1276:
proportional response of the strength and direction of the force that needs to be scaled to the model spectrum. So most models only consider the
Clausius-Mossotti factor of a particle. The most used techniques are collection rate measurements: this is the simplest and most used technique – electrodes are submerged in a suspension with a known concentration of particles and the particles that collect at the electrode are counted; crossover measurements: the crossover frequency between positive and negative DEP is measured to characterise particles – this technique is used for smaller particles (e.g. viruses), that are difficult to count with the previous technique; particle velocity measurements: this technique measures the velocity and direction of the particles in an electric field gradient; measurement of the levitation height: the levitation height of a particle is proportional to the negative DEP force that is applied. Thus, this technique is good for characterising single particles and is mainly used for larger particles such as cells;
1295:
beam patterning. These small electrodes allow the handling of small bioparticles. The most used electrode geometries are isometric, polynomial, interdigitated, and crossbar. Isometric geometry is effective for particle manipulation with DEP but repelled particles do not collect in well defined areas and so separation into two homogeneous groups is difficult. Polynomial is a new geometry producing well defined differences in regions of high and low forces and so particles could be collected by positive and negative DEP. This electrode geometry showed that the electrical field was highest at the middle of the inter-electrode gaps. Interdigitated geometry comprises alternating electrode fingers of opposing polarities and is mainly used for dielectrophoretic trapping and analysis. Crossbar geometry is potentially useful for networks of interconnects.
20:
94:. Since the direction of the force is dependent on field gradient rather than field direction, DEP will occur in AC as well as DC electric fields; polarization (and hence the direction of the force) will depend on the relative polarizabilities of particle and medium. If the particle moves in the direction of increasing electric field, the behavior is referred to as positive DEP (sometime pDEP), if acting to move the particle away from high field regions, it is known as negative DEP (or nDEP). As the relative polarizabilities of the particle and medium are frequency-dependent, varying the energizing signal and measuring the way in which the force changes can be used to determine the electrical properties of particles; this also allows the elimination of
1337:
passes through the separation chamber, with an external separating force (a DEP force) being applied perpendicular to the flow. By means of different factors, such as diffusion and steric, hydrodynamic, dielectric and other effects, or a combination thereof, particles (<1 ÎĽm in diameter) with different dielectric or diffusive properties attain different positions away from the chamber wall, which, in turn, exhibit different characteristic concentration profile. Particles that move further away from the wall reach higher positions in the parabolic velocity profile of the liquid flowing through the chamber and will be eluted from the chamber at a faster rate.
57:. All particles exhibit dielectrophoretic activity in the presence of electric fields. However, the strength of the force depends strongly on the medium and particles' electrical properties, on the particles' shape and size, as well as on the frequency of the electric field. Consequently, fields of a particular frequency can manipulate particles with great selectivity. This has allowed, for example, the separation of cells or the orientation and manipulation of nanoparticles and nanowires. Furthermore, a study of the change in DEP force as a function of frequency can allow the electrical (or
883:, or, for sinusoidal voltages by dividing the right hand side by 2. These models ignores the fact that cells have a complex internal structure and are heterogeneous. A multi-shell model in a low conducting medium can be used to obtain information of the membrane conductivity and the permittivity of the cytoplasm. For a cell with a shell surrounding a homogeneous core with its surrounding medium considered as a layer, as seen in Figure 2, the overall dielectric response is obtained from a combination of the properties of the shell and core.
868:. When the electric field gradients are large, or when there is a field null running through the center of the particle, higher order terms become relevant, and result in higher forces. To be precise, the time-dependent equation only applies to lossless particles, because loss creates a lag between the field and the induced dipole. When averaged, the effect cancels out and the equation holds true for lossy particles as well. An equivalent time-averaged equation can be easily obtained by replacing
1197:
25:
24:
21:
26:
3199:
23:
1312:
build a separator, where mixtures of cells are forced through large numbers (>100) of wells in parallel; those experiencing positive DEP are trapped in the device whilst the rest are flushed. Switching off the field allows release of the trapped cells into a separate container. The highly parallel nature of the approach means that the chip can sort cells at much higher speeds, comparable to those used by
3211:
1263:. DEP can be used to separate particles with different sign polarizabilities as they move in different directions at a given frequency of the AC field applied. DEP has been applied for the separation of live and dead cells, with the remaining live cells still viable after separation or to force contact between selected single cells to study cell-cell interaction. DEP has been used to separate strains of
889:
408:
1304:
layers in a laminate, after which multiple "wells" are drilled through the structure. If one examines the walls of these wells, the layers appear as interdigitated electrodes running continuously around the walls of the tube. When alternating conducting layers are connected to the two phases of an AC signal, a field gradient formed along the walls moves cells by DEP.
