1928:
3510:. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
3088:. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners."
885:
1970:
1258:
1984:
4346:
1956:
943:"The Druze follow a lifestyle of isolation where no conversion is allowed, neither out of, or into, the religion. When Druze live among people of other religions, they try to blend in, in order to protect their religion and their own safety. They can pray as Muslims, or as Christians, depending on where they are. This system is apparently changing in modern times, where more security has allowed Druze to be more open about their religious belonging."
4335:
1879:
858:
4394:
1157:
673:
99:
3878:
1491:
1942:
41:
866:
1082:, the ancestral stronghold of Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. The tumultuous reception that Sfeir received not only signified a historic reconciliation between Maronites and Druze, who fought a bloody war in 1983–84, but underscored the fact that the banner of Lebanese sovereignty had broad multi-confessional appeal and was a cornerstone for the
2662:
Some Muslim rulers and jurists have advocated the persecution of members of the Druze
Movement beginning with the seventh Fatimi Caliph Al-Zahir, in 1022. Recurring period of persecutions in subsequent centuries ... failure to elucidate their beliefs and practices, have contributed to the ambiguous
1086:
in 2005. Jumblatt's post-2005 position diverged sharply from the tradition of his family. He also accused
Damascus of being behind the 1977 assassination of his father, Kamal Jumblatt, expressing for the first time what many knew he privately suspected. The BBC describes Jumblatt as "the smartest
1106:
forces clashed with Druze militias resulting in casualties on both sides. The clashes started in Aytat, near
Kayfoun and soon expanded to cover many spots in Mount Lebanon including Baysur, Shuweifat and Aley. Most of the fighting was concentrated on Hill 888. After negotiations a ceasefire was
2802:
While they appear parallel to those of normative Islam, in the Druze religion they are different in meaning and interpretation. The religion is considered distinct from the
Ismaili as well as from other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American
2691:
Historically, Islam classified
Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as protected "People of the Book," a secondary status subject to payment of a poll tax. Nevertheless, Zoroastrians suffered significant persecution. Other religions such as the Alawites, Alevis, and Druze often suffered
1107:
called in from outside the country before
Hezbollah could call in artillery support. Releases from Hezbollah leaders in 2016 stated that bombing the mountain with close-range artillery from the South and longer-ranged artillery from Syria were both an option and greatly considered.
3188:
The
Abillamah, by the way, also converted to Christianity when the Metn Mountains came to be densely inhabited by Christians, a second conversion for them, given that they already turned Druze earlier, relinquishing the Sunni
1035:
The Druze community in
Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon, and even though they are a minority they play an important role in the Lebanese political scene. Before and during the
788:
There are estimated to be less than 1 million Druze worldwide. The Druze, who refer to themselves as al-Muwahhideen, or "believers in one God," are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of
3621:.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred.
2531:.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs with an intense hatred.
2831:
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not
Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
2299:
Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not
Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..
951:
inaugurated the Druze community in Lebanon when most of them accepted and adopted the new message that was being preached in the 11th century, due to their leaderships close ties with then Fatimid ruler
1128:
members, as well as the Abi-Lamma clan, During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Protestant missionaries established schools and churches in Druze strongholds, with some Druze converting to
3425:
Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.
2720:
the Druze religion, though originating from the Isma'lliyya, an extreme branch of the Shia, seceded completely from Islam and has, therefore, experienced periods of persecution by the latter.
1121:
824:), even though the Druze are no longer considered Muslim. Lebanon's constitution was intended to guarantee political representation for each of the nation's ethno-religious groups.
2216:
1420:
in the 1830s, many Druze converted to Christianity to avoid enlistment into the Egyptian army, according to historian Aharon Layish there is also explicit evidence of Druze in
3514:
3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."
3092:
3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."
4182:
3512:
2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
3090:
2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen."
4282:
3372:
US Druze settled in small towns and kept a low profile, joining Protestant churches (usually Presbyterian or Methodist) and often Americanizing their names..
2706:
Marriage, Divorce, and Succession in the Druze Family: A Study Based on Decisions of Druze Arbitrators and Religious Courts in Israel and the Golan Heights
1447:
a Christian church or Druze maqam is dedicated to either one of them. According to Ray Jabre Mouawad the Druze admire the two saints for their bravery:
1405:
traditions. It is a day on which the souls of the dead are honoured. A popular day among women in the region, it underscores the shared culture between
1032:
to Islam. Those were no ordinary killings in the Druze's narrative, they were meant to eradicate the whole community according to the Druze narrative.
4382:
4056:
1764:
518:
1087:
leader of Lebanon's most powerful Druze clan and heir to a leftist political dynasty". The second largest political party supported by Druze is the
1175:, the number of Druze people worldwide is around one million, with about 45% to 50% in Syria, 35% to 40% in Lebanon, and less than 10% in Israel.
