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extremely far through the air. Large, steel-reinforced structures such as schools are completely leveled. Low-lying grass and vegetation are shredded from the ground. Trees are completely debarked and snapped. Very little recognizable structural debris is generated with most materials reduced to a coarse mix of small, granular particles and dispersed. Large, multiple-ton steel frame vehicles and farm equipment are often mangled beyond recognition and tossed miles away or reduced entirely to unrecognizable parts. Tall buildings collapse or have severe structural deformations. The official description of this damage highlights the extreme nature of the destruction, noting that "incredible phenomena will occur". (Most recent example:
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858:", are used along with Degrees of Damage (DoD) to determine wind estimates. Different structures, depending on their building materials and ability to survive high winds, have their own DIs and DoDs. Damage descriptors and wind speeds will also be readily updated as new information is learned. Some differences do exist between the two scales in the ratings assigned to damage. An EF5 rating on the new scale requires a higher standard of construction in houses than does an F5 rating on the old scale. So, the complete destruction and sweeping away of a typical American frame home, which would likely be rated F5 on the Fujita scale, would be rated EF4 or lower on the Enhanced Fujita scale.
466:
193:. Operational use began in the United States on February 1, 2007, followed by Canada on April 1, 2013, who uses a modified version known as the CEF-scale. It has also been in use in France since 2008, albeit modified slightly by using damage indicators that take into account French construction standards, native vegetation, and the use of metric units. Similarly, the Japanese implementation of the scale is also modified along similar lines; the Japanese variant is referred to locally in Japan as the JEF or Japanese Enhanced Fujita Scale. The scale is also used unofficially in other countries, such as China.
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respective degrees of damage. The old scale lists an F5 tornado as wind speeds of 261–318 mph (420–512 km/h), while the new scale lists an EF5 as a tornado with winds above 200 mph (322 km/h), found to be sufficient to cause the damage previously ascribed to the F5 range of wind speeds. None of the tornadoes in the United States recorded before
February 1, 2007, will be re-categorized.
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375:
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The seven categories for the EF scale are listed below, in order of increasing intensity. Although the wind speeds and photographic damage examples have been updated, the damage descriptions given are based on those from the Fujita scale, which are more or less still accurate. However, for the actual
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Essentially, there is no functional difference in how tornadoes are rated. The old ratings and new ratings are smoothly connected with a linear formula. The only differences are adjusted wind speeds, measurements of which were not used in previous ratings, and refined damage descriptions; this is to
490:
Incredible damage Well-built and well-anchored homes are taken off their foundations and they go into the air before obliteration. The wreckage of those homes is flung for miles and those foundations are swept completely clean. Cars, buses, trains, and airplanes can be rolled repeatedly or be thrown
428:
Severe damage A few parts of affected buildings are left standing. Well-built structures lose all outer and some inner walls. Unanchored homes are swept away, and homes with poor anchoring may collapse entirely. Trains and train cars are all overturned. Small vehicles and similarly sized objects are
513:
The EF scale currently has 28 damage indicators (DI), or types of structures and vegetation, each with a varying number of degrees of damage (DoD). Each structure has a maximum DoD value, which is given by total destruction. Lesser damage to a structure will yield lower DoD values. The links in the
457:
Devastating damage Well-built homes are reduced to a short pile of medium-sized debris on the foundation. Homes with poor or no anchoring are swept completely away. Large, heavy vehicles, including airplanes, trains, and large trucks, can be pushed over, flipped repeatedly, or picked up and thrown.
399:
Considerable damage Well-built structures can suffer serious damage, including roof loss, and the collapse of some exterior walls may occur in poorly built structures. Mobile homes, however, are destroyed. Vehicles can be lifted off the ground, and lighter objects can become small missiles, causing
861:
Since the new system still uses actual tornado damage and similar degrees of damage for each category to estimate the storm's wind speed, the
National Weather Service states that the new scale will likely not lead to an increase in the number of tornadoes classified as EF5. Additionally, the upper
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No surveyable damage.Intensity cannot be determined due to a lack of information. This rating applies to tornadoes that traverse areas with no damage indicators, cause damage in an area that cannot be accessed by a survey, or cause damage that cannot be differentiated from that of another tornado.