1333:
opposite signs of force on different particle types to attract some of the particles and repel others. DEP retention uses the balance between DEP and fluid-flow forces. Particles experiencing repulsive and weak attractive DEP forces are eluted by fluid flow, whereas particles experiencing strong attractive DEP forces are trapped at electrode edges against flow drag.
699:
1192:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{1eff}^{*}(\omega )=\varepsilon _{2}^{*}{\frac {({\frac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}})^{3}+2{\frac {\varepsilon _{1}^{*}-\varepsilon _{2}^{*}}{\varepsilon _{1}^{*}+2\varepsilon _{2}^{*}}}}{({\frac {r_{2}}{r_{1}}})^{3}-{\frac {\varepsilon _{1}^{*}-\varepsilon _{2}^{*}}{\varepsilon _{1}^{*}+2\varepsilon _{2}^{*}}}}}}
208:
69:
Although the phenomenon we now call dielectrophoresis was described in passing as far back as the early 20th century, it was only subject to serious study, named and first understood by
Herbert Pohl in the 1950s. Recently, dielectrophoresis has been revived due to its potential in the manipulation of
1311:
measurements: positive DEP attracts the cells to the wall of the well, thus when probed with a light beam the well the light intensity increases through the well. The opposite is true for negative DEP, in which the light beam becomes obscured by the cells. Alternatively, the approach can be used to
1336:
Dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation (DEP-FFF), introduced by Davis and
Giddings, is a family of chromatographic-like separation methods. In DEP-FFF, DEP forces are combined with drag flow to fractionate a sample of different types of particles. Particles are injected into a carrier flow that
1345:
The use of photoconductive materials (for example, in lab-on-chip devices) allows for localized inducement of dielectrophoretic forces through the application of light. In addition, one can project an image to induce forces in a patterned illumination area, allowing for some complex manipulations.
1294:
At the start, electrodes were made mainly from wires or metal sheets. Nowadays, the electric field in DEP is created by means of electrodes which minimize the magnitude of the voltage needed. This has been possible using fabrication techniques such as photolithography, laser ablation and electron
89:
along the field lines, which can be either attractive or repulsive according to the orientation on the dipole. Since the field is non-uniform, the pole experiencing the greatest electric field will dominate over the other, and the particle will move. The orientation of the dipole is dependent on
1332:
The utilization of the difference between dielectrophoretic forces exerted on different particles in nonuniform electric fields is known as DEP separation. The exploitation of DEP forces has been classified into two groups: DEP migration and DEP retention. DEP migration uses DEP forces that exert
1303:
These electrodes were developed to offer a high-throughput yet low-cost alternative to conventional electrode structures for DEP. Rather than use photolithographic methods or other microengineering approaches, DEP-well electrodes are constructed from stacking successive conductive and insulating
1275:
DEP is mainly used for characterising cells measuring the changes in their electrical properties. To do this, many techniques are available to quantify the dielectrophoretic response, as it is not possible to directly measure the DEP force. These techniques rely on indirect measures, obtaining a
1223:
As biological cells have dielectric properties, dielectrophoresis has many biological and medical applications. Instruments capable of separating cancer cells from healthy cells have been made as well as isolating single cells from forensic mixed samples. Platelets have been separated from whole
1323:
This approach offers many advantages over conventional, photolithography-based devices but reducing cost, increasing the amount of sample which can be analysed simultaneously, and the simplicity of cell motion reduced to one dimension (where cells can only move radially towards or away from the
859:
in suspension. These equations are accurate for particles when the electric field gradients are not very large (e.g., close to electrode edges) or when the particle is not moving along an axis in which the field gradient is zero (such as at the center of an axisymmetric electrode array), as the
417:
and contains all the frequency dependence of the DEP force. Where the particle consists of nested spheres – the most common example of which is the approximation of a spherical cell composed of an inner part (the cytoplasm) surrounded by an outer layer (the cell membrane) – then this can be
532:
22:
1280:
sensing: particles collecting at the electrode edge have an influence on the impedance of the electrodes – this change can be monitored to quantify DEP. In order to study larger populations of cells, the properties can be obtained by analysing the dielectrophoretic spectra.
