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challenges concerning human rights and sustainability." Sociologist John Clammer praised the convention for highlighting the role of culture but said it "lacks a hard-edged analysis or concrete policy proposals of how to address the very issues that it itself raises". Cultural policy scholar Johnathan Vickery warned that the democratic, pluralist values motivating the convention could lead to practices undermining those same values: that the document "can be used to legitimise and bolster current patriarchal, traditional, customary, superstitious or religious 'culture'". He described it as setting out a desirable democratic system of cultural governance without specifying how this could be achieved: "it is hard to see how many of the non-democratic members of the UN Assembly could ever implement many of its Articles".

849: 812:, meaning that cultural works could be exported from one country to another without a physical medium. This increased the risk that cultural diversity would be threatened as more people had immediate access to the cultural productions of particular countries. The convention was intended to be technologically neutral so that future advancements would not leave it outdated. The definitions in section III allow states to develop cultural policies for digital cultural products. However, this rapid technological change raised the question of how to interpret the convention's rights and obligations relating to online cultural works. The community responded in 2017 by creating and adopting the 832:

usually already well-established and used to working with government, which tend to be organizations in the Global North. The authors conclude that there are successful cases of involving civil society in the convention's implementation but that the participating organisations were not yet truly diverse. In 2009, the Intergovernmental Committee identified three general reasons why, in some countries, civil society participation was less than expected: 1) an organisationally weak cultural sector; 2) an excessively top-down approach by government and public bodies; and 3) poor communication between public bodies, civil society, and the cultural sector.

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professionals and practitioners, as well as to their cultural goods and services." The obligation to "facilitate cultural exchanges" rests with developed countries and must benefit developing countries. This is the first time that a binding agreement in the cultural field has explicitly referred to "preferential treatment". Preferential treatment measures can be cultural in nature (e.g., hosting artists from developing countries in artists' residencies in developed countries), commercial in nature (e.g., easing the demands of artists in

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interpretation of cultural diversity that has been implemented is narrow – focused on the market for creative goods – compared to the broad language of the declaration. She observed that the International Fund for Cultural Diversity, being reliant on donations, "has difficulties making real change." According to Nancy Duxbury and co-authors, although the convention mentions sustainability, it does not truly integrate sustainability requirements into its account of development. They drew a contrast with the 1996

449:, questioned the need for such a clause. A majority of states, on the other hand, wanted the convention placed on an equal footing with other instruments. They argued that the dual nature of cultural goods and services mean that they should be treated by both the WTO and UNESCO texts. The need to incorporate such a clause was finally agreed upon. It would confirm complementarity and non-hierarchy between the convention and other international legal instruments. This would become Article 20 of the convention. 828:(NGOs), cultural professionals and cultural groups — as necessary for implementation of its desired changes. Civil society organizations are involved at several levels in the implementation and promotion of the convention. Although they cannot attend the Conferences of the Parties, they can attend, by invitation, the meetings of the Intergovernmental Committee; participate in funding; contribute their expertise; or receive grants from the International Fund for Cultural Diversity. 284:

sovereignty, that is, their ability to develop cultural policies and provide support for their own cultural industries, which reflect their identity. In this sense, the very foundations of free trade make it difficult to recognize the specific nature of cultural products, which are bearers of identity, value and meaning, hence the need to incorporate cultural exception and cultural exemption clauses (cultural clauses) into economic agreements.

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the convention reaffirms the sovereign right of states to use legislation to promote and protect the diversity of cultural expressions. Article 6 goes into more detail, listing examples of what states may do. It suggests regulation; the use of quotas on cultural content; subsidies and other support for cultural institutions or for individual artists; and giving domestic cultural industries ways to produce, promote, and publicise their output.

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date of deposit of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. These reports are examined by the Conference of the Parties in order to plan international cooperation by identifying innovative measures and targeting the needs of countries that could benefit. As of 2021, it was reported that just half the ratifying states have complied with their reporting duties; there are no penalties for failing to comply.

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and ensures that the establishment of the fund is based on the principle of "hierarchical solidarity" rather than "reciprocity". Developing countries that are parties to the convention can apply to the IFCD for funding for specific activities that develop their cultural policies and cultural industries. As of April 2023, UNESCO reports that 140 projects in 69 developing countries have been carried out with funding from the IFCD.

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to the adopted text. Between the end of the negotiations and the 33rd General Conference of UNESCO, the United States led a campaign to reopen the negotiations. Canada responded by proposing that the preliminary draft be considered a draft convention to be voted on for adoption at the 33rd session of the General Conference, which it was. In advance of the General Conference,

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Cultural Expressions. This is composed of 24 parties elected by the Conference of the Parties from all regions of the world. Members are given a four-year term and meet annually. These two bodies together act as a "political forum on the future of cultural policy and international cooperation". Article 24 requires the UNESCO Secretariat to assist both of them.

995:, the convention was significantly watered-down by the negotiation process and so "it has been strongly questioned" whether it can provide a counterbalance to trade agreements. Despite this, she argued in 2014, the core elements of the convention are still relevant and should inform the co-ordination of policy and regulation. The Australian economist 357: 634:, which describes cultural diversity as "a guarantee of sustainable human development". Article 14 provides a list of suggested forms of international cultural cooperation. These relate to the strengthening of cultural industries, capacity building, transfer of technology and know-how, and financial support. 2197:

UNESCO, Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Report on the Results Achieved between 2010 and 2013 Following the Implementation of the Strategy to Encourage Ratification of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity

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The monitoring framework is based on Article 9 of the convention. It is specified by the Operational Guidelines for information sharing and transparency. In order to respect this commitment, the parties designate a point of contact and must produce periodic reports every four years, starting from the

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The convention defines the following terms to explain their specific legal meaning: "cultural diversity", "cultural content", "cultural expressions", "cultural activities, goods and services", "cultural industries", "cultural policies and measures", "protection" and "interculturality". The convention

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At the third intergovernmental meeting, a working group was charged with finding a compromise between the positions expressed to date on the relationship of the convention to other treaties. A stormy vote on the text of Article 20 led the United States to request registration of its formal opposition

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The first intergovernmental meeting, held from 20 to 24 September 2004, set up the negotiating structure and expressed the respective views on the type of convention to come. Differences of opinion persisted regarding the purpose of the convention, its relationship with other international agreements

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did not allow for the recognition of the dual nature of cultural goods and services, some states decided at the end of the 1990s to move the debate to UNESCO. On the one hand, UNESCO's constitution, and particularly Articles 1 and 2, make it the appropriate international forum for this debate. On the

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For example, Coalitions for the Diversity of Cultural Expressions are active around the world: Canada, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Chad, Chile, France, Gabon, Germany, Mali, Nigeria, Paraguay, Portugal, Slovakia, Switzerland, Togo and Turkey. There is also the International Network of Jurists for the

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The International Fund for Cultural Diversity (IFCD) was created as a result of the demands of developing countries and is established under article 18 of the convention. It is funded by voluntary contributions from member states. This creates some uncertainty as to the sustainability of the funding

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The obligation to promote cultural expressions is set out in article 7. Parties to the convention have an obligation to promote cultural expressions within their territory, giving individuals and society access to a diverse set of cultural influences from their own country and from around the world.

