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837:, and this was to cause much suspicion among other members of the expedition. The first Council (appointed in July 1698), which was to govern the colony until a parliament was established, consisted of Major James Cunningham of Eickett, Daniel Mackay, James Montgomerie, William Vetch, Robert Jolly, Robert Pinkerton and Captain Robert Pennecuik (commodore of the expedition fleet).
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petitioned the king to affirm their right to the colony. However, he declined, saying that although he was sorry the company had incurred such huge losses, reclaiming Darien would mean war with Spain. The continuing futile debate on the issue served to further increase bitter feelings. An estimated 15-40% of all the actual capital in
Scotland was invested in this project.
1239:, killing the Drummonds and burning the ship. Green and two of his crew, John Madden and James Simpson, were sent for trial in Edinburgh. Mackenzie produced several witnesses including members of Green's crew; their statements contradicted one another and none of them could accurately describe the dates, locations, or descriptions of the supposed victims of the
776:. It therefore forced the English and Dutch investors to withdraw. Next, the EIC threatened legal action on the grounds that the Scots had no authority from the king to raise funds outside the English realm, and obliged the promoters to refund subscriptions to the Hamburg investors. This left no source of finance but Scotland itself. Returning to
765:, a concept as widespread and accepted then as capitalism is today. Modern economics generally assumes a constantly growing market but mercantilism viewed it as static; that meant increasing one's market share required taking it from someone else. This meant the Darien Scheme was not simply competition but an active threat to English merchants.
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in London to trade in the Spice
Islands. However, the East India Company had the ship seized on the grounds that it was in contravention of their charter. That provoked an uproar in Scotland, greatly aided by the inflammatory rhetoric of the company's secretary, Roderick MacKenzie, a relentless enemy
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Drummond clashed with the merchant James Byres, who maintained that the
Counsellors of the first expedition had now lost that status and had Drummond arrested. Initially bellicose, Byres began to send away all those he suspected of being offensively minded – or of being allegiant to Drummond. He
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and maize. Letters sent home by the expedition created a misleading impression that everything was going according to plan. This seems to have been by agreement, as certain optimistic phrases kept recurring. However, it meant the
Scottish public would be completely unprepared for the coming disaster.
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There are many explanations for the disaster. Rival claims have been made suggesting that the undertaking was beset by poor planning and provisioning; divided leadership; a lack of trade with local indigenous tribes or neighbouring Dutch and
English colonies; epidemics of tropical disease; widespread
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The settlers christened their new home "Caledonia" declaring "we do here settle and in the name of God establish ourselves; and in honour and for the memory of that most ancient and renowned name of our Mother
Country, we do, and will from henceforward call this country by the name of Caledonia; and
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funds from the company, took back
Paterson's stock and expelled him from the Court of Directors; he was to have little real influence on events after this point. Historian Stephen Mullen referred to the scheme as a "mercantilist venture designed to improve personal fortunes and Scotland’s balance of
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Green, Madden and
Simpson were subjected to derision and insults by the mob before they were hanged. Green had complete faith that as an innocent man, he would be reprieved, and he was still looking to the Edinburgh road for a messenger as the hangman placed the hood over his head. The remainder of
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The
Spanish force – who were also suffering serious losses from fever – closed in on Fort St Andrew and besieged it for a month. Disease was still the main cause of death at this time. The Spanish commander Juan Pimienta called for the Scots to surrender and avoid a final assault, warning
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hunting, but fewer and fewer men were fit enough for such strenuous work. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of food, mainly due to a high rate of spoilage caused by improper stowing. At the same time, King
William instructed the Dutch and English colonies in America not to supply the Scots'
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Agriculture proved difficult and the natives, though hostile to Spain, were unwilling to trade for the combs and other trinkets offered by the colonists. Most serious was the near-total failure to sell any goods to the few passing traders who put into the bay. With the onset of summer the following
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was given the fixed value of an English penny. Personal Scottish financial interests were also involved. Scottish commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien project and believed that they would receive compensation for their losses. The 1707 Acts of Union, Article 15, granted £398,085 10s
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advised her 30 privy councillors in Edinburgh that the men should be pardoned, but the common people demanded for the sentence to be carried out. Nineteen councillors made excuses to stay away from the deliberations on a reprieve, fearing the wrath of a huge mob that had arrived in Edinburgh to
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The failure of the colonisation project provoked tremendous discontent throughout Lowland Scotland, where almost every family had been affected. Some held the English responsible, and others believed that they could and should assist in yet another effort at making the scheme work. The company
700:" of the 1690s saw widespread crop failures and famine, while Scotland's deteriorating economic position led to calls for a political or customs union with England. However, the stronger feeling among Scots was that the country should become a great mercantile and colonial power like England.
