129:
98:
528:
but were repulsed with heavy casualties. The Saudis bravely defended the fort and the
Ottomans fired 5,000 shots into the city. The Ottomans began suffering from the siege due to low ammunition and supplies. Seeing the bad situation in the army, Ibrahim then negotiated with the Saudis to stop the fighting. He negotiated with them to raise the siege in exchange for the fort putting down their weapons and remaining neutral in the war. They would be spared, to which they agreed. another condition imposed was that if Unaziah had fallen to Ibrahim, Ar Rass would fall for them.
141:
110:
567:
151:
463:
37:
478:, north of Medina, and took it as a base, but he had to suffer during his march since the majority of the tribes had allied with the Saudis and began attacking caravans between Sowaidrah and naval bases. Ibrahim then sent a force of 1,000 men to fight them and defeat them, which he succeeded in doing.
628:
The
Ottomans began killing the inhabitants in the shops and houses; the fighting still continued in the street, where many Ottomans were killed; however, the Ottomans would trick the surrendered men by taking their weapons and killing them, and the fort was sacked. The Ottomans looted money, weapons,
527:
and besieged it. Ibrahim then prepared his cannons and invested the fort. Ar Rass was well fortified, but the fort was heavily besieged for 3 months and 27 days. Ibrahim would encourage his troops to scale the walls, and the Saudis would repair the damage. The
Ottomans assaulted the fort three times
361:
happened in the middle of the 18th century. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab gradually opposed many popular practices, such as the visiting and veneration of the shrines and tombs of Muslim saints, which he felt amounted to heretical religious innovation or even idolatry. His call for social reform in society was
510:
near Al
Hinakiyah. Arriving there, Abdullah attacked them in the morning near Mawiyyah. The Ottomans were surprised and were forced to retreat to their camp; however, the Saudis chased them, and once they got near the Ottoman camp, they began bombarding the Saudis, which put them on the route. The
624:
The
Ottomans kept bombarding the walls, and it is said they fired 5,300 shots into the fort. The Ottomans attacked again but were repulsed with a loss of 600 men. The garrison began rebuilding the destroyed portions of the walls. Ibrahim then besieged the fort from the south, where it was led by
620:
fortress; the fort was well fortified with men and supplies. Ibrahim began inspecting the fort, then went to the eastern side of the fort and began besieging it. The
Ottomans bombarded and assaulted the walls, resulting in a fierce battle in which the Ottomans were repulsed. Ibrahim attempted to
653:
with 2,000 cavalrymen, 4,300 Turkish and
Albanian soldiers, 1,300 Maghrebi cavalrymen, 150 gunners with around 15 guns, 20 weapons technicians and 11 sappers'. After the total destruction of his capital and its fortifications Abdullah surrendered to the Ottomans on September 11. Ibrahim Pasha's
598:
Arriving at
Shaqraa on January 13, 1818, he besieged it from the north and south; the garrison then attacked them, resulting in a fierce battle in which many ottomans were killed; however, the garrison was overwhelmed, and the leader, Hamad bin Yahya, was wounded and retreated back to the fort.
599:
Ibrahim then began bombarding from the north so heavily that it terrified the surrounding villages, but seeing the low damage it inflicted, he then moved the cannons near the wall, which destroyed a portion of it. The
Ottomans assaulted the walls, but the garrison held firm and repulsed them.
381:, was influenced by Ibn Abd al-Wahab and allowed him to stay in his capital. There, he preached his call to many of the tribes of Najd. He also began preaching to other countries other than Najd. It wasn't until 1765 that the majority of Najd followed the new movement. The new ruler,
547:, where Abdullah had fled from the city, and after a siege for six days, Unaizah surrendered after its commander Muhammad bin Hassan negotiated with Ibrahim to leave unharmed in exchange for leaving their weapons; Ibrahim agreed.
