203:(Who) having despatched many ships in the midst of the rolling sea and having caught Sangrāma-vijayōttunga-varman, the king of Kadāram, together with the elephants in his glorious army, (took) the large heap of treasures, which (that king) had rightfully accumulated; (captured) with noise the (arch called) Vidhyādharatorana at the "war gate" of his extensive city, Śrī Vijaya with the "jewelled wicket-gate" adorned with great splendour and the "gate of large jewels"; Paṇṇai with water in its bathing ghats; the ancient Malaiyūr with the strong mountain for its rampart; Māyuriḍingam, surrounded by the deep sea (as) by a moat; Ilangāśōka (i.e. Lankāśōka) undaunted in fierce battles; Māpappālam having abundant (deep) water as defence; Mēviḷimbangam having fine walls as defence; Vaḷaippandūru having Viḷappandūru (?); Talaittakkōlam praised by great men (versed in) the sciences; Mādamālingam, firm in great and fierce battles; Ilāmuridēśam, whose fierce strength rose in war; Mānakkavāram, in whose extensive flower gardens honey was collecting; and Kadāram, of fierce strength, which was protected by the deep sea
69:
397:
found today throughout
Southeast Asia are the result of the Chola expeditions. {{cn span |text=Tamil colonization of the Malacca Straits seems to have lasted for a century. The Cholas left several inscriptions in northern Sumatra and the Malay peninsula. Tamil influence can be found in works of art
342:
207:
The
Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details. The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by
248:
suggested that the attack was probably caused by
Srivijayan attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East (especially China), or more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra to extend his
43:
in 1068. Sources assert that the expedition was undertaken to help a
Kadaram prince who had approached Virarajendra Chola for assistance in procuring the throne. The kingdom of Kadaram is believed to be the same as the
380:
enabled the Cholas to influence the local cultures. As
Srivijaya influence in the region declined, The Indianized Hindu Khmer Empire experienced a golden age during the 11th to 13th century CE. The empire's capital
531:
648:
Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer
Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318–336, Brill Publishers
398:(sculpture and temple architecture), it indicated government activity rather than commerce. Chola's grip on the northern Sumatra and the Malay peninsula receded in the 12th century — the Tamil poem
293:
gets conquered by the cholas. Mayirudingam is believed to be the same as Ji-lo-ting listed by the
Chinese writer Chau Ju-Kua among the dependencies of Sri Vijaya and is identified with the city of
235:
published in 1918 after several years of research, rejected both the theories and provided the first convincing description of
Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Southeast Asia.
368:, a dominant maritime power of Indian subcontinent, in 1025. The invasion reshaped power and trade in the region, resulted in the rise of new regional powers such as the
305:
and is believed to be the same as the province of Ling-ya-sseu-kia mentioned in Chau Ju-Kua's list.Talaittakkolam is believed to be the same as
Takkola mentioned by
698:
269:
kingdom. After learning of
Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman.
860:
745:
60:
791:
215:, who had published the stele in 1891. Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the
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257:
Another theory suggests that the reasons for the invasion was probably motivated by geopolitics and diplomatic relations. King
785:
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663:(1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338–342, Artibus Asiae Publishers
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river valley, where a strong principality flourished at that time. Other suggestion is the southern part of the
870:
507:"Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia | ISEAS Publishing"
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to the countries across the sea so well known to his subject at home, and therefore add luster to his crown.
461:"Book Review: Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia"
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394:
219:. In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Rajendra Chola I's conquest of
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830:
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8:
354:. Srivijaya used to dominate maritime power for more than 5 centuries, controlling both
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406:'s destruction of Kadaram (Kedah). After that, Kedah disappeared from Indian sources.
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24:
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Painting from Wat Thai, Penang , Malaysia , illustrating the Chola invasion in Kedah.
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in Indonesia exhibit a number of similarities with the South Indian architecture.
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771:
699:"The Identifications of Some of Ptolemy's Place Names in the Golden Khersonese"
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476:
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329:. and at last Kadaram, All these cities weree conquered and subjugated by the
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The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil stele of
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606:. Vol. 2: Suvarnadvipa. Dacca: Ashok Kumar Majumdar. pp. 167–190.
403:
369:
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Malaiyur in malaysia, with "its strong mountain", has been identified with
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301:) mentioned in the inscriptions has been located on the east coast of the
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Start of the new expansion of Indian cultural sphere into South east asia.