164:
As with the Fujita scale, the
Enhanced Fujita scale remains a damage scale and only a proxy for actual wind speeds. While the wind speeds associated with the damage listed have not undergone empirical analysis (such as detailed physical or any numerical modeling) owing to excessive cost, the wind
1425:
Next, four damage-based wind speed rating methods for tornados are introduced: the Fujita-Scale (F-Scale); the
Enhanced Fujita-Scale (EF-Scale); the Canadian Enhanced Fujita-Scale (CEF-Scale); and the Japanese Enhanced Fujita-Scale (JEF-Scale)...The CEF-Scale was proposed in 2013 by Environment
845:
The new scale takes into account the quality of construction and standardizes different kinds of structures. The wind speeds on the original scale were deemed by meteorologists and engineers as being too high, and engineering studies indicated that slower winds than initially estimated cause the
1438:
Pieter
Groenemeijer (ESSL); Lothar Bock (DWD); Juan de Dios Soriano (AEMet); Maciej Dutkiewicz (Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology); Delia Gutiérrez-Rubio (AEMet); Alois M. Holzer (ESSL); Martin Hubrig; Rainer Kaltenberger; Thilo Kühne (ESSL); Mortimer Müller (Universität für
1104:
to determine whether the tornado was "significant". This same classification is also used by the
National Weather Service. The National Weather Service of Quad Cities use a modified EF scale wording, which gives a new term for each rating on the scale, going from weak to catastrophic.
341:
Minor damage.Well-built structures are typically unscathed, though sometimes sustaining broken windows, with minor damage to roofs and chimneys. Billboards and large signs can be knocked down. Trees may have large branches broken off and may be uprooted if they have shallow roots.
230:
In
November 2022, a research paper was published that revealed a more standardized EF-scale was in the works. This newer scale is expected to combine and create damage indicators, and introduce new methods of estimating windspeeds. Some of these newer methods include
458:
Large, healthy trees are entirely debarked and snapped off close to the ground or uprooted altogether and turned into flying projectiles. Passenger cars and similarly sized objects can be picked up and flung for considerable distances. (Most recent example:
152:
The scale has the same basic design as the original Fujita scale—six intensity categories from zero to five, representing increasing degrees of damage. It was revised to reflect better examinations of tornado damage surveys, in order to align
161:, expands degrees of damage, and better accounts for variables such as differences in construction quality. An "EF-Unknown" (EFU) category was later added for tornadoes that cannot be rated due to a lack of damage evidence.
370:
Moderate damage Damage to mobile homes and other temporary structures becomes significant, and cars and other vehicles may be pushed off the road or flipped. Permanent structures can suffer major damage to their roofs.
247:
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based on the severity of the damage they cause. It is used in some countries, including the United States and France. The EF scale is also unofficially used in other countries, including China.
1439:
Bodenkultur); Bas van der Ploeg; Tomáš Púčik (ESSL); Thomas
Schreiner (ESSL); Miroslav Ĺ inger (SHMI); Gabriel Strommer (ESSL); Andi Xhelaj (University of Genova) (July 30, 2023).
1329:. SMRP (Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project) Research Paper 91 (Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA) 42 pages.
1437:
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more closely with associated storm damage. Better standardizing and elucidating what was previously subjective and ambiguous, it also adds more types of structures and
850:
standardize ratings and to make it easier to rate tornadoes which strike few structures. Twenty-eight Damage
Indicators (DI), with descriptions such as "double-wide
1220:
https://www.keraunos.org/recherche/comprendre-les-orages-pedagogie-vulgarisation/tornades-trombes-tubas/intensite-tornade-echelle-fujita-amelioree-ef-f-scale.html
1573:
Marshall, Tim & Brown-Giammanco, Tanya & Krautwurst, Samantha & Toledo, Nicholas. (2022). On the
Current Revision of the Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale.
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1394:
267:
EF scale in practice, damage indicators (the type of structure which has been damaged) are predominantly used in determining the tornado intensity.
