952:. On 25 May 2007 in a US FDA/CSFAN Interim Melamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment, the FDA stated: "While it is entirely possible that the analogues are more or less potent than the parent compound, melamine, we have no information that assesses the relative potency of the three analogues as compared to melamine; therefore, for the purpose of this interim assessment, we have made an assumption of equal potency. It has been hypothesized that melamine may interact synergistically with its three analogues, but no studies have been conducted that specifically test this hypothesis. Very preliminary work suggests that if it does occur, the formation of lattice crystals, particularly between melamine and cyanuric acid, takes place at very high dose levels and is a threshold and concentration dependent phenomenon that would not be relevant to low levels of exposure. Although still under investigation, it now appears that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid has been linked to the acute renal failure in cats and dogs that have eaten the suspect pet foods...."
665:, however they could have used a soy protein substitute to lower production costs, and the source of their soy substitute had melamine added to it. Many Chinese babies had developed kidney stones and other acute kidney problems in recent months across China, investigation led to the discovery of this contaminant. Some people were wondering how much melamine has already entered food products designated for adults without discovery. More worrying are claims reported in China that there are now new chemicals that can be added to food to lower production costs, and yet pass the tests for melamine and other related chemicals. Impact of this incident to dairy industry outside China is beginning to unravel.
1046:
New York, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Utah, and possibly Ohio. In response, the FDA announced that, in addition to its existing practice of testing of wheat gluten and rice protein products for melamine, it would begin testing imported ingredients and finished products that contain cornmeal, corn gluten, rice bran and soy protein for the presence of melamine or cyanuric acid. The agency also subjected all vegetable proteins imported from China, intended for human or animal consumption, to detention without physical examination, beginning on 27 April. Finally, the FDA investigated domestic food manufacturers to ensure that no contaminated product was being used in foods intended for human use.
1251:
collection, monitoring of recall effectiveness, and preparing consumer complaint reports." The FDA has activated its
Emergency Operations Center, making sure the information on the poisoning gets to scientists and inspection teams. The agency "is also working with its regulatory partners in all 50 state agriculture and health agencies to inform them of the status of the investigative and analytical efforts." The FDA issued an alert to its field personnel that they should block import of wheat gluten from Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company Ltd., and subject wheat gluten from China and the Netherlands to increased scrutiny.
1233:. A Xinhua article from September 2008 lists the following information as "Lessons Learned" from the milk scandal: "Sanlu, the center of the scandal, provided a bad example of crisis management. When it was first exposed, Sanlu refused to take the blame and passed the buck to innocent dairy farmers, which ignited great anger nationwide. A further official investigation showed Sanlu had lied about its contaminated baby formula for months while thousands of infants got sick and at least three died. Sanlu didn't openly admit its products were toxic until Sept. 11. It eventually recalled baby formula manufactured on and before Aug. 6."
1218:(approximately 850,000 US dollars). These fraudulent approvals were estimated to have resulted in hundreds of patient deaths; consequently, Zheng was sentenced to death. It was also discovered during his eight years as head of the SFDA, Zheng had personally ordered the approval of more than 150,000 new medicines; by contrast, the U.S. FDA approves approximately 140 new medications per year. Most of those 150,000 medicines were manufactured by the eight pharmaceutical companies that bribed Zheng; one such unsafe medication, produced by the now-defunct
613:
regulation on it. Probably not. No law or regulation says 'don’t do it,' so everyone's doing it. The laws in China are like that, aren't they? If there’s no accident, there won’t be any regulation.” Such use of "melamine scrap", described as left over from processing of coal into melamine for use in creating plastic and fertilizer, was described as widespread. Melamine is said to have been chosen in order to inflate crude protein content measures and to avoid tests for other common and illegal ingredients, such as
1023:
1002:, that "a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight for melamine was established. The TDI is applicable to the whole population, including infants." However, the experts also noted: "This TDI is applicable to exposure to melamine alone. … Available data indicate that simultaneous exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid is more toxic than exposures to each compound individually. Data are not adequate to allow the calculation of a health-based guidance value for this co-exposure."
6655:
6297:
5651:
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273:(FDA) subjected all vegetable proteins imported from China, intended for human or animal consumption, to detention without physical examination, including: wheat gluten, rice gluten, rice protein, rice protein concentrate, corn gluten, corn gluten meal, corn by-products, soy protein, soy gluten, proteins (includes amino acids and protein hydrolysates), and mung bean protein. In a teleconference with reporters on 1 May, officials from the FDA and
1247:
intended for human consumption. According to the FDA, the FDA's "regulation of pet food is similar to that for other animal feeds. The
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires that pet foods, like human foods, be pure and wholesome, safe to eat, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be truthfully labeled." However, "there is no requirement that pet food products have premarket approval by FDA."
6307:
495:). Therefore, melamine production is often integrated into urea production which uses ammonia as feedstock. Crystallization and washing of melamine generates a considerable amount of waste water, which is a pollutant if discharged directly into the environment. The waste water may be concentrated into a solid (1.5-5% of the weight) for easier disposal. The solid may contain approximately 70% melamine, 23% oxytriazines (
266:, and other contaminants. The Chinese government was slow to respond, denying that vegetable protein was exported from China and refusing to allow foreign food safety investigators to enter the country. Ultimately, the Chinese government acknowledged that contamination had occurred and arrested the managers of two protein manufacturers identified so far and took other measures to improve food safety and product quality.
38:
678:
would take a university team 3 months to develop this kind of concoction. Investigators have concluded that as-yet-unidentified individuals cooked up a protocol for a premix, a solution normally designed to fortify foods with vitamins or other nutrients but, in this case, it was poisonous. Several milk-collecting companies were using the same premix, Chen says: "So someone with technical skill had to be training them."
902:(ANI), their manufacturer. This adds a new potential source of contamination and distrust, namely non-compliant contract manufacturers, beyond the original problematic Chinese ingredient suppliers. Diamond and Natural Balance refer to this as a "manufacturing deviation" by ANI. Blue Buffalo and Harmony Farms characterize this as "product tampering" by ANI. ANI's recall notice makes no comment on these allegations.
566:, China, which U.S. officials believe was the source of the melamine-contaminated gluten, are maintaining innocence and assert that they are cooperating with officials. The general manager for Xuzhou Anying has denied that his company exported goods and says that they are researching who might have exported their product. They note that per Chinese law, all exported wheat gluten is tested and that they were simply a
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1176:, claiming they had no record of exporting any agricultural products that could have tainted the recalled pet foods, including the wheat gluten that had been the focus of the investigation. The general manager of the Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company also denied that they had exported any wheat gluten to North America. However, on 6 April, the Chinese government told the
126:
79:
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adulterated. Some dairies routinely watered down milk to increase profits, then added other cheap ingredients so the milk could pass a protein test. "Before melamine, the dealers added rice porridge or starch into the milk to artificially boost the protein count, but that method was easily tested as fake, so they switched to melamine,” said Zhao Huibin, a dairy farmer near
Shijiazhuang.
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which has been fed to some number of hogs and chickens, the meat from which has been processed and sold to some number of consumers: "There is very low risk to human health" in such cases involving pork and poultry. On 1 May 2007, the FDA and USDA stated that millions of chickens fed feed tainted with contaminated pet food had been consumed by an estimated 2.5 to 3 million people.
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27 components the agency considers to be at risk of melamine contamination based on its search of U.S. Pharmacopeia/National
Formulary monographs and its Inactive Ingredient Database. The list — which includes adenine, ammonium salts, gelatin, guar gum, lactose, povidone and taurine — is not all-inclusive, the guidance says. "For the purpose of this guidance, we use the term
440:(USDA) provides a test method for analyzing cyromazine and melamine in animal tissues in its Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook which "contains test methods used by FSIS Laboratories to support the Agency's inspection program, ensuring that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome and accurately labeled." In 1999, in a proposed rule published in the
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conference, indicating that an invitation to FDA investigators had been sent on 23 April but making no mention of banning melamine usage. On 3 May 2007, Chinese authorities detained Mao Lijun, general manager of the Xuzhou Anying
Biologic Technology Development, one of the companies accused of exporting contaminated protein, on unspecified charges.
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recalled foods, noting that volunteer websites had more detailed and easier-to-access information about the extent of the problem and which specific foods are of concern than FDA's online resources which Kohl said was contradictory of itself at times, and which the FDA official giving testimony admitted to being difficult to navigate.
361:
feed binder products were also used by another US company, Uniscope, to produce a binder (XtraBond) for livestock feeds. This binder and the feeds made from it were not recalled, nor was the meat of the livestock fed on these feeds. No fish or fish products were recalled as a result of having been raised on the adulterated feeds.
1158:, China between 29 November and 8 March. ChemNutra says the gluten came directly from China or from China through the Netherlands, and that the company had received no reports of contamination in the chemical analysis provided by Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company. The products were shipped from the company's
987:
report selling it for use in animal feed and in products for human consumption. Said Li
Xiuping, a manager at Henan Xinxiang Huaxing Chemical in Henan Province: "Our chemical products are mostly used for additives, not for animal feed. Melamine is mainly used in the chemical industry, but it can also be used in making cakes."
