mustelids while larger species were fully aquatic since their femur structures shared similarities to

2668:(freshwater crabs), but there is little palaeontological evidence to directly support this claim. Regardless, it is suggested that the thick enamel in the posterior dentition of Indian 5265:

Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Jamil, Madeeha; Mahmood, Khalid; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb (2014). "Some New Remains of Cervids (Cervidae, Ruminantia) from Tatrot Formation of Northern Pakistan".

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is now extinct in Africa. Sidi Hakoma Submember 4 indicates wetland habitats that surround lakes within drier environments. A further increase of Reduncinae bovids and a decrease in

6339: 4883:

Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Akhtar, Muhammad; Iliopoulos, George (2012). "Tragulids (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia, Tragulidae) from the middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan".

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native to the subcontinent of India had modest weight estimates, comparable with most other bunodont otter genera as well as extant otter genera. Falconer's 1868 memoir described

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to have ever existed based on weight estimates, but their precise sizes and weights remain unknown given the lack of complete specimens in their fossil records. Some species like

2883:). Since both the African clawless otter and Asian small-clawed otter are typically less associated with water bodies compared to other extant otters, it is hypothesized that 3854:

Verma, B.C.; Gupta, S.S. (1992). "Enhydriodon sivalensis, a giant fossil otter from the Saketi Formation (Upper Pliocene), Siwalik group, Sirmur district, Himachal Pradesh".

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as its minimum-maximum carbon values (-9.7% to -4.7%) are ~2-7% more positive than the expected pure oyster diet value. Its enamel δ13C values fall within the range of mixed

633:

and much larger than its other incisors (although shorter than its canines), a trait not seen in extant and extinct lutrine genera. It is hypothesized that Indian species of

2638:

generally lack complete specimens and postcranial elements, their locomotion and ecological niches remain uncertain. A common theory of the Indian subcontinental species of

5541:(2022). "Chapter 18: The Hadar Formation, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia: Geology, Fauna, and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions". In Reynolds, Sally C.; Bobe, René (eds.). 3293:

resulting in more seasonality, bringing about large faunal turnovers. The drier and more seasonal climates along with fluvial changes gradually brought about larger, open

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lifestyle, however, have been contradictory to each other, so there is, therefore, no majority consensus on it. In 2008, it was speculated that smaller African species of

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Geraads, Denis; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Reed, Denné (2015). "Pliocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Hadar Formation at Dikika, Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia".

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tribe and five species of primates were recovered from the member, further indicating a large riverine forest with, predominantly, woodlands in the surrounding area.

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diets as indicated from changes in dentition by formation member. These trends suggest that the African herbivores in the Pliocene were increasingly shifting to C

2875:) respectively and have larger values in femoral indexes than most other extant otters) while its FEI value is analogous to the extant African clawless otter and 2783:

could possibly hint at a semiaquatic as well as terrestrial lifestyle, meaning that it could eaten both aquatic prey and terrestrial prey. The speculations of

4562: 4190:"New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene)" 2811:

is speculated to have been mostly terrestrial based on its shared fossil location with both aquatic and terrestrial fauna at Dikika. The palaeobiologies and

6473: 3793:

Bunodont dentition refers to molars with round rather than sharp cusps, features that the sea otter and extinct lutrine relatives ("bunodont otters") have.

4091:

Wang, Xiaoming; Grohé, Camille; Su, Denise F.; White, Stuart C.; Ji, Xueping; Kelley, Jay; Jablonski, Nina G.; Deng, Tao; You, Youshan; Yang, Xin (2017).

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compared with even the largest extant otters. The humerus (complete but weathered and cracked) is much longer and slightly robust compared to that of

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snout, parts of the orbits, a nearly complete upper dental arch that is missing both Is and a right I, and part of the lower jaw. The muzzle on the

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in an 1835 synopsis of the fossil genera in the Siwalik Hills that the two palaeontologists found, in which the fossil taxon was considered to be a

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as the latest-appearing genus is suggested to have the most bunodont dentition of the Enhydriodontini tribe, which includes the earliest-appearing

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was analysed based on femoral robustness index (FRI) and the femoral epicondylar index (FEI), in which its FRI value is comparable to the extinct

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were estimated to weigh over 100 kg (220 lb). Given these weight estimates, the three species likely reached sizes comparable to extant

7888: 7733: 7634: 7404: 7267: 6937: 6763: 6693: 6314: 6250: 3128:, Pakistan), both formations dating back to the middle Siwaliks representing late Miocene. The species was also present at the Tatrot Formation ( 2978:

found that its tooth enamel δ18O values had a standard deviation of 2.7%, falling outside the δ18O standard deviations of the sea otter, and the

1743: 1319: 7572: 7558: 7428: 7075: 7065: 7008: 6663: 6533: 6513: 6503: 6443: 6423: 6393: 6297: 2747: 3151:. The early otter species also existed with various extinct carnivorous members of extant families during the late Miocene representing other 2717:. Several catfish genera were present in Africa starting from their first appearances during the late Miocene coinciding with the presence of 7780: 7705: 7668: 7624: 7437: 7307: 7230: 7048: 7028: 6850: 6823: 6733: 6673: 6633: 6593: 6573: 6523: 6463: 6413: 6403: 6162: 5106:"Isotopic reconstructions of habitat change surrounding the extinction of Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid, in the Siwalik Group of Pakistan" 3755: 3117: 2700: 1817: 954: 682: 3285:

to the Dhok Pathan floodplains suggests less draining in the fluvial system of the latter compared to the former with Dhok Pathan's smaller

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are poorly studied compared to others and therefore lack confirmed size or weight estimates. It is generally estimated that some species of

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term "ekecaman", which means "fisherman" because he suggested that fish may have been a diet for the species. He also declared the species "

7604: 7581: 7474: 7451: 7444: 7414: 7327: 7095: 6884: 6806: 6743: 6723: 6623: 6553: 6543: 6453: 6226: 6152: 5928: 5918: 3113: 1678: 872: 542: 7541: 7394: 7317: 7297: 7287: 7240: 7162: 6947: 6840: 6653: 6270: 6260: 4819:

Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Akhtar, Muhammad; Ikram, Tasneem. "True Ungulates From The Nagri Type Locality (Late Miocene), Northern Pakistan".

4019:

Pickford, Martin; Soria, Dolore; Morales, Jorge (2005). "Carnivores from the Late Miocene and Basal Pliocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya".

2694: 2207:, presence of a carnassial notch and one or more cusps between the protocone and the hypocone on P, and/or distolingual expansion on M." 1770: 1518: 1313: 1307: 1295: 2178:

dentition is well-defined by its extremely broad, bunodont carnassials in the molars and premolars similar to the modern sea otter. The

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of the Awash Valley. It is currently unknown whether the skulls' features of either species are well-representative of other species of

7658: 7614: 7498: 7374: 7206: 6991: 6957: 6773: 6713: 6703: 6603: 6583: 3634: 2225:

dentition suggests a near suppression of carnassial functions in favour of crushing as the predominant function. The I (or third upper

1698: 866: 536: 5449:

Nanda, Avinash C.; Sehgal, Ramesh K.; Chauhan, Parth R. (2018). "Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia".

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abilities that allowed it to feed on carrion, including bones, in potentially a similar manner to hyeanas or bone-crushing mustelids.

1202:, Ethiopia, the locality dating to the middle Pliocene. It was described as having a notably heavier skull (albeit broken) than other 7277: 6753: 6483: 1206:

species or the modern sea otter. The species named was based directly on the site of Dikika. It was deemed as the largest species of

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Stewart, Kathlyn M.; Murray, Alison (2008). "Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia".

7875: 4912:"Cervidae from Dhok Pathan and Hasnot areas (Dhok Pathan Formation, Northern Pakistan) with comments on the age of these sediments" 4429: 3129: 3125: 578:

of it and most related fossil lutrines. Indian subcontinental species are estimated to be of weights similar to that of the extant

2254:, the I is shorter than the canines, with C measuring 16.9 mm (0.67 in) in MD plus 15 mm (0.59 in) in BL and C 958:

in 1976, although it remained relatively obscure in the palaeontological record until later research revised its taxonomic state.

2486: 7992: 7972: 7957: 3956:

Hürzeler, Johannes; Engesser, Burkart (1976). "Les faunes de mammifères néogènes du Bassin de Baccinello (Grosseto, Italie)".

602:, making them the largest known mustelids to exist, although a lack of complete specimens makes precise estimates impossible. 6345: 5820: 5798: 3362:

The carnivoran fossil records of the Tatrot Formation in India are scarce, but amongst the extinct members that existed with

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was shown to have existed with several archaic mammalian carnivorous families that went extinct before the Pliocene, such as

654:

in particular could have been a terrestrial locomotor that at least semiregularly hunted or scavenged terrestrial prey with

7987: 2751:. In contrast to the slow-moving, abundant catfish, crabs in Africa were excluded as potential prey for African species of 1101:

since no type specimen or valid diagnosis was designated to it, a view supported by Morales and Pickford in December 2005.

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are reported from at least the Tatrot or Pinjor Formations of India as well, indicating an active freshwater habitat that

3178:

Other extinct members of extant and extinct mammalian families were found in the Nagri Formation and thereby existed with

2839:, Tanzania which lacked such a feature, putting a question to the extent of the possibly terrestrial lifestyle of African 2680:

species are suggested to have combined shearing functions of the carnassials with overall bunodont crowns to prey more on

7967: 3612:, which indicate either more closed habitats or wetlands. It also contains the largest micromammal assemblages of extant 876:

were described, creating a particularly complicated history for the earliest-described prehistoric otter genus. In 1931,

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Stewart, Kathlyn M (2001). "The freshwater fish of Neogene Africa (Miocene–Pleistocene): systematics and biogeography".

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Peigné, Stéphane; De Bonis, Louis; Likius, Andossa; Mackaye, Hassane Taïsso; Vignaud, Patrick; Brunet, Michel (2008).

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grasslands in Africa. There were a few exceptions, however, as Giraffidae and Deinotheriidae were both consistently C

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tribe, which they described as hosting genera of extinct bunodont otters from the Siwalik Hills and Africa including

1022:

was distinct enough to be reclassified as a genus based on full generic differentiation, suggesting that the species

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as the most unique feature of its upper jaw, being nearly square and its coronal lobes being developed from conical

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Negash, Enquye W.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Bobe, René; Grine, Frederick; Sponheimer, Matt; G. Wynn, Jonathan (2020).