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In December, the crew was arrested for piracy. Although many in Scotland were delighted, it soon became clear to the directors of the Darien company that Mackenzie's charges were not supported by any proof, and it seemed the men would be released. However, Mackenzie suddenly claimed to have
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on a mountain completed the fortifications. Although the harbour appeared to be a natural one, it later proved to have tides that could easily wreck a vessel trying to leave. The colony was a potential threat to the Spanish Empire by being located near routes used for silver shipments. The
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to avoid observation by English warships in July 1698, with around 1200 people on board. The journey around Scotland for those kept below deck was so traumatic that some colonists thought it comparable to the worst parts of the whole Darien experience. Their orders were "to proceed to the
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After the perilous route round the north of Scotland taken by the previous ships, William Paterson wrote to the Directors; "For God's sake, .. be sure to send the next fleet from the Clyde, for the passage north about is worse than the whole voyage to the Indies." A new company flagship,
780:, the Company of Scotland for Trading to Africa raised £400,000 sterling in a few weeks (equivalent to roughly £66 million today), with investments from every level of society, and totalling about a fifth of the wealth of Scotland. It was, for Scotland, a massive amount of capital.
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was relatively small. Though the unusual cold affected much of the Northern Hemisphere, Scotland suffered disproportionately and lost 10-15% of its entire population, possibly due to its political isolation. A series of domestic conflicts, including the 1639–51
1247:, was unintelligible to jury and accused alike. The defence advocates' objections were dismissed by court officials and they fled after the trial. Some jurors resisted bringing in a verdict of guilty, but the men were convicted and sentenced to death by hanging.
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feasibility of the scheme, especially for a country of Scotland's limited resources, has often been considered doubtful, although some modern authorities consider that it might have possessed good prospects of success if it had been given the support of England.
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The Scots' original aim of emulating the East India Company by breaking into the lucrative trading areas of the Indies and Africa was forgotten, and the highly ambitious Darien scheme was adopted by the company. Paterson later fell from grace when a subordinate
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The second expedition arrived in Caledonia Bay on 30 November 1699 and found Thomas Drummond's New York sloops already there. Some men were sent ashore to rebuild the huts, which caused others to complain that they had come to join a settlement, not build one.
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After negotiations, the Scots were allowed to leave with their guns, and the colony was abandoned for the last time. Only a handful of those from the second expedition returned to Scotland. Of the total 2500 settlers that set off, just a few hundred survived.
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After just eight months, the colony was abandoned in July 1699, except for six men who were too weak to move. The deaths continued on the ships, and only 300 of the 1200 settlers survived. A desperate ship from the colony had called in at the Jamaican city of
983:, but it was refused assistance on the orders of the English government, who feared antagonising the Spanish. Those on the single ship that returned home found themselves regarded as a disgrace to their country, and were even disowned by their families. The
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after transferring her crew to a merchant ship that he had taken. The Drummonds apparently decided against returning to Scotland, where they would have had to explain the loss of the ships they had been entrusted with, and no more was ever heard of them.
803:. Paterson was instrumental in getting the company off the ground in London. He had failed to interest several European countries in his project but, in the aftermath of the English reaction to the company, he was able to get a hearing for his ideas. The
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Many former officers and soldiers, who had little hope of other employment, eagerly joined the Darien project. Many of them were acquainted from serving in the army and several – Thomas Drummond, for example – were notorious for their involvement in the
1274:. According to this argument, the Scottish establishment (landed aristocracy and mercantile elites) considered that their best chance of being part of a major power would be to share the benefits of England's international trade and the growth of the
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boardgame from British producer Ragnar Brothers where players cooperatively or competitively strive to develop the Darien trading colony and either help or hinder each other as much as possible against the depredations the original settlers
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The colonists sank into apathy until the arrival of Alexander Campbell of Fonab, sent by the company to organise a defence. He provided the resolute leadership which had been lacking and took the initiative by driving the Spanish from their
1479:
On signalling his approval for the creation of the Company of Scotland, the King declared before Parliament: "I have been ill-served in Scotland, but I hope some remedies may be found to prevent the inconveniences which may arise from this
995:) limped into New York harbour. In a letter to Hugh Montgomerie, a Glasgow merchant, Robert Drummond reported that sickness and mortality continued to afflict the remnant of the colonists. When the Scots were told that two ships, the
795:, later known to be virtually untraversable. The colony was to be situated on a gateway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans permitting trade between them – the same principle which, much later, led to the construction of the
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was backed by approximately 20 per cent of all the money circulating in Scotland, its failure left the entire Scottish Lowlands in financial ruin. This was an important factor in weakening their resistance to the
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in present-day Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, plus an estimated two million deaths in France and Northern Italy. The 1690s were Scotland's coldest decade in the past 750 years as documented in
1227:. He succeeded in getting legal authority and Green, who had been given the command at 21, watched as his ship's cargo was impounded and the sails, guns and rudder were removed over the next three months.
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sterling to Scotland to offset future liability towards the English national debt. That amount equates to about £100 million in 2020 money. This outcome was and remains controversial: see article
608:) in 1698, yet sovereignty was short-lived. The attempt at settling the area did not go well; more than 80 per cent of participants died within a year, and the settlement was abandoned twice.
1541:
Hart, Francis Russell. (1929). The disaster of Darien : the story of the Scots settlement and the causes of its failure, 1699-1701. Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin company.