3954:
4360:
2620:
3025:
380:
1359:, the traces of which are discovered in the palaces and mausoleums of Druze lords, as well as in Maronite and Greek Orthodox churches.
4036:
2399:
1732:
701:
1417:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4509:
2774:
Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.
3801:
545:
3055:
2732:
975:, with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including
4375:
3464:
3418:
3393:
3365:
3337:
3309:
3266:
3238:
3210:
3181:
3153:
3122:
2960:
2935:
2884:
2852:
2824:
2795:
2767:
2713:
2684:
2655:
2597:
2524:
2496:
2471:
2375:
2347:
2322:
2292:
2151:
1421:
1348:
513:
427:
241:
3386:
Religious Diversity Today: Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World : Experiencing Religion in the Contemporary World
4041:
1741:
1416:
of children in accordance with Christian custom was usually in large, well-known Lebanese Druze families. In the period of
634:
3761:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
3653:
Religious Interactions in Europe and the Mediterranean World: Coexistence and Dialogue from the 12th to the 20th Centuries
3273:
namely the emirs of the house of Abul - Lama, used to be Druzes before they converted to Christianity and became Maronites
4437:
2354:
Lebanon therefore was the distributing center of the Druze people and Wādi - al - Taym was the birthplace of their faith.
4495:
4490:
4473:
4016:
3736:
3471:
the Druzes make up almost half the district, of Aley, one third of Rashaya, and more than a quarter of Shuf and Matn...
3344:
Many of the Druze have chosen to deemphasize their ethnic identity, and some have officially converted to Christianity.
629:
172:
2976:
1132:; yet they did not succeed to convert Druze to Christianity en masse. On the other hand, many Druze immigrants to the
3768:
3685:
3660:
3614:
3586:
3561:
3533:
3492:
2859:
With the succession of al-Zahir to the Fatimid caliphate a mass persecution (known by the Druze as the period of the
2630:
2199:
2018:(1908–1983), head of the Arslan feudal Druze ruling family and leader of the final independence movement for Lebanon.
4555:
4442:
4368:
1182:. The Lebanese Druze are estimated to constitute 5.2 percent of Lebanon's population. They live in 136 villages in
1072:
17:
3862:
1547:
1064:
took the leadership of the party and played an important role in preserving his father's legacy after winning the
4531:
1909:
1351:. Numerous cultural interactions occurred in Mount Lebanon, producing overlapped symbolism, veneration of shared
1172:
390:
358:
353:
4585:
1927:
849:
between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the Chief of the General Staff must be a Druze.
4580:
4504:
4390:
2589:
2419:
1288:
community in Lebanon played an important role in the formation of the modern state of Lebanon. Contact between
1060:
that was mainly constituted of Christians. After the assassination of Kamal Jumblatt on 16 March 1977, his son
841:
in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in
343:
338:
298:
182:
861:
An estimate of the distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups, 1991, based on a map by GlobalSecurity.org
4480:
4255:
1297:
694:
624:
1362:
Druze and Christians in Lebanon celebrate each other's births, weddings, funerals, and celebrations such as
4447:
4081:
3507:
3085:
976:
498:
167:
1262:
1068:
and sustained the existence of the Druze community during the sectarian bloodshed that lasted until 1990.
4466:
4452:
4061:
2049:
1455:
and won over them. In both cases the explanations provided by Christians is that Druze were attracted to
1448:
1049:
842:
523:
177:
4427:
3995:
3794:
2071:
884:
594:
488:
348:
318:
231:
2928:
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
2877:
Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection
4756:
4485:
2085:
1301:
1088:
375:
251:
246:
236:
206:
3033:
4680:
4625:
4432:
3824:
2240:
1506:
936:
687:
385:
370:
256:
211:
82:
990:
has been characterized by intense persecution. The Druze faith is often classified as a branch of
4736:
4730:
4675:
4419:
4398:
3316:
some Christians (mostly from the Orthodox faith), as well as Druze, converted to Protestantism...
2217:"Finding a life partner is hard enough. For those of the Druze faith, their future depends on it"
1300:, and other churches) and the Unitarian Druze led to the presence of mixed villages and towns in
1293:
1277:
1110:
1075:
654:
432:
395:
283:
162:
2677:
Conflict in the Modern Middle East: An Encyclopedia of Civil War, Revolutions, and Regime Change
2173:
4700:
4457:
4199:
4177:
4076:
4066:
3902:
2101:
1862:
1773:
1609:
1428:
1252:
960:
809:
775:
728:
150:
3284:
3112:
2312:
4670:
4665:
4615:
4302:
4031:
3892:
3787:
2270:
1586:
1003:
953:
904:
813:
444:
145:
3485:
Sharing the Sacra: The Politics and Pragmatics of Intercommunal Relations Around Holy Places
2100:(born 1978), a London-based British-Lebanese lawyer, activist, and author (Druze father and
1006:. The Druze have frequently experienced persecution by different Muslim regimes such as the
4620:
4610:
4605:
4319:
4086:
3897:
3245:
So did other amirs, like the originally Druze Abi-llamah family, which also became Maronite
2999:
2570:
the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..