1327:
3979:
798:
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who interviewed Durbin 8 April, Durbin said he would like to see the FDA set national standards and inspection rules for pet food manufacturing facilities, and to see "federal law changed to allow the FDA to order a recall of food intended for human or pet consumption rather than rely on companies to
1250:
Once the recall was announced, the Food and Drug
Administration immediately began to mobilize resources to assist in the investigation. The FDA has dedicated each of its 20 district offices and three field laboratories to the investigation and more than "400 employees are involved in sample pet food
1246:
All of the food recalls executed by companies in the United States and Canada were voluntary, i.e. not mandated by any government agency. In the United States, prior to the recall, the Food and Drug
Administration did not keep pet foods under the same level of protection and safety ensurance as food
1193:
On 25 April 2007, Chinese authorities shut down
Binzhou Futian Biology Technology Co. Ltd., and detained its manager, Tian Feng. Feng denied responsibility, saying that he "didn't do anything wrong", and denying that he even knew what melamine was. The following day, China's Foreign Ministry said it
1036:
reported that tainted wheat gluten ended up in factories that produce food for human consumption. Then, on 19 April, federal U.S. officials said that they were investigating reports that Binzhou Futian rice protein had been used in hog feed, but declined to specify where. The California Department of
986:
Reports of widespread melamine adulteration in Chinese animal feed have raised the possibility of wider melamine contamination in the human food supply in China and abroad. Despite the widely reported ban on melamine use in vegetable proteins in China, at least some chemical manufacturers continue to
315:
late on Friday, 16 March 2007 for cat and dog food products in the United States. By 30 March the United States began to ban imports of wheat gluten from China. The Chinese government responded on 4 April by categorically denying any connection to the North American food poisonings refusing to allow
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advised pharmaceutical manufacturers that they should determine if they are using components possibly contaminated with melamine and test those components at risk, as well as make sure they get certifications from suppliers that at-risk components have been tested appropriately. A new guidance lists
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was found in the urine of the hogs on the farm. According to California state officials, approximately 45 state residents consumed pork from hogs that had been fed melamine-contaminated feed. The FDA subsequently discovered that melamine was present in feed that had been given to hogs in California,
873:
In at least one other segment of the food industry, the dairy industry, some countries (at least the U.S., Australia, France and Hungary), have adopted "true protein" measurement, as opposed to crude protein measurement, as the standard for payment and testing: "True protein is a measure of only the
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typically ships rice protein concentrate in white bags but on 11 April one bag was pink and had the word "melamine" stenciled on it. Binzhou explained to Wilbur-Ellis that the original bag had broken and a mislabeled, but new, bag had been used. The company only supplies food and feed ingredients.
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to Tembec, the manufacturer of the adulterated binding ingredients. In response, Tembec declared that, in addition to completing the recall of all products containing the adulterated binding ingredients, it would "discontinue manufacturing and marketing of as aquatic feed binder. Tembec's aquatic
1267:
Possibly in response to growing concern about ensuring the safety of the U.S. food supply, on 1 May 2007, Dr. von Eschenbach announced the creation of an Assistant Commissioner for Food Protection to advise on "strategic and substantive food safety and food defense matters." Dr. David Acheson will
1053:
Throughout April and May, the USDA investigated the potential human health risks of consuming the meat of animals that had eaten contaminated feed, and continued to hold press conferences discussing their latest findings. They consistently found that consuming pork and poultry from such sources did
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On 28 April 2007, the USDA and the FDA held a joint press release, acknowledging that pork from hogs fed contaminated feed had entered the human food supply, but emphasizing that the risk of illness from eating such pork was "very low". On 30 April, they amended this statement to include poultry as
978:
The original Xuzhou Anying wheat gluten was "human grade," as opposed to "feed grade," meaning that it could have been used to make food for humans such as bread or pasta. At least one contaminated batch was used to make food for humans, but the FDA quarantined it before any was sold. The FDA also
766:
There is at least one report of inexpensively priced rice protein concentrate (feed grade) containing non-protein nitrogen being marketed for use in non-ruminants dating back to 2005. In a news item on its website, Jiangyin Hetai Industrial Co., Ltd. warned its customers of low-priced "PSEUDO rice
668:
By the end of September 2008, the Chinese government said that 22 dairy companies, including Sanlu and export brands like Mengniu and Yili, had produced powdered baby formula that contained traces of melamine. Some dairy farmers interviewed in Hebei Province said it was an open secret that milk was
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they would investigate the source of the wheat gluten and by 23 April China gave permission to FDA investigators to enter the country. On 25 April Chinese authorities began to shut down and destroy the implicated factories and detain their managers. The following day, China's Foreign Ministry said
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detected traces of melamine in one top-selling brand of infant formula and traces of cyanuric acid in another brand. Separately, a third major formula maker said that in-house tests had detected trace levels of melamine in its infant formula. The three firms manufacture more than 90 percent of all
778:
selling "Esb protein powder" in Xuzhou Anying's name. The product is said to be protein in nature and suitable for livestock and poultry feed, yet claims a crude protein content of 160–300%. It also mentions in passing the product makes use of "NPN" which is an acronym for non-protein nitrogen.
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used to suspend melamine also boosted apparent milk-fat content. Sanlu baby formula contained a whopping 2563 mg/kg of melamine, adding 1% of apparent crude protein content to the formula, where normal milk is 3.0% to 3.4% protein. Chen says a dean of a school of food science told him that it
672:
Investigators say the adulteration was nothing short of a wholesale re-engineering of milk. Researchers established that workers at Sanlu and at a number of milk-collection depots were diluting milk with water; they added melamine to dupe a test for determining crude protein content. "Adulteration
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manufacturing and the chemical processes in which melamine are used are completely unrelated to the manufacture or processing of food products such as wheat gluten. On 9 April the FDA stated that there is a "distinct possibility" that the food was intentionally contaminated. According to Senator
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as raw material. This production has been described as also producing "melamine scrap" which is not "pure melamine but impure melamine scrap that is sold more cheaply as the waste product after melamine is produced by chemical and fertilizer factories here." Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group,
292:
As of July 2010, Chinese authorities were still reporting some seizures of melamine-contaminated dairy product in some provinces, though it was unclear whether these new contaminations constituted wholly new adulterations or were the result of illegal reuse of material from the 2008 adulterations.
1362:
During the hearing Senators Durbin and Byrd criticized the government's response during the recall. Durbin specifically criticized the lack of any regular inspection practices or quality control with regards to pet food safety. Senator Kohl criticized the FDA's communication to the public about
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The second potential vector is via contaminated vegetable proteins imported for intended use as animal feed, which has apparently been acknowledged to occur with regard to fish feed in Canada, while the third possible route is via contaminated vegetable proteins imported for intended use in human
955:
In the United States, five potential vectors of impact on the human food supply have been identified. The first, which has already been acknowledged to have occurred by FDA and USDA officials, is via contaminated ingredients imported for use in pet foods and sold for use as salvage in animal feed
612:
reported that some animal feed manufacturers in China admit to having used melamine scrap in animal feed for years. Said Ji Denghui, general manager of the Fujian Sanming Dinghui Chemical Company: “Many companies buy melamine scrap to make animal feed, such as fish feed. I don't know if there’s a
588:
The second Chinese supplier involved in shipping melamine-contaminated food ingredients, Binzhou Futian Biology Technology, has been working with importer Wilbur-Ellis since July 2006. Binzhou Futian supplies soy, corn and other proteins to the United States, Europe and Southeast Asia. Binzhou
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for local producers. However, a truck driver who has carried goods for Xuzhou Anying contradicted this, saying "they have a factory that makes wheat gluten." Officials in the USDA and FDA believe that Xuzhou Anying labeled its wheat gluten as "nonfood" and exported through a third party, Suzhou
277:
said that between 2.5 and 3 million people in the United States had consumed chickens that had consumed feed containing contaminated vegetable protein from China. Reports that melamine has been added as a binder in animal feed manufactured in North America also raise the possibility that harmful
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actually measure the amount of nitrogen present, on the assumption that only protein in the sample contributes significantly to its nitrogen content. Melamine contains a very high proportion of nitrogen. According to Liu Laiting, a Chinese professor of animal sciences, melamine is also hard to
351:
In the 2007 outbreak, as all three pet food ingredients containing melamine had been imported from China, investigators focused their inquiries there. Another concern was raised by allegations that one contract manufacturer of pet food had included contaminated ingredients from China without the
1198:
in food products, admitting that products containing melamine had cleared customs while continuing to dispute the role of melamine in causing pet deaths. China also vowed to cooperate with U.S. investigators to find the "real cause" of pet deaths. China provided a transcript of a 26 April press
218:
can be used to inflate the apparent protein content of products, so that inexpensive ingredients can pass for more expensive, concentrated proteins. Melamine by itself has not been thought to be very toxic to animals or humans except possibly in very high concentrations, but the combination of
638:
The same day, FDA officials revealed that the vegetable proteins were not only contaminated, but mislabeled. Both the wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate were actually wheat flour, a much cheaper product from which wheat gluten is extracted. The addition of nitrogen-rich compounds were
755:
is a common adulterant in feed for non-ruminants. Domestically it is often sold under the euphemism "protein essence" (蛋白精) and is described as "one kind of new proteinnitrogen feed additive". However, urea-formaldehyde resin itself has been suggested as appropriate for use in feed for some
580:
has reported that as recently as 29 March 2007, representatives of Xuzhou Anying wrote, "Our company buys large quantities of melamine scrap" on a message board for the trading of industrial materials. Melamine may have been added to enhance the apparent protein content of the wheat gluten.
1366:
On 18 April 2007, Senator Durbin and Representative DeLauro met with US FDA Commissioner von Eschenbach to discuss the additional rice protein recalls and learned that the Chinese government was blocking outside attempts to investigate the contamination. In response, they sent a letter to
1189:
in Beijing and that "further measures would be taken based on developments in the United States". The U.S. FDA requested to inspect facilities suspected of manufacturing contaminated products on 4 April; the Chinese government initially refused this request, before ultimately granting FDA
1082:
In 2008, the reports of contaminated powdered milk in China led to renewed examination of potential health risks. The EFSA issued a press release on 25 September 2008, noting that children who consumed above-average levels of milk products could potentially be at risk. A report from the
1130:
869:
At least one pet food manufacturer not involved in any recalls, The Honest Kitchen, has reacted to the news of melamine contamination by announcing that it would add melamine testing to the suite of quality control tests it already conducted on all ingredients it purchases.
1184:
stated that "sampling and examination" of wheat gluten was under way across China, centering on the presence of melamine. Officials with the Office of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, said that they will stay in touch with the
1062:
After learning that infant formula from one firm in China was potentially contaminated with melamine, the FDA updated its risk assessment on 3 October 2008 (and again on 28 November 2008) to indicate that infants could be more sensitive than adults to melamine exposure.
