427:. Cross designs were seen to have been impressed into the plaster flanking the doors of the structure. The reporter of the site did not indicate a clear date for it, but suggested that it must have been in existence for two centuries before the advent of Islam. Christian gravestones were also found at the site. At Thaj, 90 km to the west, what appears to be a smaller church or chapel, built of reused stones and perhaps dating to the fifth or sixth century, has been discovered. 10 km NE of Thaj, at al-Hinnah, there is evidence of a Christian cemetery of ancient but unknown date. A church was identified in the island of Abu 'Ali near Jubail.
2123:
1784:
2098:
1759:
1930:
1494:
1684:
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1950:
1739:
222:
1564:
490:, revealed the remnants of a structure purported to be a church. It was built directly on limestone bedrock and a hearth was found inside the ruins. Radiocarbon dating indicates the site was occupied in the early 7th century, and potsherds recovered from the surrounding area evidences continued occupation until the mid to late 8th century. The ceramics are consistent with those found in other Nestorian sites in the
415:. A monastery with a church and nearby homes for married priests have also been excavated. The floral designs in the plaster decoration of the church suggested to the excavator a date in the fifth or sixth centuries AD. Later studies would seem to date the decorations to the end of the sixth century AD.
329:
categorized the language "Southeastern
Aramaic". Because of this unique fusion of linguistic elements, the monks of Beth Qatraye were active in translating texts between Persian, Syriac and Arabic. It is said that a Christian from Beth Qatraye even served as the official Persian translator for King
114:
in the early third century, many of the inhabitants in
Eastern Arabia were introduced to Christianity following the eastward dispersal of the religion by Mesopotamian Christians. However, it was not until the fourth century that Christianity gained popularity in the region. This was, in large part,
78:
was divided into two main ecclesiastical regions: Beth
Qatraye (northeastern Arabia) and Beth Mazunaye (southeastern Arabia). Christianity in Eastern Arabia was blunted by the arrival of Islam by 628. Despite this, the practice of Christianity persisted in the region until the late ninth century.
1028:
Ioannou Y., Métral F., Yon M., (dir.), Chypre et la Méditerranée orientale : formations identitaires, perspectives historiques et enjeux contemporains, Actes du colloque tenu à Lyon, Université LumiÚre-Lyon 2, Université de Chypre, TMO 31, Lyon, Maison de l'Orient méditerranéen,
122:
A sizable
Christian presence in Eastern Arabia soon emerged thereafter. The monk Jonah alludes to the presence of a monastery on the Black Islands, in the southern portion of Beth Qatraye, built between 343 and 346 by a monk named Mar Zadoe. Furthermore, the
135:, and built a monastery there sometime between 363 and 371. Nestorian records attest to a consistent Christian presence in the region between the fifth and seventh centuries, as evidenced by the regular attendance of synods by local bishops.
538:
itself was about 14 m Ă 4.5 m. As with other sites in the region, plaster crosses were excavated. The excavator suggests a date in the sixth or seventh century for the construction of the church.
2565:
249:
may also have been included. The region contained monasteries from the fourth to ninth centuries. From the sixth to seventh centuries, bishops were known to be stationed in the districts of
Mashmahig (
286:
In the seventh and eighth centuries, an important literary culture emerged in Beth
Qatraye. Several notable Nestorian writers originating from Beth Qatraye are ascribed to this period, including
119:
starting in 339. Another factor in the growing influence of
Christianity was the migration of Christian traders to the region who were looking to capitalize on the well-established pearl trade.
253:), Dayrin (Tarout Island), Mazun, Hagar, and កaáčáča. The bishops of Beth Qatraye stopped attending synods in 676 although Christianity persisted in the region until the late ninth century.