1847:
1664:
1614:
1379:
1096:
644:
278:
2393:
1969:
8:
4695:
4685:
4650:
4640:
4410:
4272:
2120:
1902:
1787:
817:
619:
530:
420:
323:
308:
303:
293:
288:
134:
1343:. Historian Ray Jabre Mouawad finds religious symbiosis between Druze and Christians in
4705:
4635:
4159:
4091:
4046:
3933:
2107:
1792:
1750:
1634:
1375:
1335:
The relationship between the Druze and Christians in Lebanon has been characterized by
1329:
1199:
1037:
754:
540:
493:
333:
273:
268:
3639:..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
2549:..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
2042:(born 1947), a Lebanese politician, member of parliament, and Minister of Agriculture.
1273:
communities. This veneration reflects the long-standing interfaith harmony in Lebanon.
4645:
4630:
4194:
4071:
4051:
3985:
3964:
3764:
3732:
3681:
3656:
3610:
3582:
3557:
3529:
3488:
3460:
3414:
3389:
3361:
3333:
3305:
3262:
3234:
3206:
3177:
3149:
3118:
2956:
2931:
2880:
2848:
2820:
2791:
2763:
2709:
2680:
2651:
2626:
2593:
2520:
2492:
2467:
2371:
2343:
2318:
2288:
2195:
2147:
1778:
1755:
1673:
1029:
1010:
892:
508:
456:
328:
313:
218:
3877:
3579:
The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation
2489:
The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation
1490:
4710:
4660:
4523:
4265:
4222:
4132:
3847:
3065:
2250:
1817:
1519:
1432:
1399:
1340:
1317:
1227:
1187:
1183:
1083:
972:
888:
805:
601:
470:
463:
451:
413:
140:
3832:
2583:
800:
Under the Lebanese political division (Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation) the
4722:
4655:
4339:
4292:
4232:
4227:
4189:
4026:
3969:
3828:
3540:
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
3439:
2438:
2403:
2382:
the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
2244:
2188:
2091:
2055:
1999:
1933:
1883:
1827:
1822:
1723:
1367:
1309:
1141:
834:
766:
719:
659:
589:
575:
535:
130:
90:
58:
4739:, the Druze community is designated as a part of the Lebanese Muslim community.
4349:
4217:
3959:
3174:
Beirut on the Bayou: Alfred Nicola, Louisiana, and the Making of Modern Lebanon
2045:
2039:
2021:
1989:
1975:
1895:
1812:
1698:
1473:
1456:
1409:
1313:
1257:
1231:
1195:
1191:
1125:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1017:
896:
739:
677:
550:
113:
1857:
762:
4750:
4314:
4297:
4287:
3907:
2914:
Dead Sea Level: Science, Exploration and Imperial Interests in the Near East.
2009:
1947:
1852:
1595:
1510:
1444:
1391:
1344:
1325:
1305:
1281:
1235:
1223:
1178:
The Druze are concentrated in the rural, mountainous areas east and south of
1137:
1133:
1129:
1114:
995:
916:
846:
821:
649:
639:
1056:
and they fought alongside other leftist and Palestinian parties against the
4309:
4137:
4011:
3160:
the Abillama' amirs, were mostly Christians converted from the Druze faith.
2982:
2273:
Lebanon Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
2097:
2081:
2067:
2015:
1961:
1402:
1383:
1092:
1065:
1021:
928:
927:
and other philosophies. The Druze call themselves Ahl al-Tawhid "People of
924:
827:
439:
3203:
The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)
2396:
Programme on Governance in the Arab Region : Elections : Lebanon
4726:
3990:
3842:
3837:
3217:
Other earlier converts were the Abillamah Druze Emirs and Harfush Shiite.
2340:
The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings
2139:
2061:
2033:
2027:
1983:
1693:
1659:
1538:
1533:
1443:. Thus, in all the villages inhabited by Druze and Christians in central
1164:
1160:
1078:
toured the predominantly Druze Chouf region of Mount Lebanon and visited
1041:
991:
2760:
The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives
1955:
4689:
4277:
1581:
1289:
932:
920:
4237:
3526:
Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon
2368:
Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon
2030:(1932–2014), a Lebanese-American radio personality/DJ born in Detroit.
857:
4260:
4021:
3917:
3857:
3029:
2075:
1718:
1600:
1524:
1363:
1270:
1156:
1145:
1103:
948:
758:
503:
2423:
1265:, also known as "the Virgin of the Druze," is venerated by both the
4334:
4149:
3060:
2901:
An occasion for war: civil conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
2585:
An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860
2024:(1917–1977), a prominent Lebanese progressive socialist politician.
