167:(1990), the Supreme Court held that a search was valid if the police reasonably believed that the party giving consent had actual authority over the premises, but were incorrect in their belief. When two co-occupants are present, and one consents to a search but the other expressly objects, the Supreme Court has found that the police cannot validly search the premises. However, if the objecting party is subsequently lawfully arrested and removed from the premises, the Court has held in
265:
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324:, (population 209,889) came under criticism after a study showed between 2009 and 2010 black motorists were three times more likely than whites to be searched after a stop. The city manager was forced out and the police chief retired. A law was passed requiring police to get written consent before performing a search beginning March, 2012. A new police chief was given a mandate to rebuild community trust.
114:(1996) the Supreme Court decided an officer does not need to inform the driver that the stop has ended. He can continue questioning and request a search of the vehicle. Since the encounter has now become a consensual encounter it is outside the protection of the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court assumed that a reasonable person would know the encounter was over and feel free to drive away.
356:. The law consists of two parts. One is the "Consent to Search" law which requires an officer to inform someone they have the right to deny a search and to make sure that person understands that right. The other is the "NYPD ID" law, which requires the officer, in certain situations, to hand out business cards with their name, rank, badge number and command.
54:. When an officer returns a driver's identification, the encounter has been transformed into a consensual encounter. In the case of a pedestrian, a consensual encounter can lead to a Terry stop based on information gathered during conversation. Some states and cities pass laws that require officer to notify a right to refuse in one case, but not the others.
238:(1993). As long as a prison visitor is warned that all visitors will be searched and consents to the search, consent cannot be revoked once the search has begun. Allowing consent to be withdrawn, the court reasoned, would encourage the smuggling of contraband into prisons by providing a secure escape to the smuggler.
43:) are searches conducted by United States law enforcement after obtaining the voluntary consent of the person being investigated. In some cases, consent may also be obtained from certain third-parties. Searches that are the product of consent are one of several recognized exceptions to the warrant requirement of the
340:, adopted a written-consent policy for all searches. This was after the city was presented with clear documentation that black motorists were searched well above their share to the city's population. In implementing the policy, the city manager said it was in the interests of regaining the trust of the community.
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Usually, Consent can be revoked at almost any time during a consent-based search. If consent is revoked, the officer or officers performing the search are required to immediately stop searching. However, the right to revoke consent is not recognized in two specific cases: airport passenger screening
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A party other than the defendant can, in some limited cases, grant consent. The consenting party needs to actually possess or be believed by the searching officer to possess "common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected." For example, the
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Consent searches on people's homes have been given a higher level of scrutiny by the
Supreme Court. This is because they happen in private without outside observers. The court is much more sensitive to the possibility of coercion and more guidelines have been put in place to protect against this.
312:
In May 2010, the state of
Colorado enacted an informed consent law requiring police to inform drivers of their right to decline a consent search. The law was enacted in an effort to reduce racial profiling. It extends not only to drivers but also pedestrians. Because the law focused on Fourth
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The person has the right to refuse to give consent, and except in limited cases may revoke consent at any point during the search. In addition, the prosecution in any trial using the search results as evidence is required to prove that the consent was voluntary and not a result of coercion.
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Oftentimes an officer will have neither reasonable suspicion to stop an individual nor probable cause to arrest that person. A common tactic is to engage in conversation with the individual in an attempt to get them to incriminate themselves. This can, possibly, include a consent search.
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Once consent to search is given, an individual may withdraw or restrict a search. Consent is considered withdrawn if an unequivocal statement is made either through statements, actions, or a combination of both.
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The person conducting the consent search does not necessarily have to be identified as a law enforcement officer, and the person granting consent need not be the person police suspect or ultimately charge.
47:. The prosecution bears the burden of proving that consent was freely and voluntarily given. Courts look to the totality of the circumstances to determine whether consent was freely and voluntarily given.
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rejected the argument that "officials must conduct all searches in plain view of the suspect, and in a manner slowly enough that he may withdraw or delimit his consent at any time during the search."
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The three main categories of searches are a search of a house, automobile or pedestrian. In the case of an automobile, it is assumed the officer has already seized the car and the encounter is a
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65:, officers conducting a consent search are not required to warn people of their right to withhold consent in order for consent to be valid, as determined by the U.S. Supreme Court in
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227:(9th Cir. 1986), the court explained that " rule allowing a passenger to leave without a search after an inconclusive X-ray scan would encourage airline
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563:""When Will This Traffic Stop End?": The United States Supreme Court's Dodge of Every Detained Motorist's Central Concern—Ohio v. Robinette"
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Amendment protections, it was able to get bipartisan agreement and was signed by the governor, a former tough-on-crime
District Attorney.