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987:, with 250 survivors, including William Paterson and the Drummond brothers, made a desperate passage to New York, then just a small town of 5000, landing on 10 August. Four days later,
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had given only lukewarm support to the whole Scottish colonial endeavour. England was at war with France and hence did not want to offend Spain, which claimed the territory as part of
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Some Scottish nobility petitioned Westminster to wipe out the Scottish national debt and stabilise the currency. Although the first request was not met, the second was, and the
671:). In an era of economic rivalry in Europe, Scotland was incapable of protecting itself from the effects of English competition and legislation. The kingdom had no reciprocal
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Scotland's economy was relatively small, its range of exports was limited, and it was in a weak position in relation to England, its powerful neighbour (with which it was in
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on the vessel. Instead of trying to sell for gold as the company's directors intended, however, the Drummond brothers had exchanged the goods for slaves, whom they sold in
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1321:
by Jaimie Batchan (2021). Begins as the account of a settler from the Darien scheme who has been left behind when the surviving members of the colony return to Scotland.
1349:(2019). A musical about the Scottish attempt to settle the Darien gap imagined through the eyes of one settler Murdo Macfarlane. Presented by Bell Baxter high school.
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Morale was low and little progress was made. Drummond insisted there could be no discussion, and the fort must be rebuilt as a Spanish attack would surely come soon.
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with 300 settlers arrived in Darien to find ruined huts and 400 overgrown graves. Expecting a bustling town, the ship's captains debated their next move. When the
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through the neck of land that divided one side of the harbour in Caledonia Bay from the ocean, and constructed Fort St Andrew, which was equipped with fifty
2794:
Storrs, Christopher (1999). "Disaster at Darien (1698–1700)? The Persistence of Spanish Imperial Power on the Eve of the Demise of the Spanish Habsburgs".
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A Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Year 1783: 1700-08
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minister by claiming it would be unlawful to resist the Spanish by force of arms, as all war was unchristian. Byres then deserted the colony in a sloop.
596:, to establish and manage an overland route to connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The backers knew that the first sighting of the Pacific Ocean by
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1258:, who testified that Green and his crew had no knowledge or involvement in the fate of the ship, the remaining councillors refused to pardon them.
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971:. The only reward the council had to give was alcohol, and drunkenness became common, even though it sped the deaths of men already weakened by
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The company sent out another ship, but she was lost at sea. Unable to afford the cost of fitting out yet another vessel, the company hired the
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The chosen site is indeed only 80 km by beeline from the Pacific Ocean, although until today the terrain is unsuitable for transportation.
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and so its future would have to lie in unity with England. Furthermore, Scotland's nobles were almost bankrupted by the Darien fiasco.
473:
1311:(2000). Fictional account of the Darien catastrophe, written in the style of a journal, from the perspective of a cargo-master on the
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962:, but these were appropriated by the leaders and sailors, who mostly remained on board ships. The only luck the settlers had was in
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to the leeward of the mouth of the great River of Darien ... and there make a settlement on the mainland". The fleet called at
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at Toubacanti in January 1700. However, Fonab was wounded in the daring frontal attack and then became incapacitated with a fever.
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Close to the fort, the settlers began erecting the huts of the main settlement, New Edinburgh (until 2011 known as Puerto Escocés (
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and unrest related to religious differences between 1670-1690 exhausted the people and diminished their resources. The so-called "
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1412:. An audiovisual installation that takes inspiration from the Darien Scheme, space races, and simulation games. Displayed at
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901:, but no source of fresh water. A BBC report in 2014 identified this ditch as the only identifiable remnant of Caledonia. A
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Drummond backed out of the agreement, only to have Bowen appropriate the ships while Drummond was ashore. Bowen burnt the
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1373:"Darien" by Stanley Accrington, Manchester-based folk singer/songwriter (1986) included on his CD Semi Final Second Leg.
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opposition to the scheme from commercial interests in England; and a failure to anticipate a military response from the
2967:
2940:
2479:
Hidalgo, Dennis R. (2001), "To Get Rich for Our Homeland: The Company of Scotland and the Colonization of the Darién",
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of the English. Fury at the country's impotence led to the scapegoating and hanging of three innocent English sailors.
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1223:. Mackenzie convinced himself that the ship was an East India Company ship that should be seized in reprisal for the
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Hoping to recoup some of its capital by a more conventional venture, the company sent two ships from the Clyde, the
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Word of the first expedition did not reach Scotland in time to prevent a second voyage of more than 1000 people.
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Papers Relating to the Ships and Voyages of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies, 1696–1707
1676:"Complexity in crisis: The volcanic cold pulse of the 1690s and the consequences of Scotland's failure to cope"
651:
The late 17th century was a difficult period for Scotland, as it was for much of Europe; the years 1695-97 saw
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1972:
1031:, and landed in Port Royal harbour. The Scots were not allowed ashore, and illness struck the crowded ship.
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In the face of opposition by English commercial interests, the Company of Scotland raised subscriptions in
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demand the sailors be put to death. Even though they had affidavits from London by two of the crew of the
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The Bank of England's inflation records only go back to 1750, and imply about £90 million from that date.
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ourselves, successors, and associates, by the name of Caledonians". With Drummond in charge, they dug a
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2767:(Vol.14 ed.). London: T. C. Hansard for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 1199–1326
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1553:"To Get Rich for Our Homeland: The Company of Scotland and the Colonization of the Isthmus of Darien"
1363:(2011). A Scottish folk song describing the events of the Darien Scheme and the reaction in Scotland.