4497:"First fossil small-clawed otter, Amblonyx, with a note on some specimens of Lutra, from the Upper Siwaliks, India" 3833: 3549:

fossils are known from the formation's Basal and Sigi Hakoma members and are unknown in the other top two members.

2401: 2001:

than any other bunodont otter genus. The researchers explained that the acquisition of bunodont dentition occurred

2994:

was not as semiaquatic as initially thought. The results of the study contradict the 2008 assumption that the Omo

2835:

were always found in sites in association with permanent bodies of water as opposed to the Upper Laetolil Beds in

3049:

diet at least semi-regularly via hunting and/or scavenging. The large bunodont dentition of the species suggests

3041:, however, falls outside the range of studied extant freshwater otter populations. It is instead considered that 5286:"New Fossils of Sivatherium Giganteum (Giraffidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of the Indian Subcontinent" 4053:

Pickford, Martin (2007). "Revision of the Mio-Pliocene bunodont otter-like mammals of the Indian Subcontinent".

2290:, are scarce, leaving too little information on the overall anatomies of many genera. The only known species of 530:, two debated species, and at least a few other undescribed species from Africa. The genus belongs to the tribe 7947: 4587:

Lewis, Margaret E. (2008). "The femur of extinct bunodont otters in Africa (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae)".

582:, but African species are estimated to be heavier than extant lutrines. In particular, several species such as 3324:

as a result of the fragmentation of closed habitats in favour of open habitats that would eliminate food for C

6333: 5082: 3455:

by the Pliocene. Other carnivoran genera that were found in the Pinjor Formation included the newly arrived

2444: 2233:

is much larger than its I (smallest incisor) and I, appearing larger and more canine-like in comparison to

2091:

skull, identified as belonging to a fully-grown individual, is relatively well-preserved with identifiable

5234:

Jukar, Advait Muhesh; Sun, Boyang; Nanda, Avinash C.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019). "The first occurrence of

4688:

Werdelin, Lars; Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo (2012). "Carnivora from the Kanapoi hominin site, northern Kenya".

5238:

Van Hoepen, 1930 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae) outside Africa and its biogeographic significance".

3659: 2377: 676:

species have been complicated by its affinities and similarities with other bunodont lutrine genera like

2990:

aligns itself more within the range of extant terrestrial carnivorans such as hyaenids, suggesting that

140: 7952: 3541: 2979: 2947: 2361: 2160: 2119:

parts. However, it has also suffered from wear and being slightly twisted clockwise. Most notably, the

1077:

in Kenya (early Pliocene, ca. 5.2-4.0 Ma), describing it as one of the earliest members of the African

698:

genus than any other known bunodont otter genus that may have gained bunodont dentition as a result of

4842: 4371:. The 2nd International Symposium on Vertebrate Paleontology 20th-22nd September 2022. pp. 31–32. 3650: 5813: 3600:

Sidi Hakoma Submember 3 (SH-3) indicates the presence of woodlands and grasslands with more lakeside

2352:

but differs by the smaller head and thinner neck as well as a larger distal projection of the bone's

3698:, deinotheres, and elephantids were all also found within the locality. Small mammal groups include 2876: 2440: 723:(Figure 3-4 are different views of the same specimen). The drawings were based on specimens at the 7823: 3823: 3937:

Repenning, Charles A. (1976). "Enhydra and Enhydriodon From The Pacific Coast of North America".

3671: 7817: 2891:

were both semiaquatic locomotors that had lower associations with water than aquatic locomotors

2159:

short snout and very large canine size both clearly make the species different-looking and more

2143:

skull is short, a small anterior orbital border positioned just above the posterior side of the

1214:, was described from the Lower Omo Valley in 2022, dating from the late Pliocene up to the Plio- 1119:

by Pickford and Morales in December 2005, where they additionally described a new species named

7919: 7843: 3918:

Willemsen, Gerard F. (1992). "A revision of the Pliocene and Quaternary Lutrinae from Europe".

3738:

herbivory as opposed to browsing and mixed feeding as a result of the increasing dominance of C

2538: 2524:, although no size or weight estimates were offered for it by him. In 2007, Pickford estimated 2282:

left femur (E) plus a left femur (F-G) and left astragalus (J-K) of the African clawless otter.

1366: 7893: 5828: 3535: 1014:

based on dentition convergences. In 2007, the two palaeontologists reaffirmed that the dental

7914: 7906: 2812: 4563:"Gigantic wolverines, otters the size of wolves: fossils offer fresh insights into the past" 2986:), which were recorded to be 0.6% and 0.3%-0.9% respectively. The standard deviation of Omo 952:

genus was later reclassified by Johannes Hürzeler and Burkart Engesser into the newer genus

5806: 5776: 5710:

Bibi, Faysal; Souron, Antoine; Bocherens, Hervé; Uno, Kevin; Boisserie, ean-Renaud (2013).

5664: 5574: 5504: 5458: 5338: 5200: 5156: 5120: 5001: 4953:"New proboscidean material from the Siwalik Group of Pakistan with remarks on some species" 4736: 4697: 4631: 4596: 4461: 4395: 4331: 4104: 3375:, hipparionines, anthracotheres, hippopotamids, giraffids, and tragulids. The crocodilians 2684:, although bivalves could potentially have been secondary prey for it). The possibility of 2147:. The front part of the snout is identified as short, thereby comparable with the snout of 1015: 5327:"A Pelican Tarsometatarsus (Aves: Pelecanidae) from the Latest Pliocene Siwaliks of India" 5325:

Thomas A., Stidham; Krishan, Kewal; Singh, Bahadur; Ghosh, Abhik; Patnaik, Rajeev (2014).

4843:"The taxonomic content of the genus Gavialis from the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan" 3108:

period, did not coexist for the same epochs based on their formation deposit appearances.

2622: 1127:

had brought about continuous debate regarding the practicality of the differences between

114: 8: 3895: 3082: 2602:

was later estimated to weigh more than 200 kg (440 lb), making it heavier than

877: 846: 694:. Currently, the Enhydriodontini tribe is considered evolutionarily closer to the modern 305: 5780: 5668: 5578: 5508: 5462: 5342: 5204: 5160: 5124: 5005: 4740: 4724: 4701: 4635: 4600: 4465: 4399: 4335: 4108: 1957:). Although the majority consensus tree displays a close morphological relation between 880:

described more fossils discovered in the Siwalik Hills, including a newer species named

715: 5749: 5736: 5711: 5687: 5652: 5633: 5474: 5403: 5361: 5326: 5307: 5216: 5172: 5086: 5017: 4974: 4933: 4865: 4801: 4760: 4411: 4368:"Lutra" libyca from the Mio/Pliocene of Wadi Natrun (Egypt): a new systematics proposal 4347: 4283: 4216: 4189: 4161: 4120: 3516: 3289:

having more seasonal flow than before. This reflects the general trend of late Miocene

3027: 3020: 2943: 2436: 2432: 2389: 2364:

muscles for extension of the foot at the ankle compared to the African clawless otter.

2052:. Its I, while larger than its other incisors, is not hypertrophied in size unlike the 2002: 1966: 699: 655: 408: 135: 5105: 3243:, anthracotheres, suids, hipparionines, rhinocerotids, "tetralophodont gomphotheres", 1151:, although its genus placement remains disputed. In 2005, Morales and Pickford sorted 7901: 7812: 5741: 5692: 5637: 5625: 5590: 5516: 5478: 5407: 5366: 5311: 5220: 5176: 5048: 5021: 4978: 4869: 4805: 4752: 4709: 4674: 4643: 4477: 4415: 4366: 4287: 4221: 3829: 3825:

Palæontological Memoirs and Notes of the Late Hugh Falconer: Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis

3588:, which creates habitat mosaics of grasslands, woodlands, and some forest belts. The 3007: 2868: 2763: 2501:

than size estimates, although size comparisons to modern animals may be referenced).

2373: 1398: 1187:

was explicitly excluded from the Enhydriodontini tribe despite its similarities, and

986:

on the basis of Pilgrim's diagnosis of the latter, rejecting Willemsen's synonymy of

928: 781: 7806: 5753: 5608:

Bobe, René (2011). "Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin".

5212: 5168: 5090: 4937: 4764: 4351: 4165: 4124: 3268:

to Eurasia are representative of major Eurasian faunal turnovers of the late Miocene

2614:

was potentially "lion-sized", making it the largest mustelid species to ever exist.

746:. He explained that the scientific name, meaning "otter tooth", is derived from the 6095: 5784: 5731: 5723: 5682: 5672: 5617: 5582: 5546: 5512: 5466: 5431: 5393: 5356: 5346: 5297: 5247: 5208: 5164: 5128: 5078: 5040: 5009: 4964: 4951:

Abbas, Ghyour; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Un Nisa, Badar (2021).

4923: 4892: 4857: 4793: 4744: 4705: 4670: 4639: 4604: 4541: 4508: 4469: 4403: 4339: 4273: 4211: 4201: 4151: 4112: 4062: 3999: 3520: 3331: 2768: 2258:

measuring 19.5 mm (0.77 in) in MD and 15.3 mm (0.60 in) in BL.

2112: 1082: 1050: 5788: 5386:"A taxonomic revision of geoemydid turtles from Siwalik-age of India and Pakistan" 4797: 4407: 4116: 7942: 7866: 6287: 5653:"Dietary trends in herbivores from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia" 5586: 5470: 5435: 5351: 5132: 4748: 4473: 4343: 4278: 4261: 3500: 3290: 3160: 3141: 2916: 2405: 2353: 2125: 1090: 975: 477: 342: 4910:

Ghaffar, Abdul; Akhtar, Muhammad; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Roohi, Ghazala (2018).

3344:

plants from the Pliocene-Pleistocene. It adapted its diets to mixed feeding of C

3104:

species that were present in the Siwalik Hills in India and Pakistan during the

1226:), however, they referred to certain lutrine species previously reclassified to 7189: 6112: 5987: 5013: 4608: 3512: 3309:

plants diminished greatly and eventually disappeared by 7.0 Ma along with the C

3302: 2461: 2048: 1797: 1623: 1475: 1301: 1250: 724: 5550: 5398: 5385: 5302: 5285: 4896: 3507:, Ethiopia, indicating that its fossils range from 4 Ma to 3.2 Ma. Fossils of 3277:

because of global cooling, drier conditions, and the intensification of Asian

3037:

plants such as fish, turtles, or bivalves. The δ13C standard deviation of Omo

3033:

feeders, only partly falling within the range of diets of aquatic feeders of C

7936: 7488: 7257: 6206: 6081: 3819: 3767: 3558: 3383: 3244: 3187: 3168: 3164: 3078: 2920: 2735: 2598:

species, it had an estimated skull length of about 25 cm (9.8 in).

