259:, continued these policies. In the 1990s, under local and international pressure, he established an Advisory Council on Human Rights (CCDH) to investigate human rights violations and provide advice. In 2003, the CCDH asked for the creation of a truth commission to investigate violations in depth. The purpose of the commission was to provide recommendations, medical care, and money compensations to the victims. However, the commission did not give any names and was limited in its investigations. It concluded that 742 disappeared people were dead. Several cases remain unsolved with no answers. Morocco began to offer reparations to victims.
280:, Djazairouna. She commemorates the victims of the civil war with other families on March 8 and tries and denounce the government but often ends at the police station and is mistreated. Djazairouna is an association made to help victims of terrorism in Algeria. The victims can receive any type of help: clothes, food or money, from insofar as possible. Members of associations also try to visit the victims who have been hospitalized. They bring a psychological support and accompany them in all the steps they undertake, judicial or not.
289:
Before creating this organization, Dutour had worked with international groups in France. Her involvement in this crisis is due to the fact that her son had been arrested while fasting during
Ramadan whereas he was not involved in politics and tried to become a taxi driver. Every Wednesday, her association demonstrates in front of the Parliament to claim their rights. They called for an efficient commission which would denounce what had happened and condemn the perpetrators. They wanted justice. As Cherifa Khaddar points out:
25:
209:(CPNR). It came out of a previous law enacted in 1999 which "promoted peace and national reconciliation". With this law, Islamist groups agreed to stop violence, expecting a peaceful state. The charter was approved in the referendum, with 96% in favour. In effect, Algerians accepted amnesty. However, the opposition maintained that the approval was "the result of the government's programme of propaganda".
288:
This is what Nacéra Dutour argued about the charter, illustrating the victims' state of mind. The victims and their family disagreed with the outcome of the
Inquiry Commission and rejected the charter. Dutour founded SOS Disparus, an association for the disappeared, chaired by her mother Fatima Yous.
239:
The charter specifies that reparations should be made to the victims. Therefore, since 2006, the government has paid reparations of about USD 37 million. More than 2,000 families were paid, but only if they could provide a death certificate. However, several families refused to acknowledge that their
212:
Therefore, this charter aimed at peacemaking and granting amnesty to murderers and criminals. They all could get through it unscathed, whether they were considered terrorists or not. There were exceptions for crimes like "massacres, rapes, and bombings in public places." The word "terrorism" does not
313:
takes place. On the other hand, prosecuting is a hard task since there is not enough evidence to prove someone's responsibility. Farouk
Ksentini, the President of the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, stated that most information about disappearances
158:
and civilians, including terrorist attacks. Therefore, a state of emergency was declared. Islamic people began to disappear, to be killed and to be forced to move. Islamic people were chosen randomly. In other words, they could or could not be linked with any militias or act of violence.
182:
put in place a commission to investigate past crimes. It was called “Ad Hoc
Inquiry Commission in Charge of the Question of Disappearances". It was made up of six commissioners, five men and one woman, all Algerian. They were all chosen by the President. The aim of the commission was
87:, who then set up a National Human Rights Institution. Thereafter, the Commission was set up in order to give people the truth about what happened in the 1990s. However, its report was not made public and consequently, Algerians are not aware of the fate of their relatives.
305:
At the end, apart from monetary compensation, Algerian people have not obtained redress. As a consequence, a lot of families are stuck between two states of mind: remaining silent about what happened or denouncing it and taking the risk of being arrested and imprisoned.
907:
213:
appear in this charter. The past events were qualified as a "national tragedy", a way for the government not to denounce and condemn their criminals but also to promote peace. The
Algerian government has considered reconciliation through forgiveness.
191:
to the families of the victims. However, it is said that the commission functioned more like "a ‘management center' and an interface between families of the disappeared and the
Algerian public administration" than a commission of investigation.