2368:
2277:
1605:
2181:. National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce. March 29, 2013. Archived from
169:
based on various engineering studies since the 1970s as well as from the field experience of meteorologists and engineers. Unlike the original
223:
The scale was used for the first time in the United States a year after its public announcement when parts of central Florida were struck by
2345:
1733:
1585:"Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation"
429:
lifted off the ground and tossed as projectiles. Wooded areas suffer an almost total loss of vegetation and some tree debarking may occur.
205:
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125:
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Chen, Jiayi; Cai, Xuhui; Wang, Hongyu; Kang, Ling; Zhang, Hongshen; Song, Yu; Zhu, Hao; Zheng, Wei; Li, Fengju (April 2018).
1411:
17:
1365:
1584:
2377:
177:, ratings on the Enhanced Fujita scale are based solely off the effects of 3-second gusts on any given damage indicator.
2373:
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Chen, Jiayi; Cai, Xuhui; Wang, Hongyu; Kang, Ling; Zhang, Hongshen; Song, Yu; Zhu, Hao; Zheng, Wei; Li, Fengju (2018).
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damage outside of the tornado's main path. Wooded areas have a large percentage of their trees snapped or uprooted.
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in Atlanta on February 2, 2006. It was developed from 2000 to 2004 by the Fujita Scale Enhancement Project of the
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right column of the following table describe the degrees of damage for the damage indicators listed in each row.
201:
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224:
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studies, Enhanced Fujita scale ratings may be grouped into classes. Classifications are also used by NOAA's
1001:
2010:
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1944:
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1900:
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bound of the wind speed range for EF5 is open—in other words, there is no maximum wind speed designated.
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967:
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30:"EF5" redirects here. For the radioisotope-containing organic chemical used in cancer research, see
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The table shows other variations of the tornado rating classifications based on certain areas.
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133:’s arrow showing the EF scale. This includes a description word for each level of the scale.
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In 2024, Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the
8:
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2228:; J. G. LaDue; J. T. Ferree; K. Scharfenberg; C. Maier; W. L. Coulbourne (2013).
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Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (March 19, 2024).
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1327:"Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity"
213:
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186:
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Retrieved from National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center website
1482:"The Japanese Enhanced Fujita Scale: Its Development and Implementation"
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Canada, closely following the EF-Scale, while the CEF-Scale uses 31 DIs.
988:
1050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
855:
190:
158:
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2138:. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films.
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2082:
Doswell, Charles A.; Brooks, Harold E.; Dotzek, Nikolai (July 2009).
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255:
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Mitigation Assessment Team Report: Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999
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1304:
254:'s School of Meteorology, published a paper stating, ">20% of
31:
2084:"On the Implementation of the Enhanced Fujita Scale in the USA"
2356:
Symposium on the F-Scale and Severe-Weather Damage Assessment
1467:"Intensité des tornades : l'échelle de Fujita améliorée"
227:, the strongest of which were rated at EF3 on the new scale.
2283:
NOAA National Weather Service Improves Tornado Rating System
809:
Free-standing light poles, luminary poles, flag poles (FSP)
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2070:
508:
2230:"Tornado Intensity Estimation: Past, Present, and Future"
2067:
A recommendation for an enhanced Fujita scale (EF-scale).
1393:
Repetto, Maria Pia; Burlando, Massimiliano (March 2023).
1726:
A recommendation for an Enhanced Fujita scale (EF-Scale)
1722:
258:
tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage".
185:
The Enhanced Fujita scale replaced the decommissioned
2124:
1723:
McDonald, James; Kishor C. Mehta (October 10, 2006).
1396:
Thunderstorm Outflows and their Impact on Structures
1117:
840:
2334:
A Guide for Conducting Convective Windstorm Surveys
2081:
1582:
2385:
2328:The Tornado: An Engineering-Oriented Perspective
2369:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
2278:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1606:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1501:
1392:
1230:
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1550:"Enhanced Fujita Scale - Tornado Damage Scale"
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1275:"National Weather Service Instruction 10-1605"
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2065:Wind Science and Engineering Center. (2006).