2455: 2431:

located on the ventromedial head (aligning to the middle underside of it), a

2116: 2096: 2092: 1416: 1074: 1062: 897: 809: 788:

or diagnostic descriptions were attributed to it. As a result of the rename,

769: 747: 739: 735: 554: 430: 291: 245: 72: 5677: 4546: 4529: 4092: 4004: 3987: 2915:(adapted to digging and living somewhat underground) musteloids such as the 2435:

that bends on the back and is lower than the femoral head, a short and deep

750:

terms ἐνυδρίς (otter) and ὀδούς (tooth) and is not a reference to the genus

7770: 7691: 7682: 7509: 6925: 6905: 6024: 5745: 5727: 5696: 5629: 5594: 5370: 4756: 4513: 4496: 4481: 4225: 4066: 3687: 3643: 3609: 3570: 3554: 3553:

present in were possibly woody grasslands as well as riverine forests. The

3504: 3320: 3259: 3210: 3206: 2967: 2741: 2673: 2465:, a bunodont otter genus, in a bipedal position. Bunodont otters including 2428: 2144: 2005:

in the evolution of lutrines, reflected by the phylogeny tree's clades: in

1003: 948:

given their bunodont dentitions, but the supposed European "branch" of the

909: 630: 254: 5044: 4928: 4911: 3491:

were large lutrine species found in different locations within modern-day

3472: 2203:

in 2022 has been attributed to " metaconid higher than the protoconid on M

822: 819: 7747: 7531: 7384: 7125: 7085: 7055: 7038: 6967: 6186: 6179: 6140: 6122: 6040: 6001: 5901: 5888: 5834: 5251: 4560: 4140:"Carnivores from the Kanapoi Hominid site, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya" 3695: 3451:

after a long time of relative success eventually might have gone through

3282: 3248: 3214: 3148: 3072: 2681: 2577:) was estimated to be wolf-sized and around 40 kg (88 lb) while 2120: 2108: 2104: 2060:

There are currently only two known partial skulls that are attributed to

1457: 1215: 1198:

based on its remains of a partial skull and femurs in the Lower Awash of

1094: 793: 609: 523: 47: 34: 4969: 4952: 1973:

as an isolated clade separate from typical members of Enhydriodontini ("

7880: 7758: 7719: 7712: 7698: 7592: 7344: 7152: 6894: 6874: 6563: 6376: 6363: 6172: 6069: 5977: 5967: 5621: 4384: 4206: 3761: 3749: 3691: 3675: 3605: 3585: 3452: 3377: 3368: 3274: 3144: 3066: 2658:. This claim was made first by Willemsen from analogies of the diet of 2325: 2274:

of the femur (A-B), complete left femur (C-D), and astragalus (H-I) of

2136: 1180: 915: 838: 777: 702:, but the extent to which they are closely related remains unresolved. 202: 92: 57: 5384:

Garbin, Rafaella C.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Joyce, Walter G. (2020).

4861: 3527:

was named after the Dikikae Basal Member of the Hadar Formation while

2477:

are typically estimated to be larger/heavier than non-bunodont otters.

2348:, and the extant African clawless otter. The astragalus is similar to 2042: 7740: 7548: 7364: 7354: 7334: 7247: 7196: 7142: 6794: 6613: 6129: 6088: 6047: 6033: 6010: 5948: 5939: 5873: 5830: 5538: 4156: 4139: 3707: 3575: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3372: 3264: 3254: 3199: 3172: 3152: 3050: 2912: 2863: 2775:

swimming, its appearance being similar to its relative, the sea otter

2692:

is supported by the presence of fossilized freshwater bivalve genera

2655: 2424: 2420: 2271: 1565: 1545: 1337: 1325: 1258: 813: 800:

despite being the older genus name. Using the available specimens of

757: 614: 579: 564: 547: 503: 192: 152: 97: 41: 7837: 4658: 2380:. The femur specimens indicate large overall sizes of the femurs of 1949:

than the other extant lutrines that lack bunodont carnassial teeth (

7860: 7481: 7113: 6998: 6974: 6914: 6240: 6216: 6054: 5861: 5842: 3988:"Giant bunodont Lutrinae from the Mio-Pliocene of Kenya and Uganda" 3711: 3703: 3601: 3589: 3581: 3492: 3439: 3407: 3350: 3294: 3278: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3191: 3183: 3133: 3121: 2959: 2723: 2689: 2100: 1352: 1269: 967: 905: 861: 805: 785: 651: 638: 626: 621:

of the Miocene to Pleistocene and the sea otter of the sole extant

606: 550: 511: 225: 172: 87: 82: 67: 62: 52: 3604:

compared to the previous sub-members, with increased presences of

2245:, which was described after Pickford's general description of the 7787: 7648: 7641: 7462: 7169: 7102: 6981: 6864: 5957: 3683: 3628: 3562: 3395: 3336: 3240: 3226: 3218: 3156: 3105: 2836: 2824: 2714: 2626:

A sea otter eating a clam, similar to suggested diets of certain

2393: 2357: 2313: 2226: 1273: 1070: 752: 643: 575: 559: 527: 519: 496: 102: 77: 30: 2971: 2485:

species, particularly a few that had resided in Africa, are the

1945:

shared a closer morphology with its other extinct relatives and

764:). According to Falconer, the Siwalik Hill fossils belonging to 690:

is presently considered a distinct genus not closely related to

7521: 7213: 6857: 6102: 5867: 5855: 4494: 3679: 3618: 3461: 3456: 3286: 3195: 2963: 2955: 2934:

With the overall lack of consensus on the lifestyle of African

2867:(the latter two which are analogous to the large sea otter and 2729: 2513: 2321: 1199: 669:

were both large terrestrial bunodont otters of Africa as well.

618: 507: 182: 162: 5037:

Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology

4495:

Raghavan, P.; Pickford, M.; Patnaik, R.; Gayathri, P. (2007).

4365:

Valenciano, Alberto; Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2022).

3305:

while communities exclusively or predominantly consisting of C

2970:. The authors explained that using oxygen isotopic ratios, or 1123:. The reclassification of African fossil bunodont otters into 912:

and the first described species from the continent of Africa.

7220: 7132: 6813: 6304: 6233: 5838: 3773: 3613: 3464:

tribe, rhinocerotids, suids, cervids, giraffids, and bovids.

3202: 2664: 2642:

is that based on their robust, bunodont dentition similar to

2607: 1272:, which first appeared in Eurasia and Africa during the late 829: 515: 499: 212: 4786:

Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology

4561:

Alberto Valenciano Vaquero; Romala Govender (21 June 2020).

2954:

species in comparison to extant terrestrial mammals such as

1175:", previously described by Denis Geraads et al. in 2004, to 6830: 4656: 4260:

Grohé, Camille; Uno, Kevin; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud (2022).

2800: 2317: 599: 595: 5324: 3523:

in Ethiopia, the fossils ranging from 3.44 Ma to 2.53 Ma.

3499:

fossils were found within the bottom two sequences of the

974:

by Gerard F. Willemsen in 1992. However, in January 2005,

5712:"Ecological change in the lower Omo Valley around 2.8 Ma" 5420: 4782: 4659:"Late Miocene Carnivora from Chad: Lutrinae (Mustelidae)" 4450: 4364: 3699: 2713:

prey was large fish with hard external coverings such as

2084:

skulls have somewhat different features from each other.

5650: 5494: 5383: 4321: 3132:, India) of the Upper Siwaliks from the early or middle 5563: 5145: 5083:

10.1666/0094-8373(2002)28[1:FAECIT]2.0.CO;2

5067: 4909: 2927:

was a more generalized terrestrial mustelid similar to

557:

and is a reference to its dentition rather than to the

5709: 1268:

belongs to the tribe Enhydriodontini in the subfamily

1045: 5264: 4950: 7776: 7766: 7679: 7664: 7654: 7630: 7620: 7610: 7600: 7569: 7554: 7537: 7527: 7517: 7494: 7470: 7425: 7410: 7400: 7390: 7380: 7370: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7323: 7313: 7303: 7293: 7283: 7273: 7263: 7253: 7236: 7226: 7202: 7185: 7175: 7158: 7148: 7138: 7121: 7091: 7081: 7071: 7061: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6987: 6963: 6953: 6943: 6933: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6846: 6836: 6819: 6802: 6779: 6769: 6759: 6749: 6739: 6729: 6719: 6709: 6699: 6689: 6679: 6669: 6659: 6649: 6639: 6629: 6619: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6579: 6569: 6559: 6549: 6539: 6529: 6519: 6509: 6499: 6489: 6479: 6469: 6459: 6449: 6439: 6429: 6419: 6409: 6399: 6389: 6310: 6293: 6276: 6266: 6256: 6246: 6222: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6168: 6158: 6148: 6118: 6108: 6077: 6021: 5998: 5983: 5973: 5963: 5924: 5914: 4882: 4018: 2128:

around the skull's frontals can also be identified.

