32:
682:
397:, where the deceased's passage into the realm of the dead is marked with a holocaust to his Manes at his tomb, while his family returns home to share a sacrificial meal at which his exclusion from the feast was ritually pronounced. Thereafter, he was considered part of the collective Manes, sharing in the sacrifices made to them.
400:
Thus, victims for public sacrifices were most often domesticated animals that were a normal part of the Roman diet, while offerings of victims the Romans considered inedible, such as horses and puppies, mark a chthonic aspect of the deity propitiated, whether or not the divinity belonged to the
1105:
Arbores quae inferum deorum avertentiumque in tutela sunt, eas infelices nominant: alternum sanguinem filicem, ficum atram, quaeque bacam nigram nigrosque fructus ferunt, itemque acrifolium, pirum silvaticum, pruscum rubum sentesque quibus portenta prodigiaque mala comburi iubere
643:
or concerned with death. They typically receive nocturnal sacrifices, or dark-colored animals as offerings. Other deities may have had a secondary or disputed chthonic aspect. Rituals pertaining to
389:
to gods of the upper world usually resulted in communal meals, with the cooked victim apportioned to divine and human recipients. Infernal gods, by contrast, received burnt offerings (
401:
underworld entirely. Secret ritual practices characterized as "magic" were often holocausts directed at underworld gods, and puppies were a not uncommon offering, especially to
599:
held for them as representative of the underworld gods' inhumane and horrifying nature. To
Prudentius, the other Roman gods were merely false, easily explained as
393:), in which the sacrificial victims were burnt to ash, because the living were prohibited from sharing a meal with the dead. This prohibition is reflected also in
288:
31:
639:
The following list includes deities who were thought to dwell in the underworld, or whose functions mark them as primarily or significantly
1051:
281:
768:
668:
427:, when a general pledged his own life as an offering along with the enemy, was directed at the gods of the underworld under the name
206:
41:
1094:
567:
1130:
671:
are often cultivated like death deities, with nocturnal offerings that suggest a theological view of birth and death as a cycle.
274:
373:
262:
110:
228:
201:
211:
1173:
417:, which offer personal enemies to them. The infernal gods were also the recipients on the rare occasions when
776:("Mother of the Lares"), a goddess of obscure identity and underworld associations variously identified as
681:
1178:
474:
394:
839:
90:
19:
969:(Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 357–358; Fritz Graf, "What Is New about Greek Sacrifice?" in
507:, the three horses represented the three stages of a human life: childhood, youth, and old age.
1183:
1113:
238:
993:(University of Barcelona, 2009), p. 170; Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," p. 269.
518:
390:
314:
160:
100:
255:
248:
806:, an archaic underworld deity whose name was also used for the underworld itself; compare
499:, as a generic term for "field for equestrian exercise", took its name) was sacred to the
8:
773:
652:
120:
95:
1100:
1068:
726:
554:
504:
1146:
989:(A. Fontemoing, 1904), pp. lxii, xcvi, with examples p. 253; Francisco Marco Simon, "
982:
822:
710:
648:
243:
787:
644:
386:
177:
791:
664:
584:
534:
491:
418:
233:
78:
37:
1041:(University of California Press, 1986), pp. 544, 558; Auguste Bouché-Leclercq,
61:
730:
690:
526:
470:
454:
182:
150:
965:
Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and
Ancestors," pp. 263–264, 269; Robert Parker,
1167:
1108:
Modern
English identifications by Robert A. Kaster in his translation of the
927:(University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 133.
751:
608:
550:
466:
462:
189:
171:
130:
674:
The deities listed below are not to be regarded as collectively forming the
1056:
450:
344:), meaning "good" or "kindly," which was a euphemistic way to speak of the
73:
719:, Etruscan god of purification and death, absorbed into the Roman pantheon
694:
949:
764:
600:
328:, a collective of ancestral spirits. The most likely origin of the word
818:
781:
734:
656:
588:
572:
412:
1084:
1011:
Frances
Hickson Hahn, "Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns," in
797:
702:
596:
530:
478:
458:
449:, Rome's sacred boundary, as were tombs. Horse racing along with the
713:, who presided over the afterlife as a divine couple with Proserpina
851:
845:
746:
640:
481:. The Taurian Games were celebrated specifically to propitiate the
445:
145:
991:
Formae Mortis: El Tránsito de la Muerte en las
Sociedades Antiguas
595:
as integral to the ancestral religion of Rome, and criticized the
903:
826:
777:
740:
716:
628:
562:
423:
318:
835:
831:
812:
722:
686:
660:
575:
powers and was used for burning objects regarded as ill omens.
402:
140:
135:
848:, god of nocturnal thunder who was later identified with Pluto
874:
807:
803:
758:
729:("three paths"), an aspect of the triple goddess, along with
624:
620:
558:
546:
542:
356:
325:
125:
67:
855:
616:
538:
453:
of underworld gods was characteristic of "old and obscure"
84:
967:
815:
or Morta, one of the three fates who determines mortality
634:
825:
and queen of the underworld with her husband Dis; also
767:, an obscure underworld goddess who was concerned with
667:
that was underground, like that of Dis and
Proserpina.