196:The newer scale was publicly unveiled by the
2346:Wind Science and Engineering Research Center
1734:Wind Science and Engineering Research Center
1280:. National Weather Service. pp. A–74–75
206:Wind Science and Engineering Research Center
2311:at The Warning Decision Training Branch of
1718:
1716:
1358:"Tornado Scale - The Enhanced Fujita Scale"
1307:. Storm Prediction Center. February 1, 2007
1292:
976:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1695:"Garrett's Blog: Mobile Home Tornado Risk"
1168:Severe weather terminology (United States)
600:Masonry apartment or motel building (MAM)
212:, which brought together dozens of expert
165:speeds were obtained through a process of
2253:
1084:Learn how and when to remove this message
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
865:
2205:"The Tornado Outbreak of March 31, 2023"
2130:
1713:
1479:
1431:
1188:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
655:Large, isolated retail building (LIRB)
124:
1665:
1368:from the original on December 18, 2017.
556:Manufactured home – single wide (MHSW)
534:Small barns or farm outbuildings (SBO)
509:Damage indicators and degrees of damage
14:
2386:
2207:. National Weather Service Quad Cities
1643:
1305:"The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)"
1272:
578:Apartments, condos, townhouses (ACT)
567:Manufactured home – double wide (MHDW)
2159:The Fujita Scale of Tornado Intensity
1651:"Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage"
1441:"The International Fujita (IF) Scale"
1268:
1266:
545:One- or two-family residences (FR12)
2365:A Guide to F-Scale Damage Assessment
2293:The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale)
1508:International Journal of Climatology
1464:
1325:Fujita, T. Theodore (February 1971)
1237:International Journal of Climatology
1048:adding citations to reliable sources
1019:
982:
941:
787:Electrical transmission lines (ETL)
699:Junior or senior high school (JHSH)
2378:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1446:. European Severe Storms Laboratory
1382:. Environment Canada. May 10, 2013.
1163:Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale
622:Small professional building (SPB)
24:
1673:"Storm Prediction Center WCM Data"
1480:Suzuki, Shota; Tanaka, Yoshinobu.
1263:
1198:List of F5, EF5, and IF5 tornadoes
1193:List of F4, EF4, and IF4 tornadoes
677:Automobile service building (ASB)
220:in addition to its own resources.
25:
2420:
2319:The Enhanced Fujita Tornado Scale
2271:
2179:"Severe Thunderstorm Climatology"
957:This section has multiple issues.
841:Differences from the Fujita scale
240:National Severe Storms Laboratory
2342:Fujita Scale Enhancement Project
1273:Murphy, John D. (July 9, 2018).
1134:
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1024:
987:
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2360:American Meteorological Society
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2152:
2136:Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991
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2015:
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1614:American Meteorological Society
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1458:
1035:needs additional citations for
965:or discuss these issues on the
871:Tornado rating classifications
202:American Meteorological Society
189:that was introduced in 1971 by
2111:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.11.003
1504:"Tornado climatology of China"
1386:
1372:
1350:
1332:
1319:
1233:"Tornado climatology of China"
1224:
1213:
27:Tornado intensity rating scale
13:
1:
2323:National Climatic Data Center
1340:"Fujita Tornado Damage Scale"
1206:
743:Institutional building (IB)
611:Small retail building (SRB)
261:
1178:Tornado intensity and damage
765:Service station canopy (SSC)
319:
7:
1489:Japan Meteorological Agency
1111:
798:Free-standing towers (FST)
754:Metal building system (MBS)
10:
2425:
2164:December 30, 2011, at the
1158:International Fujita scale
776:Warehouse building (WHB)
732:High-rise building (HRB)
666:Automobile showroom (ASR)
644:Large shopping mall (LSM)
526:Maximum degrees of damage
235:and forensic engineering.
