579:, named after a mythic Haitian character who kidnapped misbehaving children, carried them off in a bag and ate them for breakfast. Duvalier authorized more than 10,000 Tonton Macoute, organized in 500 sections across the country, to maintain complete control over the population. "The macoutes were Papa Doc's version of brownshirts and the Waffen SS, except that their usual uniform was blue jeans, T-shirts, sunglasses, and they carried clubs or pistols," wrote journalist and author
43:
556:, the Haitian army was accused of killing an estimated 3,000 people in three years. Upon his return to the presidency, Aristide disbanded the army. Survivors of the 2018 Lasalin massacre allege that the PHTK, ruling political Party headed by Jovenel MoĂŻse, were responsible for the orchestrated attack and mass murder of civilians. Schools and other community buildings were also targeted. U.S.A. Government involvement in Haiti is on-going.
401:
778:
slavery. Often host families dismiss their restaveks before they turn 15, since by law that is the age when they are supposed to be paid; many are then turned out to live on the street. Increasingly, paid middlemen act as recruiters to place children with host families, and it is becoming more common to place children with strangers. Children often have no way to get back in touch with their families.
903:
513:. Slavery in Saint-Domingue, France's most lucrative colony, was known to be especially brutal, with a complete turnover of the slave population due to death every 20 years. According to the historian Laurent Dubois, between 5 and 10 percent of slaves died every year due to overwork and disease, a rate that outpaced births. The dead were replaced by new slaves from Africa.
774:, and is believed to affect an estimated 300,000 Haitian children. The number of CDW (Child Domestic Workers) in Haiti, defined as 1) living away from parents' home; 2) not following normal progression in education; and 3) working more than other children, is more than 400,000. 25% of Haitian children aged 5 to 17 live away from their biological parents.
629:
partnership with the
University of Essex, estimated that in 2013 nearly 71 percent of 9,921 prisoners in Haiti had not yet had a trial. According to the Centre, the majority of countries in the world have percentages ranging between 10 and 40 percent of such prisoners; Haiti's estimated 71 percent is one of the highest in the world.
712:. Although some working standards exist to protect women, few resources exist to ensure enforcement. Abuses against women and children are common. Rape, although illegal, rarely results in prosecution of the perpetrator. Article 269 of the Penal Code of Haiti excuses a husband for murdering his wife and her "accomplice" ("
777:
Restaveks are unpaid and have no power or recourse within the host family. Unlike slaves in the traditional sense, restaveks can run away or return to their families, and are typically released from servitude when they become adults; however, the restavek system is commonly understood to be a form of
794:
at their residence. Reportedly, Haiti has been facing human rights and political crisis for many years. Amnesty
International has now called on for immediate investigation. A UN report published in January 2021, found increases in rights violations and abuses of the right to life during the 2018 and
523:
In 1825, France's King
Charles X threatened to invade Haiti unless it paid an "independence debt" of 150 million francs to reimburse France for the loss of its slaves and land. The debt was later reduced to 90 million francs but it was not until 1947 that Haiti had paid off what many have regarded
628:
and the right to a fair trial, prolonged pretrial detention remains a serious problem. Because the court system and its records are poorly organized, it is impossible to determine the exact percentage of prisoners being held without trial. A study by the
International Centre for Prison Studies, in
533:
In 1915, following a coup that led to the mob killing of
Haitian President Vibrun Guillaume Sam, United States sailors and marines landed in order to protect U.S. interests in the country. The occupation would last until 1934. "Following restoration of order, a treaty providing for United States
501:
Initially, Las Casas believed
Africans to be suitable for slavery, but he later came to oppose their enslavement too. "I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery...and I was not sure that my ignorance and good faith
731:
and a lack of educational opportunity, many
Haitian children also suffer physical abuse. In 2004 the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs reported that its hotline received more than 700 calls from children reporting abuse. Few statistics regarding the wider problem of
612:'President for Life' (the Duvaliers), who lacked the independence to make judgments about abuses against human rights." To this day, there is still no guarantee for lawyers' immunity in Haiti, as would seem to be suggested by the 2009 unconstitutional arrest without
498:. Albeit too late to save the TaĂno, Las Casas was able to persuade the Spanish government that the TaĂno could not withstand such cruel treatment. This had the tragic side effect of the importation of African slaves to replace the labor of the diminishing TaĂno.