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The failure of the Darien colonisation project has been cited as one of the motivations for the 1707
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1899:
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The Disaster of Darien--The Story of the Scots Settlement and the Causes of its Failure 1699-1701
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933:, Edinburgh: 1699. The Scottish settlement of New Edinburgh can be seen on the coast above right.
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which would be taken over by the Danish after the failure of the colony. Employing ex-buccaneer
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Sources vary about the exact date of departure, placing it anywhere between 8 July and 26 July.
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755:
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728:
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231:
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2024:
1998:
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807:, a major supporter of the scheme, planned to import slaves "to be worked to death" at local
1003:, had already sailed to re-supply the now deserted colony, Thomas Drummond commissioned two
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One reason for English opposition to the Scheme was the then prevalent economic theory of
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further increased economic dependence on England by limiting Scotland's shipping, and the
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as the senior of the four ministers (including Archibald Stobo and Francis Borland).
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616:. It was finally abandoned in March 1700 after a siege by Spanish forces, which also
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1674:; Klinger, Patrick; Newfield, Timothy; Rydval, Miloš; Wilson, Rob (1 January 2020).
929:, The Gulph of Vallona or St. Michael, with its Islands and Countries Adjacent". In
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were in deep decline; goods that were in demand had to be bought from England for
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The land where the Darien colony was built is located in the modern territory of
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coast laden with trade goods. Sea captain Robert Drummond was the master of the
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1501:
1497:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
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791:. Essentially the intention was to tame, occupy and administer the land of the
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The Devil's Mariner: A Life of William Dampier, Pirate and Explorer, 1651-1715
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The expedition had the blessing of the Church of Scotland who had appointed
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as a pilot, the fleet made landfall off the coast of Darien on 2 November.
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was destroyed by an accidental fire, the survivors fled to Jamaica in the
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2626:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 911.
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On 20 September, Thomas E. Drummond set sail from New York in the sloop
742:, a trading company set up in 1695 with the power to establish colonies.
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2664:
2414:"Kode9 walks us through his new sci-fi-esque installation Astro-Darien"
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604:. The expedition also claimed sovereignty over "Crab Isle" (modern day
1046:) on the way. They arrived in Darien to find the burnt timbers of the
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in the region after a Scottish colony had been established in Panama.
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This chest was used to store money and documents associated with the
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when he decided she was of no use to him, and he later scuttled the
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for whom the island was a refuge, the Drummonds fell in with pirate
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Mundo, Arturo Wallace BBC; Inabaginya, Puerto (14 September 2014).
1387:
1243:. The prosecution case, which was made in medieval Latin and legal
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2124:"El rincón de Centroamérica donde Escocia perdió su independencia"
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1670:
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592:, in the late 1690s. The plan was for the colony, located on the
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was an unsuccessful attempt, backed largely by investors of the
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rose to ten settlers a day. Natives brought gifts of fruit and
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2459:"The Sorry Story of How Scotland Lost its 17th Century Empire"
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Caledonia's Last Stand: In Search of the Lost Scots of Darien
2632:"How Scottish Independence Vanished in the Jungles of Panama"
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and the Scottish colonial ambitions of the late 17th century.
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772:(EIC), who were keen to maintain their monopoly over English
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Renaissance, Reformation and the Age of Discovery, 1450–1700
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band from Glasgow, Scotland, who were active from 2008-2013.
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year, malaria and fever led to many deaths. Eventually, the
2177:
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1775:"How the Cold Climate Shaped Scotland's Political Climate"
1735:"How the Cold Climate Shaped Scotland's Political Climate"
869:, and make the Isle called the Golden Island ... some few
2246:
Brocklehurst, "The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster".
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A letter giving a description of the Isthmus of Darian
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England was also under pressure from the London-based
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Scotland, Darien and the Atlantic World, 1698 - 1700
1345:"Darien, a commonplace book of Murdo Macfarlane" by
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750:, Hamburg and London for the scheme. For his part,
703:In response, several solutions were enacted by the
27:
Unsuccessful attempt by Scotland to colonize Panama
3188:States and territories disestablished in the 1700s
2722:
2516:"The Caribbean colony that brought down Scotland"
1900:"Mercantilism as the Economic Side of Absolutism"
1262:Green's crew were quietly pardoned and released.
1042:), picking up another fully supplied vessel (the
639:, an autonomous indigenous territory home to the
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2275:
2221:, "How Scottish Independence Vanished ..."
1954:
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1950:
1572:, "How Scottish Independence Vanished ..."
1557:Clahr: Colonial Latin American Historical Review
967:settlement, so as not to incur the wrath of the
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1235:that Green had drunkenly boasted of taking the
1066:. New Edinburgh is on the isthmus on the right.
580:, to gain wealth and influence by establishing
1680:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
945:Province, Panama), and clearing land to plant
820:trade through colonisation and exploitation".
752:King William II of Scotland and III of England
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2839:The Darien Scheme – The Fall of Scotland
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787:had long promoted a plan for a colony on the
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1816:History, Scottish; read, Archaeology 2 min.