655:
moves between the realms of upper- and underworld as a
313:(Latin, "the gods below") were a shadowy collective of
348:
so as to avert their potential to harm or cause fear.
363:("gods above"), whose sites for offerings are called
1002:
Scheid, "Sacrifices for Gods and
Ancestors," p. 269.
385:, "hearths," on the ground or in a pit. In general,
545:, "those that bear a black berry and black fruit,"
892:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
651:, suggest a role in the cycle of birth and death.
1165:
1024:A.L. Frothingham, "Vediovis, the Volcanic God,"
1045:(Hachette, 1886), p. 549; "Purificazione," in
709:("Father Dis"), the Roman equivalent of Greek
317:associated with death and the underworld. The
854:, an obscure archaic god, perhaps a chthonic
529:of certain trees and shrubs, on one list the
282:
1127:Studies on the Text of Macrobius' Saturnalia
784:("Silent Goddess") or Muta "(Mute Goddess)"
678:, whose individual identities are obscure.
434:
253:
187:
952:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors," in
289:
275:
1149:, "The Powers of Darkness in Prudentius'
1039:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing
971:Kykeon: Studies in Honour of H.S. Versnel
381:, to whom offerings are made by means of
359:(1st century BC) distinguishes among the
894:(Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 366.
755:associated with death and the underworld
680:
647:, particularly in a form influenced by
603:mortals, but an act of devotion to the
421:was carried out in Rome. The ritual of
371:("terrestrial gods"), whose altars are
1166:
1153:: A Study of His Poetic Imagination,"
635:List of underworld or chthonic deities
619:and the figure variously known as the
578:
1047:Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum
611:, because Christians assimilated the
488:The rarely raced three-horse chariot
409:were often invoked in binding spells
1145:I.379–399, II.1086–1132, and V.354;
510:
439:Religious sites and rituals for the
340:(more often in Latin as its antonym
46:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
565:." The wood of these trees, called
13:
521:tradition of tree divination, the
229:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
14:
1195:
1129:(Oxford University Press, 2010),
1043:Manuel des Institutions Romaines
324:is also given to the mysterious
30:
1135:
1119:
1078:
1062:
1031:
1018:
1005:
923:Robert Schilling, "The Manes,"
800:, goddess of the funeral lament
615:to their beliefs pertaining to
1157:19.4 (1965), pp. 238, 240–248.
1013:A Companion to Roman Religion,
996:
976:
959:
943:
930:
925:Roman and European Mythologies
917:
897:
884:
868:
838:; deep, shadow and one of the
1:
1055:, 2004), p. 83. See also the
1026:American Journal of Philology
954:A Companion to Roman Religion
861:
351:
669:Deities concerned with birth
571:("inauspicious trees"), had
7:
1091:3.20, citing the lost work
10:
1200:
956:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 271.
443:were properly outside the
834:, god of darkness. Greek
435:Festivals and topography
912:inferos Silanorum manes
659:. The agricultural god
1174:Ancient Roman religion
1114:Loeb Classical Library
973:(Brill, 2002), p. 118.
698:
254:
239:Ancient Greek religion
188:
890:Entry on "Death," in
761:, spirits of the dead
743:, the malevolent dead
684:
315:ancient Roman deities
53:Practices and beliefs
1155:Vigiliae Christianae
256:Interpretatio Graeca
249:Gallo-Roman religion
987:Defixionum Tabellae
579:Christian reception
469:, and sites in the
1179:Underworld deities
1125:Robert A. Kaster,
1101:Tarquitius Priscus
1069:Isidore of Seville
1037:John H. Humphrey,
1028:38 (1917), p. 377.
940:, book 5, frg. 65.