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and have cultural content: symbolic meaning, artistic dimension or values related to cultural identity. "Cultural diversity" is interpreted both in terms of cultural heritage that is preserved, and in terms of diverse ways of creating, sharing, and enjoying art. This definition creates the link with

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One of the significant difficulties encountered in the negotiations was the question of whether the convention would prevail over, or be subordinate to, other existing or future international agreements negotiated by the parties. Initially, the positions of the states were polarized on whether there

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Article 20 explains that the convention is to be interpreted as complementary to other existing treaties, not overruling or modifying them. In article 21, the parties "undertake to promote the objectives and principles of this Convention in other international forums." The term "other international

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Article 16 contains one of the most binding commitments of the convention. It states that "eveloped countries shall facilitate cultural exchanges with developing countries by granting, through appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, preferential treatment to their artists and other cultural

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The section on rights and obligations is central to the convention. It focuses on rights, especially the rights of states to take action to protect their cultural diversity. Most of these rights are expressed as options ("Parties may...") rather than requirements ("Parties shall..."). In article 5,

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In Article 8 of the declaration, UNESCO members affirm that "cultural goods and services , because they convey identity, values and meaning, should not be treated as commodities or consumer goods like any other." In Article 9, the role of cultural policies is defined as a tool to "create conditions

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UNESCO, Convention establishing a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, known as the "Constitution", 1945, London, as amended by the General Conference at its 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 15th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 24th, 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th,

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In 1998, the Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development drawn up at the Stockholm Conference recommended that cultural goods and services should be treated differently from other merchandise. This action plan sets the stage for developments in cultural diversity from the early 2000s onwards.

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Article 8 sets out the powers of a state to identify a situation where a cultural expression is in need of "urgent safeguarding" and to take "all appropriate measures". It requires the parties to notify the Intergovernmental Committee (created by article 23) of any such measure. The committee may

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This declaration is not legally binding. The desirability of negotiating a binding international legal instrument is set out in Annex II of the declaration. Several articles of the declaration are included in the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.

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Although these clauses are multiplying, concern remains in cultural circles about the progressive liberalization of the cultural sector and the repeated characterization of cultural products as mere "merchandise". In fact, cultural clauses receive a mixed reception during trade negotiations. Some

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A 2015 study found that many activities arising from the convention involved civil society, or partnerships between civil society and government, although fewer than half of the national reports mentioned involving civil society. It also found that the NGOs most involved in these activities were

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The monitoring framework is structured by four overarching objectives from the convention, as well as by the desired outcomes, core indicators and means of verification. The four objectives are: (1) supporting sustainable cultural governance systems, (2) achieving a balanced exchange of cultural

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The convention addresses many audiences and operates at three main levels. First, it is an international treaty governing co-operation between states. Second, it guides national and international governments in the legislation and other actions they can take to preserve cultural diversity within

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Reviewing the second global report in 2018, Barbara Lovrinić of the Institute for Development and International Relations observed that the reports show that countries have made progress and have come up with new ways to address the strategic issues of promoting cultural diversity, but that the

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The preamble affirms the importance and benefits of cultural diversity and of the "framework of democracy, tolerance, social justice and mutual respect" needed for it to flourish. It refers to many issues on the periphery of the scope of the convention, yet intimately linked to the diversity of

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One topic of negotiation is whether products with cultural value be treated like any other commodity. Some states answer in the affirmative, arguing that it is necessary to adopt a legal instrument that is independent of the WTO's multilateral trade system in order to recognize the dual nature,

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Evaluating the convention ten years after its creation, Christiaan De Beukelaer and Miikka Pyykkönen described it as "a useful and important instrument in the debate on cultural diversity" but warn that it is "not broad and sufficient enough to confront cultural diversity as a whole, including

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already recognized the cultural specificity of the film sector by allowing states to maintain certain types of screen quotas to ensure the broadcasting of national films. When the trade system was being reformed in the 1980s and 1990s, Canada and France asked that special treatment be given to

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or cultural exemption that appeared during the 1980s. The awareness on the part of certain states of the impacts of the liberalization of economic exchanges on their cultural policies is the trigger for the emergence of the concept of cultural diversity and the need to protect the diversity of

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Article 22 establishes the Conference of the Parties, the governing body of the convention. This is composed of all the countries that have ratified the convention and meets every two years. Article 23 creates an Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of

645:), or commercial in nature (e.g., facilitating the movement of cultural goods and services) or mixed, i.e., both cultural and commercial (e.g., entering into a film co-production agreement that includes measures that facilitate access to the developed country market for the co-produced work). 503:

To "strengthen international cooperation and solidarity with a view to favouring the cultural expressions of all countries, in particular those whose cultural goods and services suffer from lack of access to the means of creation, production and dissemination at the national and international

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The main objective for the convention is to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. The convention highlights the fact that cultural creativity has been placed upon all of humanity and that aside from economical gains, creative diversity reaps plenty of cultural and social

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Work towards the convention began in the fall of 2003, with a decision of the UNESCO General Conference. Fifteen independent experts participated in a series of three meetings to create a preliminary draft. This draft was distributed to member states in July 2004. It formed the basis for the

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is also apparent in some trade disputes, most notably in Canada - Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals. In that case, the panel rejected one of Canada's arguments that, because the content of Canadian and U.S. periodicals differ, the products are not similar and, therefore, may be treated

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The application of trade rules to cultural products raises a particular problem. By making commitments in economic agreements, states agree to eliminate all forms of discrimination between domestic and imported cultural products. In doing so, they are gradually relinquishing their cultural

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In 2018, the Polish sociologist Dobrosława Wiktor-Mach described the political support for the convention, leading to its rapid ratification by many states, as impressive. She said that the convention "has had a direct impact on current debates on culture and sustainability" but that the

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their states or regions. Third, it calls for action by public and civil bodies at local and national levels to support diverse cultural expressions. The convention has no enforcing body; it leaves enforcement to the member states but sets out procedures in case of disputes between them.

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other hand, the United States was not a member of this organization at the time (it rejoined UNESCO in 2003 when the negotiation of the convention was launched), which created a favourable context for the development of a multilateral instrument aimed at protecting cultural diversity.

404:, tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, in a climate of mutual trust and understanding, are among the best guarantees of international peace and security". It represents an opportunity to "categorically reject the thesis of inescapable conflicts of cultures and civilizations". 252:, easing the movement of goods, services and capital between states. In several free trade agreements, states were able to establish exceptions to their commitments, either to protect specific sectors or to protect their policies such as environmental, social or culture. 276:

economic and cultural, of cultural goods and services. The recognition of this dual nature is reflected in certain bilateral or regional trade agreements that include cultural exemption clauses. The first agreement to contain a cultural exemption clause was the

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The intended beneficiaries to the convention include all individuals and societies. The convention lists several groups such as women, indigenous peoples, minorities, and artists and practitioners of developing nations as specifically intended to benefit.

1817:"La troisième session de la réunion intergouvernementale d'experts sur l'Avant-projet de Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles et l'examen du Projet de Convention par la Conférence générale de l'Unesco" 1700:"La troisième session de la réunion intergouvernementale d'experts sur l'Avant-projet de Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles et l'examen du Projet de Convention par la Conférence générale de l'Unesco" 2560:

Varin, Clémence (2021). "The contribution of international forums apart from UNESCO in achieving the objectives of the Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in the digital environment". In Beauregard, Devin; Paquette, Jonathan (eds.).

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and the level of commitment required. At the second intergovernmental meeting, the Plenary Assembly considered almost all of the provisions of the preliminary draft. Definitions of key terms were discussed, as was the dispute settlement mechanism.

264:(GATS) then under negotiation. The United States firmly opposed this, which led to the "failure of the cultural exception", an expression that reflects the impossibility of excluding the cultural sector from the reformed multilateral trade system. 2811: 839:

whose research objectives are linked to those of the 2005 convention. The UNESCO Chair on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, launched in November 2016, participates in the implementation of the convention and in the development of knowledge.

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UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Preferential Treatment for Developing Countries, Article 15 of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Conference of Parties, 2nd sess, Paris, June 2009, online:

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allows for a more positive perspective and a more positive approach to free trade. It allows for a balance to be struck between the economic benefits of opening up economies and taking into account the specificity of cultural products.

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but, unlike that declaration, it is legally binding and requires legal ratification by member states. The convention is the first international treaty to give cultural goods a special status, having cultural as well as economic value.

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UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Modalities for Partnerships, Article 15 of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, Conference of Parties, 2nd session, Paris, June 2009, online:

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to advance cultural and economic development in a sustainable context. Reading the national reports on the implementation of the convention, he found that many countries have benefited by making the required policy changes.

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have not ratified or implemented the convention. The United States refused to ratify despite actively participating in the negotiations and drafting. The main argument of their opposition is that cultural products are

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in the same way as other goods and services. They argue that the benefits of free trade extend to cultural goods and services. The United States left UNESCO at the end of 2018 but officially rejoined in July 2023.

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Article 3 sets out the scope of application: "This Convention shall apply to the policies and measures adopted by the Parties relating to the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions."

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stated long-term goal of reshaping cultural policy was not yet being achieved. She criticised UNESCO for not promoting more public awareness of the 2005 Convention and the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, "Action Plan on Cultural Policies for Development" in Final Report, Stockholm CLT-98/Conf.210/5, (30 March to 2 April 1998), online:

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advantages. States must also promote "openness to other cultures of the world". Protective measures are also included in the convention and international co-operation is encouraged in times of need.

365: 457:, the United States Secretary of State, wrote to attendees, asking them not to sign the convention, which she said "invites abuse by forces opposed to freedom of expression and free trade". 1682:"UNESCO's Second Session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions" 1016:

report by the World Commission on Culture and Development which considered culture not as a sector of the economy but in terms of the values and practices that define desirable futures.

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Vlassis, Antonios (5 January 2012). "La mise en oeuvre de la Convention sur la diversité des expressions culturelles: Portée et enjeux de l'interface entre le commerce et la culture".

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Article 1 of the convention sets out the convention's nine purposes discussed above. Article 2 lists eight principles that guide the interpretation of commitments made by the parties:

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The convention was born out of a desire to reconcile cultural diversity with increasingly liberal trade agreements. The international community was progressively lowering barriers to

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was the first party to ratify the treaty on 28 November 2005. Many more ratifications took place until 2007, after which the rate slowed down. The most recent ratifications are from

2088:"An Important Aspect of the Implementation of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: The International Fund for Cultural Diversity" 1786: 2250:

Ivana Otasevic, The emergence of an unwritten norm for the protection of cultural diversity in international law, PhD thesis, Quebec City, Université Laval, defended 2018, p. 111.

2214:"An international instrument for international cultural policy: The challenge of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005" 1835:"An international instrument for international cultural policy: The challenge of UNESCO's Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005" 4069: 1564:

Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity: A Vision, a Conceptual Platform, a Box of Ideas, a New Paradigm, Document prepared for the World Summit on Sustainable Development

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Article 12 sets out the five objectives of states in relation to international cooperation. Article 13 sets out the obligation of the parties to integrate culture into their

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creates several new concepts and uses similar expressions to some already known. As interpreted in the convention, cultural activities, goods, or services must result from

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has worked to support the convention by creating a Framework for Cultural Statistics and establishing an Expert Group on Measuring the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.

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In article 19, the parties commit to sharing data, expertise, and best practice for the protection and promotion of culture, creating a data bank maintained by UNESCO.

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Article 15 is the most explicit provision for partnerships between public authorities and civil society, especially to respond to the needs of developing countries.

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goods and services and increasing the mobility of artists and cultural professionals, (3) including culture in sustainable development frameworks and (4) promoting

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UNESCO reports that "at least eight bilateral and regional free trade agreements concluded between 2015 and 2017 have introduced cultural clauses or list [

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cultural expressions, including intellectual property rights, the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, linguistic diversity, and traditional knowledge.

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Neuwrith, Rostam J. "La Convention de l'UNESCO et les technologies du futur: 'Un voyage au centre de l'élaboration des lois et des politiques culturelles'" in (

204:. The convention aimed to provide a legally binding international agreement that reaffirms that right. It enshrined the view that goods and services created as 2176: 3939: 2682:

Al-Khamees, Omar A.; Yecies, Brian; Moore, Christopher (2 November 2022). "Cultural policy aspirations and the turn in Saudi Arabia's video game industry".

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intergovernmental negotiations from the fall of 2004 onwards to prepare the draft convention to be presented to the General Conference in 2005.

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UNESCO, Operational Guidelines - Information Sharing and Transparency, Conference of Parties, 3rd sess. 2011, revised at the 7th sess. online:

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UNESCO has published a series of reports that monitor the outcomes of the 2005 Convention and the progress being made within signatory states.