1215:
DEP has been also used in conjunction with semiconductor chip technology for the development of DEP array technology for the simultaneous management of thousands of cells in microfluidic devices. Single microelectrodes on the floor of a flow cell are managed by a
109:
dielectrophoresis (TWDEP). These require complex signal generation equipment in order to create the required rotating or traveling electric fields, and as a result of this complexity have found less favor among researchers than conventional dielectrophoresis.
1202:
where 1 is the core (in cellular terms, the cytoplasm), 2 is the shell (in a cell, the membrane). r1 is the radius from the centre of the sphere to the inside of the shell, and r2 is the radius from the centre of the sphere to the outside of the shell.
418:
represented by nested expressions for the shells and the way in which they interact, allowing the properties to be elucidated where there are sufficient parameters related to the number of unknowns being sought. For a more general field-aligned
403:{\displaystyle \langle F_{\mathrm {DEP} }\rangle =2\pi r^{3}\varepsilon _{m}{\textrm {Re}}\left\{{\frac {\varepsilon _{p}^{*}-\varepsilon _{m}^{*}}{\varepsilon _{p}^{*}+2\varepsilon _{m}^{*}}}\right\}\nabla \left|{\vec {E}}_{rms}\right|^{2}}
1211:
Dielectrophoresis can be used to manipulate, transport, separate and sort different types of particles. DEP is being applied in fields such as medical diagnostics, drug discovery, cell therapeutics, and particle filtration.
753:
2039:
Bolognesi et al., Scientific
Reports, 2017, "Digital Sorting of Pure Cell Populations Enables Unambiguous Genetic Analysis of Heterogeneous Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumors by Next Generation Sequencing",
694:{\displaystyle F_{\mathrm {DEP} }={\frac {\pi r^{2}l}{3}}\varepsilon _{m}{\textrm {Re}}\left\{{\frac {\varepsilon _{p}^{*}-\varepsilon _{m}^{*}}{\varepsilon _{m}^{*}}}\right\}\nabla \left|{\vec {E}}\right|^{2}}
2027:
Mesquita et al., Nature 2016, "Molecular analysis of circulating tumor cells identifies distinct copy-number profiles in patients with chemosensitive and chemorefractory small-cell lung cancer",
2214:
Chin, S., et al., Rapid assessment of early biophysical changes in K562 cells during apoptosis determined using dielectrophoresis. International
Journal of Nanomedicine, 2006. 1(3): p. 333–337
2205:
Burt, J.P.H., R. Pethig, and M.S. Talary, Microelectrode devices for manipulating and analysing bioparticles. Transactions of the
Institute of Measurement and Control, 1998. 20(2): p. 82–90
1590:
Constantinou, Marios; Rigas, Grigorios
Panagiotis; Castro, Fernando A.; Stolojan, Vlad; Hoettges, Kai F.; Hughes, Michael P.; Adkins, Emily; Korgel, Brian A.; Shkunov, Maxim (2016-04-26).
524:
492:
200:
168:
85:
Dielectrophoresis occurs when a polarizable particle is suspended in a non-uniform electric field. The electric field polarizes the particle, and the poles then experience a
773:
1782:"Uber die Impedanz einer Suspension von kugelförmigen Teilchen mit einer Schale – ein Modell fur das dielektrische Verhalten von Zellsuspensionen und von Proteinlösungen"
1951:
Mahabadi, Sina; Labeed, Fatima H.; Hughes, Michael P. (2015-07-01). "Effects of cell detachment methods on the dielectric properties of adherent and suspension cells".
2580:
Gascoyne, P.R.C.; Huang, Y.; Pethig, R.; Vykoukal, J.; Becker, F.F. (1992). "Dielectrophoretic separation of mammalian cells studied by computerized image analysis".
2002:
821:
797:
2834:
Rousselet, G.H. Markx; Pethig, R. (1998). "Separation of erythrocytes and latex beads by dielectrophoretic levitation and hyperlayer field-flow fractionation".
841:
460:
440:
136:
2269:
Suehiro, Junya; Pethig, Ronald (1998). "The dielectrophoretic movement and positioning of a biological cell using a three-dimensional grid electrode system".
2524:
2354:
1784:[Impedance of a suspension of ball-shaped particles with a shell: a model for the dielectric behaviour of cell suspensions and protein solutions].
1737:
Irimajiri, Akihiko; Hanai, Tetsuya; Inouye, Akira (1979). "A dielectric theory of "multi-stratified shell" model with its application to a lymphoma cell".
