301:
Believing that
Fernandez may have assaulted his girlfriend, police attempted to separate the two. Fernandez refused to follow the police's directive to step away from his girlfriend and yelled "You don't have a right to come in here. I know my rights." The officers soon realized that Fernandez was the suspect in the gang-related assault and arrested him for that crime. About an hour later the police came back to ask Fernandez's girlfriend for consent to search the apartment, which she gave. Fernandez later challenged the lawfulness of this third-party consent. Counsel to Fernandez were attorneys
31:
279:
control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched. Then they arrested him.” In essence the court decided that any one person who is a “joint occupant” can consent to a police search of the shared residence, without a search warrant. In
278:
the U.S. Supreme Court laid out the so-called "co-occupant consent rule". This rule means that anyone who has "common authority" over the home can consent to a search of the home. The
Supreme Court defined "common authority" as “mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or
313:
By a vote of six to three, the Court ruled that the search which followed the arrest of defendant
Fernandez did not violate the Constitution, because Fernandez was no longer physically there and had been removed for fair reasons. Respect for the girlfriend's independent voluntary consent requires
300:
When police arrived at
Fernandez's apartment, they believed a suspect in a gang-related assault had just entered. While approaching the apartment they heard screaming and fighting occurring inside. Police knocked on the apartment's door, which was answered by Fernandez's bloodied girlfriend.
1294:
314:
that it be honored. The three dissenting judges argued that the girlfriend had been pressured into consenting, and that police should have gotten a search warrant once they knew
Fernandez objected to the search.
291:
the court decided that when co-occupants who are disagreeing whether to let the police search their dwelling the police can't conduct a search, if a "physically present" co-occupant objects that search.
391:
100:
When a resident who objects to the search of his dwelling is removed for objectively reasonable purposes (such as lawful arrest), the remaining resident may validly consent to search.
2849:
245:
however, held that when the objecting co-resident is removed for objectively reasonable purposes (such as lawful arrest), the remaining resident may validly consent to search.
2120:
2705:
1254:
420:
79:
512:
218:
1188:
867:
2854:
2026:
2018:
623:
1967:
2844:
2066:
1415:
2473:
503:
338:
2839:
2163:
2034:
1938:
467:
1699:
392:"Opinion analysis: The Court narrowly limits a precedent allowing co-occupant objections to warrantless consent searches"
2679:
2630:
35:
2206:
751:
631:
1922:
1906:
241:, a 2006 case that held that consent to search a dwelling is invalid in the presence of an objecting co-resident.
1946:
1100:
2334:
2050:
1975:
1930:
788:
2531:
2214:
1051:
663:
361:
2128:
639:
496:
2058:
1716:
851:
551:
2361:
1831:
804:
575:
2590:
1764:
1740:
1732:
1708:
1570:
1517:
1442:
1369:
1350:
995:
979:
559:
475:
440:
2523:
1885:
1615:
1525:
1011:
899:
263:
2773:
2550:
2182:
2074:
1897:
1799:
1606:
1286:
1212:
1204:
1180:
1132:
875:
827:
716:
708:
615:
591:
489:
2465:
2280:
2002:
1914:
1594:
1466:
1156:
1140:
1019:
907:
780:
647:
599:
2649:
2515:
2353:
2010:
1839:
1663:
1639:
1533:
1315:
942:
891:
743:
724:
607:
583:
567:
543:
424:
74:
2765:
2562:
2506:
2299:
2093:
1724:
1647:
1586:
1509:
1278:
1072:
771:
699:
655:
481:
8:
2485:
2406:
2382:
2373:
2318:
2264:
1983:
1815:
1780:
1687:
1671:
1631:
1623:
1561:
1541:
1490:
1164:
1035:
1027:
671:
269:
237:
143:
431:
2617:
2198:
2190:
2042:
1877:
1748:
1458:
1450:
1390:
1381:
1306:
1270:
1262:
1196:
1124:
1108:
883:
449:
232:
63:
2800:
2494:
2449:
2222:
2112:
1958:
1655:
1482:
1043:
1003:
934:
796:
302:
2808:
2757:
2414:
2390:
2272:
2155:
1858:
1823:
1679:
1578:
1474:
1434:
1331:
1220:
1172:
1148:
987:
915:
859:
759:
679:
2687:
2641:
2598:
2571:
2398:
2326:
2147:
1772:
1756:
687:
159:
135:
131:
2711:
1807:
1323:
1116:
967:
835:
147:
123:
2833:
1241:
1092:
1071:
843:
2781:
155:
115:
458:
167:
1076:
86:
1080:
339:"Fernandez v. California and the problem of third-party consent"
30:
511:
184:
Alito, joined by
Roberts, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer
2850:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court
1414:
476:
SCOTUSblog
Coverage of Fernandez v. California (2014)
385:
383:
381:
379:
253:
1189:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
525:
376:
2831:
2739:
332:
330:
328:
326:
2027:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
497:
1968:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
323:
2067:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
504:
490:
362:"Five thoughts on Fernandez v. California"
54:Walter Fernandez, Petitioner v. California
2019:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
624:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
308:
261:is governed by two cases: The 1974 case
2474:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
2855:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2164:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
1240:
468:Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)
2832:
2457:
389:
2738:
2437:
2245:
2086:Property of probationers and parolees
2035:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
1939:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
1413:
1239:
1070:
965:
524:
485:
18:2014 United States Supreme Court case
2292:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
359:
336:
208:Ginsburg, joined by Sotomayor, Kagan
13:
2680:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1362:Warrants directed at third parties
966:
390:Little, Rory (February 25, 2014).