938:Divine Antiquities
840:primordial deities
699:
649:Etruscan tradition
597:gladiatorial games
505:Isidore of Seville
91:funerary practices
1147:Friedrich Solmsen
983:Auguste Audollent
737:, adapted in Rome
568:arbores infelices
512:Arbores infelices
495:, from which the
299:
298:
244:Etruscan religion
202:agricultural gods
101:mystery religions
47:
1191:
1158:
1151:Contra Symmachum
1143:Contra Symmachum
1139:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1082:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1035:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
980:
974:
963:
957:
947:
941:
934:
928:
921:
915:
901:
895:
888:
882:
879:De lingua latina
872:
769:infant mortality
387:animal sacrifice
291:
284:
277:
259:
193:
178:Capitoline Triad
36:
34:
24:
16:
15:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1063:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
981:
977:
964:
960:
948:
944:
935:
931:
922:
918:
902:
898:
889:
885:
873:
869:
864:
792:personification
637:
585:early Christian
581:
555:butcher's broom
515:
503:. According to
455:Roman festivals
437:
419:human sacrifice
354:
295:
234:Roman mythology
216:
212:divine emperors
197:underworld gods
155:
151:Fratres Arvales
105:
48:
45:
38:Marcus Aurelius
22:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1134:
1118:
1077:
1061:
1030:
1017:
1004:
995:
975:
958:
942:
929:
916:
896:
883:
866:
865:
863:
860:
859:
858:
849:
843:
829:
821:, daughter of
816:
810:
801:
795:
785:
771:
762:
756:
744:
738:
720:
714:
691:Antalya Museum
636:
633:
580:
577:
514:
509:
471:Campus Martius
436:
433:
353:
350:
297:
296:
294:
293:
286:
279:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
260:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
221:Related topics
218:
217:
215:
214:
209:
207:childhood gods
204:
199:
194:
185:
183:Aventine Triad
180:
175:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
117:
114:
113:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
81:
76:
71:
64:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1196:
1185:
1184:Roman deities
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
999:
992:
988:
984:
979:
972:
968:
962:
955:
951:
946:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
909:
905:
900:
893:
887:
880:
876:
871:
867:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
830:
828:
824:
820:
817:
814:
813:Parca Maurtia
811:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:
752:indigitamenta
749:, one of the
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
708:
704:
701:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:devil worship
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:regarded the
590:
586:
576:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:woodland pear
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Taurian Games
464:
463:October Horse
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
432:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
414:
408:
404:
398:
396:
395:funeral rites
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
369:di terrestres
366:
362:
358:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
311:
306:
305:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
272:
270:
269:
264:
261:
258:
257:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
220:
219:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
192:
191:
190:Indigitamenta
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
173:
172:Dii Consentes
169:
168:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
112:
109:
108:
102:
99:
97:
96:imperial cult
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
69:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
39:
33:
29:
28:
25:
18:
17:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1141:Prudentius,
1137:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1057:Lusus Troiae
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1020:
1012:
1007:
998:
990:
986:
978:
970:
966:
961:
953:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
911:
907:
899:
891:
886:
878:
870:
750:
706:
675:
673:
638:
612:
607:constituted
604:
592:
582:
566:
522:
516:
511:
500:
496:
489:
487:
482:
473:such as the
457:such as the
451:propitiation
444:
440:
438:
428:
422:
410:
406:
399:
382:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
309:
308:
303:
302:
300:
196:
170:
83:
66:
42:head covered
23:ancient Rome
1073:Etymologies
950:John Scheid
774:Mater Larum
765:Mana Genita
601:euhemerized
111:Priesthoods
21:Religion in
1168:Categories
1110:Saturnalia
1095:Ostentario
1089:Saturnalia
862:References
819:Proserpina
782:Dea Tacita
735:Proserpina
685:Statue of
657:psychopomp
589:Prudentius
573:apotropaic
535:red cornel
527:tutelaries
413:defixiones
391:holocausts
352:Sacrifices
310:dii inferi
121:Pontifices
1097:Arborario
1085:Macrobius
798:Nenia Dea
707:Dis pater
695:Konyaaltı
676:di inferi
613:di inferi
605:di inferi
593:di inferi
543:black fig
531:buckthorn
525:were the
523:di inferi
501:di inferi
497:trigarium
483:di inferi
479:Trigarium
459:Consualia
441:di inferi
407:Di inferi
379:di inferi
361:di superi
304:di inferi
79:festivals
1112:for the
1106:oportet.
852:Vediovis
846:Summanus
794:of death
747:Libitina
697:, Turkey
641:chthonic
563:brambles
519:Etruscan
477:and the
475:Tarentum
446:pomerium
429:Di Manes
332:is from
146:Epulones
141:Fetiales
136:Flamines
131:Vestales
62:libation
1015:p. 239.
936:Varro,
910:13.14:
908:Annales
904:Tacitus
827:Erecura
778:Larunda
741:Lemures
717:Februus
711:Plouton
663:had an
653:Mercury
629:Lucifer
517:In the
424:devotio
365:altaria
342:immanis
319:epithet
263:Decline
161:Deities
126:Augures
74:temples
1131:p. 48.
1075:18.36.
836:Erebos
832:Scotus
727:Trivia
723:Hecate
687:Hecate
661:Consus
561:, and
465:, the
461:, the
403:Hecate
377:; and
367:; the
346:inferi
322:inferi
881:6.13.
875:Varro
823:Ceres
808:Hades
804:Orcus
759:Manes
665:altar
627:, or
625:Satan
621:Devil
587:poet
559:briar
547:holly
492:triga
357:Varro
338:manis
334:manus
330:Manes
326:Manes
68:votum
1052:LIMC
856:Jove
788:Mors
733:and
731:Luna
645:Mars
617:Hell
583:The
539:fern
383:foci
374:arae
301:The
85:ludi
1099:by
1093:De
780:or
725:or
705:or
703:Dis
693:in
336:or
307:or
1170::
1103::
1087:,
1071:,
985:,
906:,
877:,
790:,
689:;
631:.
623:,
557:,
553:,
549:,
541:,
537:,
533:,
485:.
431:.
405:.
1116:.
1059:.
1049:(
914:.
842:.
490:(
415:)
411:(
290:e
283:t
276:v
44:)
40:(
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