1878:
1395:
1285:
1211:
1079:
1025:
865:
831:
751:
2084:(born 1965), Lebanese politician and the head of the mostly Druze
2002:(1572–1635), a Druze prince and an early leader of the Emirate of
98:
4402:
4393:
4112:
3867:
2733:"Are the Druze People Arabs or Muslims? Deciphering Who They Are"
2048:(born 1949), a Lebanese politician and the current leader of the
1561:
1413:
1387:
1336:
1321:
1219:
1215:
999:
987:
968:
964:
908:
878:
870:
838:
830:
is generally considered the "birthplace of the Druze faith". The
793:. Lebanon has the world's second largest Druze population, after
743:
107:
1941:
4127:
3912:
3852:
3146:
Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-1845
3110:
1556:
1451:
and Saint Elijah because he competed with the pagan priests of
1440:
1371:
1352:
1203:
1179:
790:
570:
103:
40:
2058:(born 1953), a Lebanese-American journalist based in New York.
4729:, comprising 18 recognized religious sects recognized by the
4144:
4122:
4117:
3810:
3593:
the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
3259:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
2503:
the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian
2466:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 46.
2064:(born 1954), a Lebanese politician, and member of parliament.
2003:
1481:
1436:
1266:
1014:
983:
912:
874:
801:
794:
747:
70:
1230:, and they constitute about the quarter of residents of the
1226:, and they constitute about a third of the residents of the
1222:. The Druze make up more than half of the population of the
4154:
4107:
1452:
1406:
1207:
1007:
2271:
https://books.google.com/books?id=wXO8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97
742:
group constituting about 5.2 percent of the population of
3443:
2314:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
1356:
1045:
845:. Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the
3779:
2953:
Middle Eastern Minorities: The Impact of the Arab Spring
2817:
The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East
2285:
The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East
2144:
Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East
2012:(1869–1946), a Druze prince and notable Islamic scholar.
1280:
and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly
1246:
1113:
and Druze became a genetic isolate in the predominantly
4725:
has the most religious diversity of all peoples in the
2622:
The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions
1439:'s favorite venerated figures: Saint George and Saint
1206:, and they constitute the majority of the population
1028:, demolishing Druze prayer houses and holy places and
2568:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53.
3554:
Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War
3457:
Lebanon in Strife: Student Preludes to the Civil War
2803:
society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims..
1040:(1975–90), the Druze were predominantly in favor of
994:. Even though the faith originally developed out of
780:
733:
2440:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
2246:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
2174:
Lebanon 2015 International Religious Freedom Report
45:
Distribution of Druze in Lebanon by voting district
3411:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics
3104:
2187:
2176:U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2019-04-23.
4599:Ethnic minorities, refugees and foreign nationals
4057:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
3626:
3360:. University of Philadelphia Press. p. 232.
2430:
2190:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
1765:1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus
4748:
3231:The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon, 1967–1976
3111:Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2009-01-01).
3026:"Saturday's live coverage of the war in Lebanon"
2559:
2557:
3261:. University of California Press. p. 162.
3056:"Lebanon's Fighting Spreads to Druze Heartland"
2233:
2110:Venezuelan politician of Lebanese Druze Origin.
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3708:
3706:
3598:
3570:
2845:The Druze between Palestine and Israel 1947–49
2785:
2461:
2342:. University of California Press. p. 10.
2304:
1241:
1044:and Palestinian resistance represented by the
4376:
3795:
3731:. University of Michigan Press. p. 274.
2554:
1903:
1459:that resemble their own militarized society.
1449:Saint George because he confronted the dragon
1424:posing as Christians for practical reasons.
961:relationship between the Druze and Christians
695:
3669:
3545:
2394:United Nations Development Programme :
915:. The Druze beliefs incorporate elements of
4418:
3758:
3745:
3703:
3650:
3148:. Princeton University Press. p. 241.
2814:
2581:
2436:
2337:
2282:
2239:
804:community is designated as one of the five
4383:
4369:
3802:
3788:
3763:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 310–314.
3609:. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166.
3435:
3433:
3332:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.
3327:
3304:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 21.
3299:
3228:
2819:. Michigan University Press. p. 114.
2757:
2674:
2519:. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166.
2287:. Michigan University Press. p. 114.
1910:
1896:
982:Historically the relationship between the
702:
688:
39:
4037:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
3729:Asian and African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3
3722:
3720:
3718:
3632:
3517:
3383:
3095:
2925:
2874:
2650:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 132.
2542:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2036:(born 1946), a Lebanese-American painter.
1733:1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze
3680:. Indiana University Press. p. 95.
3637:. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25.
3233:. Harvard University Press. p. 35.
3143:
3053:
2790:. Oxford University Press. p. 142.
2547:. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25.