295:
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2866:
2845:United States Supreme Court cases
2207:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
1995:Students, employees, and patients
1792:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1416:Exceptions to warrant requirement
752:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
632:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
427:292 (2014) is available from:
409:
283:the Court limited the holding of
235:case that explored the limits of
2257:Distinguishing stops and arrests
1923:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
1907:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
360:Kerr, Orin (February 26, 2014).
254:Supreme Court Case law precedent
29:
2750:Unreasonable search and seizure
1947:United States v. Flores-Montano
1343:Neutral and detached magistrate
1101:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
337:Kerr, Orin (November 6, 2013).
248:
2840:2013 in United States case law
2051:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
1976:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1295:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
513:United States Fourth Amendment
353:
1:
2346:Detention during vehicle stop
2215:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2140:Searches in jails and prisons
1052:District of Columbia v. Wesby
526:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
317:
231:, 571 U.S. 292 (2014), was a
2740:Incorporation against States
2438:
2311:Detention incident to search
2246:
2129:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
7:
2059:Board of Education v. Earls
1717:United States v. Rabinowitz
1700:Searches incident to arrest
852:United States v. Mendenhall
10:
2871:
2362:Rodriguez v. United States
2105:Administrative inspections
1832:Birchfield v. North Dakota
805:Carpenter v. United States
576:Silverman v. United States
459:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2792:
2749:
2745:
2734:
2698:
2671:
2664:
2628:
2609:
2591:Wong Sun v. United States
2582:
2561:
2542:
2505:
2484:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2372:
2345:
2310:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2174:
2139:
2121:Camara v. Municipal Court
2104:
2085:
1994:
1957:
1896:
1869:
1850:
1791:
1765:Thornton v. United States
1741:United States v. Chadwick
1733:United States v. Robinson
1709:Trupiano v. United States
1698:
1605:
1571:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1560:
1518:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1501:
1443:United States v. Chadwick
1426:
1422:
1409:
1380:
1370:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1361:
1351:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1342:
1305:
1249:
1235:
1087:
1066:
996:Spinelli v. United States
980:Brinegar v. United States
974:
961:
927:Fourth Amendment standing
926:
819:
770:
735:
698:
560:Olmstead v. United States
535:
531:
520:
217:
212:
204:
196:
188:
180:
175:
109:
104:
99:
94:
69:
59:
49:
45:Decided February 25, 2014
42:
28:
23:
2524:Herring v. United States
1886:South Dakota v. Opperman
1616:Carroll v. United States
1526:United States v. Matlock
1255:Johnson v. United States
1077:Investigative detentions
1012:Ornelas v. United States
900:United States v. Drayton
264:United States v. Matlock
43:Argued November 13, 2013
2774:Elkins v. United States
2551:Murray v. United States
2335:Bailey v. United States
2183:United States v. Watson
2075:City of Ontario v. Quon
1931:United States v. Ramsey
1800:Schmerber v. California
1550:Fernandez v. California
1287:United States v. Grubbs
1213:Heien v. North Carolina
1205:Navarette v. California
1181:United States v. Arvizu
1133:United States v. Cortez
876:California v. Hodari D.
