337:. Bem theorized that the influence of biological factors on sexual orientation may be mediated by experiences in childhood, that the child's temperament predisposes the child to prefer certain activities over others. Bem noted that because of their temperament, which is influenced by biological variables such as genetic factors, some children will be attracted to activities that are commonly enjoyed by other children of the same gender, while others will prefer activities that are typical of the other gender. Bem theorized that this makes a gender-conforming child feel different from opposite-gender children, while gender-nonconforming children will feel different from children of their own gender. He believes that this feeling of difference evokes physiological arousal when the child is near members of the gender which the child considers as being "different". Bem theorizes that this physiological arousal is later transformed into sexual arousal: that is, as adults, people become sexually attracted to the gender which they came to see as different, or "exotic", while they were children.
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Mellon students' attitudes toward having control of their university curriculum. After an initial measurement of student attitudes, which were favorable toward student control, Bem and McConnel assigned students to write an essay opposing student control. By writing an essay proclaiming views different from the ones they held, students' views changed to become less favorable toward student control. When Bem and McConnell asked the students how they had felt at the beginning of the study, students insisted that they had always felt less favorable toward student control. The students believed that the experiment had not changed their opinions, even though it had changed their opinions significantly.
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contradict the original data. An "examination of the original data showed virtually all respondents were familiar with children of both sexes", and that only 9% of gay men said that "none or only a few" of their friends were male, and most gay men (74%) reported having "an especially close friend of the same sex" during grade school. Further, "71% of gay men reported feeling different from other boys, but so did 38% of heterosexual men. The difference for gay men is larger, but still indicates that feeling different from same-sex peers was common for heterosexual men." Bem also acknowledged that gay men were more likely to have older brothers (the
482:. The article's findings challenged modern scientific conceptions about the unidirectional nature of time. Its presentation by a respected researcher, and its publication by an upper-tier journal, engendered much controversy. In addition to criticism of the paper itself, the paper's publication prompted a wider debate on the validity of peer review process for allowing such a paper to be published. Bem appeared on MSNBC and
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evidence that the reported studies are biased in favor of supporting ESP. These findings imply that studies with non-significant results are missing and the reported evidence overstates the strength of the effect and evidence. According to
Francis, this suggests that Bem's experiments cannot be taken as a proper scientific study, as critical data is likely unavailable.
573:, refused the paper after reservations from one referee, later confirmed to be Bem himself, who "might possibly have a conflict of interest with respect to ... submission." Wiseman set up a register to keep track of other replicating efforts to avoid problems with publication bias, and planned to conduct a meta-analysis on registered replication efforts.
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activities typical of their sex in childhood, compared with only 10–15% of heterosexual men and women. Bem also drew from six prospective studies, longitudinal studies that began with gender-nonconforming boys around age 7 and followed them into adolescence and adulthood; a majority (63%) of the gender nonconforming boys become gay or bisexual as adults.
643:(née Lipsitz), also a psychology professor, in 1965. Though still legally married, they were "amicably separated" from 1994 until her death in 2014. In 2015, he married his partner of twenty years, Ithaca College professor of communication studies, performance studies, and queer studies Bruce Henderson. They live in Ithaca, NY.