45:, 2.10 (v. 3, col. 28) indicates that David had earlier ordained one of the other bishops present at the Council. The monk Jonah is said to have established a monastery in the
2846:
506:
An excavation carried out in 2013 uncovered a
Nestorian cross in Umm Al Maradim, a site in central Qatar. The cross is made of hard stone and measures between 3 and 4 cm. A number of
1070:
233:
The
Christian name used for the region encompassing northeastern Arabia was Beth Qatraye, sometimes also called "the Isles". The name translates to "region of the Qataris" in
2796:
2127:
894:
2256:
1389:
2702:
2206:
303:
660:
1224:
260:, which had come to dominate the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. As a sect, Eastern Christians were often persecuted as heretics by the
535:
2545:
2303:
2102:
2520:
2166:
1470:
950:
Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the
Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984.
272:
275:. In the late seventh century, Beth Qatraye rebelled against the authority of Fars. In an effort to reconcile the bishops of Qatraye,
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2328:
1274:
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2333:
563:
2891:
2308:
1934:
534:. It is considered one of the most extensive monasteries in Eastern Arabia. Excavations took place between 1993 and 1996. The
446:
had influence over the region. Ruins of a nearby settlement suggests that a Christian community may have resided in the area.
387:
Remnants of a church, dating to perhaps as early as the 5th or 6th century as determined by the crosses that form part of the
2744:
1051:
21 (1991), 7â21. Vincent Bernard, Olivier Callot and Jean Francois Salles, "L'eglise d'al-Qousour Failaka, Etat de Koweit,"
635:
2871:
2298:
2082:
1430:
162:
and were often visited for wine tasting. Churches also typically provided basic services such as schooling and healthcare.
2826:
2540:
2054:
1954:
1486:
1324:
2261:
2226:
859:
810:
765:
703:
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2354:
2313:
1399:
1217:
271:, except for a short period during the mid-to-late seventh century. They were instead subject to the Metropolitan of
901:
2550:
1465:
1420:
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2323:
2236:
2186:
2176:
1241:
1202:
802:
The History of al-Tabari Vol. 9: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State A.D. 630-632/A.H. 8-11
331:
276:
1180:
G. R. D. King, "Nestorian monastic settlement on the island of Sir Bani Yas, Abu Dhabi: a preliminary report",
399:. Pottery at the site can be dated from as early as the first half of the 7th century through the 9th century.
2836:
2369:
2318:
2216:
2201:
2374:
2231:
2221:
2171:
326:
30:
1210:
1047:
Vincent Bernard and Jean Francois Salles, "Discovery of a Christian Church at Al-Qusur, Failaka (Kuwait),"
158:. In addition to facilitating the celebration of festive occasions, monasteries were also famous for their
2831:
2555:
1749:
1404:
1253:
895:"AUB academics awarded $ 850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD"
2886:
2876:
2681:
2075:
929:
2866:
2727:
2191:
1440:
178:
2065:
1066:
Symposium Syriacum, Uppsala University, Department of Asian and African Languages, 11-14 August 1996
667:
2535:
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2490:
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2196:
1599:
318:
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1889:
553:
268:
127:
mentions a monk named 'Abdisho who Christianized the locals of Ramath, an island located between
423:
A church consisting of a walled courtyard and three rooms on the east side was found in 1986 in
2856:
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2278:
2251:
2211:
1975:
1294:
591:
548:
174:
2749:
1719:
800:
558:
309:
There is some ambiguity about the language used in Beth Qatraye. Written text contained both
2939:
2861:
2851:
2759:
2671:
2631:
2246:
2122:
2108:
1789:
1455:
1445:
1364:
1109:
John A. Langfeldt, "Recently discovered early Christian monuments in Northeastern Arabia",
623:
523:
246:
201:
in addition to Christians, did not instantaneously convert. Instead, many chose to pay the
115:
due to the arrival of Christians who faced persecution in Iraq and Iran under the reign of
1100:, Civilisations du Proche-Orient 1 (Neuchatel: Recerches et Publications, 2003), 129â130.