342:
As of 7 May 2007, United States food safety officials stated: "There is very low risk to human health from consuming meat from hogs and chickens known to have been fed animal feed supplemented with pet food scraps that contained melamine and melamine-related compounds"
1276:
In the aftermath of the recall, there was a call from consumers for an investigation into Menu Foods reaction to the poisonings, and the federal government's stand on pet food safety and quality control and the FDA's response to the recall. On 1 April 2007, Senator
890:, foods used as the sole source of nourishment, such as infant formula, but also provides: "When data on amino acids analyses are not available, determination of protein based on total N content by Kjeldahl (AOAC, 2000) or similar method … is considered acceptable."
620:
As of 2 May 2007, officials of the USDA and FDA still do not know who manufactured the contaminated food or where the contamination took place. The Chinese government has said that Xuzhou Anying, for instance, purchased its products from 25 different manufacturers.
1050:
well, after it was found that chickens in Indiana had been fed the contaminated feed. On 8 May, fish at several hatcheries in Oregon were also discovered to have consumed contaminated feed, but these fish were similarly not seen as a significant human health risk.
1145:
Once wheat gluten had been isolated as the source of the problems, federal investigators in the United States began to trace the gluten used in the foods. All of the gluten came from ChemNutra's Kansas City warehouse. ChemNutra said it had imported nearly 800
1268:
fill this roll. According to Dr. von Eschenbach, "The protection of America's food supply and therefore the safety of Americans eating food of domestic or international origin is of utmost importance to me as a physician, and to the mission of this agency."
522:
In January 2009, China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology promulgated draft production permit rules aiming to stem a melamine production glut. Melamine had been widely sold, including over the Internet, for around 10,000 yuan ($ 1,500) a
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warehouse to several pet food manufacturers and one distributor of pet food ingredients in the US and Canada, including the companies affected by the recall. Xuzhou Anying also exports carrots, garlic, ginger, corn protein powder, vegetables and feed.
307:
The contaminated vegetable proteins were imported from China in 2006 and early 2007 and used as pet food ingredients. The process of identifying and accounting for the source of the contamination and for how the contaminant causes sickness is ongoing.
779:
Similar ads were placed on other websites, some dated as early as 31 October 2005. Products with similar descriptions were also sold as "EM bacterium active protein forage" by Shandong Binzhou Xinpeng Biosciences Company and "HP protein powder" by
328:
in food products, admitting that products containing melamine had cleared customs while continuing to dispute the role of melamine in causing pet deaths. China also vowed to cooperate with U.S. investigators to find the "real cause" of pet deaths.
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was there as well. Witnesses included FDA officials. They looked into several areas: the delay in reporting by Menu Foods, the lack of federal inspections of pet food facilities, and incomplete reporting by the FDA since the start of the recall.
1058:
also monitored hospitals and poison control centers during this period, and reported on 2 May 2007 that there had been no increase in reports of kidney disease. USDA ultimately cleared the affected swine for human consumption on 15 May 2007.
878:, a direct measure of true protein." Measuring peptide bonds in grains has also been put into practice in several countries including Canada, the UK, Australia, Russia and Argentina where near-infrared reflectance (NIR) technology, a type of
723:(both are also known as formaldehyde-treated urea) is used in place of urea, because the former provides a better control on the nitrogen release. This practice is carried out in China and other countries, such as Finland, India and France.
2480:
699:(NPN) through fermentation by their rumen bacteria, hence NPN is often added to their diet to supplement protein. Nonruminants such as cats, dogs and pigs (and humans) cannot utilize NPN. NPN are given to ruminants in the form of pelleted
673:
used to be simple. What they did was very high-tech", says Chen Junshi, co-chair of the Sino-U.S. workshop and a risk-assessment specialist at China's Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigators subsequently learned that the
1087:
found that 294,000 infants in China had been affected by melamine-contaminated infant formula by the end of November 2008. More than 50,000 infants were hospitalized, and six deaths were confirmed, as a result of this contamination.
585:, claims that they received from Xuzhou Anying results of analyses showing "no impurities or contamination." It has not yet been determined whether Xuzhou Anying products other than wheat gluten have been shipped to North America.
1075:(EFSA) issued a provisional statement, noting that they were investigation potential synergistic effects between melamine and cyanuric acid. However, by 21 June, the Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General of the
771:. It is not clear from that report whether the contaminant in that case was melamine or some other non-protein nitrogen source or whether any contaminated rice protein concentrate made it into the food supply at that time.
571:
Textiles Silk Light & Industrial Products. The nonfood designation would allow the gluten to be shipped without inspection, however a spokesman for Suzhou Textiles has denied that the company exported any wheat gluten.
2989:
596:
turning up in exported Chinese wheat gluten, rice protein concentrate and corn gluten supports theories of intentional adulteration. "That will be one of the theories we will pursue when we get into the plants in China."
928:
infant formula produced in the United States. The FDA and other experts said the melamine contamination in U.S.-made formula had occurred unintentionally during the manufacturing process and were not a safety concern.
970:
A fifth vector is acknowledged to have occurred on 30 May 2007 FDA/USDA press conference, whereby U.S. manufacturers of livestock and shrimp/fish feed have acknowledged adding melamine to their products as a
630:
reported that three Chinese chemical makers have said that animal feed producers often purchase, or seek to purchase, the chemical, cyanuric acid, from their factories to blend into animal feed to give the
3137:"Untreated and formaldehyde-treated urea as nitrogen sources for young growing bulls", J. Setala, L. Syrjala-Qvist, P. Aspila, Journal of the Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland vol.54, p53-62, 1982
1876:
874:
proteins in milk, whereas crude protein is a measure of all sources of nitrogen and includes nonprotein nitrogen, such as urea, which has no food value to humans. … Current milk-testing equipment measures
4404:"EFSA's Provisional Statement on a Request from the European Commission Related to Melamine and Structurally Related Compounds such as Cyanuric acid in Protein-rich Ingredients Used for Food and Feed"
1222:
Hua Yuan (华源) Company, resulted in 14 patient deaths and hundreds becoming permanently disabled. Zheng's former deputy was also convicted as an accomplice and given a two-year delayed death sentence.
3146:"Evaluation of slow release urea formaldehyde complexes (SRUFC'S) as partial substitutes of protein in crossbred calves", V.K. Sharma, B.N. Gupta, Asian Journal of Dairy Research vol.4, p119-25, 1985
269:
Reports of widespread adulteration of Chinese animal feed with melamine have raised the issue of melamine contamination in the human food supply both in China and abroad. On 27 April 2007, the U.S.
1383:
The protein export scandal inspired a significant amount of US media attention to Chinese food safety concerns, and increased unease about Chinese imports amongst the American public. A July 2007
545:
Richard J. Durbin, one theory that investigators are exploring is whether melamine was added to fraudulently increase the measured protein content, which determines the value of the product. Some
1371:, China's Ambassador to the United States saying in part that "contaminated batches of wheat gluten and rice protein responsible for these events were imported from China" and that "no level of
1643:"IMPORT ALERT #99-29, "DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF ALL VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS FROM CHINA FOR ANIMAL OR HUMAN FOOD USE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF MELAMINE AND/OR MELAMINE ANALOGS""
2793:
2728:
SM Lahalih, M Absi-Halabi, "Recovery of solids from melamine waste effluents and their conversion to useful products", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.28, 500–504 (1989).
1105:
to mean those ingredients or raw materials that rely on a test for nitrogen content for their identity or purity or strength, and that contain nitrogen in amounts greater than 2.5 percent."
740:
Melamine use as NPN for cattle was described in a 1958 patent. In 1978, however, a study concluded that melamine "may not be an acceptable nonprotein N source for ruminants", because its
1737:
3669:
983:
to watch for new patients admitted to hospitals with renal failure. As of April 2007, there were no observed increases in human illnesses, and little human food tested as contaminated.
336:
held an oversight hearing on the matter by 12 April. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods losing roughly US$ 30 million alone from the recall.
898:
26 April 2007 and 27 April 2007 recalls by Blue Buffalo, Diamond, Harmony Farms, and Natural Balance are claimed by all 4 brands to be due to unauthorized inclusion of rice protein by
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4014:
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940:
alone to be harmful to humans. However, there was too little data at that time to determine how it reacts with other substances, in particular, the combination of melamine with
6114:
6064:
5042:
4841:"Senate panel to question FDA response to tainted pet food – Sen. Durbin says the agency should be able to order a recall rather than rely on companies to do so voluntarily"
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5892:
5721:
2003:
1214:(SFDA), had been convicted of personally approving unproven and unsafe medicines after taking bribes from eight pharmaceutical companies totaling more than 6.49 million
339:
On 24 April 2007, for the first time, FDA officials said that melamine had been detected in feed given to animals raised for human consumption within the United States.
3374:
3155:"Influence of Niacin Supplementation on In Vivo Digestibility and Ruminal Digestion in Dairy Cows" M. Doreau and J. F. Ottou, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.79 (12) 1996
6069:
899:
2882:
1254:
As a result of the contamination, consumers and pets' rights groups have called for the FDA to take a more active role in ensuring pet food safety. On 2 April 2007,
242:). The recalls in North America, Europe and South Africa came in response to reports of kidney failure in pets. Several Chinese companies sold products claimed to be
5857:
5862:
5612:
2505:
1304:
On 6 April 2007, Senator Durbin criticized the federal inspection process for both human and pet food and called for the hearings on the matter. According to the
6245:
1229:
reported that China had instituted new product recall and customer notification systems. Further customer protection measures were introduced in response to the
883:
5842:
5531:
527:. The ministry also aimed to shrink the number of melamine producers by setting minimum production levels and strengthening controls on ingredients and waste.
3195:
5414:
2506:
Use of Chemically Modified Wheat Gluten to Reduce Formaldehyde Emissions During Curing of Pigment Print Pastes on Fabrics, Starch, volume 52, p420-422, 2000
6171:
5872:
3951:
1079:
found that there was "no need to take restrictive measures" on livestock who had eaten contaminated feed, nor on food products derived from such animals.