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magazine on the "Feeling the Future" experiments, Bem is quoted as saying, “I’m all for rigor, but I prefer other people do it. I see its importance—it’s fun for some people—but I don’t have the patience for it.” The article continues: "It’s been hard for him, he said, to move into a field where the
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The publication of Bem's article and the resulting controversy prompted a wide-ranging commentary by
Etienne LeBel and Kurt Peters. Using Bem's article as a case study, they discussed deficiencies in the accepted methodology most commonly used in experimental psychology. LeBel and Peters suggest that
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said that he found metaphorical "dirty test tubes," or serious methodological flaws, such as changing the procedures partway through the experiments and combining results of tests with different chances of significance. It is unknown how many tests were actually performed, nor is there an explanation
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to be the strongest predictor of a homosexual orientation for both men and women. Bem also noted that in a study by the Kinsey
Institute of approximately 1000 gay men and lesbians (and a control group of 500 heterosexual men and women), 63% of both gay men and lesbians reported that they did not like
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reported by Bem (nine out of ten tested) is abnormally high, given the properties of the experiments and reported effect sizes (Francis, 2012; Schimmack, 2012). Schimmack (2015) used a more powerful test to reveal selection for significance, the Test of
Insufficient Variance, and found even stronger
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stated that "Bem's theory has received a lot of praise for the way it seamlessly links biological and environmental influences" and that there "is also some support for the model in the sense that childhood gender nonconformity is indeed one of the strongest predicators of adult homosexuality", but
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would "not have a clue that serious doubt had been cast on more than a quarter of the studies involved". Blackmore recounts having a discussion with Bem at a consciousness conference where she challenged him on his support of
Sargent and Honorton's research; he replied "it did not matter". Writing
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tribe in Papua New Guinea, which ritually enforced homosexual acts among teenagers, yet once these boys reached adulthood, only a small proportion of men continued to engage in homosexual behaviour - similar to levels observed in the United States. Additionally, Bem's model could be interpreted as
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concluded that "studies cited by Bem and additional research show that Exotic
Becomes Erotic theory is not supported by scientific evidence." Bem was criticized for relying on a non-random sample of gay men from the 1970s (rather than collecting new data) and for drawing conclusions that appear to
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According to self-perception theory, people infer their attitudes from their own behavior much as an outside observer might. For example, just as a person might watch someone else giving a pro-Fidel Castro speech and infer that the person is in favor of Castro, a person who is asked to give such a
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In 1970, Bem and Keith McConnell demonstrated that people are often unaware of attitude changes caused by their behavior. Instead, people believe that the views they currently hold are the views that they have always held. Bem and McConnell demonstrated this by measuring the change in
Carnegie
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data count for so much. “If you looked at all my past experiments, they were always rhetorical devices. I gathered data to show how my point would be made. I used data as a point of persuasion, and I never really worried about, ‘Will this replicate or will this not?’”" While fellow psychologist
305:. The two theories appear contradictory. Dissonance theory explains how people change their attitudes when they find themselves acting in opposition to the attitudes they already hold, while self-perception theory explains how people create their attitudes in the first place.
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disagreed with Bem and
Honorton as he claims to have discovered some interesting patterns in the data that implied visual cues may have taken place in the experiments. Hyman wrote that the autoganzfeld experiments were flawed because they did not preclude the possibility of
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to Bem's data, concluded, "We remain unconvinced of the viability of ESP. There is no plausible mechanism for it, and it seems contradicted by well-substantiated theories in both physics and biology. Against this background, a change in odds of 40 is negligible.
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had just begun, and he became so intrigued with the changing attitudes toward desegregation in the
American South that he decided to switch fields and pursue a career as a social psychologist specializing in attitudes and public opinion. He obtained his
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of how it was determined that participants had "settled down" after seeing erotic images. Alcock concludes that "Just about everything that could be done wrong in an experiment occurred here". Bem's response to Alcock's critique appeared online at the
432:(1999) who discovered errors in Bem's research carried out a meta-analysis of ganzfeld experiments in other laboratories. They found no psi effect, the results showed no effect greater than chance from a database of 30 experiments and a non-
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and found no evidence of precognition. Several failed attempts by the authors to publish their replication attempt highlighted difficulties in publishing replications, attracting media attention over concerns of publication bias. The
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also criticized Bem's review of the
Ganzfeld literature, noting that of the nine studies that were used for the review, five came from one laboratory (Chuck Honorton's). Blackmore also noted that Bem included experiments from
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in the review, and Blackmore had previously found that Sargent had "deliberately violated his own protocols and in one trial had almost certainly cheated." According to Blackmore, psychologists reading Bem's review in
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Blackmore states "But it does matter. ... It matters because Bem's continued claims mislead a willing public into believing that there is reputable scientific evidence for ESP in the Ganzfeld when there is not".
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D. J. Bem, H. K. McConnell. Testing the self-perception explanation of dissonance phenomena: On the salience of premanipulation attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1970
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506:-value. This could account for the marginally-significant results of his experiment. Bem and two statisticians subsequently published a rebuttal to this critique in the
363:), which appeared to contradict an unfamiliarity with males. Bem cited cross-cultural studies which also "appear to contradict the EBE theory assertion", such as the
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415:(1994) reviewed the experimental arrangements of the autoganzfeld experiments, and concluded they provided excellent security against deception by subjects and
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Bem, D. J.; McConnell, H. K. (January 1970). "Testing the self-perception explanation of dissonance phenomena: on the salience of premanipulation attitudes".
624:", he also notes that Bem "has been given substantial credit for stimulating the movement to tighten the standards for research" such as that taking place in
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Bem, D. J. (September 1977). "Predicting more of the people more of the time: some thoughts on the Allen-Potkay studies of intraindividual variability".