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2146:Northern Lights: The Scottish Enlightenment
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1841:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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2337:"Dreams of Darien | The Paul McKenna Band"
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2481:Colonial Latin American Historical Review
2443:"The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster"
1709:
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1639:"The Economic Crisis of the 17th Century"
1493:inflation figures are based on data from
675:and its once-thriving industries such as
3213:1700s disestablishments in North America
2530:
2144:Betteridge, R. & McLean, R. (2019),
1944:Hidalgo, "To Get Rich For Our Homeland".
1897:
1875:
1636:
1584:Little, "The Caribbean colony ..."
1575:
1057:
916:
733:
2859:Account, written in 1700, by a colonist
2684:
2586:
2573:
2554:Bulletin of the New York Public Library
2503:, Edinburgh: Scottish History Society,
2478:
2453:
2441:Brocklehurst, Steven (20 August 2010).
2183:
1918:
1815:
1763:
1592:
1590:
1550:
1219:, an English merchant ship, arrived at
1078:, boasting 38 cannon, was supported by
860:) set sail from the east coast port of
731:to trade with "Africa and the Indies".
600:was after crossing the isthmus through
14:
3175:
2793:
2760:
2663:
2510:
2022:
1996:
2887:
2864:"Pivotal chapter in Scottish history"
2312:"Paul McKenna Band | Folkmama's Blog"
1596:
1494:
1293:
833:. In some eyes they appeared to be a
164:1.036 km (0.400 sq mi)
2854:Pathfinder Pack on The Darien Scheme
2749:
2606:
2589:Darien: the Scottish Dream of Empire
2498:
2087:
1935:Carroll, "The Sorry Story ..."
1732:
1646:Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
1587:
1466:
840:The first expedition of five ships (
2916:Scotland in the early modern period
2756:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2702:
2412:Kent-Smith, Jasmine (21 May 2021).
2148:, National Library of Scotland, p.6
1551:Hidalgo, Dennis R. (January 2001).
1288:Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation
1010:
783:Scottish-born trader and financier
24:
3208:1700 disestablishments in Scotland
2657:
1898:Rothbard, Murray (23 April 2010).
1625:Renaissance, Reformation ...
1062:The Bay of Caledonia, west of the
101:
25:
3269:
3238:Former populated places in Panama
2823:
1733:Sima, Richard (4 February 2020).
1231:ascertained from the crew of the
715:created a parish-based system of
514:Colonization of the United States
295:• Second colony established
2499:Insh, George Pratt, ed. (1924),
2367:"The Darien Venture on Bandcamp"
2023:Mullen, Stephen (4 March 2016).
1997:Mullen, Stephen (4 March 2016).
1772:
1701:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106746
1597:Ibeji, Mike (17 February 2011).
1395:
1007:to aid their efforts in Darien.
912:
529:
416:
371:
346:
70:
58:
3218:17th century in Central America
3203:1698 establishments in Scotland
2640:. 30 April 2007. Archived from
2405:
2380:
2359:
2329:
2304:
2269:
2260:
2249:
2240:
2212:
2164:
2138:
2115:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2016:
1990:
1965:
1938:
1891:
1862:
1849:
1809:
1516:
1473:
713:Act for the Settling of Schools
305:• Second colony abandoned
3248:Political scandals in Scotland
2783:, Edinburgh University Press,
2750:Hart, Francis Russell (1929).
1726:
1664:
1630:
1617:
1563:
1544:
1535:
1325:
285:• First colony abandoned
13:
1:
3258:Trading companies of Scotland
2761:Howell, Thomas Bayly (1816).
2025:"The myth of Scottish slaves"
1999:"The myth of Scottish slaves"
1906:. Good summary of the concept
941:), now Puerto Inabaginya, in
719:throughout Scotland; and the
3253:Settlement schemes in Panama
3064:Seventeenth-century religion
2581:, London: Secker and Warburg
2435:General and cited references
2126:(in Spanish). BBC News Mundo
1529:
1276:English overseas possessions
1086:, and a smaller vessel, the
7:
3116:Union with England Act 1707
2721:Galbraith, Douglas (2001),
2669:Scotland's Empire 1600–1815
1420:
1338:(2010). A satire about the
10:
3274:
3074:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
2808:10.1177/026569149902900101
2796:European History Quarterly
2689:, Edinburgh: Luath Press,
2505:Edinburgh University Press
2235:Darien: The Scottish Dream
2208:Darien: The Scottish Dream
2050:Darien: The Scottish Dream
1960:Darien: The Scottish Dream
1758:Darien: The Scottish Dream
694:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
646:
367:Viceroyalty of New Granada
354:Viceroyalty of New Granada
3129:
3031:
2923:
2613:"Paterson, William"
2276:BATCHAN, JAIMIE. (2021).
2061:New York Public Library,
1822:National Museums Scotland
1298:
1136:Reactions to the disaster
881:, and took possession of
387:
325:
321:
317:
313:
303:
293:
283:
273:
269:
259:
255:
251:
241:
237:
225:
221:
211:
204:
200:
190:
180:
176:
168:
158:
153:
114:
107:
97:
83:
55:
50:
39:
34:
3228:Former Scottish colonies
3223:17th century in Scotland
3193:1690s in Central America
2237:, pp. 1–9 & 308–315.