552:, during the US occupation, and continuing until the 1990s, the Haitian army was implicated in a number of human rights abuses against the Haitian people. For example, following a 1991 coup by the military that overthrew democratically elected President
527:"We're talking about 200 hundred years of this cycle of debt that Haiti has gone through, which of course has devastating consequences on the capacity of the state within the country," Haiti historian Laurent Dubois has said.
568:, known as "Papa Doc", became president of Haiti, ushering in a period of human rights abuses. An estimated 30,000–60,000 people were killed in the 30 years Haiti was under the rule of Duvalier and his son and successor
1891:
1861:
1886:
1866:
1756:
1666:
534:
control over
Haitian finances, customs, police, public works, sanitation, and medical services were concluded with the client Haitian government," according to the Navy Department Library.
1856:
590:
The Tonton
Macoute continued to openly terrorise the population until they were officially disbanded after Jean-Claude Duvalier was forced from the presidency and went into exile in 1986.
1821:
1572:
1876:
1527:
1871:
63:
1881:
1851:
1761:
1671:
530:
The country's poverty made it vulnerable throughout its history to political instability and human rights abuses both by
Haitian state officials and foreign interventions.
1846:
1841:
1836:
1826:
1831:
1796:
1701:
1676:
1811:
1806:
609:
regime, lawyers were intimidated from defending their clients through pressure and violence. Courts of justice were in effect "run by the judges, appointed by the "
2298:
1751:
1681:
1801:
719:
The Haitian government has a Ministry of Women's Affairs, but lacks resources to address issues such as violence against women and harassment in the workplace.
2143:
494:
people through slavery and smallpox, to which the TaĂno had no immunity. An early defender of more humane treatment of the TaĂno was the Spanish priest
1766:
1553:
Abrams, Jennifer S. (2010). ""The Kids Aren't Alright": Using a Comprehensive Anti-Trafficking Program to Combat the Restavek System in Haiti".
1176:
981:
1343:
1408:
808:
17:
2230:
1645:
1995:
1605:
1449:
602:
system of justice. Allegations of torture and kidnapping are common, and the number of Haitian citizens imprisoned without trial is huge.
1968:
438:
256:
248:
1516:
1816:
271:
1613:
1151:
1466:
1924:
1706:
382:
411:
2106:
1328:
1256:
1186:
991:
656:
2491:
1601:
509:
In 1697, Spain formally ceded to France control of the part of the island of Hispaniola that would become Haiti, naming it
369:
365:
224:
1126:
2175:
2052:
1771:
350:
283:
1361:
2322:
1963:
243:
2165:
2111:
2067:
2062:
2045:
2040:
1776:
1638:
1320:
1296:
308:
142:
791:
2344:
616:
of human-rights defender Osner Fevry, and the arrest in 2013 of Andre Michel, a lawyer critical of the government.
156:
2622:
2461:
2332:
2215:
1937:
431:
133:
1020:
548:
In 1916, the U.S. military started a Haitian army that would later become the Garde d'Haiti. Beginning with the
2657:
2079:
1315:, by Edward H. Lawson, Mary Lou Bertucci, Laurie S. Wiseberg. 2nd Edition (revised), Taylor and Francis, 1996,
921:
2091:
2086:
524:
as an immoral and illegal debt. To pay this, Haiti had to borrow money from and pay interest to French banks.
520:
began. Predominantly a slave revolt, Haitians finally won their freedom and independence from France in 1804.
2382:
295:
229:
219:
766:
because the parents are unable to support the child. The practice meets formal international definitions of
651:, and the government generally has respected these rights. Many journalists, however, practice a measure of
587:. "They were loyal only to Papa Doc. In return, they could rob, steal, extort, torture and murder at will."
2672:
2195:
2101:
1631:
666:
radio, television, or the Internet. Security forces frequently have ignored the constitutionally mandated
490:
was first colonized by Spain at the end of the 15th century. The Spanish essentially wiped out the native
2410:
2315:
1953:
1711:
1573:"Investigation urged into killing of Haitian President and grave human rights violations under his watch"
97:
2266:
2138:
2128:
1917:
1691:
818:
687:
424:
355:
343:
2667:
2434:
2305:
1746:
1721:
1192:
997:
885:
709:
325:
1340:
599:
495:
2586:
2288:
2210:
2170:
1731:
799:
and adequate standard of living in order to restore public confidence and prevent future unrests."