2376:
2052:
Fontana et al., FSI 2017, "Isolation and genetic analysis of pure cells from forensic biological mixtures: The precision of a digital approach",
118:
The simplest theoretical model is that of a homogeneous sphere surrounded by a conducting dielectric medium. For a homogeneous sphere of radius
707:
1307:
DEP-wells can be used in two modes; for analysis or separation. In the first, the dielectrophoretic properties of cells can be monitored by
1220:
chip to form thousands of dielectrophoretic "cages", each capable of capturing and moving one single cell under control of routing software.
1267:
and viruses. DEP can also be used to detect apoptosis soon after drug induction measuring the changes in electrophysiological properties.
91:
2985:
2358:
2015:
Polzer et al., EMBO 2014, Molecular profiling of single
Circulating Tumor cells with diagnostic intention Polzer Et all EMBO 2014
3106:
2158:
Tellez
Gabriel , EJCB, 2017, "Analysis of gap junctional intercellular communications using a dielectrophoresis-based microchip",
851:(as oblate spheroids) or long thin tubes (as prolate ellipsoids) allowing the approximation of the dielectrophoretic response of
1317:
1710:
Tathireddy, P.; Choi, Y-H; Skliar, M (2008). "Particle AC electrokinetics in planar interdigitated microelectrode geometry".
1509:
3137:
3066:
2065:
Pommer, Matthew S. (2008). "Dielectrophoretic separation of platelets from diluted whole blood in microfluidic channels".
3132:
3111:
1591:
2171:
Markx, G. H.; Dyda, P. A.; Pethig, R. (1996). "Dielectrophoretic separation of bacteria using a conductivity gradient".
3096:
1475:
1435:
1376:
2693:
Markx, G.H.; Rousselet, J.; Pethig, R. (1997). "DEP-FFF: Field-flow fractionation using non-uniform electric fields".
2650:
Giddings, J.C. (1993). "Field-Flow
Fractionation: Analysis of macromolecular, colloidal, and particulate materials".
1410:
3215:
3101:
1833:
3142:
3091:
3031:
2259:
Allsop, D.W.E., Milner, K.R., Brown, A.P., Betts, W.B. (1999) Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 32, 1066–1074
1313:
3046:
1324:
centre of the well). Devices manufactured to use the DEP-well principle are marketed under the DEPtech brand.
414:
3249:
3147:
3051:
2978:
1834:"Extraction of dielectric properties of multiple populations from dielectrophoretic collection spectrum data"
3259:
2232:
Hughes, M.P., Morgan, H., Rixon, F.J., Burt, J.P.H., Pethig, R. (1998), Biochim Biophys Acta 1425, 119–126
497:
465:
173:
141:
3026:
847:. This expression has been useful for approximating the dielectrophoretic behavior of particles such as
3005:
2953:
3184:
3036:
2779:"Separation of polystyrene microbeads using dielectrophoretic/gravitational field-flow-fractionation"
3244:
3203:
3021:
2971:
2623:
Davis, J.M.; Giddings, J.C. (1986). "Feasibility study of dielectrical field-flow fractionation".
758:
3254:
1346:
When manipulating living cells, optical dielectrophoresis provides a non-damaging alternative to
800:
2528:
1640:
Pohl, H. A. (1951). "The Motion and Precipitation of Suspensoids in Divergent Electric Fields".
1541:
1592:"Simultaneous Tunable Selection and Self-Assembly of Si Nanowires from Heterogeneous Feedstock"
3076:
3061:
806:
782:
2860:
Dongqing Li, ed. "Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics". Springer, New York, 2008.
2377:"Dielectrophoresis-activated multiwell plate for label-free high-throughput drug assessment"
2375:
Hoettges, K. F.; HĂĽbner, Y.; Broche, L. M.; Ogin, S. L.; Kass, G. E.; Hughes, M. P. (2008).
3222:
3168:
2884:
2790:
2733:
2659:
2589:
2543:
2469:"Dielectrophoresis assisted loading and unloading of microwells for impedance spectroscopy"
2321:
2278:
2117:
1915:
1848:
1746:
1684:
1649:
1556:
1277:
856:
2108:
Pohl, H. A.; Hawk, I. (1966). "Separation of living and dead cells by dielectrophoresis".
8:
3163:
3071:
1900:
865:
776:
2912:
Jones, Thomas B. (2002). "On the Relationship of Dielectrophoresis and Electrowetting".