314:
come from the families, with very few witnesses. Moreover, with the report of the commission not being public, the issue is the "Algerian authorities" obstruction of any investigation, even non-judicial, into past atrocities."
170:, was elected president and ended the war. Islamic groups agreed to lay down their weapons for Algeria to become at peace again. At the end of the conflict, more than 150,000 deaths and 7,000 disappearances were registered.
351:, no countries intervened because it was thought that the army was doing the right thing in order to prevent the rise of Islamic groups. Countries such as France or the United States was afraid of the impact of groups as
358:
Nevertheless, in 2007, a conference called "Truth, Peace, and
Conciliation" was held. The Algerians invited international experts to the conference, but they were refused visas or otherwise barred from entry.
267:
The commission reported in 2005, but only the
President had access to the report. Nevertheless, Chairman Farouk Ksentini declared that the state was held responsible for about 6,146 disappearances and deaths.
338:
Nowadays, as only men disappeared and were killed during the civil war, women have to take their position in society. This is the reason why women's groups have arisen, such as
Djazairouna and SOS Disparus.
123:(FIS), an Islamic party, was about to win the next election, the army officially took power, leaving no place to political parties and cancelled the future election. President Chadli Bendjedid dissolved the
115:'s death in 1978, the military forces had been under control. Then, they came to power and chose "their" man as President, leaving to the FLN the sole task of running the administration". In 1979,
224:
Even journalists, foreign or not, can have trouble if they try to investigate and know what happened and what is being done to improve the situation. All of these measures emphasize a collective
231:
However, the charter also returned to past arrests. Indeed, people who had been accused of terrorism and punished could be given their civil rights back or their relatives could be compensated.
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220:"In 2017, a law was adopted which forbids to mention the "national tragedy" whether for analysis or reflective reason." said Karima Dirèche, a Franco-Algerian historian.
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The charter also stipulates that anyone who continues to speak about this period will be imprisoned for a period from 3 to 5 years and have a fine to pay.
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Military forces had fought against French rule for independence before an authoritarian regime was put in place in 1962. It was led by the
293:“We want the courts to deal with those who ordered and those who carried out acts of violence, even if Mr. Bouteflika later pardons them,”
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284:"Bouteflika in promising peace to the Algerians had 'ended the dreams of truth and justice for thousands of families of the disappeared'"
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for independence where they could be solicited to place bombs in the
Europeans areas. Akila Ouared, who was an agent in
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188:
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rose because they disagreed with the decisions taken about the election. They started to show violence against police,
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on Western affairs: "the FIS would pose serious threats to the West's economic and security interests in the region".
103:"It was often sardonically remarked by Algerians that while every state has an army, in Algeria the army had a state."
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1024:
837:
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Cherida Khaddar reported that she had seen her brother and sister die in front of her eyes. She is the head of the
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Washington-Brown, Linda Joyce (September 2002). "A Message From the FLN President: Join Us and Bring A Friend".
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Kristianasen, Wendy (2006). "Truth & Justice after a Brutal Civil War: Algeria: The Women Speak".
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187:, especially to know what happened to the disappeared people. It was also meant to plan and give
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146:. Kafi was in power until the dissolution of the High Council of State and was succeeded by
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Women play a significant role in Algeria. Their place in Algerian society goes back to
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Truth commission in 2003 to investigate disappearances during the Algerian Civil War
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in 1962, the army has played an important role in the political life of Algeria:
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415:
Arnould, Valerie (2007-05-30). "Amnesty, peace and reconciliation in Algeria".
625:
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301:" 'be the means by which a government evades its international obligations.'".