692:
Haiti's Constitution does not contain specific language prohibiting discrimination on the basis of
683:
320:
958:
744:
estimates that 2,000 to 3,000 Haitian children per year are trafficked to the Dominican Republic.
659:, some reports contend that members of the press were killed for supporting opposition movements.
2339:
2220:
2180:
1958:
1736:
1716:
1051:
935:
737:
701:
150:
2524:
2387:
2351:
2185:
2057:
1741:
1686:
553:
193:
1288:
2662:
2514:
2481:
2451:
2293:
2256:
2133:
2096:
2022:
1910:
1446:
1248:
796:
697:
693:
455:
56:
1078:
2392:
2377:
2281:
2200:
2190:
1975:
1696:
1430:
813:
648:
569:
474:, and unlawful incarceration are common unofficial practices, especially during periods of
387:
315:
565:
8:
2591:
2561:
2271:
2121:
2017:
889:
667:
463:
1480:
Kennedy, C. L. (2014). "Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti's Former Child Slaves".
2556:
2539:
2486:
2456:
2420:
2327:
2261:
2153:
2012:
1619:
Bureau des Avocats Internationaux / Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti (IJDH)
1497:
767:
705:
517:
208:
127:
87:
2596:
2581:
2571:
2471:
2244:
2225:
2116:
1501:
1324:
1316:
1292:
1281:
1252:
1241:
1182:
987:
915:
771:
671:
644:
33:
1610:
716:") if the wife is found in an adulterous affair. Wives do not enjoy the same right.
2615:
2576:
2501:
2476:
2415:
2405:
2365:
2074:
2032:
2002:
1985:
1945:
1489:
878:
763:
762:
is used in Haiti for a child sold by its parents to work for a host household as a
377:
330:
174:
1409:"Close to three million people in pre-trial detention worldwide, new report shows"
787:
2529:
2519:
2466:
1980:
1453:
1347:
652:
1623:
1101:
2631:
2566:
2549:
2544:
2446:
2397:
2310:
2027:
1990:
638:
576:
510:
107:
1047:
795:
2019 protests. The UN called on authorities to address "impunity, corruption,
537:
During the occupation roads and other public works projects were built by the
2651:
2534:
2007:
1386:
907:
613:
165:
1218:"The Tonton Macoutes: the Central Nervous System of Haiti's Reign of Terror"
1127:"The Lasalin massacre and the human rights crisis in Haiti | Pambazuka News"
2636:
728:
580:
459:
405:
68:
1493:
2509:
733:
542:
1102:"As Haiti Disbands Army, Soldiers Are Retooled for Scarce Civilian Jobs"
42:
2205:
1217:
1152:"Failing Haiti and forgetting Jean-Bertrand Aristide Aristide | Letter"
663:
467:
625:
598:
The government in Haiti is known for running a slow, inefficient and
549:
575:
In 1959, François Duvalier formed a paramilitary force known as the
538:
1597:
Hope for Haiti: Education and grassroots development in rural Haiti
753:
606:
1243:
Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide and the Politics of Containment
491:
1902:
906:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
670:
and organization. The Haitian government generally has respected
471:
1596:
986:(First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 21.
741:
462:
standards. In practice, many provisions are not respected. The
1411:. International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). 18 June 2014
1341:"L'avocat Osner Févry, incarcéré sur ordre du chef du Parquet"
1933:
487:
451:
1181:(First ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 326.
781:
475:
1467:"Modern-day child slavery in Haiti must end, say S&Ds"
1287:(First ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Press. pp.