439:, at Jabal Berri, three bronze crosses have been found dating possibly to the period when
8:
2806:
2611:
2581:
1724:
1450:
470:, may have facilitated a monastery, as its name translates 'cloister' or 'monastery' in
86:. Christian sites have been discovered dating from that time until after the advent of
2801:
2626:
2458:
2293:
2283:
2030:
1425:
1369:
877:
850:
Kozah, Mario; Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen; Al-Thani, Haya (2014).
379:
era. The church was in the eastern church style and is symmetrical to that of Failaka.
257:
226:
124:
83:
50:
25:
2786:
2686:
2465:
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2143:
1990:
1879:
1824:
1519:
1269:
855:
806:
761:
699:
631:
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2651:
2621:
2606:
2591:
2389:
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2181:
2035:
1814:
1659:
1460:
1394:
471:
408:
347:
310:
295:
287:
261:
143:
82:
From the fifth century onward, the Persian Gulf fell under the jurisdiction of the
1232:
2881:
2821:
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2495:
2133:
1874:
1849:
1799:
1654:
1619:
1534:
1314:
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368:
291:
234:
147:
139:
111:
2811:
2769:
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1834:
1819:
1809:
1699:
1694:
1669:
1514:
1379:
1329:
1309:
491:
198:
182:
91:
75:
1064:
Yves Calvet, "Monuments paléo-chrétiens à Koweit et dans la région du Golfe,"
2954:
2717:
2712:
2596:
2530:
2438:
2414:
2349:
2005:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1869:
1859:
1844:
1774:
1729:
1709:
1704:
1614:
1609:
1574:
1554:
1524:
1509:
1504:
1384:
1359:
1354:
1339:
1279:
1087:, 2nd edition (Tehran: Iranian Oil Operating Companies, 3rd printing, 1965).
280:
264:, but eastern Arabia was outside the Empire's control, offering some safety.
242:
238:
932:. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition
510:
and potsherds were found at the site, though no structures were discovered.
49:"on the shores of the black island" in the middle of the fourth century. A
2934:
2732:
2566:
Sharmin and Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies
2379:
2097:
1995:
1965:
1899:
1884:
1829:
1794:
1769:
1764:
1714:
1674:
1664:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1624:
1594:
1549:
1529:
1349:
1319:
1304:
1233:
1196:
531:
519:
412:
299:
99:
65:
61:
46:
38:
20:
2841:
2754:
2707:
2646:
2138:
1960:
1940:
1644:
1629:
1589:
1539:
1284:
151:
221:
154:
tribe. Communities often competed over the construction of churches and
2781:
2776:
2661:
2525:
2510:
2271:
2148:
2088:
2040:
2020:
1894:
1839:
1804:
1289:
878:"Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia"
190:
16:
306:. A number of archaeological sites are also dated to this time-frame.
2586:
2505:
2453:
1604:
1299:
487:
440:
322:
208:
Christianity abated in the region sometime around the ninth century.
159:
116:
98:, and the nearby settlements of Thaj, al-Hinnah and Jabal Berri, and
2791:
2448:
2433:
2288:
2010:
1579:
527:
459:
455:
250:
186:
170:
57:
2847:
Organization of United States Naval Aviation Units in the Gulf War
1122:
D.T. Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Vol. II (1990), p. 245.
189:
practitioners converted to Islam shortly thereafter. However, the
2904:
2113:
2000:
1929:
1499:
1435:
849:
467:
463:
396:
376:
343:
194:
166:
69:
53:
2919:
2616:
2070:
1917:
1689:
1374:
1344:
599:
507:
495:
494:
and the structure bears resemblance to the excavated church in
443:
436:
424:
392:
388:
372:
346:
known as Beth Mazunaye. The name was derived from 'Mazun', the
314:
155:
128:
95:
661:"Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam"
256:
By the fifth century, Beth Qatraye was a major centre for the
185:, requesting that he and his people accept Islam. Most of the
2929:
2797:
Iran Historical Sovereignty over the Tunbs and BuMusa Islands
1922:
1584:
1544:
1334:
530:
and ecclesiastical complex has been found similar to that at
483:
407:
A number of tombs have been found decorated with distinctive
351:
202:
132:
87:
34:
900:. American University of Beirut. 31 May 2011. Archived from
454:
Old foundations of a Nestorian monastery were discovered in
367:
In 1993 a joint Kuwaiti-French expedition found a church in
2924:
2914:
2909:
2656:
2049:
2025:
2015:
1949:
1744:
1569:
1237:
1199:. Gives online access to several of the cited publications.