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820:
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681:"Les conséquences de l'amnésie forcée après la "décennie noire" algérienne"
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309:
Many Algerians continue to seek the truth about the disappeared even if no
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627:
Processus de Justice Transitionnelle : Cherifa Khaddar (Algérie)
69:
Ad Hoc Inquiry Commission in Charge of the Question of Disappearances
730:
143:
248:
225:
142:. But he was assassinated within six months and was succeeded by
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83:. Its creation took place after the election of president
205:
In 2005, the President called a referendum to approve the
251:, where disappearances began under the rule of King
173:
317:
255:after he assumed the throne in 1957. His son, King
34:may lack focus or may be about more than one topic
150:. During this period, extremist militias such as
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119:was elected president. In 1991, seeing that the
228:—people are forced not to talk about it.
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240:relatives were dead since no proof was given.
38:Please help improve this article, possibly by
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207:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation
201:Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation
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243:The focus on reparations was similar to the
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111:who worked with the army. Until President
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138:, was put in place, initially led by
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417:Conflict, Security & Development
245:Equity and Reconciliation Commission
42:the article and/or by introducing a
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514:Review of African Political Economy
75:created in 2003 to investigate the
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328:Front de Libération National (FLN)
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174:Purpose of the inquiry commission
130:This marked the beginning of the
1040:Truth and reconciliation reports
983:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)
813:Democratic Republic of the Congo
563:United States Institute of Peace
559:"Commission of Inquiry: Algeria"
472:10.1097/00006223-200209000-00014
318:Women's role in Algerian society
23:
624:Kawakiby Channel (2015-10-30),
46:, or discuss this issue on the
1035:Organisations based in Algeria
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647:"Mémoire interdite en Algérie"
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330:during Algerian War reported:
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134:. A temporary government, the
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278:non-governmental organization
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109:Front de Libération Nationale
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706:":: Association Djazairouna"
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710:www.djazairouna.ranahna.dz
125:People's National Assembly
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967:United States of America
942:Timor-Leste (East Timor)
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429:10.1080/14678800701333028
343:International involvement
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196:Results of the commission
1025:Human rights in Algeria
653:(in French). 2017-08-01
353:Islamic Salvation Front
121:Islamic Salvation Front
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152:Groupe Islamique Armé
136:High Council of State
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1004:Transitional justice
297:Nacéra Dutour adds:
180:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
164:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
85:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
77:forced disappearance
311:retributive justice
178:In 2003, President
166:, who was close to
44:disambiguation page
596:"A flawed charter"
349:Algerian Civil War
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762:Truth commissions
113:Houari Boumédiène
79:of people during
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520:(108): 346–351.
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423:(2): 227–253.
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56:December 2018
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923:South Africa
913:Sierra Leone
718:. Retrieved
714:the original
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324:Algerian War
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928:South Korea
903:Philippines
838:El Salvador
687:(in French)
347:During the
235:Reparations
189:reparations
1019:Categories
971:Greensboro
783:Bangladesh
720:2018-11-08
691:2018-11-08
657:2018-11-19
633:2018-11-08
605:2018-11-13
568:2018-11-08
466:(5): 241.
363:References
272:Criticisms
253:Mohammed V
168:Boumédiène
91:Background
951:2005–2008
946:2001–2005
933:Sri Lanka
878:Mauritius
858:Guatemala
826:2003–2011
821:1990–1991
778:Argentina
480:0363-3624
445:152784342
437:1467-8802
257:Hassan II
162:In 1999,
132:civil war
48:talk page
40:splitting
808:Colombia
156:military
144:Ali Kafi
963:Ukraine
958:Tunisia
883:Morocco
873:Liberia
848:Germany
833:Ecuador
788:Bolivia
770:Country
526:4007174
249:Morocco
226:amnesia
938:Taiwan
908:Rwanda
893:Panama
817:Chile
798:Canada
793:Brazil
685:rts.ch
524:
478:
443:
435:
263:Report
95:Since
71:was a
888:Nepal
868:Kenya
863:Haiti
853:Ghana
522:JSTOR
441:S2CID
898:Peru
843:Fiji
803:Chad
476:ISSN
433:ISSN
67:The
468:doi
425:doi
247:in
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