852:

During the 19th and 20th centuries, more species of

261: 5233: 4991: 3001:Grohe et al. initially considered that the diet of 2423:section of the bone. The lateromedial width of the 1965:, the authors of the consensus tree also created a 5536: 5448: 5034: 4432:. Florida Museum of Natural History. 30 March 2017 4187: 3958:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 2286:Postcranial remains of bunodont otters, including 5113:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4725:"A contextual review of the Carnivora of Kanapoi" 4259: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3939:Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey 3702:, leporids, old world porcupines, murid rodents, 3124:) and the Dhok Pathan Formation (Dhok Pathan and 2151:. Although the evolution of bunodont otters like 1191:was reclassified as a sister taxon to the tribe. 605:Its advanced dentition is well-known, its broad, 7934: 5545:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214–228. 5240:Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 4885:Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4090: 3955: 3856:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 3557:were common within the member, fitting with the 3531:had its name derived from the Lower Omo Valley. 2557:of the Western Rift Valley, Uganda (at the time 1194:In 2011, Denis Geraads and colleagues described 5657:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5039:. Columbia University Press. pp. 423–444. 3985: 3902:. India: Palaeontologia Indica. pp. 80–88. 3872: 3666:The Hadar Formation represents many fossils of 3476:Geographical and stratigraphic distribution of 2907:. Meanwhile, the lowest values correspond with 574:species are unknown given the lack of complete 4687: 4188:Valenciano, Alberto; Govender, Romala (2020). 3968: 3894: 3670:, most notably the partial skeleton known as " 3358:browser that failed to adapt and went extinct. 5814: 5766: 4722: 4380: 4378: 4172: 3818: 3112:remains were present at the Nagri Formation ( 1171:. In 2007, Pickford synonymized the species " 1010:as a distinct genus that might be related to 860:were introduced and more lutrine genera with 4530:"The Miocene carnivore assemblage of Greece" 3584:that interdigitate with the central African 2328:(also known as a talus bone). The femora of 1139:in a research paper by Camille Grohé et al. 5189: 4836: 4834: 4818: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4723:Werdelin, Lars; Lewis, Margaret E. (2020). 4317: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3890: 3888: 3722:diets or had generally shifted from mixed C 3565:habitats between grasslands and woodlands. 3136:. In the Nagri and Dhok Pathan Formations, 2569:) could have possibly been larger than it. 804:, Falconer calculated that there were four 768:were previously classified by Falconer and 5899: 5821: 5807: 4375: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4021:Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España 3913: 3911: 3909: 3853: 3089:and other hyaenids during the late Miocene 2923:, thereby reinforcing the hypothesis that 2911:, which has similar values to terrestrial 2654:were both specialized for commonly eating 2634:As fossil bunodont otter genera including 1210:until another species also from Ethiopia, 994:. Additionally, they erected a species of 378:Geraads, Alemseged, Bobe & Reed, 2011 113: 6374: 5735: 5686: 5676: 5601: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5397: 5360: 5350: 5301: 4968: 4927: 4663:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4545: 4512: 4277: 4215: 4205: 4155: 4003: 3986:Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2005). 3936: 3917: 2545:), averaging to 16 kg (35 lb). 1081:lineage. The species was named after the 5543:African Paleoecology and Human Evolution 5537:Campisano, Christopher J.; Rowan, John; 5490: 5488: 4831: 4771: 4582: 4580: 4255: 4137: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4052: 4031: 3885: 3875:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 3649: 3471: 3330: 3253: 3065: 2762: 2621: 2454: 2265: 2041: 1249: 1049: 714: 4621: 4521: 4294: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 3906: 3849: 3847: 3845: 2966:along with semiaquatic mammals such as 2676:than cancrivorous (in contrast, Indian 2408:is small and more circular compared to 1985:as well). Regardless, they argued that 1981:was proposed as an isolated clade from 1261:. It is the only extant bunodont otter. 7935: 5523: 5103: 4840: 4527: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3654:Skeleton of Lucy, the most well-known 2537:teeth dimensions to be similar to the 2447:of the femur is rectangular and wide. 2427:is narrow. The femur also has a large 2068:of the Siwalik Hills and the other of 1953:was described as not being related to 849:unlike the two extant lutrine genera. 719:1868 Illustrations of the 2 crania of 7842: 7841: 6361: 5886: 5802: 5485: 5283: 4586: 4577: 4073: 3061: 2903:was said to be more terrestrial than 2779:Femora and dental remains of African 2312:fossil remains include a fragmentary 827:), one less than in the extant genus 553:. Enhydriodon means "otter tooth" in 5607: 4821:Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 4232: 3842: 2938:species considered, a 2022 study on 2585:are thought to be of similar sizes. 1989:is closer to the clade composing of 1057:right femur faced at different sides 1034:would no longer be classified under 908:, its fossil teeth being located in 4916:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 4097:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 3807: 3348:plants by middle Pleistocene while 3015:, however, was not based purely on 1046:Modern revisions of African species 567:and its two prehistoric relatives. 13: 4388:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4324:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3718:Formation show either consistent C 3225:. An extinct reptilian species of 3045:consumed terrestrial prey with a C 2662:(abalones and marine bivales) and 400:Grohé, Uno, & Boisserie, 2022 14: 8004: 5497:Journal of African Earth Sciences 4690:Journal of African Earth Sciences 3171:, and hyaenines), viverrids, and 2404:is not as prominent in size. The 1941:As shown in the above phylogeny, 1245: 966:was originally reclassified as a 772:under the genus and species name 563:genus, which includes the modern 7822: 7816: 7811: 7805: 6344: 6338: 6332: 5517:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.03.020 4710:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.11.003 4675:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00377.x 4644:10.1046/j.1467-2960.2001.00052.x 3828:. United Kingdom: R. Hardwicke. 3056: 2617: 2376:, and a similar position of the 2163:(or evolutionarily recent) than 2155:is unclear, it is proposed that 833:but matching the total count of 812:in the species's upper jaw (the 710: 139: 45: 5887: 5760: 5703: 5644: 5557: 5451:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 5442: 5414: 5377: 5318: 5277: 5258: 5227: 5213:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.03.021 5183: 5169:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105968 5139: 5097: 5061: 5028: 4985: 4944: 4903: 4876: 4812: 4716: 4681: 4650: 4615: 4554: 4488: 4444: 4422: 4358: 4131: 3787: 1147:but was eventually assigned to 1143:was also initially sorted unto 686:up to the modern day, although 646:, reptiles, eggs, and carrion. 570:The exact sizes and lengths of 6362: 4994:Arabian Journal of Geosciences 4012: 3949: 3930: 3866: 2721:, including the extant genera 2340:but also larger than those of 2131:The broken skull belonging to 2032: 742:, India that he attributed to 637:were semiaquatic and consumed 1: 7993:Prehistoric carnivoran genera 7973:Pleistocene mammals of Africa 7958:Fossil taxa described in 1868 5789:10.1016/j.geobios.2007.06.004 5290:Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae 4798:10.1080/08912963.2022.2138376 4408:10.1080/02724634.2021.1948858 4117:10.1080/14772019.2016.1267666 3900:The Fossil Carnivora of India 3800: 3608:and the highest abundance of 3297:predominantly consisting of C 2610:. According to Grohé et al., 2516:. In 1932, Pilgrim diagnosed 2294:with postcranial remains are 1402:(North American river otter) 1257:closest extant relative, the 1073:palaeontological site of the 916:Perceived relationships with 738:based on several crania from 734:was first erected in 1868 by 625:genus. Its I teeth (or third 526:. It contains nine confirmed 367:Morales & Pickford, 2005 356:Morales & Pickford, 2005 5587:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.06.001 5471:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035 5436:10.1016/j.palwor.2016.08.003 5390:European Journal of Taxonomy 5352:10.1371/journal.pone.0111210 5133:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.07.017 4749:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.05.001 4474:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.02.009 4430:"Enhydritherium terraenovae" 4344:10.1080/02724634.2011.550356 4279:10.5852/cr-palevol2022v21a30 2807:was a terrestrial predator, 2450: 2170: 931:brought about the idea that 756:, which includes the modern 455:Falconer & Cautley, 1835 16:Extinct genus of carnivorans 7: 7988:Taxa named by Hugh Falconer 3660:National Museum of Ethiopia 3467: 3417:), and the freshwater crab 3005:could have been the oyster 2512:as a lutrine the size of a 2394:lateral supracondylar crest 2378:medial condyle of the femur 2367:The postcranial remains of 2270:Views of the left proximal 2250:(0.38 in) in BL. Like 1179:, an extinct member of the 705: 389:Werdelin & Lewis, 2013 10: 8009: 7968:Pliocene mammals of Africa 5567:Journal of Human Evolution 5193:Quaternary Science Reviews 5149:Quaternary Science Reviews 5104:Nelson, Sherry V. (2007). 5014:10.1007/s12517-021-08684-x 4729:Journal of Human Evolution 4609:10.1016/j.crpv.2008.09.010 4528:Koufos, George D. (2011). 