2161:, pp. 206–207 & 220.
1977:Daniel Crouch Rare Books
1377:
1353:
1054:Second expedition (1699)
138:8.8340194°N 77.6317972°W
116: • Coordinates
2880:about the Darien scheme
2623:Encyclopædia Britannica
2559:New York Public Library
2341:www.paulmckennaband.com
2076:Encyclopædia Britannica
1495:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1456:Perth Amboy, New Jersey
1266:Consequences of failure
824:First expedition (1698)
2731:Atlantic Monthly Press
2707:, Edinburgh: Birlinn,
2671:, London: Allen Lane,
2591:, Edinburgh: Birlinn,
2587:Prebble, John (2000),
2531:Monaghan, Tom (2002).
2392:www.ragnarbrothers.com
2316:folkmama.wordpress.com
1637:de Vries, Jan (2009).
1366:The Darien Venture, a
1359:"Dreams of Darien" by
1340:Royal Bank of Scotland
1124:that if they did not,
1067:
1050:rotting on the shore.
934:
743:
705:Parliament of Scotland
509:Colonization of Canada
143:8.8340194; -77.6317972
2703:Fry, Michael (2001),
2685:Edwards, Nat (2007),
2457:(11 September 2007).
1361:The Paul McKenna Band
1168:. Carousing with the
1061:
993:Captain John Anderson
920:
737:
711:was established; the
632:(completed in 1707).
408:European colonization
2844:The Darien Adventure
2347:on 15 September 2015
2186:, pp. 123, 224.
2088:Gill, Anton (1997).
1599:"The Darien Venture"
1080:The Duke of Hamilton
1015:In August 1699, the
606:Vieques, Puerto Rico
3094:Massacre of Glencoe
3089:Glorious Revolution
2779:Orr, Julie (2018),
2705:The Scottish Empire
2579:The Darien Disaster
2561:. 1914. p. 487
2388:"Darien Apocalypse"
2172:The Darien Disaster
2159:The Darien Disaster
1973:"The Darién Scheme"
1870:The Darien Disaster
1857:The Darien Disaster
1804:The Darien Disaster
1692:2020JVGR..38906746D
1603:BBC British History
831:Massacre of Glencoe
740:Company of Scotland
729:public subscription
723:was chartered with
721:Company of Scotland
653:catastrophic famine
625:Company of Scotland
578:Kingdom of Scotland
402:Part of a series on
134: /
45:Kingdom of Scotland
2872:article regarding
2745:(fictionalisation)
2644:on 22 January 2012
2282:. : VALLEY PRESS.
2256:1707 Acts of Union
2094:. Michael Joseph.
1491:Retail Price Index
1294:In popular culture
1211:, the 25-year-old
1068:
935:
921:"A New Map of the
770:East India Company
744:
584:, a colony in the
536:History portal
3243:History of Panama
3198:1690s in Scotland
3170:
3169:
2830:The Darien Scheme
2789:978-1-4744-2754-8
2746:
2696:978-1-905222-84-1
2544:978-0-435-32090-4
2418:crackmagazine.net
2289:978-1-912436-54-5
2101:978-0-7181-4114-1
1672:d'Arrigo, Rosanne
1467:Explanatory notes
1416:, London in 2021.
1384:Darien Apocalypse
1309:Douglas Galbraith
1283:Scottish shilling
1095:Alexander Shields
1029:Hopeful Beginning
1021:Hopeful Beginning
1001:Hopeful Beginning
923:Isthmus of Darien
789:Isthmus of Panama
658:tree ring records
590:Isthmus of Panama
570:
569:
397:
396:
383:
382:
379:
378:
359:
358:
227:• 1689–1702
18:Darien expedition
16:(Redirected from
3265:
3121:Jacobite risings
3054:Marian civil war
2917:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2849:The Darien Chest
2832:, an article by
2819:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2728:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2627:
2615:
2601:
2582:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2548:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2495:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2450:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2187:
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2175:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1743:
1742:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1432:Gregor MacGregor
1128:would be given.
1038:, (formerly the
1036:Ann of Caledonia
1011:Re-supply (1699)
939:Scottish Harbour
925:in America, The
805:Duke of Hamilton
785:William Paterson
727:to be raised by
717:public education
709:Bank of Scotland
689:Royal Scots Navy
683:. Moreover, the
562:
555:
548:
534:
533:
532:
420:
399:
398:
375:
374:
363:
362:
350:
349:
343:
342:
327:
326:
299:30 November 1699
275:• Landfall
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
117:
88:
77:
73:
62:
32:
31:
21:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3125:
3099:Seven ill years
3059:Union of Crowns
3027:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2878:Alistair Beaton
2869:Financial Times
2834:Roger Moorhouse
2826:
2770:
2768:
2741:
2715:
2697:
2679:
2660:
2658:Further reading
2647:
2645:
2630:
2599:
2585:republished as
2564:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2521:
2519:
2514:(17 May 2014).
2469:
2467:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1786:
1773:Sima, Richard.