2285: 1912:"Preliminary Draft of the Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents of Artistic Expressions: analysis and commentary" 4079: 3315: 516:, information and communication, as well as the ability of individuals to choose cultural expressions, are guaranteed" in a manner against a 429:

would be an explicit clause setting out the relations between the convention and other international commitments. Some states, including the

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UNESCO, Framework for Monitoring the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, online:

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Articles 9 to 11 commit the states to sharing information transparently, to promoting cultural diversity through education and public

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Article 17 commits parties to cooperate in situations of serious threat to cultural expressions of the kind mentioned in article 8.

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Clammer, John. "Cultural Diversity, Global Change, and Social Justice: Contextualizing the 2005 Convention in a World in Flux". In

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George, Éric. "La politique de "contenu canadien" à l'ère de la "diversité culturelle" dans le contexte de la mondialisation". In

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Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property

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David contre Goliath: la Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles de l'UNESCO

3139: 2986: 2514: 1741: 1478: 1353: 975: 953: 927: 901: 875: 2610: 729:. One recommendation was that Commonwealth states should ratify the convention and work with civil society to implement it. 4054: 3869: 2967:"The UNESCO Convention on the Diversity of Cultural Expressions: A Cultural Instrument at the Crossroads of Law and Policy" 2453: 156:, including the creation of the International Fund for Cultural Diversity. It reaffirms many of the principles of the 2001 2716:

Throsby, David (4 March 2017). "Culturally sustainable development: theoretical concept or practical policy instrument?".

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The convention has received both praise and criticism from academic sources. According to Lilian Richieri Hanania of the

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The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions : explanatory notes

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argued in 2016 that the convention, as a legally binding treaty with many signatories, has achieved much more than the

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Matsuura, Koïchiro (2002). "The World's Cultural Wealth is its Diversity in Dialogue". In Stenou, Katérina (ed.).

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differently by Canada. In the end, certain measures to protect the Canadian periodical industry were not adopted.

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Anheier, Helmut K.; Hoelsche, Michael. "The 2005 UNESCO Convention and Civil Society: An Initial Assessment". In

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and calls for international co-operation, especially to support the cultural industries of developing countries.

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De Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka. "Introduction: UNESCO's "Diversity Convention" – Ten Years on". In

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Théorêt, Yves (2008a). "Petite histoire de la reconnaissance de la diversité des expressions culturelles". In

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30 frequently asked questions concerning the Convention and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

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opposing. The agreement came into effect in March 2007 and has been ratified by 151 states, as well as by the

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The convention also affirms that "Cultural diversity can be protected and promoted only if human rights and

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To recognise the distinct nature of cultural goods and services as vehicles of values, identity and meaning.

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The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is one of seven

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Turp, Daniel (2013). "La Contribution Du Droit International Au Maintien de La Diversité Culturelle".

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Re|shaping cultural policies: a decade promoting the diversity of cultural expressions for development

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To create the conditions for cultures to flourish and freely interact in a mutually beneficial manner.

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Guèvremont, Véronique (2017). "The Convention in other international forums: a crucial commitment".

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To define a new framework for international cultural co-operation, the keystone of the convention.

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15 Years of the UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions Convention: Actors, Processes and Impact

1361:(in French). Groupe de travail Franco-Québécois sur la diversité culturelle. pp. 2, 24, 25. 722: 627: 490: 233: 1743:Évaluation de la faisabilité juridique d'un instrument international sur la diversité culturelle 1355:Évaluation de la faisabilité juridique d'un instrument international sur la diversité culturelle 168:

One hundred and forty-eight countries voted to approve the treaty, with five abstaining and the

2504: 2116: 1282: 965: 943: 917: 891: 865: 3060: 3044: 3070:"Policy Review: Assessing the effectiveness of UNESCO's new Convention on cultural diversity" 2430: 2399: 2036: 2022: 1822:(in French). Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 5, 6. 1496:

http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

308:

generally refuses to incorporate such clauses into the free trade agreements it negotiates.

152:. It also establishes international co-operation to help protect the cultural industries of 3069: 2213: 1874: 1834: 1207: 408:

conducive to the production and dissemination of diversified cultural goods and services".

397: 205: 189: 145: 8: 2979:

Globalization, culture and development : the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity

2163:

2005 Convention, Art. 24, Rules of Procedure of the Intergovernmental Committee, Art. 39.

1519: 1327: 814:

Operational Guidelines on the Implementation of the Convention in the Digital Environment

792:] of commitments that promote the objectives and principles of the 2005 Convention." 517: 396:

was adopted unanimously by 188 member states on 2 November 2001, in the aftermath of the

2932:"UNESCO Global Report Reshaping Cultural Policies. Advancing Creativity for Development" 500:

To ensure that civil society plays a major role in the implementation of the convention.

3278: 3247: 3158: 3145: 3097: 2912: 2865: 2780: 2733: 2695: 2656: 2290: 1310: 509: 354:

Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

312: 237: 153: 141: 3295: 3282: 3251: 3237: 3164: 3149: 3135: 3101: 3089: 3056: 2982: 2916: 2904: 2869: 2857: 2784: 2772: 2737: 2699: 2566: 2510: 2473: 2233: 2199: 2177:"Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions" 1854: 1750: 1623: 1609: 1591: 1562: 1474: 1362: 1314: 1302: 1094: 971: 949: 923: 897: 871: 642: 513: 494: 337: 329: 213: 201: 197: 188:

The convention was a response to treaties and other international measures promoting

149: 3321: 676:(OECD), but also to more informal bilateral or regional fora or negotiating groups. 3331:

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

3316:

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

3268: 3229: 3205: 3127: 3081: 2896: 2849: 2764: 2725: 2687: 2465: 2225: 1974:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 5, 10. 1846: 1466: 1294: 1173: 1086: 454: 333: 217: 122:

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

27:

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

2900: 2853: 2768: 2729: 2691: 1792:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. pp. 1, 2. 140:

would lead to an increasingly uniform global culture, it allows states to protect

809: 800:

The convention was negotiated at a time when music and films were mainly sold on

474: 268: 3335:

Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

3334: 3326: 2387:

https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/2018gmr-framework-en.pdf

2064: 725:

produced the Kampala Civil Society Statement, which made recommendations to the

562:

Principle of the complementarity of economic and cultural aspects of development

1687:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. p. 29. 1624:"Records of the General Conference, 32nd Session. Volume 1, Resolutions, 32C34" 1075:"The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?" 935: 909: 699: 623:

programs, and to working with civil society to achieve the convention's goals.

242: 229: 177: 33: 3168: 2469: 2142: 1917:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. p. 5. 1705:(in French). Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. 1298: 1037:

Diversity of Cultural Expressions, the World Organization of the Francophonie.

967:

Re|shaping policies for creativity: addressing culture as a global public good

3343: 3224:

Barreiro Carril, Beatriz; Jakubowski, Andrzej; Lixinski, Lucas, eds. (2023).