828:Counselman v. Hitchcock
789:United States v. Miller
717:Oliver v. United States
709:Hester v. United States
616:California v. Greenwood
592:United States v. Knotts
417:Fernandez v. California
259:Fernandez v. California
228:Fernandez v. California
24:Fernandez v. California
2532:Davis v. United States
2466:Weeks v. United States
2281:United States v. Place
2003:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
1915:United States v. Ortiz
1595:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1467:Brigham City v. Stuart
1157:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1141:United States v. Place
1020:Whren v. United States
908:Brendlin v. California
781:United States v. White
664:United States v. Jones
648:Kyllo v. United States
600:United States v. Place
309:Supreme Court decision
2650:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2516:United States v. Leon
2486:Impeachment exception
2354:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
1840:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1664:California v. Acevedo
1640:United States v. Ross
1534:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1427:Exigent circumstances
1316:Boyd v. United States
943:Byrd v. United States
892:Soldal v. Cook County
820:Definition of seizure
744:California v. Ciraolo
725:United States v. Dunn
640:Bond v. United States
608:United States v. Karo
584:Katz v. United States
568:Abel v. United States
544:Boyd v. United States
219:U.S. Const. amend. IV
85:134 S. Ct. 1126, 188
2793:Warrant requirements
2766:Rochin v. California
2563:Inevitable discovery
2507:Good-faith exception
2300:Illinois v. McArthur
2094:Samson v. California
1725:Chimel v. California
1648:California v. Carney
1587:Horton v. California
1510:Stoner v. California
1279:Maryland v. Garrison
1073:Reasonable suspicion
772:Third-party doctrine
700:Open-fields doctrine
656:Illinois v. Caballes
552:United States v. Lee
536:Definition of search
89:25, 82 U.S.L.W. 4102
2407:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2383:Tennessee v. Garner
2319:Michigan v. Summers
2265:Dunaway v. New York
2175:Warrantless arrests
1984:Illinois v. Lidster
1816:Missouri v. McNeely
1781:Riley v. California
1688:Collins v. Virginia
1672:Wyoming v. Houghton
1632:Arkansas v. Sanders
1624:Chambers v. Maroney
1542:Georgia v. Randolph
1491:Lange v. California
1165:Illinois v. Wardlow
1036:Devenpeck v. Alford
1028:Maryland v. Pringle
736:Aerial surveillance
672:Florida v. Jardines
305:and Gerald Peters.
281:Georgia v. Randolph
270:Georgia v. Randolph
238:Georgia v. Randolph
144:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2618:Hudson v. Michigan
2543:Independent source
2199:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2191:Payton v. New York
2043:Chandler v. Miller
2011:O'Connor v. Ortega
1878:Cady v. Dombrowski
1870:Inventory searches
1749:New York v. Belton
1459:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1451:Payton v. New York
1391:Wilson v. Arkansas
1382:Knock-and-announce
1307:Mere evidence rule
1271:Ybarra v. Illinois
1263:Franks v. Delaware
1197:Arizona v. Johnson
1125:Ybarra v. Illinois
1109:Delaware v. Prouse
884:Florida v. Bostick
267:and the 2005 case
233:U.S. Supreme Court
120:Associate Justices
2827:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2801:Ker v. California
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2660:
2659:
2610:No-knock searches
2495:James v. Illinois
2450:Exclusionary rule
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2223:Virginia v. Moore
2113:Frank v. Maryland
1851:Protective sweeps
1656:Florida v. Jimeno
1483:Caniglia v. Strom
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1231:
1230:
1062:
1061:
1044:Florida v. Harris
1004:Illinois v. Gates
957:
956:
953:
952:
935:Rakas v. Illinois
815:
814:
797:Smith v. Maryland
224:
223:
2862:
2809:Aguilar v. Texas
2758:Wolf v. Colorado
2747:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2706:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2669:
2668:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2415:Mullenix v. Luna
2391:Graham v. Connor
2273:Florida v. Royer
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2156:Hudson v. Palmer
1859:Maryland v. Buie
1824:Maryland v. King
1680:Florida v. White
1607:Vehicle searches
1579:Arizona v. Hicks
1502:Consent searches
1475:Kentucky v. King
1435:Warden v. Hayden
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1332:Warden v. Hayden
1303:
1302:
1237:
1236:
1221:Kansas v. Glover
1173:Florida v. J. L.