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Zucker, K. J. (1990). "Gender identity disorders in children: Clinical descriptions and natural history". In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner (Eds.),
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implying that if one could change a child's behavior, one could change their sexual orientation, but most psychologists doubt this would be possible.
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In 2011, Bem published the article "Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect" in the
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A large-scale pre-registered replication in 2023, which included Bem and other ESP proponents in its design, found no evidence for precognition.
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Schimmack, U. (2012). The Ironic Effect of Significant Results on the Credibility of Multiple-Study Articles. Psychological Methods, 17, 551–566
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has said that while the theory was arranged in a "believable temporal order", that it ultimately "lacks empirical support". Social psychologist
2463:"Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: the transparent Psi project"
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D. J. Bem, C. Honorton. Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 1994
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A. Caspi, G. H. Elder, D. J. Bem. Moving against the world: Life-course patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology, 1987
2265:"The Test of Insufficient Variance (TIVA): A New Tool for the Detection of Questionable Research Practices | Replicability-Index"
2337:"Fearing the future of empirical psychology: Bem's (2011) evidence of psi as a case study of deficiencies in modal research practice"
1987:
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Bem, D. J. (March 1972). "Constructing cross-situational consistencies in behavior: some thoughts on Alker's critique of Mischel".
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S. L. Bem, D. J. Bem Does Sex-biased Job Advertising" Aid and Abet" Sex Discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1973
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Caspi, A; Bem, D. J.; Elder Jr, G. H. (June 1989). "Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course".
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A. Caspi, G. H. Elder, D. J. Bem. Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children. Developmental Psychology, 1988
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271:, Stanford, Harvard, and Cornell University. He started at Cornell in 1978 and retired in 2007, becoming a professor emeritus.
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Milton, Wiseman; Wiseman, R. (1999). "Does Psi Exist? Lack of Replication of an Anomalous Process of Information Transfer".
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Bem, D. J. (April 1998). "Is EBE theory supported by the evidence? Is it androcentric? A reply to Peplau et al. (1998)".
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R. L. Atkinson, R. C. Atkinson, E. E. Smith, D. J. Bem. Introduction to Psychology 1990 - Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
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Bem, D. J. (December 2000). "Exotic becomes erotic: interpreting the biological correlates of sexual orientation".
608:. The paper reported seven experiments testing for precognition that "found no evidence supporting its existence."
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experimental psychology is systemically biased toward interpretations of data that favor the researcher's theory.
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that the validity of the model "has been questioned on numerous grounds and scientists have largely rejected it."
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and lesbians report being gender-nonconforming during their childhood years. A meta-analysis of 48 studies showed
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2032:"Failing the Future: Three Unsuccessful Attempts to Replicate Bem's 'Retroactive Facilitation of Recall' Effect"
428:. Bem and Honorton's review was criticized by the scientific community as it contained errors. Julie Milton and
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Ritchie, Stuart J.; Wiseman, Richard; French, Christopher C.; Gilbert, Sam (March 2012). Gilbert, Sam (ed.).
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Peplau, Letitia A.; Garnets, Linda D.; Spalding, Leah R; Conley, Terri D.; Veniegas, Rosemary C. (May 1998).
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One of the nine experiments in Bem's study ("Retroactive Facilitation of Recall") was repeated by scientists
2660:"Odds Are Against ESP: New Statistical Approach Doesn't Support Claims That Extra-sensory Perception Exists"
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1948:"Odds are against ESP: New statistical approach doesn't support claims that extra-sensory perception exists"
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Bem, D. J. (May 1967). "Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena".
322:
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2635:"Precognition or Pathological Science? An Analysis of Daryl Bem’s Controversial Feeling the Future Paper"
2235:"Replication Registry: Are you conducting a replication of Daryl Bem's 'Feeling the Future' experiments?"
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1646:"Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect"
1808:"Why psychologists must change the way they analyze their data: the case of psi: comment on Bem (2011)"
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2009:
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1302:"Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review"
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Bem, D. J. An experimental analysis of self-persuasion. Attitude change: the competing views, 1971
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592:(Vol. 103, No. 6), published "Correcting the Past: Failures to Replicate Psi" by Jeff Galak of
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2287:"Too good to be true: Publication bias in two prominent studies from experimental psychology"
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Staff report (July 21, 1966). Senators Hear an Interrogation In Study of Confession Ruling
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2592:"Failure to Replicate Results of Bem Parapsychology Experiments Published by Same Journal"
2379:"Failure to Replicate Results of Bem Parapsychology Experiments Published by Same Journal"
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each rejected the paper on the grounds that it was a replication. A fourth journal, the
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criticized Bem's statistical methodology, saying that he incorrectly provides one-sided
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1467:"Does psi exist? Replicable evidence for an anomalous process of information transfer"
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website, and Alcock replied to these comments in a third article at the same website.