3093: 3085: 2908: 2861: 2776: 2477: 2237: 2229: 1858: 1850: 1749:(in French). Groupe de travail Franco-Québécois sur la diversité culturelle. 1595: 1470: 1306: 1098: 996: 430: 305: 289: 169: 137: 2883:

Duxbury, Nancy; Kangas, Anita; De Beukelaer, Christiaan (28 February 2017).

3273: 3260: 1328:

Panel on Canada - Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals (14 March 1997).

883: 801: 764: 737: 703: 362:

Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

3233: 1090: 208:

have both an economic and cultural nature and so cannot be seen purely as

3131: 438: 301: 2429:

Operational Guidelines on Information Sharing and Transparency, online:

1545:"Records of the General Conference, 31st session, Volume 1: Resolutions" 223: 2286:"Israel, U.S. slated to leave UNESCO today to protest anti-Israel bias" 733: 711: 591: 345: 297: 249: 114:

Authoritative in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish

3209: 328:

conventions that deal with the four core areas of creative diversity;

196:. These were seen as undermining the sovereign right of states to use 3045:"The Convention on Cultural Diversity and International Economic Law" 2977:

Beukelaer, Christiaan; Pyykkönen, Miikka; Singh, J. P., eds. (2015).

2885:"Cultural policies for sustainable development: four strategic paths" 836: 750: 620: 387: 3014:

Guèvremont, Véronique. "The 2005 Convention in the Digital Age". In

1122: 1120: 602: 497:, via assistance from the International Fund for Cultural Diversity. 228:

The concept of diversity of cultural expressions is the result of a

2972:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. 2198:

of Cultural Expressions, Off. CE/13/7.IGC/10 (2013), p. 2, online:

2093:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. 1662:. Québec: Chronique, Ministère de la Culture et des Communications. 1424:(2017 ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 19, 42–46. CLT-2017/WS/10. 715: 370:

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

293: 2637: 2625: 2506:

Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development

1229: 893:

Re|shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development

854:

Re-shaping cultural policies: advancing creativity for development

721:

A November 2007 meeting of delegates from 59 member states of the

241:

cultural expressions, particularly because of the strength of the

3223: 1132: 1117: 658: 442: 401: 781: 366:

Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

134:

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

2931: 1159: 741: 707: 541: 325: 173: 133: 125: 104: 69: 3049:

Asian Journal of WTO & International Health Law and Policy

2579: 550:

Principle of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

3023:

Singh, J. P. "Cultural Globalization and the Convention". In

2523: 1105: 824:

The convention repeatedly mentions civil society — including

745: 446: 434: 209: 129: 65: 3322:

Texts in all official languages, plus Operational Guidelines

3120:

Hanania, Lilian Richieri; Norodom, Anne-Thida, eds. (2016).

919:

Freedom & Creativity: Defending art, defending diversity

3112:

Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law

2253: 2097: 795: 673: 3123:

Diversité des expressions culturelles à l'ère du numérique

2981:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 2431:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000260710.page=36

2400:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=37

2037:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=66

2023:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370521.page=63

1428: 3265:

The Journal of Law, Social Justice and Global Development

2882: 1635: 1633: 805: 788: 375:

Faced with the fact that the commitments made within the

132:

during the 33rd session of the General Conference of the

1721: 1709: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2976: 679: 556:

Principle of equal dignity and respect for all cultures

3290:

Schorlemer, Sabine; Stoll, Peter-Tobias, eds. (2012).

2791: 1950: 1948: 1763: 1630: 1525: 1520:

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113935_fre

1387: 1241: 674:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

630:

policies at all levels. This echoes article 11 of the

3004: 2681: 1870: 1868: 1780: 1778: 1440: 1332:. World Trade Organization. p. §5.25. WT/DS/31R. 1235: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1126: 808:

formats. The subsequent years saw the rise of online

559:

Principle of international solidarity and cooperation

224:

The impact of trade liberalization on cultural policy

2611:"Civil society - change agent and cultural watchdog" 1891: 706:

of the convention, or a legally equivalent process.

693: 477:

while ensuring the free movement of ideas and works.

473:

To reaffirm the sovereign rights of states to adopt

3115:(in French). Vol. 363. Brill Reference Online. 2591: 2484: 2265: 2042: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1796: 1500: 1375: 575: 3258: 2200:https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000224652 1865: 1775: 1462:Cultural Products and the World Trade Organization 1144: 945:Gender & creativity: progress on the precipice 688: 632:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 394:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 388:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 158:UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 4070:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011) 1739: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1351: 603:Section IV: Rights and obligations of the parties 520:that may undermine universality of human rights. 192:in cultural goods, especially the actions of the 4040:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3341: 2340:"U.S. rejoins UNESCO: "It's a historic moment!"" 1650: 1648: 400:. It affirms "that respect for the diversity of 3289: 2995: 2643: 2631: 2585: 2171: 2169: 1111: 3119: 2549:. Quebec: Université Laval. pp. 2, 18–19. 1666: 1414: 1263: 698:To date, 151 signatory states, as well as the 659:Section V: Relationship with other instruments 183: 2923: 2314:"The United States officially rejoins Unesco" 2059: 2057: 1645: 782:Effect on subsequent international agreements 3940:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2166: 819: 757: 542:Section I: Objectives and guiding principles 352:(1952, followed by a revision in 1971), the 3365:Treaties entered into by the European Union 3259:Garner, B; O'Connor, J (23 December 2019). 2836:Wiktor-Mach, Dobrosława (24 October 2018). 2835: 1073:Graber, Christoph Beat (1 September 2006). 597:Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 584: 38:Countries that have ratified the convention 4060:Treaties of the People's Republic of China 3013: 2751:Hanania, Lilian Richieri (7 August 2016). 2529: 2502: 2458:International Journal of Cultural Property 2054: 1740:Bernier, Ivan; Ruiz Fabri, Hélène (2002). 1352:Bernier, Ivan; Ruiz Fabri, Hélène (2002). 1287:International Journal of Cultural Property 32: 3272: 2218:International Journal of Cultural Studies 1839:International Journal of Cultural Studies 489:To endeavour to support co-operation for 232:in the way that culture is considered in 4025:Treaties of the Central African Republic 3327:Procedural history and related documents 3175: 2929: 2889:International Journal of Cultural Policy 2842:International Journal of Cultural Policy 2757:International Journal of Cultural Policy 2718:International Journal of Cultural Policy 2684:International Journal of Cultural Policy 2661:UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2283: 2121:UNESCO Diversity of Cultural Expressions 1655:Bernier, Ivan (November–December 2004). 1560: 1531: 1494:29th and 31st sessions, art. 1, online: 1434: 1415:Guèvremont, Véronique; Otašević, Ivana. 1258: 1256: 1247: 847: 796:Implementation in the online environment 727:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 670:World Intellectual Property Organization 136:(UNESCO). In response to the fears that 3195: 3186: 3177: 3156: 3126:(in French). Buenos Aires: Teseopress. 3034:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015) 3031: 3025:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015) 3016:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015) 3007:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015) 2998:Beukelaer, Pyykkönen & Singh (2015) 2964: 2936:Croatian International Relations Review 2809: 2797: 2750: 2715: 2451: 2259: 2103: 2085: 1966: 1909: 1897: 1814: 1784: 1769: 1697: 1679: 1654: 1639: 1393: 1276: 1274: 1272: 993:University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne 616:then make appropriate recommendations. 3390:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands 3342: 3184: 3163:(in French). Montréal: Hurtubise HMH. 2810:Vickery, Johnathan (19 January 2016). 2563:Canadian cultural policy in transition 2541: 2211: 1832: 1584:International In-House Counsel Journal 1577: 1446: 1072: 986: 963: 889: 863: 835:Civil society includes UNESCO Chairs: 469:Additional objectives are as follows: 262:General Agreement on Trade in Services 257:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 4065:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo 3022: 2711: 2709: 2565:(First ed.). London: Routledge. 2559: 2490: 2277: 2135: 1253: 1079:Journal of International Economic Law 941: 776:UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) 319: 148:by promoting and defending their own 4080:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates 3108: 3067: 3042: 2597: 2337: 2311: 2284:Lazaroff, Tovah (31 December 2018). 2271: 2048: 1954: 1939: 1927: 1802: 1727: 1715: 1506: 1458: 1381: 1280: 1269: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1153: 1068: 1066: 915: 680:Section VI: Organs of the convention 664:forums" refers in particular to the 565:Principle of sustainable development 3370:Treaties entered into force in 2007 1405:2005 Convention, Preamble, para 19. 13: 4075:Treaties of the State of Palestine 4045:Treaties of the Dominican Republic 3485:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3217: 2706: 1567:. Johannesburg: UNESCO. p. 3. 1418:Culture in Treaties and Agreements 1167:"Coalition for Cultural Diversity" 292:and therefore antithetical to the 14: 4166: 3930:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis 3309: 1236:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015 1191: 1139:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015 1127:De Beukelaer & Pyykkönen 2015 1063: 852:Cover of the 2018 global report, 843: 694:Ratification and non-ratification 571:Principle of openness and balance 2876: 1578:Passer, Juliette (Autumn 2020). 576:Section II: Scope of application 260:audiovisual services in the new 4095:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago 3420:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda 2829: 2803: 2744: 2675: 2649: 2603: 2553: 2535: 2496: 2445: 2442:2005 Convention, Art. 22(4)(b). 2436: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2357: 2331: 2305: 2244: 2205: 2191: 2157: 2109: 2079: 2028: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1960: 1903: 1879: 1826: 1815:Bernier, Ivan (February 2006). 1808: 1733: 1698:Bernier, Ivan (February 2006). 1691: 1616: 1602: 1571: 1554: 1537: 1512: 1487: 1452: 1408: 1399: 1345: 1336: 1321: 1030: 689:Ratification and implementation 415: 4085:Treaties of the United Kingdom 4035:Treaties of the Czech Republic 3380:Treaties extended to Hong Kong 3375:Treaties extended to Greenland 3074:Global Media and Communication 2452:Betzler, Diana (17 May 2021). 1910:Bernier, Ivan (October 2004). 1612:. Paris: UNESCO. 18 July 2003. 1217: 1051: 826:non-governmental organizations 350:Universal Copyright Convention 278:Canada-US Free Trade Agreement 212:. The convention also defines 194:World Trade Organisation (WTO) 1: 3640:Treaties of Georgia (country) 3605:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea 2901:10.1080/10286632.2017.1280789 2854:10.1080/10286632.2018.1534841 2769:10.1080/10286632.2015.1025068 2730:10.1080/10286632.2017.1280788 2692:10.1080/10286632.2022.2135705 2338:Falk, Pamela (11 July 2023). 2312:Voon, Claire (12 July 2023). 1785:Bernier, Ivan (August 2009). 1044: 1001:Sustainable Development Goals 568:Principle of equitable access 2086:Bernier, Ivan (April 2007). 1967:Bernier, Ivan (April 2009). 982:(foreword by Audrey Azoulay) 960:(foreword by Ernesto Ottone) 342:intangible cultural heritage 7: 4055:Treaties of the Netherlands 3870:Treaties of North Macedonia 3157:Théorêt, Yves, ed. (2008). 