4454:Journal of Human Evolution 3668:Australopithecus afarensis 3656:Australopithecus afarensis 3616:genera such as the extant 3542:Australopithecus afarensis 3281:. A change from the Nagri 2980:North American river otter 2332:are smaller than those of 1002:from the type locality of 935:was related to the extant 7963:Miocene mammals of Africa 7850: 7803: 7757: 7678: 7591: 7568: 7508: 7461: 7424: 7112: 6924: 6904: 6793: 6385: 6370: 6357: 6330: 6139: 6068: 6020: 5997: 5947: 5938: 5910: 5895: 5882: 5850: 5610:Evolutionary Anthropology 5551:10.1017/9781139696470.018 5399:10.5852/ejt.2020.724.1165 5303:10.35463/j.apr.2022.02.04 3480:in East Africa by species 3434:Amongst carnivoran taxa, 3340:was a typical grazer of C 3328:browsers and frugivores. 1884: 1877: 1812: 1798:Enhydritherium terranovae 1792: 1785: 1765: 1758: 1738: 1731: 1693: 1673: 1666: 1639: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1560: 1540: 1533: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1479:(African clawless otter) 1472: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1413: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1363: 1356: 978:and colleagues diagnosed 837:. He described the upper 518:that lived from the late 414: 407: 281: 276: 260: 253: 136:Scientific classification 134: 121: 112: 23: 7983:Pliocene mammals of Asia 5845:and their extinct allies 4144:Contributions in Science 3780: 2877:Asian small-clawed otter 2672:species makes them more 2261: 2037: 672:The taxonomic status of 122:Lower jaw dentitions of 7978:Miocene mammals of Asia 5678:10.1073/pnas.2006982117 4897:10.13130/2039-4942/6009 4850:Papers in Palaeontology 4841:Martin, Jérémy (2018). 4547:10.3989/egeol.40560.190 4138:Werdelin, Lars (2003). 4005:10.3989/egeol.05613-666 3438:is the longest-lasting 2487:largest known mustelids 1155:into the newly created 1115:were reclassified into 884:. He also implied that 792:had been considered a " 5728:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0890 5284:Kumar, Suresh (2022). 4589:Comptes Rendus Palevol 4514:10.3989/egeol.07632200 4266:Comptes Rendus Palevol 4067:10.3989/egeol.07631192 3663: 3481: 3447:, which suggests that 3359: 3269: 3090: 2873:Pteronura brasiliensis 2776: 2745:and the extinct genus 2631: 2539:African clawless otter 2520:as being smaller than 2478: 2443:of the same bone. The 2396:is longer compared to 2283: 2161:evolutionarily derived 2057: 1744:Tyrrhenolutra helbingi 1367:Pteronura brasiliensis 1262: 1058: 728: 266:Enhydriodon sivalensis 7948:Prehistoric mustelids 7915:Paleobiology Database 5045:10.7312/wang15012-017 4929:10.4072/rbp.2018.2.04 3653: 3597:was the most common. 3475: 3334: 3303:Potwar Miocene rivers 3257: 3081:, which lived in the 3069: 2998:species was aquatic. 2948:oxygen isotope ratios 2766: 2625: 2559:Sivaonyx kamuhangirei 2458: 2269: 2195:" species other than 2135:contains a short and 2045: 1771:Paralutra garganensis 1566:Siamogale thailandica 1253: 1218:boundary. Similar to 1121:Sivaonyx kamuhangirei 1053: 718: 534:(which also contains 128:Enhydriodon africanus 29:Temporal range: Late 5252:10.4435/BSPI.2019.13 3730:diets to generally C 3511:were located at the 3079:percrocutine hyaenid 2533:based on its lower M 2392:is well-formed. The 2003:at least three times 1969:tree proposing that 1370:(giant river otter) 1177:Pseudocivetta ingens 1065:erected the species 5781:2008Geobi..41..283S 5669:2020PNAS..11721921N 5663:(36): 21921–21927. 5579:2005JHumE..49..499A 5509:2015JAfES.107...28G 5463:2018JAESc.162...54N 5343:2014PLoSO...9k1210S 5205:2019QSRv..212...33M 5161:2019QSRv..22405968P 5125:2007PPP...243..204N 5006:2021ArJG...14.2473B 4970:10.5070/P9381054113 4741:2020JHumE.14002334W 4702:2012JAfES..64....1W 4636:2001AqFF....2..177S 4601:2008CRPal...7..607L 4534:Estudios Geológicos 4501:Estudios Geológicos 4466:2011JHumE..61...89C 4400:2021JVPal..41E8858K 4336:2011JVPal..31..447G 4109:2018JSPal..16...39W 4055:Estudios Geológicos 3992:Estudios Geológicos 3318:and the deinothere 3085:and coexisted with 3083:Indian subcontinent 2813:niche partitionings 2504:The two species of 2445:intercondylar fossa 2278:in comparison to a 2276:Enhydriodon hendeyi 1546:Siamogale melilutra 1038:under the basis of 774:Amyxodon sivalensis 663:Enhydriodon dikikae 452:Amyxodon sivalensis 124:Enhydriodon hendeyi 5622:10.1002/evan.20330 4624:Fish and Fisheries 4565:. The Conversation 4207:10.7717/peerj.9221 3664: 3610:tragelaphin bovids 3517:Shungura Formation 3505:Lower Awash Valley 3482: 3360: 3354:was a consistent C 3270: 3182:including bovids, 3155:, ursids, felids ( 3091: 3062:Pakistan and India 2777: 2632: 2479: 2437:trochanteric fossa 2433:greater trochanter 2390:deltoid tuberosity 2284: 2058: 1967:Bayesian inference 1263: 1059: 1042:being a subgenus. 864:dentition such as 816:was calculated as 729: 700:parallel evolution 345:& Soria, 2005 7953:Miocene mustelids 7930: 7929: 7902:Open Tree of Life 7844:Taxon identifiers 7835: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 6353: 6352: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6064: 6063: 4862:10.1002/spp2.1247 3920:Scripta Geologica 3644:alcelaphin bovids 3431:were present in. 3070:A restoration of 3008:Etheria elliptica 2984:Lontra canadensis 2869:giant river otter 2402:medial epicondyle 2374:lesser trochanter 1951:Lutra aonychoides 1938: 1937: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1890:Lutra aonychoides 1866: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1829: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1655: 1654: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1577: 1519:Paralutra jaegeri 1488: 1487: 1461:(Eurasian otter) 1429: 1428: 1399:Lontra canadensis 1343:Paralutra jaegeri 1183:family. In 2017, 929:Charles Repenning 488: 487: 481: 468: 456: 446: 434: 420: 401: 390: 379: 368: 357: 346: 331: 320: 309: 295: 249: 8000: 7923: 7922: 7910: 7909: 7897: 7896: 7884: 7883: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7839: 7838: 7826: 7820: 7815: 7809: 7778: 7768: 7727:Parabrachypsalis 7681: 7666: 7656: 7632: 7622: 7612: 7602: 7571: 7556: 7539: 7529: 7519: 7496: 7472: 7427: 7412: 7402: 7392: 7382: 7372: 7362: 7352: 7342: 7325: 7315: 7305: 7295: 7285: 7275: 7265: 7255: 7238: 7228: 7204: 7187: 7177: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7123: 7093: 7083: 7073: 7063: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7016: 7006: 6989: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6935: 6892: 6882: 6872: 6848: 6838: 6821: 6804: 6781: 6771: 6761: 6751: 6741: 6731: 6721: 6711: 6701: 6691: 6681: 6671: 6661: 6651: 6641: 6631: 6621: 6611: 6601: 6591: 6581: 6571: 6561: 6551: 6541: 6531: 6521: 6511: 6501: 6491: 6481: 6471: 6461: 6451: 6441: 6431: 6421: 6411: 6401: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6372: 6371: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6312: 6295: 6278: 6268: 6258: 6248: 6224: 6214: 6204: 6194: 6170: 6160: 6150: 6120: 6110: 6079: 6023: 6000: 5985: 5975: 5965: 5945: 5944: 5926: 5916: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5884: 5883: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5739: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5680: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5354: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5305: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5236:Eurygnathohippus 5231: 5225: 5224: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5119:(1–2): 204–222. 5110: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5032: 5026: 5025: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4972: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4780: 4769: 4768: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4319: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4257: 4230: 4229: 4219: 4209: 4185: 4170: 4169: 4159: 4157:10.5962/p.214388 4135: 4129: 4128: 4088: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4029: 4028: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 3983: 3966: 3965: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3915: 3904: 3903: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3851: 3840: 3839: 3816: 3794: 3791: 3686:, Cephalophini, 3632:and the extinct 3606:reduncine bovids 3521:Lower Omo Valley 3301:plants near the 3161:machairodontines 2769:life restoration 2575:Sivaonyx hendeyi 2076:, but the known 1880: 1879: 1788: 1787: 1761: 1760: 1734: 1733: 1669: 1668: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1536: 1535: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1359: 1358: 1349: 1348: 1089:", described by 1083:Turkana language 982:as a synonym of 826: 825: 824: 821: 796:" or synonym of 476: 463: 454: 441: 428: 418: 399: 388: 377: 366: 355: 340: 329: 318: 304: 290: 263: 244: 237: 224: 144: 143: 117: 107: 44: 21: 20: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7933: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7913: 7905: 7900: 7892: 7887: 7879: 7874: 7865: 7864: 7859: 7846: 7836: 7827: 7793: 7753: 7674: 7587: 7564: 7504: 7457: 7420: 7108: 6920: 6900: 6789: 6379: 6366: 6349: 6320: 6197:Bassaricynoides 6135: 6060: 6016: 5993: 5934: 5904: 5891: 5878: 5846: 5827: 5797: 5796: 5765: 5761: 5716:Biology Letters 5708: 5704: 5649: 5645: 5606: 5602: 5562: 5558: 5535: 5524: 5493: 5486: 5447: 5443: 5419: 5415: 5382: 5378: 5323: 5319: 5282: 5278: 5263: 5259: 5232: 5228: 5188: 5184: 5144: 5140: 5108: 5102: 5098: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5033: 5029: 4990: 4986: 4949: 4945: 4908: 4904: 4881: 4877: 4845: 4839: 4832: 4817: 4813: 4781: 4772: 4721: 4717: 4686: 4682: 4655: 4651: 4620: 4616: 4585: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4526: 4522: 4493: 4489: 4449: 4445: 4435: 4433: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4383: 4376: 4363: 4359: 4320: 4295: 4272:(30): 684–693. 