356:
to fish feed manufactured in the United States from ingredients produced in Ohio. This adulteration has not been linked to any illness. The FDA issued a
3727:
6059:
5177:
3357:
1225:
After these convictions, it was announced that a new system for unsafe food recall would be implemented by the end of 2007. By the end of August 2007,
3758:
5706:
737:, cyanuric acid and urea. FDA permits a certain amount of cyanuric acid to be present in some additives used in animal feed and also drinking water.
2801:
4767:"IA #99-26, IMPORT ALERT #99-26, "DETENTION WITHOUT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND INTENSIFIED COVERAGE OF WHEAT GLUTEN DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF MELAMINE""
3060:
1812:"Special Report: The Poisoning of Our Pets – Scientists and government agencies home in on the cause of more than 100 pet deaths from tainted food"
1752:
1355:
1011:
5867:
5691:
2866:
1167:
5217:
4701:
1727:
1511:
1368:
51:
17:
4670:
3679:
1705:
1574:
827:, making nitrogen measurement a common surrogate for protein content. The standard tests for crude protein content used in the food industry (
5832:
5591:
5145:
445:
5050:
4329:
4026:
476:
as a product. Melamine production in China has increased greatly in recent years and was described as in "serious surplus" in 2006. In the
574:
There is evidence that Xuzhou Anying, despite being a food ingredient supplier, has sought out large quantities of melamine in the past.
6156:
6084:
5101:
3880:
3117:
1255:
2214:
289:
because it was contaminated with melamine. Around 294,000 babies in China became ill after drinking the milk; at least six babies died.
5897:
5882:
5551:
5011:
3165:
1942:
1097:
1055:
980:
4523:
3233:“Melamine as a dietary nitrogen source for ruminants", G.L. Newton and P.R. Utley, Journal of Animal Science, vol.47, p1338-44, 1978,
1328:
United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies
661:
products in China. Some Chinese reports said the manufacturer of the milk products might not have consciously added Melamine to their
96:
5766:
3255:
2936:
2672:
1397:, 74 percent of US respondents said they were "somewhat concerned" or "very concerned" about the safety of food imported from China.
1017:
4792:
4259:
3913:
3794:
2370:
2067:
1301:) asked for an analysis of the FDA's oversight of pet food manufacturing facilities and a report of actions taken since the recall.
6214:
5902:
3468:
Moore, J.C. (17 August 2010). "Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration".
3408:
846:
of protein meals with non-protein nitrogen sources that inflate crude protein content measurements have been known to occur in the
4926:
4766:
3083:
2186:
1821:
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960:
food products, and the FDA has issued an import alert subjecting all Chinese vegetable proteins to detention without examination.
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3765:
3616:
1444:
1180:
they would investigate the source of the wheat gluten. Although the government refused to give details on the investigation, the
437:
6630:
5917:
5877:
5847:
5172:
4556:
4480:"Statement of EFSA on risks for public health due to the presences of melamine in infant milk and other milk products in China"
4432:
2288:
88:
3384:
2645:
2536:
2011:
5192:
2371:"Tembec and Uniscope Voluntary Recall Feed Ingredients, FDA Asks Feed Manufacturers to Avoid Ingredients Containing Melamine"
302:
4964:
3820:
3612:
3237:
2519:
1612:
767:
protein" for sale in the market by another unnamed supplier, noting that the contaminant could be detected by analyzing the
421:. Occasionally, melamine-formaldehyde resin is added to gluten for non-food purposes, such as adhesives or fabric printing.
6348:
6161:
6094:
6039:
5837:
5581:
5372:
5152:
4984:
4734:
4377:
4351:
1054:
not pose a significant health risk, even after factoring in potential interactions between melamine and cyanuric acid. The
4643:
3050:
2317:
2265:"Diamond Pet Foods has announced it is withdrawing a limited number of canned products manufactured by American Nutrition"
5571:
5320:
5122:
4229:
3447:
3273:
4156:
3850:
1844:
1549:"DURBIN, DELAURO MEET WITH VON ESCHENBACH; URGE CHINESE GOVERNMENT TO COOPERATE ON PET FOOD CONTAMINATION INVESTIGATION"
1289:) called on the FDA to "account for weak links in the pet food inspection system." Earlier in the week, Representative
6720:
5748:
5075:
2130:
1211:
433:
156:
57:
4096:
6569:
6204:
6166:
6146:
6099:
5852:
5716:
5107:
4979:
3308:
3288:
181:
65:
3642:
948:, and which combination some American and Canadian scientists have suggested may have led to the pet deaths through
6683:
6238:
5907:
5795:
5523:
5294:
5095:
3203:
2452:
1347:
1335:
1330:. Senator Kohl initiated hearings in the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee along with Senator Durbin and Senator
1319:
1294:
1282:
4047:
967:
incorporation of contaminated vegetable proteins into products intended for human use and subsequent importation.
635:, suggesting another potentially dangerous way that melamine and cyanuric acid might combine in protein products.
558:
Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company (徐州安营生物技术开发有限公司), an agricultural products company based in
6277:
6079:
5925:
5432:
5289:
5187:
4868:
4294:
2705:
2426:
2400:
1263:
477:
4181:
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6710:
6640:
6544:
6074:
5711:
5696:
5627:
5279:
5004:
4263:
4018:
3983:
3917:
3531:
3504:
3329:
2071:
1072:
274:
6705:
5701:
5227:
4840:
3354:
3253:
Distinguishing Ureaformaldehyde Polymer in fish meal, Cereal & Feed Industry, Issue 8, 2002 (in Chinese)
2698:
2492:
484:
production, the author stated that "China continued to plan and construct new ammonia and urea plants using
6267:
6250:
6209:
6136:
5812:
5753:
5728:
5654:
5536:
5342:
5327:
5307:
5303:
5247:
5162:
4739:
4530:
4501:
4381:
4355:
4267:
4233:
4022:
3987:
3921:
3884:
3854:
3769:
3199:
2994:
2459:
2430:
2404:
2374:
2075:
1646:
924:
920:
to fish and livestock feed manufactured in the United States and traced to suppliers in Ohio and Colorado.
912:
626:
602:
364:
In 2008, investigation of kidney problems in Chinese infants focused on domestic dairy suppliers in China.
270:
4066:
1387:
poll found that 92 percent of Americans favored "country of origin" labeling on meat products, while in a
6671:
6272:
6127:
5950:
5738:
5664:
5566:
5546:
5470:
5222:
5207:
5117:
5034:
4586:
3586:
2911:
2215:"Natural Balance Pet Foods, Inc. Recalls Products in Response to American Nutrition Inc. Pet Food Recall"
1411:
2602:
2102:
2068:"FDA/USDA Joint News Release: Scientists Conclude Very Low Risk to Humans from Food Containing Melamine"
1910:
1760:
792:
6715:
6199:
6141:
6089:
5945:
5887:
5362:
5352:
5202:
5132:
5065:
3670:"Protein Pretense: Cheating the standard protein tests is easy, but industry hesitates on alternatives"
3419:
1972:
1084:
100:
3113:
2575:
6589:
6300:
6054:
5824:
5761:
5669:
5641:
5637:
5507:
5492:
5394:
5347:
5337:
5237:
4997:
4952:
3087:
1416:
1230:
1119:
991:
654:
648:
286:
4709:
3224:"Ruminant feed compositions, Robert W. Colby and Robert J. Mesler Jr., U.S. Patent No. 2819968, 1958
3022:
1519:
452:
of cyromazine from the tolerance expression since it is no longer considered a residue of concern."
6579:
6564:
6391:
6341:
6031:
5996:
5975:
5686:
5681:
5617:
5586:
5452:
5267:
5212:
5197:
5090:
5060:
4678:
4591:
4126:
1713:
1675:
1582:
1331:
1375:
should be found in pet or human food" and asking for visas for inspectors from the United States.