595:
23:
by the beginning of the fourth century. According to the
1182:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1197:
Sir Bani Yas, Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey
606:
18.72 (2001), 79â92, and original text referenced in
325:
bear more resemblance to Aramaic. German orientalist
146:
speakers, while the remainder consisted primarily of
29:, Bishop David of Perat d'Maishan was present at the
2257:
Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
1171:
Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. pp. 29â30.
1162:
Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. pp. 30â31.
1153:
Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. pp. 28â29.
1131:D. T. Potts, "Nestorian Crosses from Jabal Berri",
852:The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century
721:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 54â55.
854:(print ed.). Gorgias Press LLC. p. 24.
2952:
989:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 152.
977:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 151.
825:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 250.
789:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 257.
780:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 256.
313:and Semitic words. While some of the latter are
237:. It included the present-day areas of Bahrain,
2207:Afsharid conquests in the Persian Gulf and Oman
1144:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 27.
746:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 57.
730:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 56.
691:
342:Oman and the United Arab Emirates composed the
1390:South Iran NuboâSindian desert and semi-desert
1049:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1016:Der nestorianische Bibelexeget lsödÀd von Merw
968:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim, Al-Thani. p. 1.
959:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Al-Murikhi, Al-Thani. p. 7.
1218:
692:Gillman, Ian; Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1999).
267:The dioceses of Beth Qatraye did not form an
138:The Christian population consisted mainly of
110:After the region fell under the reign of the
698:. University of Michigan Press. p. 87.
350:name for Oman and the United Arab Emirates.
2546:Persian Gulf International Education Center
2304:2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel
985:
983:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
666:. Oxford Brookes University. Archived from
630:. Georgetown University Press. p. 43.
2521:Gulf University for Science and Technology
2167:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1471:South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field
1225:
1211:
884:, volume 18, number 72, winter 2011, p. 88
758:History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient
742:
740:
738:
736:
717:
715:
618:
616:
418:
391:decoration, were found at Al-Qusur on the
2329:2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone
1275:Arabian-Persian Gulf Coastal Plain Desert
798:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
522:, an island off the Western coast of the
2334:Territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf
980:
924:
922:
873:
871:
828:
622:
564:Christianity in the United Arab Emirates
466:. Another village in Muharraq, known as
220:
998:
733:
712:
613:
2953:
1013:
755:
685:
644:
2745:Environmental impact of the Gulf wars
1206:
919:
868:
354:was the central city of the diocese.
211:
2872:Persian Gulf Veterans National Medal
2299:Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes
608:Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis
2827:List of Gulf War military equipment
2541:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1487:List of islands in the Persian Gulf
1325:Gulf of Oman desert and semi-desert
33:, around 325, and sailed as far as
13:
2309:2011â2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute
2227:Senior Naval Officer, Persian Gulf
482:A site on the south-east coast of
477:
14:
2982:
2365:Arabian Gulf Rugby Football Union
2355:Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation
1190:
1133:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
1111:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
1053:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
501:
334:who was a native Arabic speaker.