4258: 4233: 4186: 4173: 4136: 4132: 4089: 4074: 4051: 4032: 4017: 4013: 3984: 3969: 3954: 3950: 3935: 3931: 3916: 3907: 3893: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3852: 3843: 3836: 3817: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3658:fossil, at the 3561:preference for 3534:There are four 3501:Hadar Formation 3470: 3357: 3347: 3343: 3327: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3291:climate forcing 3262:equids such as 3258:The arrival of 3077:, a species of 3064: 3059: 3048: 3036: 3031: 3024: 2917:American badger 2620: 2555:E. kamuhangirei 2536: 2453: 2441:lateral condyle 2406:olecranon fossa 2362:plantar flexion 2264: 2257: 2206: 2173: 2093:temporal crests 2040: 2035: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1721: 1712: 1656: 1588: 1579: 1489: 1430: 1420:(marine otter) 1248: 1157:Enhydriodontini 1091:R. J. G. Savage 1048: 976:Martin Pickford 944:was related to 925: 896:was described, 818: 817: 713: 708: 659: 584:E. kamuhangirei 546:) in the otter 532:Enhydriodontini 484: 470: 469: 459: 448: 447: 437: 429:Falconer & 422: 421: 352:E. kamuhangirei 330:Werdelin, 2003 272: 269: 243: 235: 226:Enhydriodontini 222: 138: 108: 106: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 39: 38: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8006: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7911: 7898: 7885: 7872: 7856: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7828: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7774: 7763: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7685: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7672: 7662: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7628: 7618: 7608: 7597: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7577: 7575: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7552: 7545: 7535: 7525: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7431: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7398: 7388: 7378: 7368: 7358: 7348: 7338: 7331: 7321: 7311: 7301: 7291: 7281: 7271: 7261: 7251: 7244: 7234: 7224: 7217: 7210: 7200: 7193: 7190:Enhydritherium 7183: 7173: 7166: 7156: 7146: 7136: 7129: 7118: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7089: 7079: 7069: 7059: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7022: 7019:Negodiaetictis 7012: 7002: 6995: 6985: 6978: 6971: 6961: 6951: 6941: 6930: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6910: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6861: 6854: 6844: 6834: 6827: 6817: 6810: 6799: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6777: 6767: 6757: 6747: 6737: 6727: 6717: 6707: 6697: 6687: 6677: 6667: 6657: 6647: 6644:Prepoecilogale 6637: 6627: 6617: 6607: 6597: 6587: 6577: 6567: 6557: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6517: 6507: 6497: 6487: 6477: 6467: 6457: 6447: 6437: 6434:Erokomellivora 6427: 6417: 6407: 6397: 6386: 6380: 6375: 6368: 6367: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6308: 6301: 6291: 6284: 6281:Probassariscus 6274: 6264: 6254: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6220: 6210: 6200: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6166: 6156: 6145: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6126: 6116: 6113:Palaeomephitis 6106: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6006: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5988:Pristinailurus 5981: 5971: 5961: 5953: 5951: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5892: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5775:(2): 283–295. 5759: 5702: 5643: 5616:(6): 254–263. 5600: 5573:(4): 499–514. 5556: 5522: 5484: 5441: 5430:(3): 566–571. 5413: 5376: 5317: 5276: 5257: 5246:(2): 171–179. 5226: 5182: 5138: 5096: 5060: 5053: 5027: 4984: 4943: 4922:(2): 132–140. 4902: 4891:(2): 325–341. 4875: 4856:(3): 483–497. 4830: 4811: 4770: 4715: 4680: 4669:(4): 793–846. 4649: 4630:(3): 177–230. 4614: 4595:(8): 607–627. 4576: 4553: 4540:(2): 296–297. 4536:(in Spanish). 4520: 4507:(2): 144–145. 4503:(in Spanish). 4487: 4443: 4421: 4374: 4357: 4330:(2): 447–453. 4293: 4231: 4171: 4130: 4072: 4061:(2): 108–124. 4057:(in Spanish). 4030: 4011: 3998:(3): 233–245. 3994:(in Spanish). 3967: 3948: 3929: 3905: 3896:Guy E. Pilgrim 3884: 3865: 3841: 3834: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3513:Usno Formation 3469: 3466: 3420:Acanthopotamon 3387:, the pelican 3355: 3345: 3341: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3245:cercopithecids 3188:anthracotheres 3142:hyainailourine 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3046: 3034: 3029: 3022: 2893:Enhydritherium 2881:Aonyx cinereus 2859:Enhydritherium 2821:E. cf. dikikae 2674:molluscivorous 2619: 2616: 2534: 2471:Enhydritherium 2462:Enhydritherium 2452: 2449: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2204: 2172: 2169: 2137:non-prognathic 2049:Enhydra lutris 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2023:Enhydritherium 1936: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1624:Enhydra lutris 1618: 1613: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1476:Aonyx capensis 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1336:The following 1302:Enhydritherium 1247: 1246:Classification 1244: 1173:E. aethiopicus 1093:in 1978, as a 1047: 1044: 924: 914: 814:dental formula 784:, although no 780:of an unknown 762:Enhydra lutris 725:British Museum 712: 709: 707: 704: 657: 486: 485: 483: 482: 462: 461: 460: 458: 457: 440: 439: 438: 436: 435: 419:Genus synonymy 417: 416: 415: 412: 411: 405: 404: 403: 402: 391: 380: 369: 358: 347: 332: 321: 319:Pilgrim, 1931 310: 296: 279: 278: 277:Other species 274: 273: 271:Falconer, 1868 270: 258: 257: 251: 250: 233: 229: 228: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 132: 131: 119: 118: 110: 109: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8005: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7825: 7821: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7734:Paroligobunis 7731: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7700: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7677: 7671: 7670: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7653: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7639: 7637: 7636: 7635:Legionarictis 7629: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7567: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7416: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7405:Tyrrhenolutra 7399: 7397: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7268:Megencephalon 7262: 7260: 7259: 7258:Megalenhydris 7252: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6962: 6960: 6959: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6938:Brevimalictis 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6764:Trochotherium 6758: 6756: 6755: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6694:Sabadellictis 6688: 6686: 6685: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6347: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6317: 6316: 6315:Tetraprothomo 6309: 6307: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6251:Parahyaenodon 6245: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6207:Chapalmalania 6201: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6082:Brachyprotoma 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5539:Reed, Kaye E. 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5392:(652): 1–67. 5391: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5273:(2): 225–230. 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5056: 5054:9780231520829 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5000:(2473): 1–6. 4999: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4835: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4591:(in French). 4590: 4583: 4581: 4564: 4557: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4431: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4268:(in French). 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4134: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4027:(1–2): 39–61. 4026: 4022: 4015: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3960:(in French). 3959: 3952: 3945:(3): 305–315. 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820:Hugh Falconer 3815: 3813: 3811: 3806: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3769: 3768:Auchenoglanis 3764: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445:E. sivalensis 3441: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3429:E. sivalensis 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3384:Rhamphosuchus 3380: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3353: 3352: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:chalicotheres 3208: 3207:rhinocerotids 3204: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165:percrocutinae 3163:), hyaenids ( 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100:, while both 3099: 3098:E. sivalensis 3095: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3068: 3057:Palaeoecology 3054: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:hippopotamids 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944:stable carbon 2942:measured the 2941: 2937: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2921:striped skunk 2918: 2914: 2913:semifossorial 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797:Sivaonyx beyi 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785:Enhydriodon's 2782: 2774: 2773:E. sivalensis 2770: 2767:Hypothetical 2765: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2736:Auchenoglanis 2732: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652:E. sivalensis 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2624: 2618:Palaeobiology 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2527: 2526:E. sivalensis 2523: 2522:E. sivalensis 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:E. sivalensis 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:E. latipes(?) 