2644:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015 2632:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015 2586:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015 2389:(accessed 11 January 2020). 2212:Aylett, Holly (July 2010). 1833:Aylett, Holly (July 2010). 1626:. UNESCO. 2004. p. 34. 1112:Anheier & Hoelsche 2015 532: 288:states consider them to be 267:The vulnerability of state 184:Background and negotiations 128:adopted in October 2005 in 10: 4171: 3385:Treaties extended to Macau 3360:Treaties concluded in 2005 2965:Bernier, Ivan (May 2008). 2958: 2930:Lovrinić, Barbara (2018). 2145:. UNESCO. 15 February 2018 1680:Bernier, Ivan (May 2005). 1264:Hanania & Norodom 2016 767:and fundamental freedoms. 527: 460: 16:2005 UNESCO-related treaty 2470:10.1017/S0940739121000059 2411:2005 Convention, art. 28. 1299:10.1017/S0940739106060073 820:The role of civil society 758:Implementation monitoring 110: 99: 91: 87:Ratification by 30 states 83: 75: 61: 43: 31: 26: 4110:Treaties of Turkmenistan 3975:Treaties of South Africa 3505:Treaties of Burkina Faso 3355:Art and culture treaties 3086:10.1177/1742766506066278 2230:10.1177/1367877910369975 1888:, Article 2, Paragraph 1 1851:10.1177/1367877910369975 1471:10.1017/cbo9780511674501 1281:Voon, Tania (May 2006). 1023: 702:, have registered their 666:World Trade Organization 585:Section III: Definitions 553:Principle of sovereignty 4030:Treaties of the Comoros 4020:Treaties of the Bahamas 4000:Treaties of Switzerland 3985:Treaties of South Sudan 3980:Treaties of South Korea 3935:Treaties of Saint Lucia 3845:Treaties of New Zealand 3725:Treaties of Ivory Coast 3600:Treaties of El Salvador 3395:Treaties of Afghanistan 2542:Guèvremont, Véronique. 2509:. UNESCO. p. 143. 2420:2005 Convention, Art. 9 1226:, Article 4 Paragraph 8 942:Conor, Bridget (2021). 916:Cuny, Lawrence (2020). 628:sustainable development 491:sustainable development 234:international relations 4130:Treaties of Uzbekistan 4050:Treaties of the Gambia 4010:Treaties of Tajikistan 3960:Treaties of Seychelles 3835:Treaties of Mozambique 3825:Treaties of Montenegro 3795:Treaties of Mauritania 3775:Treaties of Madagascar 3770:Treaties of Luxembourg 3585:Treaties of East Timor 3550:Treaties of Costa Rica 3530:Treaties of Cape Verde 3450:Treaties of Bangladesh 3445:Treaties of Azerbaijan 3274:10.31273/LGD.2019.2401 3198:Études internationales 3043:Hahn, Michael (2007). 2365:"Monitoring Framework" 1999:, art. 8(3), 23 (6) d) 1014:Our Creative Diversity 856: 49:; 18 years ago 4135:Treaties of Venezuela 3850:Treaties of Nicaragua 3800:Treaties of Mauritius 3765:Treaties of Lithuania 3705:Treaties of Indonesia 3665:Treaties of Guatemala 3435:Treaties of Australia 3425:Treaties of Argentina 3234:10.5040/9781509961474 2613:. UNESCO. August 2016 1330:"Report of the Panel" 851: 514:freedom of expression 348:. The others are the 200:to support their own 4150:Treaties of Zimbabwe 4015:Treaties of Tanzania 3970:Treaties of Slovenia 3965:Treaties of Slovakia 3910:Treaties of Portugal 3895:Treaties of Paraguay 3885:Treaties of Pakistan 3820:Treaties of Mongolia 3685:Treaties of Honduras 3620:Treaties of Ethiopia 3615:Treaties of Eswatini 3580:Treaties of Dominica 3575:Treaties of Djibouti 3545:Treaties of Colombia 3520:Treaties of Cameroon 3515:Treaties of Cambodia 3500:Treaties of Bulgaria 3490:Treaties of Botswana 3455:Treaties of Barbados 3294:. Berlin: Springer. 3132:10.55778/ts096909001 3068:Neil, Garry (2006). 2262:, pp. 493, 496. 2106:, pp. 498, 499. 1730:, pp. 410, 411. 1718:, pp. 410, 414. 1459:Voon, Tania (2007). 510:fundamental freedoms 398:September 11 attacks 206:cultural expressions 190:trade liberalization 154:developing countries 146:cultural expressions 124:is an international 4140:Treaties of Vietnam 4125:Treaties of Uruguay 4120:Treaties of Ukraine 4100:Treaties of Tunisia 3950:Treaties of Senegal 3920:Treaties of Romania 3860:Treaties of Nigeria 3840:Treaties of Namibia 3830:Treaties of Morocco 3810:Treaties of Moldova 3760:Treaties of Lesotho 3730:Treaties of Jamaica 3715:Treaties of Ireland 3695:Treaties of Iceland 3690:Treaties of Hungary 3660:Treaties of Grenada 3645:Treaties of Germany 3625:Treaties of Finland 3610:Treaties of Estonia 3590:Treaties of Ecuador 3570:Treaties of Denmark 3555:Treaties of Croatia 3510:Treaties of Burundi 3480:Treaties of Bolivia 3465:Treaties of Belgium 3460:Treaties of Belarus 3440:Treaties of Austria 3430:Treaties of Armenia 3410:Treaties of Andorra 3405:Treaties of Algeria 3400:Treaties of Albania 3228:. Hart Publishing. 2816:LSE Review of Books 2646:, pp. 188–189. 2634:, pp. 199–200. 2532:, pp. 147–148. 2065:"What is the IFCD?" 1091:10.1093/jiel/jgl018 987:Scholarly reception 643:developed countries 518:cultural relativism 202:cultural industries 150:cultural industries 23: 4145:Treaties of Zambia 4115:Treaties of Uganda 4105:Treaties of Turkey 3995:Treaties of Sweden 3955:Treaties of Serbia 3925:Treaties of Rwanda 3905:Treaties of Poland 3890:Treaties of Panama 3875:Treaties of Norway 3815:Treaties of Monaco 3805:Treaties of Mexico 3780:Treaties of Malawi 3755:Treaties of Latvia 3745:Treaties of Kuwait 3735:Treaties of Jordan 3675:Treaties of Guyana 3670:Treaties of Guinea 3655:Treaties of Greece 3630:Treaties of France 3565:Treaties of Cyprus 3525:Treaties of Canada 3495:Treaties of Brazil 3470:Treaties of Belize 3415:Treaties of Angola 2663:. 15 February 2018 2291:The Jerusalem Post 2123:. 15 February 2018 2117:"Governing bodies" 1437:, pp. 36, 37. 857: 714:(26 May 2021) and 320:The role of UNESCO 313:cultural diversity 238:cultural exception 142:cultural diversity 21: 4005:Treaties of Syria 3990:Treaties of Spain 3945:Treaties of Samoa 3915:Treaties of Qatar 3855:Treaties of Niger 3790:Treaties of Malta 3740:Treaties of Kenya 3720:Treaties of Italy 3700:Treaties of India 3680:Treaties of Haiti 3650:Treaties of Ghana 3635:Treaties of Gabon 3595:Treaties of Egypt 3540:Treaties of Chile 3475:Treaties of Benin 3301:978-3-642-25995-1 3243:978-1-50996-147-4 3210:10.7202/1007552ar 3141:979-10-96909-00-1 2988:978-1-137-39763-8 2516:978-92-3-100256-4 2318:The Art Newspaper 1480:978-0-521-87327-7 977:978-92-3-100503-9 955:978-92-3-100444-5 929:978-92-3-100379-0 903:978-92-3-100256-4 877:978-92-3-100136-9 495:poverty reduction 475:cultural policies 356:(1954/1999), the 344:and contemporary 338:cultural property 269:cultural policies 214:cultural industry 198:cultural policies 118: 117: 4162: 4090:Treaties of Togo 3900:Treaties of Peru 3880:Treaties of Oman 3865:Treaties of Niue 3785:Treaties of Mali 3750:Treaties of Laos 3710:Treaties of Iraq 3560:Treaties of Cuba 3535:Treaties of Chad 3305: 3286: 3276: 3255: 3213: 3190: 3181: 3172: 3153: 3116: 3105: 3064: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2973: 2971: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2061: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2032: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1748: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1677: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1498: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1360: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1278: 1267: 1260: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1172:. Archived from 1171: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1070: 1061: 1055: 1038: 1034: 981: 959: 933: 907: 881: 736:, states in the 718:(4 March 2022). 455:Condoleezza Rice 368:(2001), and the 334:natural heritage 300:, which favours 218:interculturality 57: 55: 50: 36: 24: 20: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4155:UNESCO treaties 3340: 3339: 3312: 3302: 3244: 3220: 3218:Further reading 3142: 2989: 2969: 2961: 2956: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2928: 2924: 2881: 2877: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2749: 2745: 2714: 2707: 2680: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2530:Guèvremont 2015 2528: 2524: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2348: 2346: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2192: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2098: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2063: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2009:2005 Convention 2007: 2003: 1997:2005 Convention 1995: 1991: 1985:2005 Convention 1983: 1979: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1886:2005 Convention 1884: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1757: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1684: 1678: 1667: 1659: 1653: 1646: 1642:, pp. 1–3. 