578:
and skirmished with the fort until it surrendered. The commander, Hajilan bin Hamad, along with other inhabitants, obeyed
Ibrahim. The Ottomans stayed in Buraidah for two months, during which they received reinforcements from
507:
625:
Mut'ab bin 'Aafisan. Ibrahim then bombarded the section of the fort and attacked the fort once again. The Ottomans succeeded in capturing the fort, and they began entering it from all sides.
436:. Arriving there on November 8, 1815, he was well greeted. Muhammad Ali Pasha then prepared a large expedition that took 6 months and gave the command to his son,
506:
then began preparing his army to resist Ibrahim; he left Diriyah and took Ar Rass as his base to meet the Ottomans. He heard the Ottoman forces were marching to
632:
The massacre resulted in the deaths of 800 men; the fort originally had 1,200 men. Ibrahim Pasha spent two months in the fort and left Dhuruma on March 22.
540:
208:
629:
cattle, clothes, and pieces of baggage. The fort was left uninhabited. Ibrahim then captured 3,000 women and children and sent them to Diriyah.
425:, accepted. Muhammad Ali then returned to Egypt to deal with internal issues such as the conspiracy of Latif Pasha. Muhammad Ali left his son,
417:, Saudi power broke, and the Ottomans successfully recaptured the south of Hejaz, subduing the Zahran and 'Asir tribes. These defeats prompted
481:
After this defeat, the Arab tribes began siding with the Ottomans and promised to assist them by providing camels. Ibrahim then moved to
777:
201:
374:. His calling for Tawhid found popular support in Najd, and in the following years, his movement became larger than before.
986:
543:
and bombarded it for several hours until it surrendered; the Ottomans rested there for 21 days. Ibrahim then moved to
194:
702:
475:
432:
However, Tusun Pasha returned to Egypt as well to deal with the Albanian soldiers who had been wreaking havoc in
382:
285:
265:
602:
The siege didn't last long and the garrison left the fort in exchange for their lives, to which he agreed.
429:, in Hejaz with a large army to invade Najd, and the peace treaty he made with the Saudis was to be over.
378:
960:
996:
991:
358:
397:
attempted to stop his movement, but he was defeated, and Hejaz fell under Saudi rule. The Saudis also
503:
418:
981:
592:
498:
444:
on September 29. The Ottoman army had a force of 8,000 men from Turkey, Albania, and North Africa.
290:
260:
245:
398:
255:
250:
240:
230:
1016:
1011:
698:
646:
611:
437:
334:
133:
1006:
1001:
551:
422:
394:
330:
28:
788:
687:
270:
8:
550:
The fall of Unaizah was a strategic victory for the Ottomans. Abdullah then retreated to
275:
235:
114:
342:
145:
641:
414:
314:
295:
280:
366:(oneness of God) and was greatly inspired by the treatises of classical scholars
668:
566:
531:
The Ottomans have lost 600 or 2400 men while the Saudis lost 70 or 160 killed.
326:
128:
102:
97:
78:
975:
440:. Ibrahim Pasha then prepared 6,000 camels for the expedition. He arrived in
150:
385:, began an era of expansion of the movement until it reached the borders of
482:
462:
367:
322:
74:
511:
Saudis lost 200 men in this battle, and Abdullah was forced to retreat to
421:
to ask for a peace treaty with the Ottomans, which the governor of Egypt,
426:
402:
218:
36:
584:
371:
346:
588:
575:
906:
904:
873:
871:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
650:
574:
Ibrahim Pasha then resumed his march in October 1817. He reached
555:
544:
524:
512:
486:
457:
338:
333:
that lasted from 1811 to 1818. The campaign of 1817/8 was led by
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
617:
471:
363:
901:
868:
850:
654:
troops plundered Diriyah and massacred several Wahhabi ulama.