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Map of Chola Empire after the end of their South-East Asian Expedition
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36:
777:
Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism
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322:
306:
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requested aid from Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty against
532:"The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon"
244:
The reasons of this naval expedition are unclear, the historian
656:
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639:
382:
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in the centre of the Malay peninsula. The land of Ilangasoka (
294:
40:
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224:
95:
32:
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Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines
651:
706:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
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This dominance started to decline when Srivijaya were
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350:Cholas continued their expedition deeper into the
126:Cholas continued their expedition deeper into the
847:
723:
861:Military campaigns involving the Chola Empire
61:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I
729:
744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
696:
770:
465:International Journal of Maritime History
393:. Many of the surviving examples of the
376:. Continued commercial contacts with the
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48:empire although some scholars disagree.
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604:Ancient Indian colonies in the Far East
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459:Pearson, Michael (December 2010).
123:sacked and conquered by the Cholas
14:
887:
794:from the original on 29 July 2020
730:Arokiaswamy, Celine W.M. (2000).
385:hosts majestic monuments—such as
67:
823:
806:
764:
530:Spencer, George W. (May 1976).
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876:Naval battles involving Cholas
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499:
452:
154:Kingdom of Kadaram (vassal of
1:
433:
238:
780:. Primus Books. p. 76.
712:(III): 86–98. Archived from
536:The Journal of Asian Studies
422:The great temple complex at
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27:records a naval invasion of
7:
272:
10:
892:
477:10.1177/084387141002200220
321:or the modern-day city of
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54:Chola invasion of Malaysia
734:. Manila s.n. p. 46.
402:of ca. 1120 CE mentioned
175:
162:
143:
77:
66:
58:
53:
602:Majumdar, R. C. (1937).
409:
395:Hindu cultural influence
233:Le Royaume de Sri Vijaya
831:Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta
812:Nilakanta Sastri, K.A.
366:invaded by Chola Empire
352:Sri Vijayan territories
866:Naval history of India
346:
317:, and identified with
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871:11th century in India
511:bookshop.iseas.edu.sg
344:
201:
176:Casualties and losses
839:University of Madras
816:, 1935, p. 709.
199:. The stele states:
94:Kadaram (modern day
761:, pp. 217–218.
697:W. Linehan (1951).
449:, p. 271-272.
347:
25:Virarajendra Chola
787:978-93-80607-20-7
356:Strait of Malacca
315:Golden Chersonese
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246:Nilakanta Sastri
197:Rajendra Chola I
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16:Invasion in 1068
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217:Pandyan Dynasty
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121:Malay Peninsula
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719:on 2017-02-25.
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687:, p. 216.
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665:
661:R. C. Majumdar
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636:, p. 213.
626:
624:, p. 212.
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542:(3): 405–419.
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471:(2): 352–354.
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107:Chola victory
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856:1068 in Asia
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824:Bibliography
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796:. Retrieved
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714:the original
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514:. Retrieved
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370:Khmer Empire
360:Sunda Strait
348:
331:Chola empire
285:province in
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263:Khmer Empire
250:
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232:
206:
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194:
150:Chola Empire
144:Belligerents
28:
20:
18:
759:Sastri 2000
685:Sastri 2000
673:Sastri 2000
634:Sastri 2000
622:Sastri 2000
590:Sastri 2000
447:Sastri 2000
404:Kulottungga
267:Tambralinga
213:E. Hultzsch
210:epigraphist
130:territories
112:Territorial
850:Categories
837:. Madras:
516:2023-10-15
434:References
387:Angkor Wat
299:Langkasuka
287:Batanghari
239:Background
19:The Tamil
835:The Cōlas
833:(2000) .
814:The CōĻas
740:cite book
572:154741845
556:1752-0401
493:127026949
485:0843-8714
424:Prambanan
374:Kahuripan
337:Aftermath
281:in today
252:digvijaya
156:Srivijaya
128:Srivijaya
46:Srivijaya
39:) by the
792:Archived
774:(2011).
311:emporion
273:Invasion
163:Strength
119:Much of
90:Location
59:Part of
37:Malaysia
31:(modern
21:prasaśti
564:2053272
325:in the
323:Takuapa
313:on the
307:Ptolemy
261:of the
191:Sources
184:unknown
181:unknown
171:Unknown
168:Unknown
114:changes
85:1068 CE
29:Kadaram
798:15 May
784:
570:
562:
554:
491:
483:
383:Angkor
295:Chaiya
279:Malayu
104:Result
41:Cholas
717:(PDF)
702:(PDF)
568:S2CID
560:JSTOR
489:S2CID
410:Notes
391:Bayon
319:Trang
283:Jambi
225:Burma
96:Kedah
33:Kedah
800:2018
782:ISBN
746:link
710:xxiv
552:ISSN
481:ISSN
389:and
372:and
358:and
221:Bago
82:Date
544:doi
473:doi
223:in
35:in
23:of
852::
790:.
742:}}
738:{{
708:.
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612:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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