2414:
2412:
1256:
1171:According to scholar Colbert C. Held of
1155:
1095:, the son of Lebanese independence hero
1024:. The persecution of the Druze included
883:
864:
856:
3678:Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon
3551:
3454:
3430:
3408:
3358:Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
3171:
2842:
2663:relationship between Muslims and Druzes
2185:
1355:, and use of common words to designate
14:
4749:
3726:
3715:
3694:
3576:
3482:
3440:تعرف على طائفة "الموحدين العرب" الدروز
3256:
2863:) of the Muwaḥḥidūn was instigated ...
2575:
2486:
2310:
2214:
2160:
2138:
1429:Christian influence on the Druze faith
1048:. Most of the community supported the
907:, such as fasting during the month of
4364:
3783:
3604:
3355:
3200:
2950:
2906:
2788:The Oxford Handbook of American Islam
2703:
2645:
2618:
2563:
2514:
2409:
1247:Relationship with Lebanese Christians
201:Native communities outside of Lebanon
3675:
3523:
3117:. Infobase Publishing. p. 530.
2422:. druze.org.au. 2015. Archived from
2365:
2179:
903:The Druze faith does not follow the
635:List of political parties in Lebanon
3655:. Taylor & Francis. p. 9.
3047:
2992:
2648:Historical Dictionary of the Druzes
2132:
770:
723:
24:
3114:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1374:, especially before and after the
25:
4768:
3759:Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).
3651:Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves (2017).
1462:
1076:Patriarch Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
4392:
4345:
4344:
4333:
4042:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
3876:
2981:, Meib, May 2003, archived from
1982:
1968:
1954:
1940:
1926:
1877:
1742:Druze Power Struggle (1658–1667)
1489:
1390:. It falls sometime between the
998:, most Druze do not identify as
671:
97:
3644:
3501:
3476:
3448:
3402:
3377:
3349:
3321:
3293:
3278:
3250:
3222:
3194:
3165:
3137:
3079:
3018:
2969:
2944:
2919:
2893:
2868:
2836:
2808:
2786:Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014).
2779:
2751:
2725:
2697:
2668:
2639:
2612:
2536:
2508:
2480:
2455:
2387:
2359:
1173:University of Nebraska, Lincoln
1151:
1140:, becoming communicants of the
27:Ethnoreligious group in Lebanon
4017:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305)
3487:. Berghahn Books. p. 17.
2926:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).
2879:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 364–366.
2875:C. Tucker, Spencer C. (2019).
2590:University of California Press
2462:William Harris (19 Jul 2012).
2331:
2276:
2264:
2208:
2146:. Cambridge University Press.
1422:Lebanon under the Ottoman rule
13:
1:
4256:Abu Mohammad Jawad Walieddine
3607:Confrontation and Coexistence
3556:. University of Texas Press.
3459:. University of Texas Press.
3384:Panagakos, Anastasia (2015).
2675:K. Zartman, Jonathan (2020).
2517:Confrontation and Coexistence
2126:
2070:(1962–2015), a member of the
1002:, and they do not accept the
911:, and making a pilgrimage to
837:and the Druze founded modern
4082:Druze in Mandatory Palestine
3635:The Druzes and the Maronites
2815:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).
2545:The Druzes and the Maronites
2464:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011
2406:. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
2338:Khuri Hitti, Philip (1996).
2283:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979).
2094:(born 1972), a TV presenter.
977:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
499:Timeline of Lebanese history
7:
4467:Assyrian Church of the East
4062:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
2566:Near East/South Asia Report
2215:Sewell, Abby (2017-09-15).
2114:
2050:Progressive Socialist Party
1418:Egyptian rule in the Levant
1242:Intercommunal relationships
1122:Druze embraced Christianity
1050:Progressive Socialist Party
843:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
781:
734:
524:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
10:
4773:
3874:
3712:Morgenstern, 1966, p. 158.
3413:. Routledge. p. 109.
3328:A. Kayyali, Randa (2006).
3300:A. Kayyali, Randa (2006).
3229:al- H̲azīn, Farīd (2000).
3176:. SUNY Press. p. 14.
2072:Palestine Liberation Front
1412:and Druze in Lebanon. The
1292:(members of the Maronite,
1250:
967:has been characterized by
852:
595:French language in Lebanon
489:History of ancient Lebanon
4719:
4598:
4573:
4522:
4409:
4328:
4246:
4210:
4168:
4100:
4004:
3978:
3947:
3926:
3885:
3817:
3809:
3581:. Routledge. p. 32.
3409:C. Held, Colbert (2008).
3205:. Routledge. p. 14.
3201:Nisan, Mordechai (2004).
2930:. ABC-CLIO. p. 364.
2762:. Routledge. p. 33.
2758:J. Stewart, Dona (2008).
2679:. ABC-CLIO. p. 199.
2491:. Routledge. p. 32.
2086:Lebanese Democratic Party
1382:is a feast day shared by
1089:Lebanese Democratic Party
69:
64:
55:
50:
38:
3903:Bahā'a ad-Dīn al-Muqtana
3388:. ABC-CLIO. p. 99.