2888:
2794:
2737:
2663:
2593:
2547:
2325:
2282:
2121:
1919:
1852:
1750:
1688:
1653:
1560:
2811:
2778:
2754:
2721:
2605:
2559:
2501:
2468:
2449:
2337:
2294:
2141:
2090:
1984:
1872:
1811:
1572:
826:
445:
425:
121:
2847:
2802:
2745:
2555:
2290:
1860:
2929:
2900:
2896:
2816:
2759:
2675:
2609:
2506:
2488:
2441:
2399:
2341:
2333:
2298:
2188:
2184:
2133:
2082:
1976:
1968:
1933:
1864:
1803:
1762:
1758:
1622:
1614:
1576:
1568:
1505:
1471:
1431:
1406:
1372:
58:
2601:
2145:
2094:
2016:
1988:
1876:
1815:
3086:
2921:
2892:
2843:
2806:
2798:
2749:
2741:
2702:
2667:
2632:
2597:
2563:
2551:
2496:
2480:
2453:
2433:
2417:
Fatoyinbo, H. O.; Kamchis, D.; Whattingham, R.; Ogin, S. L.; Hughes, M. P. (2005).
2391:
2329:
2286:
2180:
2129:
2125:
2074:
1960:
1923:
1856:
1793:
1754:
1719:
1692:
1657:
1606:
1564:
1347:
1308:
852:
86:
2223:
Labeed, F.H., Coley, H.M., Hughes, M.P. (2006), Biochim Biophys Acta 1760, 922–929
1231:
DEP has made it possible to characterize and manipulate biological particles like
3056:
2994:
2722:"Introducing dielectrophoresis as a new force field for field-flow fractionation"
2312:
Huang, Y.; Pethig, R. (1991). "Electrode design for negative dielectrophoresis".
1892:
1723:
102:
95:
54:
16:
Particle motion in a non-uniform electric field due to dipole-field interactions
2418:
2053:
1369:
Dielectrophoresis: The Behavior of Neutral Matter in Nonuniform Electric Fields
1225:
848:
844:
106:
79:
71:
50:
2706:
2636:
3238:
3127:
3081:
2933:
2904:
2875:
Turcu, I; Lucaciu, C M (1989). "Dielectrophoresis: a spherical shell model".
2492:
2467:
Mansoorifar, Amin; Koklu, Anil; Sabuncu, Ahmet C.; Beskok, Ali (2017-06-01).
2437:
2159:
1972:
1618:
75:
2671:
1610:
2954:
Biological cell separation using dielectrophoresis in a microfluidic device
2510:
2484:
2445:
2403:
2137:
2086:
2078:
1980:
1964:
1937:
1868:
1807:
1626:
90:
the relative polarizability of the particle and medium, in accordance with
2820:
2763:
2679:
2192:
1798:
1781:
1928:
1766:
1252:
1232:
748:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ^{*}=\varepsilon +{\frac {i\sigma }{\omega }}}
2003:"Micro-fluidics cut cancer test from a day to an hour – IMEC Tech Forum"
1901:"Optical detection of asymmetric bacteria utilizing electro orientation"
1675:
Pohl, H. A. (1958). "Some effects of nonuniform fields on dielectrics".
1499:
2958:
1501:
Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices
1236:
46:
2959:
Sandia's dielectrophoresis device may revolutionize sample preparation
2925:
2395:
2241:
Watarai, H., Sakomoto, T., Tsukahara, S. (1997) Langmuir 13, 2417–2420
1696:
1661:
1244:
419:
30:
Dielectrophoresis assembling cancer cells in a 3D microfluidic model.
2041:
1264:
1256:
61:
in the case of cells) properties of the particle to be elucidated.
2963:
2028:
2777:
Wang, X.B.; Vykoukal, J.; Becker, F.F.; Gascoyne, P.R.C. (1998).
1832:
Broche, Lionel M.; Labeed, Fatima H.; Hughes, Michael P. (2005).
1260:
1240:
2416:
2250:
Kaler, K.V., Jones, T.B. (1990) Biophysical Journal 57, 173–182
1589:
861:
2720:
Huang, Y.; Wang, X.B.; Becker, F.F.; Gascoyne, P.R.C. (1997).
1889:
Pethig R. Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials, 1979.
2948:
2529:"Dielectrophoretic reconfiguration of nanowire interconnects"
2466:
2419:"A high-throughput 3-D composite dielectrophoretic separator"
1327:
42:
1709:
2695:
Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies
2579:
1898:
1217:
2776:
1248:
2374:
1527:
Electrokinetically Driven Microfluidics and Nanofluidics
526:
the time-dependent dielectrophoretic force is given by:
2719:
1350:, as the intensity of light is about 1000 times less.
1542:"AC electrokinetics: Applications for nanotechnology"
892:
829:
809:
785:
761:
710:
535:
500:
468:
448:
428:
413:
The factor in curly brackets is known as the complex
211:
176:
144:
124:
98:
motion of particles due to inherent particle charge.