1771:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1731:
1727:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1451:Darien, Georgia
1438:Marquis de Rays
1423:
1414:Corsica Studios
1398:
1380:
1356:
1336:Alistair Beaton
1328:
1301:
1296:
1268:
1138:
1084:Hope of Bo'ness
1056:
1013:
915:
826:
799:, and then the
797:Panama Railroad
698:seven ill years
685:Navigation Acts
669:political union
649:
566:
530:
528:
523:
410:of the Americas
409:
372:
347:
306:
296:
286:
279:2 November 1698
276:
264:Colonial period
228:
193:
183:
161:
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
115:
93:on a modern map
89:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2825:
2824:External links
2822:
2821:
2820:
2791:
2777:
2758:
2747:
2739:
2725:The Rising Sun
2718:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2682:
2677:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2628:
2618:Chisholm, Hugh
2604:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2571:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2508:
2496:
2476:
2451:
2436:
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2176:
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2150:
2137:
2114:
2100:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2029:Sceptical Scot
2015:
2003:Sceptical Scot
1989:
1964:
1946:
1937:
1917:
1890:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1818:"Darien chest"
1808:
1784:
1762:
1744:
1725:
1663:
1629:
1616:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1502:MeasuringWorth
1482:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
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1441:
1440:
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1392:
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1371:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1305:The Rising Sun
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1267:
1264:
1207:In July 1704,
1137:
1134:
1076:The Rising Sun
1064:Gulf of Darien
1055:
1052:
1012:
1009:
991:(commanded by
969:Spanish Empire
956:mortality rate
914:
911:
887:Robert Allison
825:
822:
707:: in 1695 the
648:
645:
614:Spanish Empire
594:Gulf of Darién
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
525:
524:
522:
521:
519:Decolonization
516:
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260:Historical era
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
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3249:
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3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3163:
3162:Privy Council
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:Darien scheme
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Bishops' Wars
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
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3042:
3040:
3037:
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2740:0-87113-781-X
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2714:1-86232-185-X
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2678:0-7139-9498-3
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2619:
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2609:
2608:Watt, Francis
2605:
2600:
2598:1-84158-054-6
2594:
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2584:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:Prebble, John
2572:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2537:. Heinemann.
2536:
2535:
2529:
2517:
2513:
2512:Little, Allan
2509:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
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2460:
2456:
2455:Carroll, Rory
2452:
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2077:
2071:
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2030:
2026:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
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1905:
1901:
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1399:
1396:Installations
1389:
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1291:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1272:Acts of Union
1263:
1259:
1257:
1256:Speedy Return
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Speedy Return
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1193:Speedy Return
1190:
1189:Malabar coast
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Speedy Return
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Speedy Return
1142:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1091:
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928:
927:Bay of Panama
924:
919:
913:New Edinburgh
910:
907:
904:
900:
896:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Bay of Darien
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
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836:
832:
821:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
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779:
775:
774:foreign trade
771:
766:
764:
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749:
741:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
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670:
667:but not yet
666:
661:
659:
654:
644:
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638:
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631:
626:
621:
620:the harbour.
619:
615:
609:
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591:
587:
583:
582:New Caledonia
579:
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574:Darien scheme
563:
558:
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129:77°37′54.47″W
119:
113:
110:
106:
103:
102:New Edinburgh
100:
96:
92:
91:New Caledonia
87:
82:
78:
69:
61:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
35:New Caledonia
33:
30:
19:
3130:Institutions
3108:
3104:Colonisation
3079:Commonwealth
3044:Rough Wooing
3018:Witch trials
2931:Architecture
2876:, a play by
2873:
2867:
2799:
2795:
2780:
2769:. Retrieved
2763:
2752:
2729:, New York:
2724:
2704:
2686:
2668:
2646:. Retrieved
2642:the original
2635:
2621:
2588:
2578:
2563:. Retrieved
2553:
2533:
2520:. Retrieved
2500:
2484:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:The Guardian
2462:
2421:. Retrieved
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2340:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2279:SIPHONOPHORE
2278:
2271:
2262:
2251:
2242:
2234:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2184:Prebble 2000
2179:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2090:
2083:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1967:
1959:
1940:
1908:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1885:
1869:
1864:
1859:, pp. 84–90.
1856:
1851:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1803:
1778:
1757:
1738:
1728:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1652:(2): 151–194
1649:
1645:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1546:
1537:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1500:
1485:
1475:
1442:
1427:Lionel Wafer
1410:Lawrence Lek
1402:Astro-Darien
1401:
1383:
1347:Richard Robb
1331:
1319:Siphonophore
1318:
1312:
1304:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1209:Thomas Green
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
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1182:
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1145:
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1139:
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1122:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1099:
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1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1048:Olive Branch
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:Olive Branch
1024:
1020:
1017:Olive Branch
1016:
1014:
1000:
997:Olive Branch
996:
988:
984:
977:
964:giant turtle
952:
938:
936:
930:
908:
891:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:Saint Andrew
841:
839:
827:
813:
801:Panama Canal
782:
767:
763:mercantilism
760:
745:
702:
677:shipbuilding
673:export trade
662:
650:
634:
630:Act of Union
622:
610:
581:
573:
571:
336:Succeeded by
335:
330:
192:• 1700
182:• 1698
126:8°50′02.47″N
90:
29:
3084:Restoration
3049:Reformation
3039:Renaissance
2956:agriculture
2802:(1): 5–38.