3287:The Maronites in History
3144:F. Harik, Iliya (2017).
2625:. C. Hurst. p. 10.
2194:. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
869:A Druze woman wearing a
808:communities in Lebanon (
4737:Constitution of Lebanon
4735:Under the terms of the
4731:Constitution of Lebanon
4022:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
3996:Ziyarat Al Nabi Shu'ayb
3552:Barakat, Halim (2011).
3455:Barakat, Halim (2011).
2978:Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir
2951:Zabad, Ibrahim (2017).
2847:. Springer. p. 2.
2186:Doniger, Wendy (1999).
1719:Tanukh (Buhtur) dynasty
1130:Protestant Christianity
1052:formed by their leader
761:, and self identify as
655:Coat of arms of Lebanon
428:Cultural Heritage sites
4183:Maronite-Druze dualism
4178:Christianity and Druze
4067:Hauran Druze Rebellion
3727:Genzor, Jozef (1990).
3605:Artzi, Pinḥas (1984).
3577:Hazran, Yusri (2013).
3483:Bowman, Glenn (2012).
3356:Hobby, Jeneen (2011).
3257:Salibi, Kamal (1900).
3172:Shwayri, Raif (2016).
3000:"Who's who in Lebanon"
2704:Layiš, Aharôn (1982).
2619:Vocke, Harald (1978).
2515:Artzi, Pinḥas (1984).
2487:Hazran, Yusri (2013).
2311:Stokes, Jamie (2009).
1863:Christianity and Druze
1774:Hauran Druze Rebellion
1610:Baha al-Din al-Muqtana
1274:
1253:Christianity and Druze
1168:
945:
900:
881:
862:
546:South Lebanon conflict
4303:List of Israeli Druze
4032:Mount Lebanon Emirate
3893:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
3700:Panzac, 1995, p. 381.
3524:Deeb, Marius (2013).
2899:Taraze Fawaz, Leila.
2366:Deeb, Marius (2013).
1587:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
1260:
1159:
1004:five pillars of Islam
954:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
941:
905:Five Pillars of Islam
887:
868:
860:
757:originating from the
4320:Persecution of Druze
4283:Druze Arabic dialect
4087:Jaysh al-Muwahhideen
3898:Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi
3676:Volk, Lucia (2010).
2843:Parsons, L. (2000).
2708:. BRILL. p. 1.
2646:Swayd, Samy (2015).
2582:Fawaz, L.T. (1994).
2437:James Lewis (2002).
1848:Persecution of Druze
1380:Thursday of the Dead
873:during the 1870s in
645:Lebanese nationalism
381:United Arab Emirates
4486:Armenian Apostolics
4340:Religion portal
4273:Alam al-Din dynasty
3863:Seven Durzi pillars
2121:Religion in Lebanon
1884:Religion portal
1788:Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
1548:Seven Druze pillars
1278:Lebanese Christians
1111:Lebanese Christians
1102:On May 10, 2008,
1093:Prince Talal Arslan
750:faith, which is an
531:1958 Lebanon crisis
163:Lebanese Christians
35:
4448:Maronite Catholics
4438:Chaldean Catholics
4433:Armenian Catholics
4160:Salman the Persian
4092:Qalb Loze massacre
4047:Battle of Ain Dara
3934:Epistles of Wisdom
3918:Muhammad al-Darazī
3633:Churchill (1862).
3330:The Arab Americans
3302:The Arab Americans
2543:CHURCHILL (1862).