677:
502:
would secure me in the eyes of God," Las Casas wrote in
1618:
1350:, Radio Metropole, 23 May 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
1456:, Violence is not our culture. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
605:
Lawyers' immunity is under constant threat. Under the
1362:"Arrest of Haiti government critic triggers protests"
1073:
1071:
1069:
1447:"Frequently Asked Questions About 'Honour Killing' "
956:
790:of Haiti was killed, while his wife was injured in
655:to protect themselves from retribution. During the
1555:Temple International & Comparative Law Journal
1280:
1240:
1066:
624:Although the Constitution mandates an independent
1653:
1212:
1210:
466:human rights record is poor. Political killings,
2649:
1389:. International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS)
1220:. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. March 11, 2010
619:
1207:
936:"The History of Father Bartolomé de las Casas"
1918:
1639:
809:Internet censorship and surveillance in Haiti
432:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1925:
1911:
1646:
1632:
1514:
439:
425:
1614:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1473:
1247:(First ed.). London: Verso. p.
1018:
458:and written laws meet most international
1537:
1283:Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in Haiti
1238:
782:Assassination of President Jovenel MoĂŻse
632:
585:Best Nightmare on Earth: A Life in Haiti
516:In 1791, what would become known as the
1479:
1360:Charles, Jacqueline (23 October 2013).
1359:
1149:
1099:
657:second Aristide administration (2000–4)
14:
2650:
1552:
1517:"Child Domestic Workers in Haiti 2014"
1174:
1045:
979:
1906:
1627:
1021:"France's Debt of Dishonour to Haiti"
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
678:Gender, disability, race and language
2144:List of revolutions and coups d'Ă©tat
1278:
1046:Dubois, Laurent (22 February 2013).
1019:MacDonald, Isabel (16 August 2010).
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
1079:"US Occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934"
24:
1964:Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
1932:
1533:from the original on June 4, 2019.
1100:Nielsen, Kirk (11 December 1995).
938:. Colonial Zone-Dominican Republic
747:
559:
25:
2684:
1590:
1515:Sommerfelt, Tone (October 2014).
1178:Haiti: The Aftershocks of History
983:Haiti: The Aftershocks of History
830:
143:Transitional Presidential Council
1767:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1048:"The Haitian Revolution (video)"
980:Dubois, Laurent (January 2012).
901:
593:
399:
41:
1565:
1508:
1459:
1440:
1423:
1401:
1379:
1353:
1334:
1305:
1272:
1232:
1168:
1143:
1054:from the original on 2021-12-22
740:also is a significant problem.
18:Children's rights in Haiti
2080:Anti-Duvalier protest movement
1654:Human rights in North America
1119:
1093:
1081:. U.S. Navy Department Library
1039:
1012:
973:
950:
928:
727:In addition to suffering from
13:
1:
1106:The Christian Science Monitor
824:
1892:United States Virgin Islands
1313:Encyclopedia of Human Rights
1311:"Entry on 'Haiti' ", p.652,
643:The Constitution guarantees
620:Prolonged pretrial detention
7:
802:
722:
486:The land that would become
351:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
81:Legislature (Dysfunctional)
10:
2689:
957:U.S. Library of Congress.
920:: CS1 maint: postscript (
819:List of massacres in Haiti
786:On 6 July 2021, President
751:
681:
636:
481:
2609:
2500:
2442:
2433:
2373:
2364:
2252:
2243:
2161:
2152:
2053:Unification of Hispaniola
1944:
1867:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1785:
1659:
1611:Annual Report 2006: Haiti
886:Federal Research Division
504:The History of the Indies
2166:Administrative divisions
1887:Turks and Caicos Islands
1239:Hallward, Peter (2007).
1175:Dubois, Laurent (2012).
961:. Nations Online Project
879:"Country Profile: Haiti"
684:Sexual violence in Haiti
662:The government does not
309:Administrative divisions
1575:. Amnesty International
738:Trafficking of children
688:Women's rights in Haiti
572:, known as "Baby Doc".
151:Prime Minister of Haiti
2102:2010s cholera outbreak
2063:Post-imperial Republic
1817:British Virgin Islands
1482:Human Rights Quarterly
1387:"Haiti country report"
1279:Gold, Herbert (1991).
1150:Letters (2019-10-14).
729:chronic malnourishment
554:Jean-Bertrand Aristide
545:—of Haitian peasants.
496:Bartolomé de Las Casas
366:Diplomatic missions of
194:Supreme Court of Haiti
2658:Human rights in Haiti
2112:Crisis (2018–present)
1757:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1494:10.1353/hrq.2014.0059
1431:"Code pénal of Haiti"
797:structural inequality
752:Further information:
736:have been collected.