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251:(1997), the court found the "ere refusal to consent to a stop or search does not give rise to reasonable suspicion or probable cause."
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The Right to Know Act was passed in 2017 by New York City's city council in response to the aggressive use of
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or probable cause; once this has been developed the individual loses the right to revoke consent. However, in
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173:(2014) that the police may search with the consent of the co-occupant remaining on the premises.
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Dias, Megan; Epp, Derek A.; Roman, Marcel; Walker, Hannah L. (2024).
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425:"Unreasonable Suspicion: Relying on Refusals to Support Terry Stops"
732:"Activists Wield Search Data to Challenge and Change Police Policy"
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Baumgartner, Frank R.; Epp, Derek; Shoub, Kelsey (June 16, 2015).
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336:(pop. 267,743), in response to a collection of groups led by the
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to revoke his consent to a search of his bag once it entered the
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A 2024 study found that consent searches are less likely than
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by providing a secure exit where detection was threatened."
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809:"Right to Know Act - Communities United for Police Reforms"
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694:"Assessment Report on the Fayetteville Police Department"
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Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 248–249 (1973).
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784:"Right to Know Is Now the Law. Here's What That Means"
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During the course of a search an officer may develop
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621:(Report). Alameda County District Attorney's Office.
590:(Report). Alameda County District Attorney's Office.
550:(Report). Alameda County District Attorney's Office.
533:(Report). Alameda County District Attorney's Office.
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Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 227 (1973).
713:"Durham adopts written-consent policy for searches"
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653:"Fayetteville police making fewer traffic stops"
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209:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
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255:Cities and states requiring informed consent
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679:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
77:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
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730:Oppel Jr., Richard A. (20 November 2014).
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545:Point of View - Investigative Contacts
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338:Southern Coalition for Social Justice
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711:Gronberg, Ray (September 16, 2014).
429:The University of Chicago Law Review
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151:or as an informer to be admissible.
567:Florida State University Law Review
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838:. New York City Police Department.
494:Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
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1176:Evidence law in the United States
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225:United States v. Pulido-Baquerizo
1255:Privacy law in the United States
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692:Johnson III, Will D. (2015).
632:Boven, Joseph (May 4, 2010).
561:Dery III, George M. (1998).
423:Laser, Rachel Karen (1995).
387:, United States v. Matlock,
322:Fayetteville, North Carolina
317:Fayetteville, North Carolina
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528:Investigative "Contacts"
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248:United States v. Fuentes
236:United States v. Spriggs
158:United States v. Matlock
462:Gallini, Brian (2012).
211:found Herzbrun "had no
182:and prison visitation.
170:Fernandez v. California
28:Consent search case law
1087:Statute of limitations
882:Criminal investigation
334:Durham, North Carolina
328:Durham, North Carolina
145:Hoffa v. United States
141:Lopez v. United States
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1025:Criminal jurisdiction
605:, 547 U.S. 103 (2006)
164:Illinois v. Rodriguez
95:Pedestrian encounters
73:United States v. Rich
1065:Inquisitorial system
1002:Criminal prosecution
942:Reasonable suspicion
917:Exigent circumstance
471:Tennessee Law Review
243:reasonable suspicion
213:constitutional right
137:Lee v. United States
1082:Preliminary hearing
602:Georgia v. Randolph
186:Withdrawing consent
41:consensual searches
32:Terry stop case law
1010:Adversarial system
952:Search and seizure
922:Knock-and-announce
873:Criminal procedure
506:10.1111/jels.12377
280:. You can help by
149:undercover officer
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1214:Wikimedia Commons
1161:Criminal defenses
1096:Charges and pleas
1020:Bill of attainder
957:Search of persons
354:police department
332:In October, 2014
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1181:Legal abuse
1118:Information
1108:Arraignment
1103:Alford plea
1043:Extradition
814:October 22,
793:October 22,
767:October 22,
118:Home search
1239:Categories
1209:WikiSource
1194:Wiktionary
1113:Indictment
1060:Indictment
1048:Grand jury
991:Law portal
972:Terry stop
741:21 January
223:." And in
52:Terry stop
26:See also:
18:Terry stop
16:See also:
1204:Wikiquote
1199:Wikibooks
912:Detention
514:1740-1453
385:See, e.g.
288:talk page
229:terrorism
1219:Wikinews
1171:Evidence
360:See also
308:Colorado
967:Suspect
891:Arguido
449:1600058
395:(1990).
352:by the
897:Arrest
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143:, and
836:(PDF)
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445:JSTOR
372:Notes
201:X-ray
1135:Plea
1015:Bail
816:2018
795:2018
769:2018
743:2019
573:(3).
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39:(or
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