6427:
6381:
6104:
6044:
5930:
5800:
5790:
5778:
5519:
5480:
5442:
5367:
5167:
5112:
5055:
3732:
752:
716:
148:
6584:
6528:
6233:
5771:
5674:
5487:
5460:
5437:
5427:
5357:
5284:
3169:
730:
136:
4433:"Summary Minutes of the Meeting of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health"
3888:
6725:
6549:
6228:
6131:
5960:
5399:
4378:"Update: Interim Safety and Risk Assessment of Melamine and its Analogues in Food for Humans"
4295:"Pet Food Chemical Unlikely to Pose Threat to Humans, Experts Say, as U.S. Continues Inquiry"
2963:
2823:
2218:
1783:
1406:
1259:
1159:
879:
801:
402:
352:
knowledge or approval of the pet food marketers. Melamine had also been purposely added as a
239:
4203:
3173:
2738:
1946:
6447:
6315:
6189:
6021:
5955:
5805:
5622:
5502:
5422:
5332:
5272:
5157:
3443:
1421:
1166:
On 5 April 2007, several days after the United States halted all wheat gluten imports, the
945:
696:
687:
536:
492:
372:
333:
198:, the adulteration and contamination of several food and feed ingredients with inexpensive
4618:
3301:
3252:
2940:
2289:"Blue Buffalo Recalls Can and Biscuit Products Due To Tampering By American Nutrition Inc"
1480:
8:
6659:
6406:
6396:
6334:
6194:
5940:
5783:
5497:
5382:
5377:
5257:
5085:
4796:
4271:
3925:
3798:
3674:
3430:
3271:
Step-by-step demonstration of detecting urea-formaldehyde resin in fish meal (in Chinese)
2845:
2766:
2624:
2378:
2079:
1849:
1816:
1732:
1076:
243:
144:
994:(WHO) published a report on a December 2008 expert meeting held in conjunction with the
944:, a similar chemical known to be found in the waste product of at least some methods of
6610:
6594:
6401:
6371:
6049:
6016:
5970:
5965:
5541:
5475:
5080:
4770:
4561:
4299:
4101:
3980:"TRANSCRIPT OF MEDIA BRIEFING UPDATE BY FDA AND USDA REGARDING ADULTERATED ANIMAL FEED"
3091:
2037:
1977:
1915:
1788:
1650:
1181:
1172:
704:
608:
576:
357:
152:
1452:
6508:
6001:
5991:
5607:
5298:
5252:
5242:
5140:
4845:
4619:"Foreign Ministry Spokesman Liu Jianchao's Regular Press Conference on 26 April 2007"
4524:"Guidance for Industry: Pharmaceutical Components at Risk for Melamine Contamination"
4403:
4352:"Interim Safety and Risk Assessment of Melamine and its Analogues in Food for Humans"
3485:
3481:
3379:
3055:
3027:
1306:
1038:
972:
917:
780:
768:
516:
512:
485:
353:
4900:
4479:
3701:
2550:
2292:
1548:
858:
tests designed to detect the most common non-protein nitrogen contaminants, such as
6559:
6493:
6442:
6386:
6310:
6006:
5935:
5659:
5561:
5556:
5389:
5020:
4819:"Press Release: DURBIN PRESSES FDA FOR ANSWERS ON PET FOOD SAFETY AS RECALL WIDENS"
4596:
3828:
3737:
3477:
2649:
1854:
1384:
1177:
1155:
1138:
1032:
963:
A fourth potential vector is referred to on 10 May 2007 FDA-USDA press conference,
863:
563:
441:
320:
4457:
3051:"TAINTED MILK SCANDAL: Chinese Probe Unmasks High-Tech Adulteration With Melamine"
3023:"TAINTED MILK SCANDAL: Chinese Probe Unmasks High-Tech Adulteration With Melamine"
1150:
of wheat gluten from the Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company of
1026:
Whole hogs that had eaten contaminated feed were sold to individuals in California
6574:
6554:
6437:
5232:
4931:
4873:
3620:
3361:
3277:
3259:
3241:
3234:
2523:
2516:
2264:
2156:
855:
828:
745:
592:
Stephen Sundlof, director of the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine, said that
418:
223:. Reports that cyanuric acid may be an independently and potentially widely used
4818:
4744:
4458:"EFSA assesses possible risks related to melamine in composite foods from China"
1022:
886:(FAO) recommends that only amino acid analysis be used to determine protein in,
6513:
6467:
6462:
6432:
6411:
6181:
5576:
5312:
5070:
4621:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the People's Republic of China. 28 April 2007
3646:
949:
658:
473:
398:
231:
220:
4237:
3270:
1202:
On 29 May 2007, in actions not linked directly to the protein export scandal,
6699:
6625:
6523:
6376:
6256:
6011:
5465:
5404:
5182:
3858:
1351:
1170:
categorically denied any connection to the North American food poisonings to
941:
875:
847:
839:
726:
662:
504:
406:
387:
263:
203:
1372:
1195:
1042:
937:
593:
541:
325:
6518:
3489:
2481:
Amino-aldehyde adhesives, Clarence F. Van Epps, US Patent No. 2492510, 1949
2321:
1290:
1207:
1186:
851:
843:
832:
805:
720:
394:
3502:
3333:
797:
744:
in cattle is slower and less complete than other nitrogen sources such as
6620:
6452:
5733:
3797:. University of Guelph Laboratory Services. 27 April 2007. Archived from
1394:
1343:
1298:
1278:
809:
775:
282:
255:
230:
Chinese protein export contamination was first identified after the wide
3535:
3302:"The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp; a training manual"
6615:
6357:
763:
report, suggesting its use as a binder in feed pellets in aquaculture.
741:
674:
449:
429:
316:
inspection of facilities suspected of producing contaminated products.
312:
224:
215:
3587:"Pet Food Recall Sparks New Safety Measures for Prudent Manufacturers"
3532:"AQUACULTURE FEED MICROSCOPY, A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO Quality Control"
2346:
905:
6503:
6222:
6151:
4052:
3563:
2107:
1389:
1323:
1315:
936:
In early 2007, U.S. officials publicly said that they do not believe
893:
582:
425:
393:
production, and is soluble in water. Melamine is used combined with
380:
4587:"China Looking Into Tainted Wheat Gluten Claim Over U.S. Pet Deaths"
3508:
2961:
1610:
227:
in China have heightened concerns for both animal and human health.
6498:
5743:
4989:
2318:"Harmony Farms Cans And Biscuits Recalled Due To Product Tampering"
1286:
1215:
824:
820:
692:
567:
500:
496:
481:
469:
413:
cleaning product. The end products include counter-tops, fabrics,
259:
235:
211:
207:
199:
2453:"FDA Press Conference on Recall of Products Tainted with Melamine"
1012:
Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls § The Human Food Supply
733:
manufactures an NPN supplement for cattle, which contains biuret,
6635:
6262:
3914:"Joint Update: FDA/USDA Trace Adulterated Animal Feed to Poultry"
2743:
1881:
813:
734:
712:
491:
The off-gas in production contains large amounts of ammonia (see
410:
4127:"Toxicological and Health Aspects of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid"
3114:"Nonprotein Nitrogen Poisoning, Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th ed"
2603:
Environmental Protection Agency. Cyromazine; Pesticide Tolerance
1129:
639:
necessary to make the flour test as if it were protein extract.
6457:
4705:
4674:
2038:"F.D.A. Says Livestock Were Fed Pet Food With Suspect Chemical"
1756:
1578:
1226:
1203:
1151:
1134:
708:
559:
390:
6065:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
4671:"China takes measures to enhance product quality, food safety"
4182:"Quarantined Ceres Farm Possibly Connected To Pet Food Recall"
6477:
6472:
6326:
4769:. Food and Drug Administration. 30 March 2007. Archived from
2937:"BINZHOU FUTIAN BIOLOGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD, Product Catalog"
1219:
1147:
524:
508:
455:
Melamine production in China has also been reported as using
251:
195:
5893:
State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission
3409:
Ministry of Commerce of the P.R. China – China Commodity Net
3081:
2004:"UPDATE: Pet Food Recall Controversy Headed to U. S. Senate"
1442:
5722:
National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation
4410:
4325:
3372:
2582:
2579:
2546:
2543:
2240:
1753:"Melamine tainted milk re-emerges in northwest China plant"
1339:
1258:
called for the resignation of the FDA's commissioner, Dr.
1190:
investigators permission to enter the country on 23 April.
859:
700:
614:
465:
456:
414:
376:
247:
6070:
Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
4795:. Food and Drug Administration. 1 May 2007. Archived from
4015:"TRANSCRIPT OF FDA-USDA UPDATE ON ADULTERATED ANIMAL FEED"
3702:"Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors"
2990:"Despite Warnings, China's Regulators Failed to Stop Milk"
916:
reported that melamine has also been purposely added as a
774:
On 18 April 2007, an ad was posted on the trading website
681:
319:
However, on 6 April 2007, the Chinese government told the
4793:"FDA Commissioner Announces New Food Protection Position"
4647:
4133:
3705:
3610:
3330:"JIANGYIN HETAI INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD, Hetai Industry News"
2770:
1676:"Feds: Millions have eaten chickens fed tainted pet food"
995:
760:
464:
as producing melamine from coal, produces and sells both
383:
4702:"Crisis management helps China's dairy industry recover"
4557:"China Says It Had Nothing to Do With Tainted Pet Foods"
3759:"Pet Food Recall: Updated Information for Veterinarians"
2846:"Senator calls FDA 'tragically slow' on pet food recall"
2648:. Shandong Mingshui Great Chemical Group. Archived from
2445:
1706:"Poison used in China is found in U.S.-made animal feed"
1091:
835:
are used for official purposes) measure total nitrogen.
783:
Jinan Together Biologic Technology Development Company.
480:
2004 Minerals Survey Yearbook, in a report on worldwide
3851:"Interim Melamine and Analogues Safety/Risk Assessment"
3725:
3305:
2625:"Chinese firm dodged inspection of pet food, U.S. says"
884:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
757:
367:
5843:
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
4260:"Joint Update: FDA/USDA Update on Tainted Animal Feed"
4236:
CFSAN/Office of Compliance. 1 May 2007. Archived from
3726:
Mendoza, Martha; Justin Pritchard (27 November 2008).
3431:
http://www.china-together.com/e-productxinxi.asp?id=24
2962:
David Barboza and Alexei Barrionuevo (29 April 2007).
2157:"South Africa: No More Chinese Take-Aways for SA Pets"
1611:
David Barboza and Alexei Barrionuevo (30 April 2007).
1449:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
530:
278:
melamine contamination might not be limited to China.
4230:"FY 2007 Protein Surveillance Assignment—DFPG #07-20"
4148:
3470:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
2739:"China plans production controls for deadly melamine"
2283:
2281:
3441:
3048:
3042:
3020:
2987:
1575:"China unveils recall systems for unsafe food, toys"
1066:
4953:
Americans support use of meat-origin labeling: poll
4502:"FDA Advises Melamine Tests for At-Risk Components"
4050:, Elizabeth Weise and Julie Schmit, 30 April 2007,
1445:"Ongoing recall investigation unraveling the facts"
906:
Melamine adulteration and contamination in the U.S.
4693:
3158:
3014:
2912:"FDA: Tainted pet food ingredient came from China"
2767:"One possibility: Pet food adulterated on purpose"
2731:
2347:"American Nutrition, Inc. Issues Voluntary Recall"
2278:
2233:
1481:"Second chemical eyed in Chinese pet food scandal"
894:Allegations of manufacturing and product tampering
219:melamine and cyanuric acid has been implicated in
5707:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund
4901:"Tainted Pet Food Is Said to Be Still on Shelves"
2988:Yardley, Jim; David Barboza (27 September 2008).
1877:"Pet deaths expected to rise despite recall: FDA"
1037:Food and Agriculture placed American Hog Farm in
6697:
4965:Avoiding Chinese food products nearly impossible
4735:"FDA Pet Food Recall Frequently Asked Questions"
4472:
4450:
4396:
4121:
4119:
3728:"FDA finds melamine traces in U.S. baby formula"
3503:Dr. Jowaman Khajarern and Dr. Sarote Khajarern.