180:
175:International Fujita scale
29:
2255:10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00006.1
2011:c:File:EF DI 24 (ETL).jpg
1956:c:File:EF DI19 (HROB).jpg
1945:c:File:EF DI18 (MROB).jpg
1923:c:File:EF DI16 (JHSH).jpg
1879:c:File:EF DI12 (LIRB).jpg
1675:. Storm Prediction Center
1653:. Storm Prediction Center
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721:Mid-rise building (MRB)
710:Low-rise building (LRB)
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2313:National Weather Service
2071:https://www.spc.noaa.gov
2033:c:File:EF DI26 (FSP).jpg
2022:c:File:EF DI25 (FST).jpg
2000:c:File:EF DI23 (WHB).jpg
1989:c:File:EF DI22 (SSC).jpg
1978:c:File:EF DI21 (MBS).jpg
1934:c:File:EF DI17 (LRB).jpg
1901:c:File:EF DI14 (ASB).jpg
1890:c:File:EF DI13 (ASR).jpg
1868:c:File:EF DI11 (LSM).jpg
1791:c:File:EF DI4 (MHDW).jpg
1780:c:File:EF DI3 (MHSW).jpg
1769:c:File:EF DI2 (FR12).jpg
688:Elementary school (ES)
198:National Weather Service
131:National Weather Service
2297:Storm Prediction Center
2234:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
2055:c:File:EF DI28 (TS).jpg
2044:c:File:EF DI27 (TH).jpg
1967:c:File:EF DI20 (IB).jpg
1912:c:File:EF DI15 (ES).jpg
1857:c:File:EF DI10 (SM).jpg
1846:c:File:EF DI9 (SPB).jpg
1835:c:File:EF DI8 (SRB).jpg
1824:c:File:EF DI7 (MAM).jpg
1802:c:File:EF DI5 (ACT).jpg
1758:c:File:EF DI1 (SBO).jpg
1630:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1
1380:"Enhanced Fujita Scale"
1102:Storm Prediction Center
460:2024 Greenfield tornado
244:Storm Prediction Center
200:at a conference of the
2307:June 21, 2017, at the
1610:University of Oklahoma
1597:Monthly Weather Review
866:Rating classifications
252:University of Oklahoma
134:
2409:Scales in meteorology
2350:Texas Tech University
2168:at tornadoproject.com
1813:c:File:EF DI6 (M).jpg
1738:Texas Tech University
1096:For purposes such as
831:Trees: softwood (TS)
820:Trees: hardwood (TH)
523:Damage indicator (DI)
210:Texas Tech University
139:Enhanced Fujita scale
128:
53:No surveyable damage
41:Enhanced Fujita Scale
18:Enhanced Fujita Scale
2091:Atmospheric Research
1590:Academic publication
1554:factsjustforkids.com
1044:improve this article
233:mobile doppler radar
86:Considerable damage
2246:2013BAMS...94..641E
2132:Grazulis, Thomas P.
2103:2009AtmRe..93..554D
1701:. February 28, 2013
1622:2024MWRv..152.1689L
1520:2018IJCli..38.2478C
1404:University of Genoa
1249:2018IJCli..38.2478C
1098:tornado climatology
872:
277:Wind speed estimate
108:Devastating damage
43:
2185:on October 4, 2012
1732:. Lubbock, Texas:
1000:. You can help by
870:
493:2013 Moore tornado
287:Example of damage
225:multiple tornadoes
167:expert elicitation
135:
119:Incredible damage
105:166–200 mph
94:136–165 mph
83:111–135 mph
39:
2302:EF-Scale Training
1413:978-88-3618-210-7
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284:Potential Damage
147:tornado intensity
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72:86–110 mph
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75:Moderate damage
61:65–85 mph
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64:Light damage
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19:
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2209:. Retrieved
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2173:
2154:
2135:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2094:
2090:
2077:
2066:
2061:
2050:
2039:
2028:
2017:
2006:
1995:
1984:
1973:
1962:
1951:
1940:
1929:
1918:
1907:
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1874:
1863:
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1819:
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1797:
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1764:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1725:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1677:. Retrieved
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1601:
1595:
1578:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1544:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1417:. Retrieved
1395:
1388:
1374:
1361:
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1343:
1334:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1284:November 29,
1282:. Retrieved
1240:
1236:
1226:
1215:
1107:
1095:
1080:
1062:
1056:January 2023
1053:
1042:Please help
1037:verification
1034:
1006:
1002:adding to it
997:
973:
966:
960:
959:Please help
956:
929:Significant
860:
848:
844:
512:
475:
442:
413:
384:
355:
326:
301:
265:
237:
229:
222:
195:
187:Fujita scale
184:
171:Fujita scale
163:
151:
142:
138:
136:
116:>200 mph
40:
36:
2336:(NWS SR146)
2330:(NWS SR147)
2116:January 20,
1173:TORRO scale
852:mobile home
155:wind speeds
2388:Categories
1465:KERAUNOS.