2692:
1950:
1827:
1825:
1736:
1831:
1524:
1270:
1191:
835:
815:
791:
767:
747:
693:
518:
486:
454:
434:
402:
194:
162:
130:
1822:
53:. This force does not require the particle to be
3236:
101:Phenomena associated with dielectrophoresis are
2833:
2365:155–173 (ed. M. Eshaghian-Wilner, Wiley, 2009).
2363:Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing
2170:
1428:Nanoelectromechanics in engineering and biology
49:particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform
2877:Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General
1403:AC Electrokinetics: Colloids and Nanoparticles
2979:
2949:AES Electrophoresis Society - Learning Center
2622:
2523:
2268:
1883:
494:in a medium with complex dielectric constant
2874:
2054:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.04.023
1340:
233:
212:
64:
2575:
2573:
2426:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
2311:
1779:
1400:
2986:
2972:
1328:Dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation
113:
2810:
2753:
2500:
1995:
1927:
1797:
1401:Morgan, Hywel; Green, Nicolas G. (2003).
3107:Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis
2649:
2570:
2107:
1899:Choi, J.W.; Pu, A.; Psaltis, D. (2006).
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
18:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1289:
3237:
2064:
1539:
1533:
1425:
1298:
170:in a medium with complex permittivity
2967:
2911:
2271:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
1497:
1465:
1419:
1385:
860:equations only take into account the
3210:
3138:Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids
3067:Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
1674:
1639:
1518:
1484:
1444:
1366:
519:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{m}^{*}}
487:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{p}^{*}}
195:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{m}^{*}}
163:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{p}^{*}}
3133:DNA separation by silica adsorption
3112:Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
2993:
1360:
704:The complex dielectric constant is
92:Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization
13:
3097:Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
2867:
2582:Measurement Science and Technology
2314:Measurement Science and Technology
2160:DOI.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.01.003
661:
548:
545:
542:
357:
227:
224:
221:
202:the (time-averaged) DEP force is:
14:
3271:
2942:
2625:Separation Science and Technology
2042:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20944
1780:Pauly, H.; Schwan, H. P. (1959).
1284:
462:with complex dielectric constant
3209:
3198:
3197:
3102:Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
1786:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Naturforschung B
1540:Hughes, Michael Pycraft (2000).
3143:Gel electrophoresis of proteins
3092:Moving-boundary electrophoresis
3032:Capillary electrochromatography
2854:
2827:
2770:
2713:
2686:
2643:
2616:
2517:
2460:
2410:
2368:
2359:Dielectrophoretic architectures
2348:
2305:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2164:
2152:
2101:
2058:
2046:
2033:
2029:https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4239
2021:
2009:
1944:
1841:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1773:
1730:
1703:
1668:
1271:As a cell characterisation tool
1206:
3047:Difference gel electrophoresis
2130:10.1126/science.152.3722.647-a
1739:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1633:
1583:
1504:. Cambridge University Press.
1470:. Cambridge University Press.
1371:. Cambridge University Press.
1097:
1069:
975:
947:
923:
917:
675:
372:
1:
3148:Serum protein electrophoresis
3052:Discontinuous electrophoresis
2848:10.1016/s0927-7757(97)00279-3
2803:10.1016/s0006-3495(98)77975-5
2746:10.1016/s0006-3495(97)78144-x
1525:Chang, H.C.; Yao, L. (2009).
1468:Electromechanics of Particles
1353:
41:) is a phenomenon in which a
2185:10.1016/0168-1656(96)01617-3
1759:10.1016/0022-5193(79)90268-6
1724:10.1016/j.elstat.2008.09.002
864:formed and not higher order
823:is the field frequency, and
768:{\displaystyle \varepsilon }
7:
3027:Agarose gel electrophoresis
2556:10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/035
2291:10.1088/0022-3727/31/22/019
2017:DOI 10.15252/emmm.201404033
1861:10.1088/0031-9155/50/10/006
1224:blood with a DEP-activated
10:
3276:
3006:History of electrophoresis
2897:10.1088/0305-4470/22/8/014
2334:10.1088/0957-0233/2/12/005
1677:Journal of Applied Physics
1642:Journal of Applied Physics
1569:10.1088/0957-4484/11/2/314
1405:. Research Studies Press.