229:, indicating Beth Qatraye, c. 800
2966:History of the Arabian Peninsula
2551:Persian Gulf Online Organization
2121:
2096:
2048:
1948:
1928:
1782:
1757:
1737:
1682:
1562:
1492:
1466:Persian Gulf Residential Complex
337:
2971:Christianity in the Middle East
2961:History of Christianity in Asia
2642:Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
2324:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2237:General Maritime Treaty of 1820
2187:Anglo-Persian capture of Hormuz
2177:Ottoman campaign against Hormuz
1431:Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição
1242:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1116:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1058:
1041:
1032:
1022:
1018:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1007:
992:
971:
962:
953:
944:
887:
819:
792:
783:
774:
513:
245:, and Qatar. Some parts of the
216:
2837:Media coverage of the Gulf War
2723:Christianity in Eastern Arabia
2370:Arabian Gulf rugby sevens team
2319:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident
2262:1974â75 Shatt al-Arab conflict
2217:Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain
2202:1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
1071:Orientalia Christiana Analecta
749:
724:
695:Christians in Asia Before 1500
584:
575:
430:
357:
1:
2703:2010 Islamic Solidarity Games
2375:Arabian Gulf rugby union team
2314:2016 U.S.âIran naval incident
2232:Persian Gulf campaign of 1819
2222:Persian Gulf campaign of 1809
2172:Portuguese conquest of Hormuz
1400:TigrisâEuphrates river system
799:Poonawala, Ismail K. (1990).
760:. Peeters. pp. 308â309.
569:
193:population, who consisted of
31:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
536:Sir Bani Yas church building
332:al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir
150:-speakers deriving from the
7:
2832:Map of Iran in Afsharid Era
2556:Persian Gulf Studies Center
1750:Quoin Island (Persian Gulf)
1405:Zagros fold and thrust belt
1254:Persian Gulf naming dispute
542:
449:
10:
2987:
2887:Rationale for the Gulf War
2877:Piracy in the Persian Gulf
2682:Smoothtooth blacktip shark
2076:Khor Al Amaya Oil Terminal
1074:256 (Rome, 1998), 671â673.
999:Contini, Riccardo (2003).
382:
173:sent a Muslim envoy named
105:
19:reached the shores of the
2900:
2867:Persian Gulf National Day
2728:Culture of Eastern Arabia
2695:
2574:
2423:
2342:
2192:Action of 1 February 1625
2159:
1910:
1479:
1441:Mangrove forests of Qeshm
1413:
1262:
1249:
1001:La lingua del Bét QatrÀyë
882:Journal of Social Affairs
604:Journal of Social Affairs
225:The mission field of the
205:, a tax for non-Muslims.
2892:The National (Abu Dhabi)
2536:Khaleeji Commercial Bank
2516:Gulf University, Bahrain
2491:Gulf Cooperation Council
2476:Arabian Gulf Oil Company
2410:UAE Pro League Committee
2197:Battle off Hormuz (1625)
1600:Greater and Lesser Tunbs
435:Not far to the South of
402:
362:
279:held a synod at Dayrin (
68:, before the Council of
2740:Eastern Arabian cuisine
2561:Persian Gulf University
2501:Gulf Medical University
2481:Arabian Gulf University
2395:Persian Gulf Pro League
1890:The World (archipelago)
756:Vööbus, Arthur (1958).
628:Qatar: A Modern History
554:Christianity in Bahrain
419:Jubail and nearby areas
269:ecclesiastical province
2857:Persian Gulf (missile)
2471:Al Khaleej (newspaper)
2279:Operation Earnest Will
2252:Joint Operation Arvand
2212:Persian Gulf Residency
2066:Al BaĆrah Oil Terminal
1976:Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
1295:Clarence Strait (Iran)
1014:Schall, Anton (1989).
592:Nestorian Christianity
549:Christianity in Kuwait
375:) dating to the early
230:
2750:Gulf and Kuwait Medal
1720:Umm al Maradim Island
1184:60.2 (1997), 221â235.