2759:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2526:– includes list of industrial uses for melamine.
2312:
2310:
2259:
2257:
1784:"Tainted Dairy Products Seized in Western China"
1356:United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
854:, purchasers of protein meals routinely conduct
547:analysis methods for determining protein content
5868:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
5692:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation
4918:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3529:
3322:
3227:
2964:"Filler in animal feed is open secret in China"
2876:
2874:
2419:
1613:"Filler in Animal Feed Is Open Secret in China"
695:can obtain protein from at least some forms of
4494:
3974:
3972:
3881:"FDA and USDA Investigate Tainted Animal Feed"
3507:. American Soybean Association. Archived from
3075:
2929:
2824:"Questions About Pet Food Recall (Transcript)"
2794:"Pet food probe turns to possibility of fraud"
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
931:
6342:
5833:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
5005:
4116:
4090:
4088:
3719:
2607:
2401:"ARCHIVED WARNING LETTER: Tembec, 09/11/2007"
2307:
2254:
1781:
1703:
1670:
1668:
1568:
1566:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1443:Katie Burns and Susan Kahler (15 June 2007).
823:, unlike most other food components, contain
633:false appearance of a higher level of protein
446:United States Environmental Protection Agency
155:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
5873:National Financial Regulatory Administration
4662:
4638:
4636:
4067:"How Close Was Tainted Wheat To Human Food?"
4041:
4002:
3106:
2871:
2393:
2341:
2339:
2209:
2207:
2131:"Premium pet food company recalls dry foods"
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
6085:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
5102:Grasping the large, letting go of the small
4869:"Durbin announces pet-food hearing line-up"
3969:
3908:
3906:
3645:. Holstein Association, USA. Archived from
3082:T.L. Stanton and J. Whittier (March 2006).
3049:Hao Xin; Richard Stone (29 November 2008).
3021:Hao Xin; Richard Stone (29 November 2008).
2724:
2722:
2365:
2363:
2184:
2148:
2103:"Nestlé Purina, Hills join pet food recall"
2062:
2060:
2058:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1809:
1728:"China accused over contaminated baby milk"
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1534:
1256:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
581:However, the importer of the wheat gluten,
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6349:
6335:
6306:
6060:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area
5898:State Administration for Market Regulation
5883:National Development and Reform Commission
5012:
4998:
4785:
4729:
4727:
4516:
4314:
4085:
4059:
3945:
3943:
3843:
3584:
3435:
3373:Abigail Goodman and Don Lee (4 May 2007).
2905:
2903:
2664:
1665:
1563:
1498:
1098:United States Food and Drug Administration
1056:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
981:Centers For Disease Control and Prevention
793:Protein (nutrient) § Testing in foods
655:massive outbreak of melamine contamination
5767:National Equities Exchange and Quotations
4924:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4633:
4611:
4154:
3821:"China Zeroes in on Food and Drug Safety"
3787:
3694:
3661:
3523:
2336:
2204:
2180:
2178:
2035:
1845:"Lab Gets New Attention in Pet Food Case"
1690:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1236:
1018:Timeline of the 2008 Chinese milk scandal
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
5903:State Administration of Foreign Exchange
4838:
4550:
4548:
4252:
4222:
4196:
4174:
4048:FDA limits Chinese food additive imports
3949:
3903:
3751:
3635:
3578:
3550:
3375:"Reported pet deaths at 8,500, FDA says"
2981:
2816:
2719:
2638:
2529:
2360:
2055:
1966:
1964:
1943:"Fish meant for humans fed tainted food"
1930:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1597:
1128:
1021:
796:
729:has also been used as NPN. For example,
600:On 29 April 2007 and 30 April 2007, the
424:Melamine is also a byproduct of several
4811:
4724:
4644:"China Ex-Regulator Gets Death Penalty"
4581:
4579:
4554:
4286:
4094:
3940:
3873:
3617:United States Department of Agriculture
3604:
3559:"Food tests promise tough task for FDA"
3505:"QUICK QUALITY TESTS FOR PROTEIN MEALS"
3188:
2955:
2900:
2883:"Some Suspect Chemical Mix in Pet Food"
2880:
2791:
2785:
2690:
2622:
2568:
2510:
2122:
2031:
2029:
2001:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1868:
1842:
1509:
1478:
1438:
1436:
1005:
682:Non-protein nitrogen as a feed additive
653:On 11 September 2008, fresh reports of
438:United States Department of Agriculture
14:
6698:
6631:List of extremely hazardous substances
5878:National Bureau of Statistics of China
5848:China Securities Regulatory Commission
4889:
4425:
4292:
4204:"FDA Begins Investigating Food Makers"
3813:
3667:
3613:"Genetic evaluations for true protein"
3496:
3366:
2909:
2860:
2838:
2696:
2673:"Melamine capacity is serious surplus"
2670:
2596:
2427:"COMPANY RESPONSE: 10/30/2007, Tembec"
2241:"Canine Caviar Pet Food Recall Notice"
2187:"Were Our Pets Deliberately Poisoned?"
2175:
2154:
2128:
1973:"China Bans Melamine in Food Products"
1512:"Chinese criticized in pet food probe"
1467:
6330:
4993:
4866:
4545:
3556:
3467:
3299:
3293:
3090:Cooperative Extension. Archived from
2185:Swaminathan, Nikhil (25 April 2007).
2100:
1997:
1995:
1961:
1911:"China Yields to Inquiry on Pet Food"
1810:Swaminathan, Nikhil (28 March 2007).
1803:
1750:
1630:
1241:
1124:
1092:Impact on human pharmaceutical supply
303:Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls
6666:
6095:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone
6040:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
5838:All-China Federation of Trade Unions
5019:
4832:
4699:
4576:
3643:"True Protein – General Information"
2026:
1897:
1874:
1433:
632:
546:
368:Melamine production and use in China
311:The first recalls were announced by
119:
101:move details into the article's body
72:
31:
6678:
5572:Hong Kong Trade Development Council
4927:"Senate warns pet owners on recall"
4925:Demirjian, Karoun (12 April 2007).
4860:
4155:Henderson, Diedtra (3 April 2007).
3448:University of Massachusetts Amherst
3166:"Roughage Buster Plus: ingredients"
3084:"Urea and NPN for Cattle and Sheep"
2792:Rockoff, Jonathan (19 April 2007).
2094:
1836:
1572:
1137:came from a company located in the
531:Suspicion of contamination in China
24:
5076:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
4899:Abruzzese, Sarah (13 April 2007).
4668:
4097:"China detains exporter of gluten"
3950:Reinberg, Steven (29 April 2007).
3557:Weise, Elizabeth (24 April 2007).
2101:Weise, Elizabeth (30 March 2007).
2036:Abruzzese, Sarah (25 April 2007).
1992:
1970:
1875:Sage, Alexandria (19 March 2007).
1212:State Food and Drug Administration
1210:(郑筱萸), the former head of China's
786:
751:In China, it is known that ground
448:(EPA) proposed "remov melamine, a
444:regarding cyromazine residue, the
434:Food Safety and Inspection Service
27:Food contamination events in China
25:
6737:
6570:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
6100:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone
5853:General Administration of Customs
5717:China Reform Holdings Corporation
5108:Scientific Outlook on Development
4973:
3309:Food and Agriculture Organization
1945:. CNN. 8 May 2007. Archived from
1740:from the original on 5 July 2023.
1067:Human food supply outside of U.S.
346:
47:This article has multiple issues.
6677:
6665:
6654:
6653:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6147:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan
5908:State Administration of Taxation
5796:Stock Exchange Executive Council
5650:
5649:
5263:
5262:
5030:
5029:
4958:
4946:
4839:Neubauer, Chuck (8 April 2007).
4759:
4370:
4344:
3482:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00114.x
3300:Tacon, Albert (September 1987).
3289:Product details: Protein essence
2881:Barboza, David (12 April 2007).
2576:"Chemistry Laboratory Guidebook"
2155:Mawson, Nicola (20 April 2007).
1909:Barboza, David (23 April 2007).
1510:Roebuck, Karen (11 April 2007).
1314:Durbin was working with Senator
1271:
657:found in China led to recall of
139:to read and navigate comfortably
124:
77:
36:
6157:2015–16 stock market turbulence
6080:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
4555:Barboza, David (5 April 2007).
4270:. 28 April 2007. Archived from
3924:. 30 April 2007. Archived from
3887:. 30 April 2007. Archived from
3611:P.M. VanRaden and R.L. Powell.
3461:
3424:
3413:
3399:
3348:
3282:
3264:
3246:
3218:
3149:
3140:
3131:
2910:Schmit, Julie (19 April 2007).
2706:United States Geological Survey
2671:Ruilin, Wang (6 January 2006).
2499:
2485:
2474:
2129:Schmit, Julie (17 April 2007).
2002:Delgado, Benna (9 April 2007).
1775:
1744:
1720:
1649:. 27 April 2007. Archived from
478:United States Geological Survey
254:gluten, but which proved to be
55:or discuss these issues on the
6641:Occupational safety and health
6545:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
6356:
6075:Northeast China Revitalization
5712:China Internet Investment Fund
5697:China Government Guidance Fund
4669:Du, Guodong (27 August 2007).
4264:U.S. Department of Agriculture
4210:. Associated Press. 3 May 2007
4019:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3984:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3918:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3668:Snyder, Alison (August 2007).
3202:. 1 April 2006. Archived from
2072:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1843:Johnson, Mark (1 April 2007).
1073:European Food Safety Authority
756:non-ruminants in at least one
275:U.S. Department of Agriculture
234:of many brands of cat and dog
18:Chinese protein export scandal
13:
1:
6167:China–United States trade war
6032:Regional economic initiatives
5985:National economic initiatives
5702:China-Africa Development Fund
5096:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour
4867:James, Frank (9 April 2007).