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2386:Sivaonyx beyi 2383: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:Enydritherium 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2281: 2280:Sivaonyx beyi 2277: 2273: 2268: 2259: 2253: 2252:E. sivalensis 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2223:Enhydriodon's 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Enhydriodon's 2168: 2166: 2165:E. sivalensis 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2117:palatine bone 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:E. sivalensis 2085: 2083: 2082:E. sivalensis 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066:E. sivalensis 2063: 2055: 2054:Enhydriodon's 2051: 2050: 2044: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1417:Lontra felina 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1320:Tyrrhenolutra 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1260: 1256: 1255:Enhydriodon's 1252: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:E. pattersoni 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Turkana Basin 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:Lars Werdelin 1056: 1052: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 956: 951: 947: 943: 938: 934: 930: 923: 919: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 898:Ernst Stromer 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874: 869: 868: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 843:E. sivalensis 840: 836: 832: 831: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:E. sivalensis 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:Proby Cautley 767: 766:E. sivalensis 763: 759: 755: 754: 749: 748:Ancient Greek 745: 744:E. sivalensis 741: 740:Siwalik Hills 737: 736:Hugh Falconer 733: 726: 722: 721:E. sivalensis 717: 711:Early history 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684: 679: 675: 670: 668: 667:Sivaonyx beyi 664: 660: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 611: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 562: 561: 556: 555:Ancient Greek 552: 549: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 529: 525: 522:to the early 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 498: 494: 493: 479: 475: 474:E. pattersoni 472: 471: 467: 453: 450: 449: 445: 444:E. sivalensis 432: 427: 424: 423: 413: 410: 406: 398: 397: 392: 387: 386: 381: 376: 375: 370: 365: 364: 359: 354: 353: 348: 344: 339: 338: 333: 328: 327: 322: 317: 316: 311: 307: 303: 302: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 282: 280: 275: 268: 267: 259: 256: 252: 247: 242: 241: 234: 231: 230: 227: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 116: 111: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 43: 36: 32: 26: 22: 19: 7851: 7810: 7786: 7779: 7771:Chamitataxus 7769: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7692:Brachypsalis 7690: 7683:Oligobuninae 7667: 7657: 7647: 7640: 7633: 7623: 7613: 7603: 7580: 7573:Mustelavinae 7559:Moralesictis 7557: 7547: 7540: 7530: 7520: 7510:Mellivorinae 7497: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429:Leptarctinae 7413: 7403: 7393: 7383: 7373: 7363: 7353: 7343: 7333: 7326: 7316: 7306: 7296: 7286: 7276: 7266: 7256: 7246: 7239: 7229: 7219: 7212: 7205: 7195: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7168: 7161: 7151: 7141: 7131: 7124: 7101: 7094: 7084: 7076:Stipanicicia 7074: 7066:Sminthosinis 7064: 7054: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7017: 7009:Martellictis 7007: 6997: 6990: 6980: 6973: 6966: 6956: 6946: 6936: 6926:Ictonychinae 6913: 6906:Helictidinae 6893: 6883: 6873: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6839: 6829: 6822: 6812: 6805: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6752: 6742: 6732: 6722: 6712: 6702: 6692: 6682: 6672: 6664:Promellivora 6662: 6652: 6642: 6632: 6622: 6612: 6602: 6592: 6582: 6572: 6562: 6552: 6542: 6534:Mesomephitis 6532: 6522: 6514:Melidellavus 6512: 6504:Matanomictis 6502: 6492: 6482: 6472: 6462: 6452: 6444:Franconictis 6442: 6432: 6424:Circamustela 6422: 6412: 6402: 6394:Acheronictis 6392: 6337: 6313: 6303: 6298:Protoprocyon 6296: 6286: 6279: 6269: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6161: 6151: 6128: 6121: 6111: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6053: 6046: 6039: 6032: 6025:Simocyoninae 6009: 5986: 5976: 5966: 5956: 5927: 5917: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5542: 5500: 5496: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5389: 5379: 5334: 5330: 5320: 5296:(2): 85–92. 5293: 5289: 5279: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5116: 5112: 5099: 5074: 5071:Paleobiology 5070: 5063: 5036: 5030: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4853: 4849: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4792:(11): 1–36. 4789: 4785: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4592: 4588: 4567:. Retrieved 4556: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4460:(1): 89–96. 4457: 4453: 4446: 4434:. Retrieved 4424: 4391: 4387: 4367: 4360: 4327: 4323: 4269: 4265: 4197: 4193: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4100: 4096: 4058: 4054: 4024: 4020: 4014: 3995: 3991: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3899: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3835:112-0-015839 3824: 3789: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3716: 3688:Hippotragini 3667: 3665: 3655: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3599: 3595:Aepycerotini 3594: 3574: 3571:Cephalophini 3567: 3555:Aepycerotini 3551: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3508: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3449:E. falconeri 3448: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3425:E. falconeri 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3373:stegodontids 3364:E. falconeri 3363: 3361: 3349: 3335: 3321:Deinotherium 3319: 3316:Sivapithecus 3315: 3271: 3263: 3260:Hipparionini 3230: 3215:gomphotheres 3200:hipparionine 3180:E. falconeri 3179: 3177: 3149:amphicyonids 3138:E. falconeri 3137: 3110:E. falconeri 3109: 3101: 3097: 3094:E. falconeri 3093: 3092: 3087:E. falconeri 3086: 3071: 3051:durophageous 3042: 3038: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2951: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2757: 2752: 2748:Nkondobagrus 2746: 2742:Chrysichthys 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2707: 2699: 2693: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2648:E. falconeri 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2579:E. africanus 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2542: 2531:E. falconeri 2530: 2525: 2521: 2518:E. falconeri 2517: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2459:Skeleton of 2429:femoral head 2415: 2414: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2381: 2368: 2366: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2279: 2275: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2164: 2157:E. dikikae's 2156: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2132: 2130: 2088: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1628:(sea otter) 1622: 1621: 1620: 1564: 1563: 1561: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1517: 1516: 1514: 1474: 1473: 1456: 1455: 1415: 1414: 1397: 1396: 1365: 1364: 1342: 1335: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105:E. africanus 1104: 1103: 1098: 1086: 1078: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1039: 1035: 1032:P. maremmana 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1004:Langebaanweg 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 971: 963: 960: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 932: 926: 921: 917: 910:South Africa 904:of the late 902:E. africanus 901: 894:E. falconeri 893: 889: 885: 882:E. falconeri 881: 871: 865: 857: 853: 851: 842: 834: 828: 801: 797: 789: 773: 765: 761: 751: 743: 731: 730: 720: 695: 691: 687: 681: 677: 673: 671: 666: 662: 647: 634: 622: 604: 591: 587: 583: 571: 569: 558: 541: 535: 491: 490: 489: 473: 465: 464:Synonyms of 451: 443: 442:Synonyms of 425: 395: 394: 384: 383: 373: 372: 362: 361: 351: 350: 336: 335: 325: 324: 314: 313: 301:E. falconeri 300: 299: 287:E. africanus 286: 285: 265: 264: 255:Type species 239: 238: 127: 123: 40:10.1–2 24: 18: 7852:Enhydriodon 7781:Pliotaxidea 7748:Zodiolestes 7706:Floridictis 7669:Tisisthenes 7625:Lartetictis 7532:Eomellivora 7438:Craterogale 7385:Teruelictis 7308:Paludolutra 7231:Lutraeximia 7180:Enhydriodon 7126:Algarolutra 7086:Trigonictis 7056:Poecilogale 7049:Poecilictis 7039:Pannonictis 7029:Oriensictis 6968:Enhydrictis 6851:Ischyrictis 6824:Ferinestrix 6734:Skopelogale 6674:Proputorius 6634:Plesiomeles 6594:Parataxidea 6574:Palaeomeles 6524:Mellalictis 6464:Kinometaxia 6414:Arikarictis 6404:Aragonictis 6187:Bassariscus 6180:Bassaricyon 6163:Angustictis 6141:Procyonidae 6123:Promephitis 6041:Alopecocyon 6002:Amphictinae 5902:Musteloidea 5889:Musteloidea 5424:Palaeoworld 5337:(11): 1–8. 5077:(2): 1–71. 4963:(1): 1–12. 4569:27 November 4150:: 115–132. 4103:(1): 1–24. 