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Blackmore, Susan (2019). "Another scandal for psychology: Daryl Bem's data massage".
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Wagenmakers, E. J.; Wetzels, R.; Borsboom, D.; van der Maas, H. L. (March 2011).
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Chandler, David L. (February 15, 1993). Study finds evidence of ESP phenomenon.
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of attitude change, which proposes a different mechanism of change than that of
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Bem, D. J. (1983). "Toward a response style theory of persons in situations".
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In 2012, two independent articles found that the number of rejections of the
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and served as an expert witness in court cases involving sex discrimination.
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contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced.
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sees this statement as coming "remarkably close to an outright admission of
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speech would consequently come to view themself as more in favor of Castro.
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1362:"A Critique of Bern's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" Theory of Sexual Orientation"
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1522:. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007).
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Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and adults
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325:(EBE) presents one possible explanation as to what differentiates the
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1201:"Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation"
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In 2012, the same journal that published Bem's original experiments,
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Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation
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Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-Perception Theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
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1253:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 67–81.
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Bem, D. J. (June 1966). "Inducing belief in false confessions".
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Jeffrey Rouder and Richard Morey, who applied a meta-analytical
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Bem based this theory in part on the finding that a majority of
2643:"New Analyses Raise Doubts About Replicability of ESP Findings"
2624:"Precognition Studies and the Curse of the Failed Replications"
2181:"Precognition studies and the curse of the failed replications"
1576:"New Analyses Raise Doubts About Replicability of ESP Findings"
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1988:"Response to Alcock's "Back from the Future: Comments on Bem""
2406:"Daryl Bem Proved ESP Is Real: Which means science is broken"
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1850:"Must psychologists change the way they analyze their data?"
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Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair
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Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair
1345:(pp. 1–23). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
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After evaluating Bem's nine experiments, psychologist
188:; articles should not be based solely on such sources.
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Bem, D. J.; Utts, J.; Johnson, W. O. (October 2011).
1781:"The Colbert Report: January 27, 2011 — Brian Greene"
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Wallach, M. A.; Kogan, N.; Bem, D. J. (August 1962).
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Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
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2119:"Journal rejects studies contradicting precognition"
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242:, in 1960 and began graduate work in physics at the
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Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
2335:LeBel, Etienne P.; Peters, Kurt R. (January 2011).
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657:(Vol. 6, pp. 1–62). New York: Academic Press,
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1274:Simpson, Kevin; Gorski, Eric (November 12, 2006).
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1909:"A Bayes factor meta-analysis of Bem's ESP claim"
1465:Bem, Daryl J.; Honorton, Charles (January 1994).
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590:The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2559:"The Case for ESP -- New York Magazine - Nymag"
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544:. Their attempt to replicate was published in
352:Two criticisms of Bem's theory in the journal
2511:"and S. Bem, An Unconventional Family (1998)"
1625:(2018). "Daryl Bem and Psi in the Ganzfeld".
1300:Bailey, J. M.; Zucker, K. J. (January 1995).
508:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
129:formation and change. He has also researched
2267:. Replicationindex.wordpress.com. 2014-12-30
1857:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1815:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1653:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1633:(3). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 44–45.
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553:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
475:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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2209:"Backwards step on looking into the future"
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2147:"Psi study highlights replication problems"
2091:"Backwards step on looking into the future"
1906:
1731:"Room for Debate: When Peer Review Falters"
1529:
1411:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 156–157.
980:"Group influence on individual risk taking"
152:
1526:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216-231.
1143:
1141:
655:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
274:He testified before a subcommittee of the
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2684:Publications online at Personal Home Page
2679:Official Page, Site of Cornell University
2640:
2428:"P-Hacking Confessions: Daryl Bem and Me"
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1749:"Professor: Strong evidence ESP is real"
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1174:(Tenth ed.). McGraw Hill. p.
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2007:
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478:that offered statistical evidence for
392:, Bem is known for his defense of the
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669:Beliefs, Attitudes, and Human Affairs
502:when he should have used a two-sided
244:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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602:University of California at Berkeley
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2145:Jarrett, Christian (May 11, 2011).
1985:
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1520:Evaluating Parapsychological Claims
1405:Lehmiller, Justin J. (2017-12-26).