4328:. 15 May 2007. Archived from
4293:McNeil, Donald (2 May 2007).
4157:"Was human food tainted too?"
4095:Barboza, David (3 May 2007).
4025:. 10 May 2007. Archived from
3857:. 25 May 2007. Archived from
3534:. ALTECA, Ltd. Archived from
3355:Info: Sell Esb Protein Powder
2623:Barboza, David (2 May 2007).
2377:. 30 May 2007. Archived from
1782:Michael Wines (9 July 2010).
1704:Andrew Martin (31 May 2007).
1573:Yao, Siyan (31 August 2007).
1479:Barboza, David (8 May 2007).
1427:
214:, are common practice. These
202:and other compounds, such as
6268:List of Chinese by net worth
6251:China Compulsory Certificate
6162:Protein export contamination
5813:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange
5729:China Investment Corporation
5193:Business process outsourcing
4740:Food and Drug Administration
4531:Food and Drug Administration
4382:Food and Drug Administration
4356:Food and Drug Administration
4268:Food and Drug Administration
4234:Food and Drug Administration
4023:Food and Drug Administration
3988:Food and Drug Administration
3922:Food and Drug Administration
3885:Food and Drug Administration
3855:Food and Drug Administration
3768:. 4 May 2007. Archived from
3585:PRNewswire (27 April 2007).
3200:Food and Drug Administration
2995:International Herald Tribune
2460:Food and Drug Administration
2431:Food and Drug Administration
2405:Food and Drug Administration
2375:Food and Drug Administration
2078:. 7 May 2007. Archived from
2076:Food and Drug Administration
1647:Food and Drug Administration
925:Food and Drug Administration
913:International Herald Tribune
627:International Herald Tribune
603:International Herald Tribune
271:Food and Drug Administration
238:starting in March 2007 (the
7:
5582:Water supply and sanitation
3952:"Food safety worries mount"
2549:. July 1991. Archived from
1412:2007 Chinese export recalls
1400:
1113:
1108:
932:Impact on human food supply
147:content into sub-articles,
10:
6742:
6090:Rise of Central China Plan
5888:National Energy Commission
4700:Yann (25 September 2008).
3442:Dr. D. Julian McClements.
1117:
1085:Chinese Ministry of Health
1015:
1009:
790:
685:
646:
553:
550:detect in ordinary tests.
534:
375:is commonly produced from
300:
296:
6721:2008 Chinese milk scandal
6649:
6603:
6590:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
6537:
6486:
6420:
6364:
6286:
6180:
6123:2005–2011 property bubble
6113:
6055:China Western Development
6030:
5984:
5916:
5823:
5762:Dalian Commodity Exchange
5636:
5600:
5518:
5451:
5413:
5131:
5041:
5027:
4504:. FDAbews. 12 August 2009
3258:27 September 2007 at the
3240:28 September 2007 at the
3088:Colorado State University
2537:"CYROMAZINE AND MELAMINE"
1516:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
1417:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1378:
1231:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1120:2008 Chinese milk scandal
992:World Health Organization
719:or a mixture of urea and
649:2008 Chinese milk scandal
507:), 0.7% polycondensates (
324:it had banned the use of
6580:Consumption of Tide Pods
6565:Niigata Minamata disease
6392:Environmental toxicology
5997:Belt and Road Initiative
5976:Rural credit cooperative
5749:Foreign exchange reserve
5682:Beijing Financial Street
5091:Socialist market economy
4967:, CNN.com, 26 July 2007.
4955:. Reuters, 10 July 2007.
2697:Kramer, Deborah (2005).
1041:under quarantine, after
900:American Nutrition, Inc.
642:
460:the company reported by
6428:Acceptable daily intake
6382:Occupational toxicology
6239:Globalization and women
6105:Zhongyuan Economic Zone
6045:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim
5825:Government institutions
5801:Shenzhen Stock Exchange
5791:Shanghai Metal Exchange
5779:Shanghai Stock Exchange
5443:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park
5428:Megalopolises in China
4184:. Fox 40. 19 April 2007
3733:San Francisco Chronicle
2677:China Chemical Reporter
1326:), the Chairman of the
850:for decades. To ensure
753:urea-formaldehyde resin
717:urea-formaldehyde resin
6585:Visakhapatnam gas leak
6529:Whole bowel irrigation
6278:Science and technology
6172:2020–2021 reform spree
5926:International rankings
5772:Beijing Stock Exchange
5438:Suzhou Industrial Park
5433:Special Economic Zones
4056:, Accessed: 1 May 2007
3444:"Analysis of Proteins"
3276:19 August 2007 at the
3170:Archer Daniels Midland
2493:"Ssuper greens Powder"
1194:has banned the use of
1142:
1027:
817:
808:that links individual
731:Archer Daniels Midland
711:. Sometimes slightly
6711:2007 pet food recalls
6550:2007 pet food recalls
5628:Intellectual property
5123:1949–1976 wage reform
5066:Industrial Revolution
1751:Pliny (9 July 2010).
1736:. 15 September 2008.
1407:2007 pet food recalls
1260:Andrew von Eschenbach
1132:
1118:Further information:
1025:
1016:Further information:
880:infrared spectroscopy
800:
791:Further information:
686:Further information:
647:Further information:
535:Further information:
403:thermosetting plastic
240:2007 pet food recalls
6706:Food safety in China
6448:Fixed-dose procedure
6316:Economy of East Asia
6022:Youth Business China
5858:Ministry of Commerce
5806:SZSE Component Index
5423:Dalian Software Park
4980:FDA Food Recall Page
3530:Lynn S. Bates, PhD.
3206:on 29 September 2007
2014:on 28 September 2007
1971:AP (26 April 2007).
1716:on 12 December 2008.
1422:Food safety in China
1311:do it voluntarily."
1237:In the United States
1071:On 7 June 2007, the
1006:In the United States
923:In autumn 2008, the
910:On 31 May 2007, the
697:non-protein nitrogen
688:Non-protein nitrogen
537:Food safety in China
334:United States Senate
6407:In vitro toxicology
6397:Forensic toxicology
5863:Ministry of Finance
5784:SSE Composite Index
5754:Hedge fund industry
5601:Law and regulations
5308:academic publishing
5086:Four Modernizations
4799:on 21 December 2007
4712:on 24 December 2008
4681:on 30 December 2007
4482:. 24 September 2008
4460:. 25 September 2008
4274:on 20 December 2007
3928:on 25 December 2007
3861:on 16 December 2007
3675:Scientific American
3649:on 18 December 2006
3196:"Feed-grade biuret"
3176:on 12 February 2007
3063:on 21 December 2008
2848:. CNN. 6 April 2007
2826:. CNN. 7 April 2007
2522:20 May 2007 at the
2407:. 11 September 2007
2381:on 20 December 2007
2191:Scientific American
2082:on 20 December 2007
1850:The Washington Post
1817:Scientific American
1733:The Daily Telegraph
1096:In August 2009 the
1077:European Commission
946:melamine production
624:On 8 May 2007, The
379:, mainly by either
287:recall baby formula
281:In September 2008,
6611:Biological warfare
6595:List of poisonings
6402:Medical toxicology
6372:Aquatic toxicology
6273:Chinese economists
6246:National Standards
6142:2007 slave scandal
6050:Bohai Economic Rim
6017:Made in China 2025
5966:Internal migration
5951:Standard of living
5739:Financial services
5613:Labor contract law
5567:Illegal drug trade
5537:World Trade Center
5373:Telecommunications
5321:equipment industry
5153:Advanced materials
5118:Population history
5081:Great Leap Forward
5035:Companies of China
4905:The New York Times
4562:The New York Times
4384:. 28 November 2008
4332:on 23 October 2007
4300:The New York Times
4102:The New York Times
4029:on 23 October 2007
3891:on 25 January 2008
3825:The New York Times
3682:on 7 November 2007
3511:on 18 October 2006
3360:1 May 2007 at the
2968:The New York Times
2943:on 28 January 2007
2887:The New York Times
2867:4 April CNN Report
2042:The New York Times
1978:The New York Times
1916:The New York Times
1789:The New York Times
1710:The New York Times
1653:on 12 October 2007
1617:The New York Times
1585:on 12 October 2012
1485:The New York Times
1242:Federal government
1182:Xinhua News Agency
1173:The New York Times
1168:Chinese government
1143:
1125:Chinese government
1028:
818:
812:to form a protein
804:structures of the
705:ammonium phosphate
609:The New York Times
577:The New York Times
493:melamine synthesis
472:but does not list
462:The New York Times
6716:Scandals in China
6693:
6692:
6509:Chelation therapy
6324:
6323:
6137:2007 stock bubble
6002:Common prosperity
5992:Beijing Consensus
5946:Income inequality
5415:Development Zones
4846:Los Angeles Times
4747:on 9 October 2007
3795:"Pet Food Recall"
3380:Los Angeles Times
3336:on 3 January 2013
2798:The Baltimore Sun
2517:Melamine FAQ page
2324:on 5 January 2007
1678:. CNN. 2 May 2007
1307:Los Angeles Times
1141:in eastern China.