559:Christianity in Qatar
224:
2940:United Arab Emirates
2862:Persian Gulf Inferno
2852:Persian Gulf (horse)
2760:Bahraini Gulf Arabic
2672:Rhizophora mucronata
2632:Hawksbill sea turtle
2247:Persian Gulf Command
2109:King Abdul Aziz Port
1790:United Arab Emirates
1461:Persian Gulf Highway
1456:Persian Gulf Complex
1446:Persian Gulf Airport
1365:Mesopotamian Marshes
1096:Marie-Joseph Steve,
524:United Arab Emirates
247:United Arab Emirates
2807:Khaleeji (currency)
2612:Collared kingfisher
2582:Arabian carpetshark
1725:Umm an Namil Island
1451:Persian Gulf Bridge
1085:The Island of Kharg
175:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami
169:tradition, in 628,
56:was established at
2802:IRIS Khalij-e Fars
2627:Greater lizardfish
2459:SaudiGulf Airlines
2294:Gulf War oil spill
2284:Bridgeton incident
2031:Port Emam Khomeyni
1426:Ferdowsi Gas Field
1370:Persian Gulf Basin
1055:2 (1991): 145-181.
581:pp. 236 & 292.
258:Church of the East
231:
227:Church of the East
212:Historical regions
125:Chronicle of Seert
84:Church of the East
60:, nearly opposite
51:Church of the East
26:Chronicle of Seert
2948:
2947:
2787:Gulf War syndrome
2687:Xenisthmus balius
2466:Akhbar Al Khaleej
2160:History of region
2144:Port of Jebel Ali
1991:Bandar-e Mahshahr
1825:Bluewaters Island
1520:Diyar Al Muharraq
1270:Arabian Peninsula
880:, Peter Hellyer,
637:978-1-58901-910-2
626:(13 April 2012).
598:and Southeastern
90:in the region at
2978:
2667:Porites nodifera
2622:Greater flamingo
2607:Cheekspot blenny
2592:Avicennia marina
2390:Khor Fakkan Club
2360:Arabian Gulf Cup
2242:Persian Corridor
2182:Siege of Bahrain
2126:
2125:
2101:
2100:
2053:
2052:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1815:Al Maryah Island
1788:
1786:
1785:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1660:Ommolkorm Island
1605:Hendurabi Island
1568:
1566:
1565:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1395:Strait of Hormuz
1227:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:5 (1994), 61â65.
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:5 (1994), 32â60.
1107:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1062:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
996:
990:
987:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
926:
917:
916:
914:
912:
906:
899:
891:
885:
875:
866:
865:
847:
826:
823:
817:
816:
796:
790:
787:
781:
778:
772:
771:
753:
747:
744:
731:
728:
722:
719:
710:
709:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
672:
665:
657:
642:
641:
620:
611:
590:Peter Hellyer, "
588:
582:
579:
296:Gabriel of Qatar
288:Isaac of Nineveh
262:Byzantine Empire
94:, Kharg Island,
64:in the northern
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2896:
2882:Project Loghman
2822:Kuwaiti Persian
2817:Khaliji (music)
2691:
2677:Slender whiting
2570:
2496:Gulf Daily News
2419:
2338:
2155:
2134:Al Hamriya Port
2120:
2095:
2047:
1947:
1927:
1906:
1875:Saadiyat Island
1850:Jazirat Badiyah
1800:Al-Aryam Island
1783:
1781:
1758:
1756:
1738:
1736:
1683:
1681:
1655:Nakhiloo Island
1620:Jazireh-ye Shif
1563:
1561:
1535:Muharraq Island
1493:
1491:
1475:
1421:Al Khaleej Road
1409:
1315:Gulf of Bahrain
1258:
1245:
1231:
1193:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1063:
1059:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1008:
997:
993:
988:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
935:
933:
928:
927:
920:
910:
908:
904:
897:
893:
892:
888:
876:
869:
862:
848:
829:
824:
820:
813:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
768:
754:
750:
745:
734:
729:
725:
720:
713:
706:
690:
686:
676:
674:
670:
663:
659:
658:
645:
638:
624:Fromherz, Allen
621:
614:
594:in Pre-Islamic
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
545:
526:, an extensive
516:
504:
480:
478:Qasr Al Malehat
458:, a village in
452:
433:
421:
405:
385:
365:
360:
340:
292:Dadisho Qatraya
219:
214:
179:Munzir ibn Sawa
112:Sasanian Empire
108:
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Khalij (album)
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:Kuwaiti Arabic
2767:
2765:Bahrani Arabic
2762:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Humpback whale
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2602:Booted warbler
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2486:Dar Al Khaleej
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2444:Gulf Traveller
2441:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:UAE Pro League
2402:
2400:UAE League Cup
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:GCC Futsal Cup
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Abu Flous Port
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Sir Abu Nu'ayr
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Palm Jebel Ali
1862:
1857:
1855:Marawah Island
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1820:Al Reem Island
1817:
1812:
1810:Al Lulu Island
1807:
1802:
1797:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Failaka Island
1697:
1695:Bubiyan Island
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:Shidvar Island
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Bahrain Island
1512:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Shadegan Ponds
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Gulf of Salwah
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Eurasian Plate
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:External links
1189:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1102:
1098:L'Ăle de Kharg
1089:
1083:R. Ghirshman,
1076:
1057:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1006:
991:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
930:"Beth Qaáčraye"
918:
907:on 28 May 2015
886:
867:
861:978-1463203559
860:
827:
818:
812:978-0887066924
811:
805:. p. 95.