1638: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1576: 1572: 1559: 1555: 1550:. UNESCO. 2001. 1547: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1457: 1453: 1449:, pp. 239. 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396:, pp. 1–2. 1392: 1388: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1326: 1322: 1279: 1270: 1261: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1224:2005 Convention 1222: 1218: 1213:. UNESCO. 2006. 1210: 1206: 1205: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1179:on 5 March 2016 1176: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1152: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1071: 1064: 1058:2005 Convention 1056: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1031: 1026: 989: 978: 964:UNESCO (2022). 956: 930: 904: 890:UNESCO (2017). 878: 864:UNESCO (2015). 846: 822: 810:streaming media 798: 784: 760: 696: 691: 682: 661: 605: 587: 578: 544: 535: 530: 463: 418: 390: 322: 311:The concept of 226: 186: 103:United Nations/ 54:20 October 2005 53: 51: 48: 47:20 October 2005 39: 22:2005 Convention 17: 12: 11: 5: 4168: 4158: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3350:2005 in France 3338: 3337: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3310:External links 3308: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3287: 3256: 3242: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3204:(4): 493–510. 3193: 3192: 3191: 3187:Théorêt (2008) 3182: 3178:Théorêt (2008) 3154: 3140: 3117: 3106: 3080:(2): 257–262. 3065: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2987: 2974: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2922: 2895:(2): 214–230. 2875: 2848:(3): 312–327. 2828: 2802: 2800:, p. 113. 2790: 2763:(4): 574–593. 2743: 2724:(2): 133–147. 2705: 2674: 2648: 2636: 2624: 2602: 2600:, p. 397. 2590: 2588:, p. 184. 2578: 2571: 2552: 2534: 2522: 2515: 2495: 2483: 2444: 2435: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2391: 2378: 2356: 2330: 2304: 2276: 2274:, p. 232. 2264: 2252: 2243: 2204: 2190: 2165: 2156: 2134: 2108: 2096: 2078: 2053: 2051:, p. 408. 2041: 2027: 2013: 2001: 1989: 1977: 1959: 1957:, p. 258. 1944: 1942:, p. 362. 1932: 1930:, p. 371. 1920: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1864: 1825: 1807: 1805:, p. 418. 1795: 1774: 1772:, p. 495. 1762: 1755: 1732: 1720: 1708: 1690: 1665: 1644: 1629: 1615: 1601: 1570: 1553: 1536: 1524: 1511: 1509:, p. 234. 1499: 1486: 1479: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1407: 1398: 1386: 1384:, p. 231. 1374: 1367: 1344: 1335: 1320: 1268: 1252: 1240: 1228: 1216: 1190: 1158: 1156:, p. 257. 1143: 1131: 1116: 1114:, p. 182. 1104: 1085:(3): 553–574. 1062: 1060:, The Preamble 1049: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1022: 988: 985: 984: 983: 976: 961: 954: 939: 936:Ernesto Ottone 928: 913: 910:Audrey Azoulay 902: 887: 876: 845: 844:Global reports 842: 821: 818: 797: 794: 783: 780: 759: 756: 700:European Union 695: 692: 690: 687: 681: 678: 660: 657: 604: 601: 586: 583: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 543: 540: 534: 531: 529: 526: 506: 505: 501: 498: 487: 484: 481: 478: 462: 459: 417: 414: 389: 386: 321: 318: 243:Hollywood film 230:paradigm shift 225: 222: 210:economic goods 185: 182: 178:European Union 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 63: 59: 58: 45: 41: 40: 37: 29: 28: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4167: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3200:(in French). 3199: 3194: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2942:(82): 134–137 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2628: 2612: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2572:9781003134022 2568: 2564: 2556: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2493:, p. 38. 2492: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2388: 2382: 2366: 2360: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2160: 2144: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2089: 2082: 2066: 2060: 2058: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2031: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1993: 1986: 1981: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1924: 1913: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1756:2-550-39185-3 1752: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1701: 1694: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1658: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1625: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1574: 1566: 1565: 1557: 1546: 1540: 1534:, p. 38. 1533: 1532:Théorêt 2008a 1528: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1490: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1435:Théorêt 2008a 1431: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1378: 1370: 1368:2-550-39185-3 1364: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1339: 1331: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1250:, p. 47. 1249: 1248:Théorêt 2008a 1244: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1220: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1009: 1005: 1002: 998: 997:David Throsby 994: 979: 973: 969: 968: 962: 957: 951: 947: 946: 940: 937: 934:(foreword by 931: 925: 921: 920: 914: 911: 908:(foreword by 905: 899: 895: 894: 888: 885: 882:(foreword by 879: 873: 869: 868: 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 841: 838: 833: 829: 827: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 793: 791: 790: 779: 777: 772: 768: 766: 755: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 686: 677: 675: 671: 667: 656: 653: 649: 646: 644: 638: 635: 633: 629: 624: 622: 617: 613: 609: 600: 598: 593: 582: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 547: 539: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 502: 499: 496: 492: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 472: 471: 470: 467: 458: 456: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 431:United States 426: 422: 413: 409: 405: 403: 399: 395: 385: 381: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 317: 314: 309: 307: 306:United States 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:protectionist 285: 281: 279: 273: 270: 265: 263: 258: 255:The 1947 the 253: 251: 246: 244: 239: 235: 231: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 181: 179: 175: 171: 170:United States 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138:globalization 135: 131: 127: 123: 113: 109: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 46: 42: 35: 30: 25: 19: 3330: 3291: 3267:(24): 8–23. 3264: 3225: 3201: 3197: 3159: 3122: 3111: 3077: 3073: 3052: 3048: 2978: 2944:. 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Retrieved 2044: 2030: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1987:, art. 8(1). 1984: 1980: 1962: 1935: 1923: 1905: 1900:, p. 5. 1898:Bernier 2008 1893: 1885: 1881: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1810: 1798: 1770:Vlassis 2012 1765: 1742: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1693: 1640:Bernier 2008 1618: 1604: 1590:(53): 6811. 1587: 1583: 1573: 1563: 1556: 1539: 1527: 1514: 1502: 1489: 1461: 1454: 1442: 1430: 1417: 1410: 1401: 1394:Bernier 2008 1389: 1377: 1354: 1347: 1338: 1323: 1290: 1286: 1243: 1238:, p. 4. 1231: 1223: 1219: 1181:. 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