1207:References
962:improve it
856:strip mall
589:Motel (M)
281:Frequency
262:Parameters
250:, and the
191:Ted Fujita
159:vegetation
2367:, MetEd,
1635:March 19,
1536:0899-8418
968:talk page
899:Moderate
256:supercell
2305:Archived
2211:July 21,
2162:Archived
1657:June 21,
1612:via the
1559:June 14,
1450:July 30,
1419:June 11,
1366:Archived
1311:June 21,
1112:See also
1009:May 2013
936:Intense
922:Violent
908:Extreme
451:267–322
422:218–266
393:178–217
364:138–177
335:105–137
145:) rates
143:EF-Scale
50:Unknown
2404:Tornado
2264:7842905
2242:Bibcode
2189:May 22,
2099:Bibcode
1743:May 21,
1618:Bibcode
1604:(aop).
1516:Bibcode
1245:Bibcode
919:Strong
905:Severe
902:Strong
448:166–200
419:136–165
390:111–135
367:32.98%
338:52.82%
181:History
32:18F-EF5
2262:
2142:
1534:
1410:
854:" or "
520:DI No.
487:0.05%
454:0.45%
425:2.18%
396:8.41%
361:86–110
313:3.11%
273:Scale
2315:(NWS)
2260:S2CID
2087:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1444:(PDF)
1400:(PDF)
1278:(PDF)
916:Weak
896:Weak
484:323+
332:65–85
295:km/h
248:CIWRO
2399:Wind
2289:News
2287:NOAA
2213:2023
2191:2013
2140:ISBN
2118:2020
1745:2013
1707:2020
1681:2021
1659:2009
1637:2024
1608:and
1561:2019
1532:ISSN
1452:2023
1421:2024
1408:ISBN
1313:2009
1286:2019
891:EF5
888:EF4
885:EF3
882:EF2
879:EF1
876:EF0
481:201+
320:N/A
310:N/A
292:mph
216:and
173:and
137:The
129:The
113:EF5
102:EF4
91:EF3
80:EF2
69:EF1
58:EF0
47:EFU
2358:at
2348:at
2321:at
2295:at
2285:at
2250:doi
2107:doi
1626:doi
1524:doi
1253:doi
1046:by
1004:.
746:11
735:10
724:10
702:11
691:10
592:10
570:12
548:10
476:EF5
443:EF4
414:EF3
385:EF2
356:EF1
327:EF0
307:N/A
302:EFU
208:at
2390::
2258:.
2248:.
2238:94
2236:.
2232:.
2105:.
2095:93
2093:.
2089:.
1736:,
1715:^
1697:.
1624:.
1602:-1
1600:.
1594:.
1552:.
1530:.
1522:.
1512:38
1510:.
1506:.
1487:.
1423:.
1402:.
1364:.
1360:.
1342:.
1294:^
1265:^
1251:.
1241:38
1239:.
1235:.
971:.
834:5
828:28
823:5
817:27
812:3
806:26
801:3
795:25
790:6
784:24
779:7
773:23
768:6
762:22
757:8
751:21
740:20
729:19
718:18
713:7
707:17
696:16
685:15
680:8
674:14
669:8
663:13
658:7
652:12
647:9
641:11
636:9
630:10
625:9
614:8
603:7
581:6
559:9
537:8
495:)
462:)
246:,
242:,
2380:)
2376:(
2352:)
2344:(
2266:.
2252::
2244::
2215:.
2193:.
2148:.
2120:.
2109::
2101::
1747:.
1709:.
1683:.
1661:.
1639:.
1628::
1620::
1592:)
1588:(
1563:.
1538:.
1526::
1518::
1491:.
1469:.
1454:.
1346:.
1315:.
1288:.
1259:.
1255::
1247::
1087:)
1081:(
1069:)
1063:(
1058:)
1054:(
1040:.
1011:)
1007:(
978:)
974:(
619:9
608:8
597:7
586:6
575:5
564:4
553:3
542:2
531:1
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