2665:Devine, Tom
1711:10023/21075
1461:Nova Scotia
1326:Stage plays
1108:outraged a
879:West Indies
756:New Granada
641:Guna people
469:Hospitaller
331:Preceded by
160:• 1698
141: /
3177:Categories
3157:Parliament
2998:Literature
2983:Government
2946:Demography
2771:17 October
2518:. BBC News
2470:7 February
2397:28 January
2298:1196244963
2107:23 January
1827:15 October
1686:: 106746.
1623:Monaghan,
1388:Euro-style
1313:Rising Sun
1174:John Bowen
1170:buccaneers
1166:Madagascar
1162:supercargo
1126:no quarter
981:Port Royal
903:watchhouse
809:gold mines
793:Darién Gap
586:Darién Gap
484:Portuguese
429:First wave
232:William II
205:Government
169:Population
2978:Geography
2968:Education
2941:Childhood
2874:Caledonia
2816:145705636
2493:1063-5769
2233:Prebble,
2206:Prebble,
2174:, p. 237.
2170:Prebble,
2157:Prebble,
2078:, p. 911.
2065:, p. 487.
2052:, p. 103.
2048:Prebble,
1958:Prebble,
1904:Mises.org
1868:Prebble,
1855:Prebble,
1802:Prebble,
1756:Prebble,
1720:0377-0273
1530:Citations
1386:, a 2018
1332:Caledonia
1251:The Queen
1241:Worcester
1233:Worcester
1225:Annandale
1217:Worcester
1201:Annandale
1185:Continent
1152:, to the
1150:Continent
985:Caledonia
973:dysentery
960:plantains
943:Guna Yala
883:Crab Isle
858:Endeavour
846:Caledonia
817:embezzled
778:Edinburgh
748:Amsterdam
665:personal
637:Guna Yala
618:blockaded
289:July 1699
51:1698–1700
2993:Language
2988:Identity
2667:(2003),
2637:The Week
2610:(1911).
2577:(1968),
2447:BBC News
2219:The Week
2063:Bulletin
1962:, p. 90.
1872:, p. 48.
1837:cite web
1627:, p. 56.
1609:16 April
1570:The Week
1421:See also
1368:math-pop
1178:Indiamen
1148:and the
1118:stockade
877:and the
681:sterling
494:Scottish
444:Curonian
3013:Warfare
3008:Society
2951:Economy
2648:6 March
2620:(ed.).
2565:13 July
2372:30 July
2130:18 June
2034:9 April
2008:9 April
1982:9 March
1910:7 April
1888:, p. x.
1688:Bibcode
1656:7 April
1215:of the
1187:on the
1044:Society
989:Unicorn
899:cannons
875:Madeira
871:leagues
854:Dolphin
850:Unicorn
725:capital
647:Origins
623:As the
588:on the
504:Swedish
499:Spanish
489:Russian
474:Italian
439:British
243:Council
213:Monarch
98:Capital
43:of the
3032:Events
2973:Family
2924:Topics
2814:
2787:
2737:
2711:
2693:
2675:
2595:
2541:
2522:18 May
2491:
2423:3 June
2296:
2286:
2098:
2074:Watt,
1886:Papers
1884:Insh,
1718:
1391:faced.
1299:Novels
1213:master
1154:Guinea
1082:, the
1005:sloops
856:, and
835:clique
602:Darién
598:Balboa
464:German
459:French
449:Danish
434:Basque
392:Panama
247:
217:
172:
154:
41:Colony
3142:Court
3023:Women
3003:Music
2961:trade
2812:S2CID
2616:. In
2487:(3),
2351:8 May
2321:8 May
1642:(PDF)
1605:. BBC
1508:7 May
1480:Act."
1406:Kode9
1378:Games
1354:Music
1245:Doric
1221:Leith
895:ditch
862:Leith
479:Norse
454:Dutch
196:2,500
186:1,200
76:]
72:[
3152:Navy
3137:Army
2785:ISBN
2773:2021
2735:ISBN
2709:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2650:2013
2593:ISBN
2567:2011
2539:ISBN
2524:2014
2489:ISSN
2472:2008
2425:2021
2399:2021
2374:2019
2353:2017
2323:2017
2294:OCLC
2284:ISBN
2132:2019
2109:2023
2096:ISBN
2036:2023
2010:2023
1984:2023
1912:2018
1843:link
1829:2019
1716:ISSN
1658:2018
1611:2017
1510:2024
1436:the
1408:and
1110:kirk
1088:Hope
1040:Anne
1019:and
999:and
947:yams
572:The
108:Area
68:Flag
3147:Law
2936:Art
2804:doi
1779:Eos
1739:Eos
1706:hdl
1696:doi
1684:389
1489:UK
1404:by
1334:by
1307:by
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2810:.
2800:29
2798:.
2733:,
2634:.
2557:.
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2461:.
2445:.
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2339:.
2314:.
2292:.
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2191:^
2027:.
2001:.
1975:.
1949:^
1920:^
1902:.
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1839:}}
1835:{{
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