1149:Michigan v. Long
1068:
1067:
988:Aguilar v. Texas
963:
962:
916:Torres v. Madrid
860:Florida v. Royer
760:Florida v. Riley
696:
695:
680:Klayman v. Obama
533:
532:
522:
521:
506:
499:
492:
483:
482:
472:
466:
463:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
430:
404:
403:
401:
399:
387:
374:
373:
371:
369:
357:
351:
350:
348:
346:
334:
272:(GA v. Randolph)
105:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
20:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2815:
2788:
2741:
2718:
2694:
2688:Egbert v. Boule
2656:
2642:Stone v. Powell
2624:
2605:
2599:Utah v. Strieff
2578:
2572:Nix v. Williams
2557:
2538:
2501:
2480:
2440:
2421:
2399:Scott v. Harris
2374:Excessive force
2368:
2341:
2327:Muehler v. Mena
2306:
2287:
2248:
2229:
2170:
2148:Bell v. Wolfish
2135:
2100:
2081:
1990:
1953:
1898:Border searches
1892:
1865:
1846:
1787:
1773:Arizona v. Gant
1757:Knowles v. Iowa
1694:
1601:
1556:
1497:
1418:
1397:
1376:
1357:
1338:
1301:
1245:
1227:
1083:
1058:
970:
949:
922:
811:
766:
731:
694:
688:ACLU v. Clapper
527:
516:
510:
470:
464:
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
437:
434:
428:
412:
407:
397:
395:
388:
377:
367:
365:
358:
354:
344:
342:
335:
324:
320:
311:
298:
296:Case background
256:
251:
160:Sonia Sotomayor
158:
146:
136:Clarence Thomas
134:
132:Anthony Kennedy
90:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:Monroe v. Pape
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2586:
2584:
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2579:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
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2555:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
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2536:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2488:
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2479:
2478:
2470:
2461:
2459:
2452:
2442:
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2427:
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2411:
2403:
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2295:
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2250:
2249:
2239:
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2231:
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2228:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
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1935:
1927:
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1911:
1902:
1900:
1894:
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1890:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1808:Cupp v. Murphy
1804:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1324:Hale v. Henkel
1320:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1129:
1121:
1117:Brown v. Texas
1113:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
975:
972:
971:
968:Probable cause
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
948:
947:
939:
930:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
868:INS v. Delgado
864:
856:
848:
840:
836:Hale v. Henkel
832:
823:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
810:
809:
801:
793:
785:
776:
774:
768:
767:
765:
764:
756:
748:
739:
737:
733:
732:
730:
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721:
713:
704:
702:
693:
692:
684:
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668:
660:
652:
644:
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628:
620:
612:
604:
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572:
564:
556:
548:
539:
537:
529:
528:
518:
517:
509:
508:
501:
494:
486:
480:
479:
473:
441:Google Scholar
411:
410:External links
408:
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375:
352:
321:
319:
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310:
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297:
294:
255:
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170:
148:Stephen Breyer
124:Antonin Scalia
121:
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113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
84:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
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40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2867:
2856:
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2663:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:Habeas corpus
2627:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
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2569:
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2337:
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2329:
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2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
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2313:
2309:
2302:
2301:
2297:
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2290:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
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2262:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1888:
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1861:
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1837:
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1821:
1818:
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1797:
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1408:
1393:
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1388:
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1379:
1372:
1371:
1367:
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1353:
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1326:
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1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
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1310:
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1304:
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1257:
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1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
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1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:Terry v. Ohio
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
969:
964:
960:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
931:
929:
925:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
893:
889:
886:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
853:
849:
846:
845:
844:Terry v. Ohio
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
822:
818:
807:
806:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
777:
775:
773:
769:
762:
761:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
738:
734:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
703:
701:
697:
691:(D.D.C. 2013)
690:
689:
685:
683:(D.D.C. 2013)
682:
681:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
514:
507:
502:
500:
495:
493:
488:
487:
484:
477:
474:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:
393:
386:
384:
382:
380:
363:
356:
340:
333:
331:
329:
327:
322:
315:
306:
304:
293:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
271:
266:
265:
260:
246:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:Case opinions
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:Chief Justice
111:
110:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
81:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2807:
2799:
2782:Mapp v. Ohio
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2710:
2686:
2678:
2648:
2640:
2629:
2616:
2597:
2589:
2570:
2549:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2493:
2472:
2464:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2360:
2352:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2092:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1884:
1876:
1857:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1508:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1389:
1368:
1349:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
941:
933:
914:
906:
898:
890:
882:
874:
866:
858:
850:
842:
834:
826:
803:
795:
787:
779:
758:
750:
742:
723:
715:
707:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
416:
396:. Retrieved
394:. SCOTUSblog
366:. Retrieved
364:. SCOTUSblog
355:
343:. Retrieved
341:. SCOTUSblog
312:
299:
288:
284:
280:
275:
268:
262:
258:
257:
249:Case aspects
242:
236:
227:
226:
225:
213:Laws applied
163:
156:Samuel Alito
151:
139:
127:
116:John Roberts
78:
53:
15:
2583:Attenuation
1959:Checkpoints
1244:requirement
303:Jeff Fisher
197:Concurrence
189:Concurrence
168:Elena Kagan
2834:Categories
2665:Civil suit
1562:Plain view
318:References
243:Fernandez,
60:Docket no.
87:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
2439:Remedies
2247:Seizures
515:case law
415:Text of
398:June 23,
368:June 23,
345:June 23,
289:Randolph
181:Majority
2672:Federal
2458:Origins
1242:Warrant
432:Cornell
285:Matlock
276:Matlock
205:Dissent
95:Holding
64:12-7822
2812:(1964)
2804:(1963)
2785:(1961)
2777:(1960)
2769:(1952)
2761:(1949)
2715:(1961)
2691:(2022)
2683:(1971)
2653:(1986)
2645:(1976)
2634:review
2621:(2006)
2602:(2016)
2594:(1963)
2575:(1984)
2554:(1988)
2535:(2011)
2527:(2009)
2519:(1984)
2498:(1990)
2477:(1920)
2469:(1914)
2418:(2015)
2410:(2014)
2402:(2007)
2394:(1989)
2386:(1985)
2365:(2015)
2357:(1977)
2338:(2013)
2330:(2005)
2322:(1981)
2303:(2001)
2284:(1983)
2276:(1983)
2268:(1979)
2226:(2008)
2218:(2001)
2210:(1991)
2202:(1983)
2194:(1980)
2186:(1976)
2167:(2012)
2159:(1984)
2151:(1979)
2132:(2015)
2124:(1967)
2116:(1959)
2097:(2006)
2078:(2010)
2070:(2009)
2062:(2002)
2054:(2001)
2046:(1997)
2038:(1995)
2030:(1989)
2022:(1989)
2014:(1987)
2006:(1985)
1987:(2004)
1979:(2000)
1971:(1990)
1950:(2004)
1942:(1985)
1934:(1977)
1926:(1976)
1918:(1975)
1910:(1973)
1889:(1976)
1881:(1973)
1862:(1990)
1843:(2019)
1835:(2016)
1827:(2013)
1819:(2013)
1811:(1973)
1803:(1966)
1784:(2014)
1776:(2009)
1768:(2004)
1760:(1998)
1752:(1981)
1744:(1977)
1736:(1973)
1728:(1969)
1720:(1950)
1712:(1948)
1691:(2018)
1683:(1999)
1675:(1999)
1667:(1991)
1659:(1991)
1651:(1985)
1643:(1982)
1635:(1979)
1627:(1970)
1619:(1925)
1598:(1993)
1590:(1990)
1582:(1987)
1574:(1971)
1553:(2014)
1545:(2006)
1537:(1990)
1529:(1974)
1521:(1973)
1513:(1968)
1494:(2021)
1486:(2021)
1478:(2011)
1470:(2006)
1462:(1986)
1454:(1980)
1446:(1977)
1438:(1967)
1394:(1995)
1373:(1978)
1354:(1971)
1335:(1967)
1327:(1906)
1319:(1886)
1298:(2006)
1290:(2006)
1282:(1987)
1274:(1979)
1266:(1978)
1258:(1948)
1224:(2020)
1216:(2014)
1208:(2014)
1200:(2009)
1192:(2004)
1184:(2002)
1176:(2000)
1168:(2000)
1160:(1996)
1152:(1983)
1144:(1983)
1136:(1981)
1128:(1979)
1120:(1979)
1112:(1979)
1104:(1975)
1096:(1968)
1081:frisks
1055:(2018)
1047:(2013)
1039:(2004)
1031:(2003)
1023:(1996)
1015:(1996)
1007:(1983)
999:(1969)
991:(1964)
983:(1949)
946:(2018)
938:(1978)
919:(2021)
911:(2007)
903:(2002)
895:(1992)
887:(1991)
879:(1991)
871:(1984)
863:(1983)
855:(1980)
847:(1968)
839:(1906)
831:(1892)
808:(2018)
800:(1979)
792:(1976)
784:(1971)
763:(1989)
755:(1986)
747:(1986)
728:(1987)
720:(1984)
712:(1924)
675:(2013)
667:(2012)
659:(2005)
651:(2001)
643:(2000)
635:(1990)
627:(1989)
619:(1988)
611:(1984)
603:(1983)
595:(1983)
587:(1967)
579:(1961)
571:(1960)
563:(1928)
555:(1927)
547:(1886)
471:
465:
462:
456:
453:
450:Justia
447:
444:
438:
435:
429:
200:Thomas
192:Scalia
166:
164:·
162:
154:
152:·
150:
142:
140:·
138:
130:
128:·
126:
2699:State
423:
287:. In
274:. In
77:292 (
1079:and
425:U.S.
400:2014
370:2014
347:2014
80:more
75:U.S.
73:571
421:571
2836::
1075::
419:,
378:^
325:^
505:e
498:t
491:v
478:-
402:.
372:.
349:.
83:)
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