791:
782:
773:
767:978-9042902183
766:
748:
732:
723:
711:
705:978-0472110407
704:
684:
673:on 28 May 2015
643:
636:
612:
583:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
544:
541:
515:
512:
503:
502:Umm Al Maradim
500:
492:Eastern Arabia
479:
476:
451:
448:
432:
429:
420:
417:
404:
401:
384:
381:
364:
361:
359:
356:
339:
336:
317:, the general
218:
215:
213:
210:
183:Eastern Arabia
107:
104:
92:Failaka Island
76:Eastern Arabia
72:in AD 424.
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Bandari music
2716:
2714:
2713:Bandar (port)
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Omura's whale
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Blacktip tope
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Khaleej Times
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Gulf Aviation
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:Organizations
2422:
2416:
2415:UAE Super Cup
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Al-Khaleej FC
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:IranâIraq War
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Chabahar Port
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Bandar Lengeh
1984:
1982:
1981:Bandar Khamir
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Bandar Deylam
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Palm Jumeirah
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Marsa Al Arab
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Dubai Islands
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1775:Tarout Island
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1730:Warbah Island
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Miskan Island
1708:
1706:
1705:Kubbar Island
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Hormuz Island
1613:
1611:
1610:Hengam Island
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1575:Abadan Island
1573:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1555:Umm as Sabaan
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:Hawar Islands
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Amwaj Islands
1508:
1506:
1505:Al Dar Island
1503:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Shatt al-Arab
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:Makran Trench
1358:
1356:
1355:Iranian Plate
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:Khersan River
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Arabian Plate
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
995:
986:
984:
974:
965:
956:
947:
931:
925:
923:
903:
896:
890:
883:
879:
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43:Chron. Eccles
40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
18:
2935:Saudi Arabia
2722:
2380:GCC Club Cup
1996:Bandar Siraf
1966:Bandar Abbas
1900:Zirku Island
1885:Sir Bani Yas
1830:Burj Al Arab
1795:Abu al Abyad
1770:Arabi Island
1765:Saudi Arabia
1715:Qaruh Island
1675:Sirri Island
1665:Qeshm Island
1650:Naaz islands
1640:Lavan Island
1635:Larak Island
1625:Kharg Island
1595:Farsi Island
1585:Buneh Island
1550:Umm an Nasan
1530:Jidda Island
1350:Indian Ocean
1320:Gulf of Oman
1305:Diyala River
1234:Persian Gulf
1181:
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1038:Calvet, 674.