637:Further information:
633:Freedom of expression
2525:Citadelle Laferrière
2492:Water and sanitation
2231:World Heritage Sites
1976:Atlantic slave trade
814:LGBT rights in Haiti
570:Jean-Claude Duvalier
478:or attempted coups.
64:Constitutional Court
2673:Government of Haiti
2316:Chamber of Deputies
2299:Commanders-in-chief
1772:Trinidad and Tobago
1667:Antigua and Barbuda
1602:Censorship in Haiti
890:Library of Congress
668:freedom of assembly
98:Chamber of Deputies
2597:The Unknown Maroon
2411:Telecommunications
2013:Haitian Revolution
1996:Colonial governors
1969:Colonial governors
1707:Dominican Republic
1452:2014-07-16 at the
1346:2011-07-23 at the
959:"History of Haiti"
768:modern day slavery
518:Haitian Revolution
128:President of Haiti
88:Haitian Parliament
2645:
2644:
2605:
2604:
2582:Sans-Souci Palace
2429:
2428:
2360:
2359:
2323:Political parties
2267:Foreign relations
2239:
2238:
2139:List of massacres
2129:COVID-19 pandemic
2107:Hurricane Matthew
1900:
1899:
1789:other territories
1524:www.haiti-now.org
1329:978-1-56032-362-4
1258:978-1-84467-106-9
1188:978-0-8050-9335-3
1131:www.pambazuka.org
993:978-0-8050-9335-3
772:child trafficking
672:religious freedom
645:freedom of speech
566:François Duvalier
449:
448:
383:Visa requirements
344:Foreign relations
331:Communal sections
34:Politics of Haiti
16:(Redirected from
2680:
2668:Society of Haiti
2625:
2618:
2440:
2439:
2401:
2371:
2370:
2250:
2249:
2159:
2158:
2092:2004 coup d'Ă©tat
2087:1991 coup d'Ă©tat
2075:Duvalier dynasty
1986:Peace of Ryswick
1927:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1857:Saint Barthélemy
1787:Dependencies and
1660:Sovereign states
1648:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1286:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1195:on July 16, 2014
1191:. Archived from
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
996:. Archived from
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
932:
926:
925:
919:
911:
905:
904:
899:
897:
883:
875:
764:domestic servant
674:in the country.
441:
434:
427:
406:Haiti portal
404:
403:
402:
294:Electoral body:
260:
252:
160:
137:
45:
29:
28:
21:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2601:
2587:Public holidays
2577:National anthem
2496:
2425:
2399:
2356:
2289:Law enforcement
2235:
2171:Arrondissements
2148:
2134:2021 earthquake
2097:2010 earthquake
2068:U.S. occupation
1959:TaĂno chiefdoms
1940:
1931:
1901:
1896:
1790:
1788:
1781:
1655:
1652:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1551:
1538:
1530:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1454:Wayback Machine
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1348:Wayback Machine
1339:
1335:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
1000:on 16 July 2014
994:
978:
974:
964:
962:
955:
951:
941:
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1591:External links
1589:
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1488:(4): 756–778.
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2018:1804 massacre
2016:
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2008:Le Jeune Case
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788:Jovenel MoĂŻse
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2663:Law of Haiti
2515:Coat of arms
2482:Social class
2452:Demographics
2383:Central bank
2277:Human rights
2276:
2257:Constitution
2023:First Empire
1882:Sint Maarten
1862:Saint Martin
1726:
1577:. Retrieved
1567:
1558:
1554:
1523:
1510:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1461:
1442:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1366:Miami Herald
1365:
1355:
1336:
1312:
1307:
1282:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1242:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1177:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1156:The Guardian
1155:
1145:
1134:. Retrieved
1130:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1095:
1083:. Retrieved
1056:. Retrieved
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:The Guardian
1024:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
998:the original
982:
975:
963:. Retrieved
952:
940:. Retrieved
930:
894:. Retrieved
785:
776:
759:
757:
726:
718:
713:
691:
661:
649:of the press
642:
623:
611:
604:
597:
589:
584:
581:Herbert Gold
574:
563:
547:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
515:
508:
503:
500:
485:
464:government's
460:human rights
456:Constitution
450:
230:
192:
149:
126:
106:
96:
86:
57:Constitution
26:
2393:Foreign aid
2378:Agriculture
2282:LGBT rights
2201:Environment
2196:Earthquakes
2191:Departments
2122:2022 crisis
1852:Puerto Rico
1762:Saint Lucia
1712:El Salvador
1050:. YouTube.