415:Clausius-Mossotti function
3193:
3185:Electrophoresis (journal)
3177:
3156:
3120:
3037:Capillary electrophoresis
3014:
3001:
2707:10.1080/10826079708005597
2637:10.1080/01496398608058390
2602:10.1088/0957-0233/3/5/001
1712:Journal of Electrostatics
1341:Optical dielectrophoresis
138:and complex permittivity
65:Background and properties
3022:Affinity electrophoresis
2438:10.1109/TBME.2005.847553
2173:Journal of Biotechnology
2836:Colloids and Surfaces A
2672:10.1126/science.8502990
1611:10.1021/acsnano.6b00005
816:{\displaystyle \omega }
801:electrical conductivity
792:{\displaystyle \sigma }
114:Dielectrophoretic force
2485:10.1002/elps.201700020
2079:10.1002/elps.200700607
1965:10.1002/elps.201500022
1426:Hughes, M. P. (2002).
1193:
857:tobacco mosaic viruses
837:
817:
793:
769:
749:
695:
520:
488:
456:
436:
404:
196:
164:
132:
31:
3077:Immunoelectrophoresis
3062:Electrochromatography
1799:10.1515/znb-1959-0213
1498:Kirby, B. J. (2010).
1466:Jones, T. B. (1995).
1194:
838:
818:
794:
770:
750:
696:
521:
489:
457:
437:
405:
197:
165:
133:
29:
3250:Analytical chemistry
3223:Analytical Chemistry
3169:Isoelectric focusing
2701:(16–17): 2857–2872.
2525:Wissner-Gross, A. D.
2384:Analytical Chemistry
1929:10.1364/OE.14.009780
1367:Pohl, H. A. (1978).
1290:Electrode geometries
890:
827:
807:
783:
759:
708:
533:
498:
466:
446:
426:
209:
174:
142:
122:
59:electrophysiological
3260:Colloidal chemistry
3164:Electrical mobility
3072:Gel electrophoresis
2889:1989JPhA...22..985T
2795:1998BpJ....74.2689W
2783:Biophysical Journal
2738:1997BpJ....73.1118H
2664:1993Sci...260.1456C
2658:(5113): 1456–1465.
2594:1992MeScT...3..439G
2548:2006Nanot..17.4986W
2355:A. D. Wissner-Gross
2326:1991MeScT...2.1142H
2283:1998JPhD...31.3298S
2122:1966Sci...152..647P
1920:2006OExpr..14.9780C
1853:2005PMB....50.2267B
1751:1979JThBi..78..251I
1689:1958JAP....29.1182P
1654:1951JAP....22..869P
1561:2000Nanot..11..124P
1299:DEP-well electrodes
1182:
1161:
1144:
1126:
1063:
1042:
1025:
1007:
943:
916:
777:dielectric constant
654:
638:
620:
515:
483:
349:
328:
311:
293:
191:
159:
1718:(11–12): 609–619.
1189:
1168:
1147:
1130:
1112:
1049:
1028:
1011:
993:
929:
893:
833:
813:
789:
765:
745:
691:
640:
624:
606:
516:
501:
484:
469:
452:
432:
400:
335:
314:
297:
279:
192:
177:
160:
145:
128:
32:
3232:
3231:
3042:Dielectrophoresis
2926:10.1021/la025616b
2920:(11): 4437–4443.
2542:(19): 4986–4990.
2479:(11): 1466–1474.
2396:10.1021/ac702083g
2320:(12): 1142–1146.
2277:(22): 3298–3305.
2005:. 7 October 2009.
1959:(13): 1493–1498.
1914:(21): 9780–9785.
1847:(10): 2267–2274.
1697:10.1063/1.1723398
1662:10.1063/1.1700065
1511:978-0-521-11903-0
1187:
1184:
1094:
1065:
972:
836:{\displaystyle i}
743:
678:
655:
596:
580:
455:{\displaystyle l}
435:{\displaystyle r}
375:
351:
269:
131:{\displaystyle r}
35:Dielectrophoresis
27:
3267:
3213:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3087:Isotachophoresis
2988:
2981:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2937:
2908:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2842:(1–3): 209–216.
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2789:(5): 2689–2701.
2774:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2732:(2): 1118–1129.
2717:
2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2533:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2423:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2381:
2372:
2366:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2073:(6): 1213–1218.
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1683:(8): 1182–1188.
1672:
1666:
1665:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1605:(4): 4384–4394.