186:
751:
580:
441:
433:
390:
894:
892:
843:
841:
663:
583:. Ibrahim resumed his march in late December, during which
485:
and fortified it; he took it as a base and began moving to
386:
62:
523:
After their victory in Mawiyyah, the Ottomans marched to
889:
838:
778:
James Wynbrandt, A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, p. 142
393:, and Ibn Abd al-Wahab died in 1792. The Meccan shariff
963:. Madawi al-Rasheed. Cambridge University Press. 2010.
789:
Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 384
688:
Othman bin Bishr, Glory in the History of Najd, p. 418
401:
to Karbala and sacked it, these actions triggered the
534:
349:, through no real strategy other than brute force.
973:
605:
539:After the Siege of Ar Rass, Ibrahim marched to
470:After reaching Yanbu, Ibrahim Pasha marched to
458:Ibrahim Pasha march to Medina and Al Hinakiyah
321:) was a series of military conflicts waged by
202:
956:
954:
952:
466:Statue of Ibrahim Pasha in the Opera Square
209:
195:
949:
621:negotiate with the garrison but failed.
565:
461:
974:
701:, The era of Muhammad Ali, p. 121–122
329:from 1817 to 1818. It was part of the
474:and stayed there, He then marched to
190:
635:
616:In January 1818, Ibrahim marched to
492:
53:29 September 1817 – 9 September 1818
561:
518:
345:by the order of the Ottoman sultan
13:
712:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 122–123
22:Ottoman Invasion of Najd 1817–1818
14:
1028:
535:Capture of Al Khabra' and Unaizah
826:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 143-4
149:
139:
127:
108:
96:
35:
940:
931:
922:
913:
880:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
782:
216:
910:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 147
877:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 146
865:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 144
771:
768:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 142
748:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 141
742:
739:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 140
733:
730:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 138
724:
721:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai, p. 137
715:
706:
692:
681:
570:A Handmade image of Abdullah I
383:Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud
1:
674:
595:surrendered to the ottomans.
452:
362:based on the key doctrine of
352:
337:, with the goal of capturing
41:Ibrahim Pasha's march in Najd
937:Othman bin Bishr, P. 395–396
606:Siege of Dhurma and massacre
7:
657:
379:Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin
16:Egyptian military conflicts
10:
1033:
987:Battles of the Wahhabi War
835:Othman bin Bishr, P. 387-8
639:
609:
496:
447:
408:
359:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
961:A History of Saudi Arabia
504:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
419:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
226:
172:
157:
120:
89:
45:
34:
26:
21:
946:Othman bin Bishr, P. 396
928:Othman bin Bishr, P. 395
919:Othman bin Bishr, P. 394
898:Othman bin Bishr, P. 392
886:Othman bin Bishr, P. 390
847:Othman bin Bishr, P. 388
817:Othman bin Bishr, P. 386
808:Othman bin Bishr, P. 385
799:Othman bin Bishr, P. 384
649:arrived at the gates of
499:Battle Of Mawiyya (1817)
699:Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai
612:Dhurma Massacre (1818)
571:
467:
318:
121:Commanders and leaders
569:
465:
377:The emir of Diriyah,
173:Casualties and losses
178:4,700 total killed.