1034:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1000:
994:
973:
964:
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946:
934:. Retrieved
909:. Retrieved
902:the original
889:
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821:
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776:
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694:
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675:. Retrieved
668:the original
627:
607:
603:
586:
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520:Sir Bani Yas
517:
514:Sir Bani Yas
505:
481:
453:
434:
422:
413:Kharg Island
406:
386:
371:(in present
366:
341:
327:Anton Schall
308:
300:Gabriel Arya
285:
266:
255:
241:, al-Khatt,
232:
217:Beth Qatraye
207:
199:Zoroastrians
191:monotheistic
164:
137:
121:
109:
100:Sir Bani Yas
81:
74:
66:Persian Gulf
62:Kharg Island
47:Persian Gulf
42:
39:Bar Hebraeus
24:
21:Persian Gulf
15:
2755:Gulf Arabic
2708:Arabization
2647:Minke whale
2139:Khor Fakkan
1961:Arvandkenar
1941:Mina Salman
1645:Minu Island
1630:Kish Island
1590:Dara Island
1540:Nabih Saleh
1285:Arabian Sea
431:Jabal Berri
411:crosses on
358:Archaeology
152:Abd al-Qays
2955:Categories
2782:Gulf rupee
2777:Gulf Medal
2662:Pita skate
2526:Gulftainer
2511:Gulf Today
2272:Tanker war
2149:Port Saeed
2089:Hamad Port
1895:Yas Island
1840:Das Island
1805:Al Futaisi
1290:Bahmanshir
936:26 January
610:, 527â530.
570:References
395:island of
319:morphology
283:) in 676.
277:Giwargis I
37:. Gregory
17:Christians
2842:Ney-anbÄn
2733:Gargee'an
2587:Arecaceae
2506:Gulf News
2454:Qeshm Air
2430:Airlines
1300:Dez River
1263:Geography
488:Al Wakrah
441:Sassanian
409:Nestorian
323:phonetics
160:vineyards
117:Shapur II
54:bishopric
2575:Wildlife
2449:Kish Air
2434:Gulf Air
2289:Gulf War
2011:Dargahan
1935:Bahraini
1580:Abu Musa
1236:region (
543:See also
528:monastic
460:Muharraq
456:Samaheej
450:Muharraq
251:Samaheej
171:Muhammad
156:parishes
58:Reishahr
2905:Bahrain
2696:Related
2128:Emirati
2114:Tanajib
2001:Bushehr
1955:Iranian
1500:Bahrain
1480:Islands
1436:Harireh
508:hearths
486:, near
472:Aramaic
468:Al Dair
464:Bahrain
397:Failaka
393:Kuwaiti
383:Failaka
377:Abbasid
348:Persian
344:diocese
311:Persian
243:Al-Hasa
167:Islamic
144:Persian
106:History
70:Dadisho
2920:Kuwait
2792:HabbÄn
2617:Dugong
2343:Sports
2130:ports
2105:ports
2085:ports
2071:Al-Faw
2057:ports
1957:ports
1937:ports
1918:Khasab
1787:
1762:
1742:
1690:Kuwait
1687:
1567:
1497:
1414:Places
1375:Persis
1345:Haffar
911:12 May
858:
809:
764:
702:
677:27 May
634:
600:Arabia
496:Jubail
444:Persia
437:Jubail
425:Jubail
389:stucco
373:Kuwait
315:Arabic
235:Syriac
148:Arabic
140:Syriac
129:Kuwait
96:Jubail
2930:Qatar
2103:Saudi
2083:Qatar
2055:Iraqi
2036:Qeshm
1923:Liyan
1911:Ports
1835:Dalma
1545:Sitra
1335:Karun
1029:1997.
905:(PDF)
898:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
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532:Kharg
484:Qatar
403:Kharg
369:Akkaz
363:Akkaz
352:Sohar
203:jizya
187:Pagan
133:Qatar
88:Islam
35:India
2925:Oman
2915:Iraq
2910:Iran
2657:Orca
2041:Suza
2026:Laft
2021:Kish
2016:Jask
1745:Oman
1570:Iran
1240:and
1238:Iran
938:2019
913:2015
856:ISBN
807:ISBN
762:ISBN
700:ISBN
679:2015
632:ISBN
321:and
302:and
273:Fars
197:and
195:Jews
142:and
131:and
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596:UAE
518:At
177:to
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