1596:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1442:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1348:optical tweezers
1309:light absorption
1198:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1006:
1001:
991:
983:
982:
973:
971:
970:
961:
960:
951:
945:
942:
937:
915:
910:
853:carbon nanotubes
842:
840:
839:
834:
822:
820:
819:
814:
798:
796:
795:
790:
774:
772:
771:
766:
754:
752:
751:
746:
744:
739:
731:
720:
719:
700:
698:
697:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:
671:
660:
656:
653:
648:
639:
637:
632:
619:
614:
604:
598:
597:
594:
591:
590:
581:
576:
572:
571:
558:
553:
552:
551:
525:
523:
522:
517:
514:
509:
493:
491:
490:
485:
482:
477:
461:
459:
458:
453:
441:
439:
438:
433:
409:
407:
406:
401:
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:
377:
376:
368:
356:
352:
350:
348:
343:
327:
322:
312:
310:
305:
292:
287:
277:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
254:
253:
232:
231:
230:
201:
199:
198:
193:
190:
185:
169:
167:
166:
161:
158:
153:
137:
135:
134:
129:
45:is exerted on a
28:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3245:Electrophoresis
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3189:
3173:
3152:
3116:
3057:Electroblotting
3010:
2997:
2995:Electrophoresis
2992:
2945:
2940:
2870:
2868:Further reading
2865:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2832:
2828:
2775:
2771:
2718:
2714:
2691:
2687:
2648:
2644:
2621:
2617:
2578:
2571:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2473:Electrophoresis
2465:
2461:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2310:
2306:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2116:(3722): 647–9.
2106:
2102:
2067:Electrophoresis
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1953:Electrophoresis
1949:
1945:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1778:
1774:
1735:
1731:
1708:
1704:
1673:
1669:
1638:
1634:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1496:
1485:
1478:
1464:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1301:
1292:
1287:
1273:
1209:
1177:
1172:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1053:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1002:
997:
992:
990:
978:
974:
966:
962:
956:
952:
950:
946:
944:
938:
933:
911:
897:
891:
888:
887:
880:
849:red blood cells
828:
825:
824:
808:
805:
804:
784:
781:
780:
760:
757:
756:
732:
730:
715:
711:
709:
706:
705:
685:
670:
669:
665:
664:
649:
644:
633:
628:
615:
610:
605:
603:
599:
593:
592:
586:
582:
567:
563:
559:
557:
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
510:
505:
499:
496:
495:
478:
473:
467:
464:
463:
447:
444:
443:
427:
424:
423:
394:
378:
367:
366:
365:
361:
360:
344:
339:
323:
318:
313:
306:
301:
288:
283:
278:
276:
272:
266:
265:
259:
255:
249:
245:
220:
219:
215:
210:
207:
206:
186:
181:
175:
172:
171:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
123:
120:
119:
116:
103:electrorotation
96:electrophoretic
67:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3273:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:Nanotechnology
3252:
3247:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3207:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2943:External links
2941:
2939:
2938:
2909:
2883:(8): 985–993.
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2826:
2769:
2712:
2685:
2642:
2631:(9): 969–989.
2615:
2588:(5): 439–445.
2569:
2536:Nanotechnology
2516:
2459:
2409:
2367:
2347:
2304:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2163:
2151:
2100:
2057:
2045:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1994:
1943:
1908:Optics Express
1891:
1882:
1821:
1772:
1745:(2): 251–269.
1729:
1702:
1667:
1648:(7): 869–871.
1632:
1582:
1555:(2): 124–132.
1549:Nanotechnology
1532:
1517:
1510:
1483:
1477:978-0521019101
1476:
1443:
1437:978-0849311833
1436:
1418:
1411:
1384:
1378:978-0521216579
1377:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Implementation
1283:
1272:
1269:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
981:
977:
969:
965:
959:
955:
949:
941:
936:
932:
928:
925:
922:
919:
914:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
878:
845:imaginary unit
832:
812:
788:
764:
742:
738:
735:
729:
726:
723:
718:
714:
702:
701:
688:
683:
677:
674:
668:
663:
659:
652:
647:
643:
636:
631:
627:
623:
618:
613:
609:
602:
589:
585:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
556:
550:
547:
544:
539:
513:
508:
504:
481:
476:
472:
451:
431:
411:
410:
397:
392:
387:
384:
381:
374:
371:
364:
359:
355:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:
326:
321:
317:
309:
304:
300:
296:
291:
286:
282:
275:
262:
258:
252:
248:
244:
241:
238:
235:
229:
226:
223:
218:
214:
189:
184:
180:
157:
152:
148:
127:
115:
112:
107:traveling wave
72:microparticles
66:
63:
51:electric field
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3272:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:DNA laddering
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Iontophoresis
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:(7): 1347–9.
2431:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:(6): 2063–8.
2389:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
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422:of radius
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