2443:. Prometheus Books
2402:2011-07-18 at the
2108:Tarek William Saab
2010:Emir Shakib Arslan
1793:Qalb Loze massacre
1751:Battle of Ain Dara
1635:Epistles of Wisdom
1376:Lebanese Civil War
1330:Marjeyoun District
1284:. The Druzite and
1275:
1169:
1124:, such as some of
1038:Lebanese Civil War
901:
882:
863:
755:Abrahamic religion
746:. They follow the
678:Lebanon portal
541:Lebanese Civil War
494:History of Lebanon
33:
4744:
4743:
4594:
4593:
4569:
4568:
4518:
4517:
4481:Oriental Orthodox
4453:Melkite Catholics
4358:
4357:
4211:Druze communities
4195:Judaism and Druze
4169:Relationship with
4072:Jabal Druze State
4052:1838 Druze Revolt
3986:Al-Khidr Festival
3965:Khalwat al-Bayada
3886:Important figures
3508:Haber et al. 2013
3466:978-0-292-73981-9
3420:978-0-429-96200-4
3395:978-1-4408-3332-8
3367:978-1-4144-4891-6
3339:978-0-313-33219-7
3311:978-0-313-33219-7
3268:978-0-520-07196-4
3240:978-0-674-08105-5
3212:978-1-135-75952-0
3183:978-1-4384-6095-6
3155:978-1-4008-8686-9
3124:978-1-4381-1025-7
3086:Haber et al. 2013
2962:978-1-317-09672-6
2937:978-1-4408-5353-1
2886:978-1-4408-5353-1
2854:978-0-230-59598-9
2826:978-0-03-052596-4
2797:978-0-19-986263-4
2769:978-1-135-98079-5
2715:978-90-04-06412-6
2686:978-1-4408-6503-9
2657:978-1-4422-4617-1
2599:978-0-520-08782-8
2526:978-965-226-049-9
2498:978-1-317-93173-7
2473:978-0-19-518111-1
2377:978-0-8179-1666-4
2349:978-1-5381-2418-5
2324:978-1-4381-2676-0
2294:978-0-03-052596-4
2153:978-0-521-81792-9
2082:Emir Talal Arslan
2016:Emir Majid Arslan
1996:
1995:
1920:
1919:
1858:Religious symbols
1806:Druze communities
1779:Jabal Druze State
1756:1838 Druze Revolt
1665:Shrine of Shu'ayb
1575:Important figures
1386:and Druze in the
1097:Emir Majid Arslan
1073:Maronite Catholic
1030:forced conversion
1011:Fatimid Caliphate
779:
732:
712:
711:
620:Lebanese politics
509:County of Tripoli
219:Lebanese diaspora
117:
76:
75:
16:(Redirected from
4764:
4757:Druze in Lebanon
4571:
4570:
4520:
4519:
4458:Syriac Catholics
4416:
4415:
4397:
4396:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4266:Sultan al-Atrash
4133:John the Baptist
3938:Rasa'il al-Hikma
3880:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3774:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3713:
3710:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3528:. Hoover Press.
3521:
3515:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3353:
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3346:
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3291:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3169:
3163:
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3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3064:. Archived from
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3032:. Archived from
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2988:on July 20, 2009
2987:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2416:
2407:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2370:. Hoover Press.
2363:
2357:
2356:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2251:Prometheus Books
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2136:
1986:
1972:
1958:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1882:
1881:
1639:Rasa'il al-Hikma
1493:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1433:Christian saints
1400:Eastern Orthodox
1318:Rashaya District
1294:Eastern Orthodox
1228:Rachaya District
1120:A number of the
1084:Cedar Revolution
1071:In August 2001,
889:Christian Church
784:
774:
772:
737:
727:
725:
704:
697:
690:
676:
675:
674:
586:
414:Lebanese culture
141:Lebanese Muslims
111:
101:
78:
77:
43:
36:
32:
21:
18:Druze in Lebanon
4772:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4765:
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4762:
4761:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4723:Lebanese people
4715:
4590:
4565:
4547:Ismaili Shiites
4542:Alawite Shiites
4537:Shiite Twelvers
4514:
4496:Syriac Orthodox
4491:Coptic Orthodox
4443:Latin Catholics
4405:
4391:
4389:
4359:
4354:
4332:
4324:
4293:Jumblatt family
4248:
4242:
4233:Jordanian Druze
4206:
4190:Islam and Druze
4171:other religions
4170:
4164:
4096:
4000:
3974:
3943:
3922:
3881:
3872:
3813:
3808:
3778:
3771:
3757:
3746:
3739:
3725:
3716:
3711:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3649:
3645:
3631:
3627:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3453:
3449:
3438:
3431:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3298:
3294:
3289:, p. 283. Quote
3283:
3279:
3269:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3199:
3195:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3101:Mishaqa, p. 23.
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3068:on May 14, 2008
3052:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
3006:. 14 March 2005
2998:
2997:
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2985:
2975:
2974:
2970:
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2945:
2938:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2873:
2869:
2855:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2813:
2809:
2798:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2739:. 8 August 2018
2731:
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2527:
2513:
2509:
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2481:
2474:
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2435:
2431:
2418:
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2410:
2404:Wayback Machine
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2092:Mona Abou Hamze
2056:Raghida Dergham
2000:Fakhr-al-Din II
1992:
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1978:
1973:
1964:
1959:
1950:
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1936:
1934:Fakhr-al-Din II
1931:
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1828:Jordanian Druze
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1368:Maundy Thursday
1310:Baabda District
1263:Saidet et Tallé
1255:
1249:
1244:
1154:
855:
806:Lebanese Muslim
708:
672:
670:
665:
664:
660:Flag of Lebanon
615:
607:
606:
584:
576:Lebanese Arabic
566:
558:
557:
536:Greater Lebanon
484:
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409:
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189:
131:Lebanese people
126:
125:Lebanese people
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91:Lebanese people
59:Lebanese Arabic
57:
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31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
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4589:
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4577:
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4567:
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4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
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4528:
4526:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4477:
4476:
4474:Greek Orthodox
4470:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4424:
4422:
4413:
4407:
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4388:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4342:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4261:Al-Atrash clan
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4238:Druze diaspora
4235:
4230:
4225:
4223:Lebanese Druze
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:Jabal al-Druze
3957:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
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3900:
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3889:
3887:
3883:
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3875:
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3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3744:
3738:978-0700702268
3737:
3714:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3668:
3661:
3643:
3625:
3615:
3597:
3587:
3569:
3562:
3544:
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3516:
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3493:
3475:
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3447:
3429:
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3394:
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3366:
3348:
3338:
3320:
3310:
3292:
3277:
3267:
3249:
3239:
3221:
3211:
3193:
3182:
3164:
3154:
3136:
3123:
3103:
3094:
3078:
3054:Kandy Ringer.