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2713:Carnegie Mellon University faculty
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1250:The role of theory in sex research
858:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00645.x
829:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1977.tb00155.x
780:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00487.x
14:
2764:
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2479:Nussbaum, Emily (May–June 1998).
2294:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
2008:Alcock, James (January 6, 2011).
1913:Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
1408:The Psychology of Human Sexuality
16:American psychologist (born 1938)
2481:"Does the exotic become erotic?"
2207:Goldacre, Ben (April 23, 2011).
2089:Goldacre, Ben (April 23, 2011).
1603:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
468:"Feeling the Future" controversy
278:on the psychological effects of
183:, as its only attribution is to
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2404:Engber, Daniel (May 17, 2017).
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1524:Critical Thinking in Psychology
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1087:from the original on 2014-09-25
611:In a 2017 follow-up article in
604:, and Joseph P. Simmons of the
2557:Kois, Dan (25 February 2011).
2513:. News.cornell.edu. 2014-05-22
2117:Aldhous, Peter (May 5, 2011).
1986:Bem, Daryl (January 6, 2011).
1907:Rouder, J.; Morey, R. (2011).
1199:Bem, Daryl J. (January 1996).
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346:childhood gender nonconformity
255:in social psychology from the
121:. He is the originator of the
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2748:University of Michigan alumni
2738:American social psychologists
2531:Henig, Robin (May 14, 2015).
2285:Francis, G. (February 2012).
1025:
570:British Journal of Psychology
192:reliable, independent sources
2381:. csicop.org. Archived from
2344:Review of General Psychology
2057:10.1371/journal.pone.0033423
2010:"Response to Bem's Comments"
1757:. 2008-01-23. Archived from
1605:. Prometheus Books. p. 138.
1276:"Pastor's case stirs debate"
1247:Bancroft, John, ed. (2000).
1081:"Daryl Bem: Brief Biography"
361:fraternal birth order effect
323:exotic becomes erotic theory
317:Exotic becomes erotic theory
172:biography of a living person
35:Bem at a conference in 1983.
7:
2537:The New York Times Magazine
1553:10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.387
1441:. Oxford University Press.
1435:LeVay, Simon (2016-08-01).
1381:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.387
1220:10.1037/0033-295X.103.2.320
751:10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.395
488:to discuss the experiment.
303:cognitive dissonance theory
10:
2769:
2728:American parapsychologists
2718:Cornell University faculty
2668:. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
2533:"The Last Day of Her Life"
2440:(5): 25–27. Archived from
606:University of Pennsylvania
596:, Robyn A. LeBoeuf of the
594:Carnegie Mellon University
293:In 1972, Bem proposed the
269:Carnegie Mellon University
109:(born June 10, 1938) is a
2753:Psychonautics researchers
2641:Lilenfeld, Scott (1999).
2633:Nicolas Gauvrit. (2011).
2306:10.3758/s13423-012-0227-9
1926:10.3758/s13423-011-0088-7
1644:Bem, D. J. (March 2011).
1574:Lilenfeld, Scott (1999).
1486:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.4
1321:10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43
400:, more commonly known as
262:
94:
84:
70:
60:
40:
28:
21:
1309:Developmental Psychology
1166:Myers, David G. (2010).
600:, Leif D. Nelson of the
153:Early life and education
2637:. The Skeptics Society.
2469:DOI:sci.10191375191375)
1106:"Daryl Bem's home page"
714:10.1023/A:1002050303320
402:extrasensory perception
149:theory and assessment.
1541:Psychological Bulletin
1474:Psychological Bulletin
454:Psychological Bulletin
295:self-perception theory
289:Self-perception theory
257:University of Michigan
190:Please help by adding
185:self-published sources
123:self-perception theory
89:Self-perception theory
65:University of Michigan
2604:: 5–6. Archived from
2465:, Kekecs et al 2023 (
647:Selected publications
598:University of Florida
564:Psychological Science
248:civil rights movement
2385:on December 23, 2017
1369:Psychological Review
1208:Psychological Review
987:J Abnorm Soc Psychol
671:- Wadsworth Pub Co,
355:Psychological Review
276:United States Senate
139:handwriting analysis
2733:Reed College alumni
2377:Frazier, Kendrick.
2048:2012PLoSO...733423R
1972:, March/April 2011
1761:on January 29, 2013
1716:, March/April 2011
1391:– via PubMed.
1112:. September 9, 2010
667:Bem, D. J. (1970).