896:November 5,
734:child abuse
543:unpaid work
388:Visa policy
316:Departments
2652:Categories
2592:Television
2557:Literature
2400:(currency)
2306:Parliament
2272:Government
2206:Hispaniola
1847:Montserrat
1842:Martinique
1837:Guadeloupe
1692:Costa Rica
1161:2021-07-14
1136:2021-07-14
892:. May 2006
825:References
710:disability
682:See also:
468:kidnapping
2572:Mythology
2540:Languages
2487:Squatting
2457:Education
2421:Transport
2328:President
2262:Elections
2154:Geography
2046:1820–1849
2041:1806–1820
2037:Republic
1832:Greenland
1747:Nicaragua
1722:Guatemala
1502:144412249
792:an attack
758:The term
626:judiciary
564:In 1957,
550:Caco Wars
506:in 1527.
218:General:
209:elections
187:Judiciary
168:(interim)
121:Executive
2632:Category
2472:Religion
2294:Military
2245:Politics
2226:Wildlife
2117:Gang war
1954:Timeline
1938:articles
1797:Anguilla
1732:Honduras
1702:Dominica
1677:Barbados
1528:Archived
1450:Archived
1344:Archived
1264:July 22,
1224:July 22,
1199:July 22,
1052:Archived
916:cite web
803:See also
760:restavek
754:Restavek
723:Children
714:complice
702:language
607:Duvalier
378:Passport
370:in Haiti
356:Minister
326:Communes
282:Senate:
2616:Outline
2530:Cuisine
2502:Culture
2435:Society
2416:Tourism
2406:Poverty
2398:Gourde
2366:Economy
2211:Islands
2033:Kingdom
2003:Slavery
1981:Maroons
1946:History
1827:Curaçao
1812:Bonaire
1807:Bermuda
1737:Jamaica
1717:Grenada
1672:Bahamas
1371:11 July
1111:14 July
1085:14 July
1058:14 July
1031:14 July
1004:14 July
965:14 July
942:14 July
614:warrant
600:corrupt
482:History
472:torture
284:2016–17
272:2015–16
225:2010–11
207:Recent
175:Cabinet
2637:Portal
2520:Cinema
2477:People
2467:Health
2311:Senate
2221:Rivers
2181:Cities
2176:Border
1936:
1752:Panama
1742:Mexico
1687:Canada
1682:Belize
1579:7 July
1561:(443).
1500:
1415:9 July
1393:9 July
1327:
1319:
1295:
1291:–126.
1255:
1185:
990:
742:UNICEF
664:censor
539:corvée
108:Senate
2623:Index
2567:Music
2562:Media
2447:Crime
2028:State
1934:Haiti
1802:Aruba
1727:Haiti
1531:(PDF)
1520:(PDF)
1498:S2CID
1434:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
708:, or
492:TaĂno
488:Haiti
476:coups
452:Haiti
259:(Nov)
257:2016
251:(Feb)
249:2016
2535:Flag
2345:List
2333:List
1872:Saba
1697:Cuba
1606:IFEX
1581:2021
1417:2014
1395:2014
1373:2014
1325:ISBN
1317:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1266:2014
1253:ISBN
1226:2014
1201:2014
1183:ISBN
1113:2014
1087:2014
1060:2014
1033:2014
1027:. UK
1006:2014
988:ISBN
967:2014
944:2014
922:link
898:2020
770:and
694:race
686:and
647:and
244:2015
231:Next
220:2006
157:list
134:list
2510:Art
1490:doi
1289:125
706:age
698:sex
583:in
454:'s
296:CEP
69:Law
2654::
1604:–
1559:24
1557:.
1539:^
1526:.
1522:.
1496:.
1486:36
1484:.
1364:.
1323:,
1251:.
1249:14
1209:^
1154:.
1129:.
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