3046:
3017:
2991:
2968:
2961:
2943:
2936:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2885:
2867:
2853:
2835:
2825:
2807:
2796:
2778:
2768:
2750:
2724:
2714:
2696:
2685:
2667:
2656:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2598:
2574:
2564:Hobby (1985).
2553:
2535:
2525:
2507:
2497:
2479:
2472:
2454:
2429:
2426:on 2016-02-14.
2408:
2386:
2376:
2358:
2348:
2330:
2323:
2303:
2293:
2275:
2263:
2232:
2207:
2200:
2178:
2159:
2152:
2142:(2010-03-15).
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2046:Walid Jumblatt
2043:
2040:Akram Chehayeb
2037:
2031:
2025:
2022:Kamal Jumblatt
2019:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1990:Walid Jumblatt
1988:
1981:
1979:
1976:Kamal Jumblatt
1974:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
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1888:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:Related topics
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:Lebanese Druze
1815:
1809:
1808:
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1800:
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1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1464:
1463:Notable people
1461:
1457:warrior saints
1392:Easter Sundays
1349:Ottoman period
1314:Chouf District
1251:Main article:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1232:Chouf District
1153:
1150:
1126:Shihab dynasty
1062:Walid Jumblatt
1058:Lebanese Front
1054:Kamal Jumblatt
1018:Ottoman Empire
897:Shuf Mountains
854:
851:
740:ethnoreligious
716:Lebanese Druze
710:
709:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
681:
680:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
630:Prime Minister
627:
622:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
598:
597:
587:
581:
580:
579:
578:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
554:
553:
551:Taif Agreement
548:
538:
533:
528:
527:
526:
521:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
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301:
296:
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242:United Kingdom
239:
234:
215:
214:
209:
199:
196:
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188:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
173:Greek Orthodox
170:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
138:
127:
124:
123:
120:
119:
114:Lebanese cedar
102:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:of articles on
74:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
34:Lebanese Druze
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4769:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
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4426:
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4423:
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4417:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4351:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Mowafaq Tarif
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:List of Druze
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Druze cuisine
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:Israeli Druze
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4201:
4200:Druze Zionism
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:Hamza ibn Ali
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3848:Reincarnation
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3833:Ahl at-Tawhīd
3830:
3826:
3825:Al-Muwahhidūn
3823:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3800:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3772:
3770:9781351722179
3766:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3709:
3707:
3697:
3689:
3687:9780253004925
3683:
3679:
3672:
3664:
3662:9781351722179
3658:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3616:9789652260499
3612:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3588:9781317931737
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3563:9780292739819
3559:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3535:9780817916664
3531:
3527:
3520:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3494:9780857454867
3490:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3285:Matti Moosa,
3281:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3098:
3087:
3082:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3036:on 2008-06-12
3035:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2955:. Routledge.
2954:
2947:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2912:Goren, Haim.
2909:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:0-903983-92-3
2628:
2624:
2623:
2615:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2201:0-87779-044-2
2197:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:representing
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1948:Shakib Arslan
1943:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:List of Druze
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Israeli Druze
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1720:
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1716:
1709:
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1700:
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1684:
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1661:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Hamza ibn Ali
1594:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1520:Reincarnation
1518:
1517:
1512:
1511:Ahl at-Tawhid
1508:
1507:Al-Muwahhidun
1505:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:Mount Lebanon
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:Mount Lebanon
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:Matn District
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Aley District
1303:
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4077:Mountain War
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1261:The icon of
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1142:Presbyterian
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1109:
1101:
1070:
1066:Mountain War
1034:
1022:Egypt Eyalet
981:
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942:
929:Unitarianism
925:Neoplatonism
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893:Druze Khalwa
828:Wadi al-Taym
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787:
735:durūz lubnān
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514:Ottoman rule
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354:Sierra Leone
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224:
217:
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3040:2008-12-24
2605:2015-04-16
2226:2018-09-16
2127:References
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1384:Christians
1290:Christians
1163:shrine in
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3010:13 August
2986:(dossier)
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1601:Al-Darazi
1525:Theophany
1403:Christian
1364:Christmas
1271:Christian
1200:Marjeyoun
1146:Methodist
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1026:massacres
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776:romanized
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729:romanized
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279:Australia
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2243:(2002).
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3818:Beliefs
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