394:ganzfeld experiment
384:Ganzfeld experiment
111:social psychologist
75:Social psychologist
2648:Skeptical Inquirer
2597:Skeptical Inquirer
2433:Skeptical Inquirer
2233:Wiseman, Richard.
2179:(March 15, 2012).
1976:, January 6, 2011.
1974:Skeptical Inquirer
1737:. January 7, 2011.
1735:The New York Times
1720:, January 6, 2011.
1718:Skeptical Inquirer
1627:Skeptical Inquirer
1581:Skeptical Inquirer
1133:The New York Times
1044:Skeptical Inquirer
951:J Pers Soc Psychol
875:J Pers Soc Psychol
527:Skeptical Inquirer
485:The Colbert Report
460:Skeptical Inquirer
197:
196:Immediately remove
187:
143:sexual orientation
119:Cornell University
2588:Frazier, Kendrick
2563:New York Magazine
1448:978-0-19-029738-1
1418:978-1-119-16471-5
1260:978-0-253-33706-1
1185:978-0-07-337066-8
1170:Social Psychology
677:978-0-8185-8906-5
663:978-0-12-015206-3
534:Stuart J. Ritchie
224:
223:
216:
195:
175:needs additional
174:
133:phenomena, group
104:
103:
2760:
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2616:
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2574:
2573:
2571:
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2548:
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2545:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2491:on July 10, 2011
2487:. Archived from
2476:
2470:
2460:
2454:
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2451:
2449:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2395:
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2356:10.1037/a0025172
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2152:The Psychologist
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1994:
1983:
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1961:
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1938:
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1895:
1889:. Archived from
1879:10.1037/a0024777
1872:
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1839:
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1827:10.1037/a0022790
1812:
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1696:
1695:
1689:
1683:. Archived from
1665:10.1037/a0021524
1650:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1623:Blackmore, Susan
1619:
1613:
1596:
1590:
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1488:. Archived from
1471:
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1228:
1222:. Archived from
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1196:
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1189:
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1136:
1128:
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999:10.1037/h0044376
984:
974:
963:10.1037/h0023226
945:
934:10.1037/h0024835
927:
906:
887:10.1037/h0020916
869:
840:
811:
791:
762:
733:
413:Charles Honorton
377:Justin LehMiller
240:Portland, Oregon
219:
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199:
165:
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157:
79:parapsychologist
56:
55:
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33:
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18:
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2583:
2581:Further reading
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2087:
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2024:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
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1901:
1893:
1870:10.1.1.694.2507
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1069:
1059:
1055:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1023:
982:
800:Nebr Symp Motiv
649:
637:
578:null hypothesis
542:Richard Wiseman
470:
444:Susan Blackmore
430:Richard Wiseman
426:sensory leakage
396:as evidence of
386:
371:Neuroscientist
335:heterosexuality
319:
291:
265:
226:Bem received a
220:
209:
203:
200:
189:
166:
162:
155:
135:decision making
61:Alma mater
53:
47:
45:
44:
36:
24:
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11:
5:
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2673:External links
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2369:
2350:(4): 371–379.
2327:
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2081:
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2000:
1978:
1956:
1940:
1919:(4): 682–689.
1899:
1896:on 2011-07-14.
1863:(4): 716–719.
1840:
1798:
1785:Comedy Central
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1156:Myers, p. 151.
1149:
1147:Myers, p. 146.
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918:(3): 183–200.
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702:Arch Sex Behav
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558:Science Brevia
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385:
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299:Leon Festinger
290:
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267:Bem taught at
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2608:on 2017-12-23
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2177:French, Chris
2172:
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2124:New Scientist
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2098:
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2042:(3): e33423.
2041:
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1690:on 2012-01-03
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1611:1-57392-979-4
1608:
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1229:on 2007-04-11
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981:
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957:(6): 707–10.
956:
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823:(3): 327–33.
822:
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71:Occupation(s)
69:
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59:
54:(age 86)
52:June 10, 1938
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2628:The Guardian
2627:
2620:Chris French
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2601:
2595:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2484:
2474:
2467:R. Soc. open
2466:
2458:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:the original
2437:
2431:
2424:Vyse, Stuart
2418:
2409:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2383:the original
2372:
2347:
2343:
2330:
2297:
2293:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2213:The Guardian
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:The Guardian
2184:
2156:. Retrieved
2150:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2122:
2112:
2100:. Retrieved
2096:The Guardian
2094:
2084:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1981:
1968:
1964:James Alcock
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