572:
468:
423:Muhammad Ali Pasha
395:Ghalib ibn Musa'id
115:Emirate of Diriyah
997:Conflicts in 1818
992:Conflicts in 1817
636:Siege of Diriryah
493:Battle of Mawiyya
403:Ottoman–Saudi war
343:First Saudi State
331:Ottoman–Saudi War
325:on behalf of the
306:
305:
185:
184:
85:
84:
29:Ottoman–Saudi War
1024:
964:
958:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
917:
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769:
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749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
719:
713:
710:
704:
696:
690:
685:
642:Siege of Diriyah
562:March to Shaqraa
519:Siege of Ar Rass
415:Battle of Byssel
221:
211:
204:
197:
188:
187:
153:
144:
143:
142:
132:
131:
113:
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47:
46:
39:
19:
18:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1021:
982:History of Najd
972:
971:
968:
967:
959:
950:
945:
941:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
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851:
846:
839:
834:
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798:
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783:
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772:
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743:
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729:
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697:
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660:
644:
638:
614:
608:
564:
537:
521:
501:
495:
460:
455:
450:
411:
355:
341:and ending the
311:Najd Expedition
307:
302:
222:
217:
215:
164:
140:
138:
126:
109:
107:
95:
66:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1030:
1020:
1019:
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1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
966:
965:
948:
939:
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921:
912:
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888:
879:
867:
849:
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
781:
770:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
691:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
669:Hadith of Najd
666:
659:
656:
640:Main article:
637:
634:
610:Main article:
607:
604:
563:
560:
536:
533:
520:
517:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
410:
407:
354:
351:
327:Ottoman Empire
304:
303:
301:
300:
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298:
293:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
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136:
123:
122:
118:
117:
105:
103:Ottoman Empire
92:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
72:
68:
67:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1029:
1018:
1017:1818 in Egypt
1015:
1013:
1012:1817 in Egypt
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
977:
970:
962:
957:
955:
953:
943:
934:
925:
916:
907:
905:
895:
893:
883:
874:
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862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
844:
842:
832:
823:
814:
805:
796:
790:
785:
779:
774:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
703:
700:
695:
689:
684:
680:
670:
667:
665:
662:
661:
655:
652:
648:
647:Ibrahim Pasha
643:
633:
630:
626:
622:
619:
613:
603:
600:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
568:
559:
557:
553:
548:
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542:
532:
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526:
516:
514:
509:
505:
500:
490:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
464:
445:
443:
439:
438:Ibrahim Pasha
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Ibrahim Pasha
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
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279:
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234:
232:
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212:
207:
205:
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193:
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181:5,000 killed.
180:
177:
176:
171:
167:
162:
161:
156:
152:
147:
137:
135:
134:Ibrahim Pasha
130:
125:
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119:
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106:
104:
99:
94:
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80:
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70:
69:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1007:1818 in Asia
1002:1817 in Asia
969:
942:
933:
924:
915:
882:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
784:
773:
744:
735:
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717:
708:
694:
683:
645:
631:
627:
623:
615:
601:
597:
573:
549:
538:
530:
522:
502:
483:Al Hinakiyah
480:
469:
431:
412:
376:
368:Ibn Taymiyya
357:The rise of
356:
310:
308:
165:6,000 camles
90:Belligerents
27:Part of the
427:Tusun Pasha
319:Nejd Seferi
219:Wahhabi War
976:Categories
675:References
585:Al Mithnab
541:Al Khabra'
453:Expedition
413:After the
372:Ibn Qayyim
353:Background
146:Abdullah I
554:and then
476:Sowaidrah
347:Mahmud II
266:Qunfudhah
256:Hinakiyah
163:8,000 men
658:See also
593:Al Fara'
589:Ushaiger
576:Buraidah
508:Mawiyyha
236:Al-Safra
158:Strength
75:Egyptian
58:Location
651:Diriyah
556:Diriyah
545:Unaizah
525:Ar Rass
513:Unaizah
487:Ar Rass
448:History
409:Prelude
399:marched
339:Diriyah
315:Turkish
296:Diriyah
291:Mawiyya
261:Turubah
168:Unknown
81:victory
79:Ottoman
618:Dhurma
591:, and
552:Shaqra
472:Medina
364:Tawhid
281:Byssel
246:Jeddah
241:Medina
148:
71:Result
581:Egypt
442:Yanbu
434:Cairo
391:Hejaz
323:Egypt
276:Bahah
251:Mecca
231:Yanbu
664:Najd
389:and
387:Iraq
370:and
309:The
286:Najd
271:Taif
63:Najd
50:Date
978::
951:^
903:^
891:^
870:^
852:^
840:^
753:^
587:,
558:.
515:.
489:.
405:.
317::
313:(
210:e
203:t
196:v
77:-
65:.
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