3756:Sindacharax 3696:catarrhines 3638:, of which 3529:E. omoensis 3509:E. omoensis 3489:E. omoensis 3478:Enhydriodon 3436:Enhydriodon 3393:, turtles ( 3369:elephantids 3283:floodplains 3145:hyaenodonts 3118:Sethi Nagri 3102:Enhydriodon 3073:Dinocrocuta 3043:E. omoensis 3039:Enhydriodon 3013:E. omoensis 3003:Enhydriodon 2996:Enhydriodon 2992:E. omoensis 2988:Enhydriodon 2976:E. omoensis 2952:Enhydriodon 2940:E. omoensis 2936:Enhydriodon 2899:, although 2841:Enhydriodon 2829:Enhydriodon 2817:E. ekecaman 2789:Enhydriodon 2781:Enhydriodon 2753:Enhydriodon 2719:Enhydriodon 2710:Enhydriodon 2708:The larger 2701:Lamellidens 2688:preying on 2686:Enhydriodon 2682:crustaceans 2670:Enhydriodon 2640:Enhydriodon 2636:Enhydriodon 2628:Enhydriodon 2612:E. omoensis 2606:and modern 2600:E. omoensis 2592:Enhydriodon 2583:E. ekecaman 2567:E. omoensis 2550:Enhydriodon 2543:A. capensis 2506:Enhydriodon 2499:Enhydriodon 2495:Enhydriodon 2483:Enhydriodon 2475:Enhydriodon 2416:E. omoensis 2350:E. omoensis 2304:E. omoensis 2292:Enhydriodon 2288:Enhydriodon 2247:Enhydriodon 2235:Paludolutra 2231:Enhydriodon 2211:Enhydriodon 2201:Enhydriodon 2189:Enhydriodon 2180:Enhydriodon 2153:Enhydriodon 2121:dental arch 2105:premaxillae 2074:Enhydriodon 2062:Enhydriodon 2033:Description 2019:Paludolutra 2011:Enhydriodon 1991:Enhydriodon 1959:Enhydriodon 1943:Enhydriodon 1818:Paludolutra 1644:Enhydriodon 1458:Lutra lutra 1287:Paludolutra 1278:Enhydriodon 1266:Enhydriodon 1240:S. africana 1228:Enhydriodon 1224:E. omoensis 1216:Pleistocene 1212:E. omoensis 1208:Enhydriodon 1204:Enhydriodon 1189:Paludolutra 1169:Paludolutra 1153:Enhydriodon 1149:Enhydriodon 1137:Enhydriodon 1129:Enhydriodon 1109:E. ekecaman 1099:E. ekecaman 1095:nomen nudum 1079:Enhydriodon 1067:E. ekecaman 1055:E. omoensis 1040:Paludolutra 1036:Enhydriodon 1024:P. campanii 1020:Paludolutra 1008:Paludolutra 996:Enhydriodon 992:Enhydriodon 988:Paludolutra 980:Paludolutra 972:Enhydriodon 964:Paludolutra 955:Paludolutra 950:Enhydriodon 946:Enhydriodon 933:Enhydriodon 918:Paludolutra 886:Enhydriodon 878:Guy Pilgrim 858:E. campanii 854:Enhydriodon 798:Enhydriodon 732:Enhydriodon 692:Enhydriodon 688:Paludolutra 683:Paludolutra 674:Enhydriodon 648:E. omoensis 635:Enhydriodon 631:canine-like 610:carnassials 592:E. omoensis 572:Enhydriodon 524:Pleistocene 506:known from 492:Enhydriodon 466:E. ekecaman 396:E. omoensis 326:E. ekecaman 240:Enhydriodon 209:Subfamily: 35:Pleistocene 25:Enhydriodon 7937:Categories 7759:Taxidiinae 7720:Oligobunis 7713:Megalictis 7699:Corumictis 7605:Baranogale 7593:Mustelinae 7582:Mustelavus 7475:Arctomeles 7452:Trocharion 7445:Leptarctus 7415:Vishnuonyx 7345:Sardolutra 7328:Pelycictis 7153:Cyrnolutra 7096:Trochictis 6895:Sthenictis 6885:Plionictis 6875:Plesiogulo 6807:Canimartes 6744:Sonitictis 6724:Sivalictis 6624:Plesiogale 6564:Oaxacagale 6554:Namibictis 6544:Miomustela 6454:Kenyalutra 6377:Mustelidae 6364:Mustelidae 6227:Edaphocyon 6173:Arctonasua 6153:Amphinasua 6070:Mephitidae 5978:Parailurus 5968:Magerictis 5929:Plesiogale 5919:Peignictis 5831:red pandas 5829:Genera of 5722:(1): 1–4. 5155:: 105968. 4735:: 102334. 4436:10 October 3964:: 333–336. 3801:References 3762:Synodontis 3750:Polypterus 3692:Neotragini 3676:Antilopini 3586:rainforest 3547:E. dikikae 3525:E. dikikae 3497:E. dikikae 3485:E. dikikae 3453:anagenesis 3427:and later 3378:Crocodylus 3275:grasslands 3249:hystricids 3173:herpestids 3169:ictitheres 3114:Dhok Milan 2925:E. dikikae 2909:E. dikikae 2905:E. hendeyi 2885:E. hendeyi 2851:E. hendeyi 2809:E. dikikae 2758:E. dikikae 2604:E. dikikae 2587:E. dikikae 2571:E. hendeyi 2563:E. dikikae 2400:while the 2388:, and its 2382:E. dikikae 2369:E. dikikae 2338:E. dikikae 2330:E. hendeyi 2326:astragalus 2310:E. hendeyi 2300:E. dikikae 2296:E. hendeyi 2243:E. dikikae 2215:Vishnuonyx 2141:E. dikikae 2133:E. dikikae 2078:E. dikikae 2070:E. dikikae 1999:Vishnuonyx 1679:Vishnuonyx 1291:Vishnuonyx 1236:S. hendeyi 1220:E. dikikae 1196:E. dikikae 1181:Viverridae 1161:Vishnuonyx 1113:E. hendeyi 1028:P. lluecai 1016:morphology 1000:E. hendeyi 900:described 873:Vishnuonyx 839:carnassial 778:carnivoran 588:E. dikikae 543:Vishnuonyx 374:E. dikikae 337:E. hendeyi 315:E? latipes 203:Mustelidae 126:(A-C) and 7867:Q27962593 7741:Promartes 7549:Mellivora 7542:Hoplictis 7395:Torolutra 7365:Siamogale 7355:Satherium 7335:Pteronura 7318:Paralutra 7298:Nesolutra 7288:Mionictis 7248:Lutrogale 7241:Lutrictis 7197:Hydrictis 7163:Djourabus 7143:Cyrnaonyx 6948:Cernictis 6841:Iberictis 6795:Guloninae 6654:Presictis 6614:Plesictis 6474:Laphyctis 6271:Parapotos 6261:Paranasua 6130:Spilogale 6089:Conepatus 6048:Protursus 6034:Actiocyon 6011:Amphictis 5949:Ailurinae 5940:Ailuridae 5874:Carnivora 5854:Kingdom: 5843:mustelids 5638:205826374 5503:: 28–35. 5479:134929306 5457:: 54–68. 5408:229387265 5312:248233024 5221:135056116 5199:: 33–44. 5177:210307849 5022:244120161 4979:237772570 4957:PaleoBios 4870:134966832 4806:253346978 4416:240538139 4288:252106648 4200:: e9221. 3712:aardvarks 3708:squirrels 3704:spalacids 3576:Aepyceros 3414:Pangshura 3402:Geoclemys 3390:Pelecanus 3295:woodlands 3265:Hipparion 3223:spalacids 3192:tragulids 3184:giraffids 3167:hyaenids 3153:mustelids 2897:Satherium 2864:Satherium 2847:species. 2695:Parreysia 2656:shellfish 2548:Africa's 2451:Body Mass 2425:epiphysis 2421:diaphysis 2346:Satherium 2324:, and an 2272:epiphysis 2217:and then 2171:Dentition 2064:: one of 2046:Skull of 2027:Siamogale 2025:, and in 1983:Siamogale 1975:Paralutra 1338:cladogram 1326:Siamogale 1314:Paralutra 1308:Djourabus 1296:Torolutra 1259:sea otter 1234:, namely 1141:E. soriae 1069:from the 1061:In 2003, 927:In 1976, 806:premolars 794:dead name 758:sea otter 615:premolars 580:sea otter 565:sea otter 548:subfamily 504:mustelids 363:E? soriae 341:Morales, 193:Carnivora 159:Kingdom: 153:Eukaryota 33:to Early 7861:Wikidata 7659:Putorius 7615:Dinogale 7499:Promeles 7482:Arctonyx 7375:Sivaonyx 7207:Limnonyx 7114:Lutrinae 6999:Lyncodon 6992:Lutravus 6975:Galictis 6958:Eirictis 6915:Melogale 6774:Xenictis 6714:Sinictis 6704:Semantor 6604:Perunium 6584:Paragale 6494:Marcetia 6241:Nasuella 6217:Cyonasua 6096:Mephitis 6055:Simocyon 5868:Mammalia 5862:Chordata 5860:Phylum: 5856:Animalia 5835:raccoons 5754:10791621 5746:23234862 5697:32839326 5630:22170694 5595:16026815 5371:25365300 5331:PLOS ONE 5267:Biologia 5091:18408360 4938:59060740 4765:23285088 4757:28625408 4482:21474163 4352:84797296 4226:32547866 4166:82943977 4125:58892181 3926:: 89–94. 3898:(1932). 3862:: 31–36. 3822:(1868). 3635:Saidomys 3602:wetlands 3590:ostracod 3582:savannas 3563:ecotonal 3493:Ethiopia 3468:Ethiopia 3440:caniform 3408:Hardella 3351:Stegodon 3279:monsoons 3232:Gavialis 3219:hominids 3134:Pliocene 3122:Pakistan 3075:gigantea 2960:hyaenids 2919:and the 2845:Sivaonyx 2833:Sivaonyx 2724:Clarotes 2690:bivalves 2678:Sivaonyx 2354:tubercle 2219:Sivaonyx 2193:Sivaonyx 2184:Sivaonyx 2101:maxillae 2007:Sivaonyx 1995:Sivaonyx 1699:Sivaonyx 1353:Lutrinae 1283:Sivaonyx 1270:Lutrinae 1232:Sivaonyx 1165:Sivaonyx 1145:Sivaonyx 1133:Sivaonyx 1125:Sivaonyx 1117:Sivaonyx 1012:Sivaonyx 984:Sivaonyx 968:subgenus 906:Pliocene 890:Sivaonyx 867:Sivaonyx 862:bunodont 856:such as 847:mamelons 790:Amyxodon 786:holotype 706:Taxonomy 678:Sivaonyx 652:Ethiopia 639:bivalves 627:incisors 607:bunodont 551:Lutrinae 537:Sivaonyx 512:Pakistan 426:Amyxodon 409:Synonyms 385:E. afman 343:Pickford 246:Falconer 213:Lutrinae 199:Family: 183:Mammalia 173:Chordata 169:Phylum: 163:Animalia 149:Domain: 7907:3612786 7894:1013396 7881:4833854 7788:Taxidea 7649:Neogale 7642:Mustela 7463:Melinae 7278:Melodon 7170:Enhydra 7103:Vormela 6982:Ictonyx 6865:Pekania 6784:Zorilla 6754:Taxodon 6484:Luogale 6288:Procyon 5958:Ailurus 5872:Order: 5866:Class: 5777:Bibcode 5769:Geobios 5737:3565503 5688:7486712 5665:Bibcode 5575:Bibcode 5505:Bibcode 5459:Bibcode 5362:4218845 5339:Bibcode 5201:Bibcode 5157:Bibcode 5121:Bibcode 5002:Bibcode 4827:: 1–59. 4737:Bibcode 4698:Bibcode 4696:: 1–8. 4632:Bibcode 4597:Bibcode 4462:Bibcode 4396:Bibcode 4332:Bibcode 4217:7271888 4105:Bibcode 3684:Caprini 3640:Golunda 3629:Oenomys 3624:Golunda 3559:tribe's 3536:members 3519:of the 3503:of the 3396:Batagur 3337:Elephas 3241:cervids 3238:cervine 3227:gharial 3157:felines 3106:Neogene 3017:Etheria 2929:S. beyi 2901:S. beyi 2889:S. beyi 2855:S. beyi 2837:Laetoli 2825:Kanapoi 2805:S. beyi 2793:Enhydra 2715:catfish 2660:Enhydra 2644:Enhydra 2630:species 2596:Enhydra 2565:and/or 2514:panther 2467:Enhydra 2410:S. beyi 2398:S. beyi 2360:of the 2358:tendons 2334:S. beyi 2314:humerus 2239:Enhydra 2227:incisor 2197:S. beyi 2149:Enhydra 2097:frontal 2015:Enhydra 1987:Enhydra 1979:jaegeri 1971:Enhydra 1963:Enhydra 1947:Enhydra 1331:Enhydra 1274:Miocene 1185:Enhydra 1071:Kanapoi 942:Enhydra 937:Enhydra 922:Enhydra 835:Enhydra 753:Enhydra 696:Enhydra 644:catfish 623:Enhydra 576:fossils 560:Enhydra 528:species 520:Miocene 497:extinct 431:Cautley 308:, 1931 306:Pilgrim 294:, 1931 292:Stromer 232:Genus: 219:Tribe: 189:Order: 179:Class: 31:Miocene 7943:Otters 7522:Ekorus 7214:Lontra 6858:Martes 6684:Pyctis 6103:Mydaus 5839:skunks 5752: 5744: 5734: 5695: 5685: 5636: 5628: 5593: 5477: 5406: 5369: 5359: 5310: 5219: 5175: 5089: 5051: 5020: 4977: 4936: 4868: 4804: 4763: 4755: 4480: 4414: 4350: 4286: 4224: 4214: 4164: 4123: 3832: 3771:, and 3710:, and 3680:Bovini 3619:Acomys 3462:Equini 3457:canids 3411:, and 3287:rivers 3247:, and 3234:lewisi 3221:, and 3203:equids 3130:Tatrot 3126:Hasnot 2964:bovids 2962:, and 2956:felids 2861:, and 2739:, and 2730:Bagrus 2573:(then 2322:femurs 2320:, two 2302:, and 2145:canine 2126:orbits 2115:, and 2113:muzzle 1997:, and 1200:Dikika 1167:, and 1111:, and 1030:, and 998:named 810:molars 782:family 629:) are 619:molars 590:, and 514:, and 508:Africa 495:is an 480:, 1978 478:Savage 433:, 1835 248:, 1868 130:(D-F) 7920:36917 7889:IRMNG 7489:Meles 7221:Lutra 7133:Aonyx 6305:Potos 6234:Nasua 5750:S2CID 5634:S2CID 5475:S2CID 5404:S2CID 5308:S2CID 5217:S2CID 5173:S2CID 5109:(PDF) 5087:S2CID 5018:S2CID 4975:S2CID 4934:S2CID 4866:S2CID 4846:(PDF) 4802:S2CID 4761:S2CID 4412:S2CID 4394:(3). 4348:S2CID 4284:S2CID 4194:PeerJ 4162:S2CID 4121:S2CID 3881:(12). 3781:Notes 3774:Lates 3614:murid 3196:suids 2665:Aonyx 2608:lions 2481:Some 2316:, an 2262:Limbs 2229:) of 2109:nasal 2038:Skull 2017:, in 1955:Lutra 830:Lutra 823:2.1.5 820:3.1.4 600:lions 596:bears 516:India 500:genus 7876:GBIF 6831:Gulo 6814:Eira 5742:PMID 5693:PMID 5626:PMID 5591:PMID 5367:PMID 5049:ISBN 4753:PMID 4571:2022 4478:PMID 4438:2022 4222:PMID 3830:ISBN 3700:bats 3672:Lucy 3626:and 3515:and 3487:and 3381:and 3159:and 3147:and 3116:and 3096:and 2972:δ18O 2946:and 2895:and 2887:and 2843:and 2831:and 2819:and 2801:Chad 2698:and 2650:and 2581:and 2473:and 2336:and 2318:ulna 2237:and 2182:and 2087:The 2080:and 1961:and 1345:"): 1329:and 1238:and 1131:and 920:and 888:and 870:and 808:and 680:and 665:and 540:and 48:PreꞒ 5785:doi 5732:PMC 5724:doi 5683:PMC 5673:doi 5661:117 5618:doi 5583:doi 5547:doi 5513:doi 5501:107 5467:doi 5455:162 5432:doi 5394:doi 5357:PMC 5347:doi 5298:doi 5248:doi 5209:doi 5197:212 5165:doi 5153:224 5129:doi 5117:243 5079:doi 5041:doi 5010:doi 4965:doi 4924:doi 4893:doi 4889:118 4858:doi 4794:doi 4745:doi 4733:140 4706:doi 4671:doi 4667:152 4640:doi 4605:doi 4542:doi 4509:doi 4470:doi 4404:doi 4340:doi 4274:doi 4212:PMC 4202:doi 4152:doi 4148:498 4113:doi 4063:doi 4000:doi 3962:283 3924:101 2950:of 2823:in 2815:of 2799:of 2771:of 2594:or 2199:to 1230:as 1097:of 1018:of 990:to 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