1133:The contaminated
1103:at-risk component
1039:Ceres, California
1030:On 3 April 2007,
769:isoelectric point
486:coal gasification
401:, a very durable
258:adulterated with
192:
191:
184:
174:
173:
118:
117:
97:length guidelines
70:
16:(Redirected from
6733:
6681:
6680:
6669:
6668:
6657:
6656:
6560:Minamata disease
6494:Activated carbon
6443:Biomagnification
6387:Entomotoxicology
6351:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6311:Outline of China
6309:
6308:
6299:
6298:
6132:pet food recalls
6007:Dual circulation
5758:Stock Exchanges
5687:Financial system
5653:
5652:
5592:Trading partners
5338:Renewable energy
5266:
5265:
5033:
5032:
5021:Economy of China
5014:
5007:
5000:
4991:
4990:
4968:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4743:. Archived from
4731:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4708:. Archived from
4697:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4677:. Archived from
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4597:Associated Press
4583:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4552:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4528:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4408:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4358:. 3 October 2008
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4240:on 26 March 2008
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4161:The Boston Globe
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4131:
4123:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4092:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4011:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3829:Associated Press
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3801:on 26 April 2007
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3738:Associated Press
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3678:. Archived from
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3619:. Archived from
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3383:. Archived from
3370:
3364:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3332:. Archived from
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3250:
3244:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3172:. Archived from
3162:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3059:. Archived from
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2998:. Archived from
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2939:. Archived from
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2800:. Archived from
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2747:. 9 January 2009
2735:
2729:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:. 3 October 2007
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:. Archived from
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2285:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2010:. Archived from
2008:CaribJournal.com
1999:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1855:Associated Press
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1820:. Archived from
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1759:. Archived from
1748:
1742:
1741:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1712:. Archived from
1701:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1639:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1522:on 18 April 2007
1518:. Archived from
1507:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1451:. Archived from
1440:
1385:Consumer Reports
1178:Associated Press
1139:Jiangsu Province
1033:The Boston Globe
864:ammonium nitrate
842:and intentional
693:Ruminant animals
442:Federal Register
419:flame retardants
321:Associated Press
187:
180:
169:
166:
160:
128:
127:
120:
113:
110:
104:
95:Please read the
81:
80:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6645:
6599:
6575:Seveso disaster
6555:Bhopal disaster
6533:
6482:
6438:Bioaccumulation
6416:
6360:
6355:
6325:
6320:
6282:
6176:
6109:
6026:
5980:
5912:
5819:
5632:
5618:Labor relations
5596:
5514:
5447:
5409:
5295:Pharmaceuticals
5127:
5061:Five-year plans
5037:
5023:
5018:
4976:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4932:Chicago Tribune
4923:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4897:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4874:Chicago Tribune
4865:
4861:
4851:
4849:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4802:
4800:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4773:on 7 April 2007
4765:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4748:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4698:
4694:
4684:
4682:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4553:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4305:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4277:
4275:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4243:
4241:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4093:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4073:. 12 April 2007
4065:
4064:
4060:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4013:
4012:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3956:Chicago Tribune
3948:
3941:
3931:
3929:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3775:on 16 June 2007
3772:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3539:
3538:on 5 April 2007
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3501:
3497:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3371:
3367:
3362:Wayback Machine
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3278:Wayback Machine
3269:
3265:
3260:Wayback Machine
3251:
3247:
3242:Wayback Machine
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:on 27 July 2015
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
3002:on 4 March 2016
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2908:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2652:on 26 July 2005
2644:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2608:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2556:on 16 June 2007
2553:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2524:Wayback Machine
2515:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1969:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1907:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1824:on 13 July 2007
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1763:on 11 July 2010
1749:
1745:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1702:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1551:. 18 April 2007
1547:
1546:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1455:on 15 July 2007
1441:
1434:
1430:
1403:
1381:
1274:
1244:
1239:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1094:
1069:
1020:
1014:
1008:
934:
908:
896:
856:quality control
829:Kjeldahl method
795:
789:
787:Protein testing
746:cottonseed meal
690:
684:
651:
645:
556:
539:
533:
370:
349:
305:
299:
188:
177:
176:
175:
170:
164:
161:
142:
129:
125:
114:
108:
105:
94:
91:may be too long
86:This article's
82:
78:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6739:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6675:
6663:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6604:Related topics
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6514:Gastric lavage
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:Toxicity class
6465:
6463:Toxic capacity
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:Acute toxicity
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6412:Toxicogenomics
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6354:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6303:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6231:
6226:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6182:Related topics
6178:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5931:Social welfare
5928:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5764:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5646:
5644:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5552:Postal history
5549:
5547:Communications
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5524:infrastructure
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5481:Oil refineries
5478:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5310:
5301:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5223:Electric power
5220:
5218:Electric motor
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5113:Historical GDP
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5071:Iron rice bowl
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:FDA Recall FAQ
4982:
4975:
4974:External links
4972:
4970:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4917:
4888:
4859:
4831:
4810:
4784:
4758:
4723:
4692:
4661:
4632:
4610:
4599:. 8 April 2007
4575:
4544:
4515:
4493:
4471:
4449:
4438:. 21 June 2007
4424:
4395:
4369:
4343:
4322:"News Release"
4313:
4285:
4251:
4221:
4195:
4173:
4147:
4115:
4084:
4058:
4040:
4001:
3968:
3939:
3902:
3872:
3842:
3812:
3786:
3750:
3718:
3693:
3660:
3634:
3623:on 8 July 2007
3603:
3591:EARTHTimes.org
3577:
3549:
3522:
3495:
3476:(4): 330–357.
3460:
3434:
3423:
3412:
3398:
3387:on 12 May 2007
3365:
3347:
3321:
3292:
3281:
3263:
3245:
3226:
3217:
3187:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3105:
3074:
3041:
3013:
2980:
2954:
2928:
2899:
2870:
2859:
2837:
2815:
2804:on 14 May 2007
2784:
2773:. 6 April 2007
2758:
2730:
2718:
2689:
2663:
2637:
2606:
2595:
2567:
2528:
2509:
2498:
2484:
2473:
2444:
2418:
2392:
2359:
2335:
2306:
2277:
2253:
2232:
2221:on 16 May 2007
2203:
2174:
2163:. Johannesburg
2147:
2121:
2093:
2054:
2025:
1991:
1960:
1949:on 10 May 2007
1929:
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1409:
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1399:
1380:
1377:
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1270:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1206:reported that
1126:
1123:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1093:
1090:
1068:
1065:
1010:Main article:
1007:
1004:
950:kidney failure
933:
930:
907:
904:
895:
892:
882:is used. The
788:
785:
683:
680:
659:infant formula
644:
641:
555:
552:
532:
529:
474:melamine resin
436:(FSIS) of the
399:melamine resin
386:production or
369:
366:
358:Warning Letter
348:
347:Investigations
345:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
221:kidney failure
190:
189:
172:
171:
165:September 2021
151:it, or adding
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
109:September 2021
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6662:
6661:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6642:
6639:
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6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6626:Hazard symbol
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6596:
6593:
6591:
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6553:
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6527:
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6524:Hemoperfusion
6522:
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6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
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6419:
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6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6377:Ecotoxicology
6375:
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6369:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6352:
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6345:
6340:
6338:
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6289:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6257:Made in China
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6234:Globalization
6232:
6230:
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6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6012:Go Out policy
6010:
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6003:
6000:
5998:
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5990:
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5611:
5609:
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5585:
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5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Trade history
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Energy policy
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
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5412:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
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5388:
5384:
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5380:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
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5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:Pearl farming
5288:
5286:
5285:Online gaming
5283:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5188:Biotechnology
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4949:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4921:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4893:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4863:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4835:
4820:
4814:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4665:
4650:. 29 May 2007
4649:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4620:
4614:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4533:. August 2009
4532:
4525:
4519:
4503:
4497:
4481:
4475:
4459:
4453:
4434:
4428:
4413:. 4 July 2007
4412:
4405:
4399:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4135:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4089:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
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3907:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3846:
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3826:
3822:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3427:
3421:
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3410:
3402:
3386:
3382:
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3376:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2723:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2462:. 30 May 2007
2461:
2454:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2295:on 2 May 2007
2294:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1917:
1912:
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1901:
1884:
1883:
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1871:
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1758:
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1734:
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1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
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1677:
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1669:
1652:
1648:
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1638:
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1634:
1618:
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1601:
1584:
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1576:
1569:
1567:
1550:
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1540:
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1521:
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1513:
1506:
1504:
1502:
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1471:
1454:
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1439:
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1432:
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1410:
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1405:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1352:West Virginia
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1272:U.S. Congress
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1234:
1232:
1228:
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1221:
1217:
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1104:
1099:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
990:In 2009, the
988:
984:
982:
979:notified the
976:
974:
968:
966:
961:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
942:cyanuric acid
939:
929:
926:
921:
919:
915:
914:
903:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:peptide bonds
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:food industry
845:
841:
840:contamination
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
784:
782:
777:
772:
770:
764:
762:
759:
754:
749:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:Cyanuric acid
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
679:
676:
670:
666:
664:
663:powdered milk
660:
656:
650:
640:
636:
634:
629:
628:
622:
618:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
598:
595:
590:
586:
584:
579:
578:
572:
569:
565:
561:
551:
548:
543:
538:
528:
526:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:cyanuric acid
502:
498:
494:
489:
488:technology."
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:melamine foam
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:high pressure
385:
382:
378:
374:
365:
362:
359:
355:
344:
340:
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335:
330:
327:
322:
317:
314:
309:
304:
294:
290:
288:
284:
279:
276:
272:
267:
265:
264:cyanuric acid
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:cyanuric acid
201:
197:
186:
183:
168:
158:
154:
150:
146:
140:
138:
133:This article
131:
122:
121:
112:
102:
98:
92:
90:
84:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
6726:Adulteration
6682:
6670:
6658:
6519:Hemodialysis
6291:
6290:
6255:
6229:Demographics
6221:
6215:Largest SOEs
5961:Urbanization
5670:Central bank
5400:Video gaming
5280:Mobile phone
4960:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4930:
4920:
4908:. Retrieved
4904:
4879:. Retrieved
4872:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4844:
4834:
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5675:Other banks
5623:Food safety
5333:Real estate
5273:gold mining
5228:Electronics
5158:Aquaculture
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4442:25 November
4417:21 November
2466:10 November
2437:10 November
2411:10 November
1589:27 November
1395:Gallup poll
1344:Robert Byrd
1332:Bob Bennett
1299:Connecticut
1279:Dick Durbin
1160:Kansas City
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6195:Bankruptcy
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5655:Accounting
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3034:18 August
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2751:15 August
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2108:USA Today
1390:USA Today
1324:Wisconsin
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3805:28 April
3627:27 April
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260:melamine
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6205:Largest
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3028:Science
2852:6 April
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735:triuret
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