2007 pet food recalls

262:). For this reason, many sources speculate the full extent of the pet deaths and sicknesses caused by the contamination may never be known. In October, the results of the "AAVLD survey of pet food-induced nephrotoxicity in North America, April to June 2007," were reported, indicating 347 of 486 cases voluntarily reported by 6 June 2007 had met the diagnostic criteria, with most of the cases reported from the United States, but also including cases of 20 dogs and 7 cats reported from Canada.The cases involved 235 cats and 112 dogs, with 61 percent of the cats and 74 percent of the dogs having died. Dr. Barbara Powers, AAVLD president and director of the Colorado State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, said the survey probably found only a percentage of the actual cases. She also said the mortality rate is not likely to be representative of all cases, because survey respondents had more information to submit for animals that had died. A number of dogs were also reported affected in Australia, with four in Melbourne and a few more in Sydney. No legal action or repercussions have as yet occurred regarding these cases. Dr. Powers elaborated further: “But there absolutely could be more deaths from the tainted pet food.... This survey didn’t catch all the deaths that happened. In order to be counted in our survey, you had to meet certain criteria.... If someone had a pet that died and they buried it in their back, they weren’t eligible for our survey. We had to have confirmed exposure to the recalled pet food, proof of toxicity, and clinical signs of kidney failure. So this is only a percentage of the deaths that are out there. There’s no way to guess how many pets were affected.” 585:, with crystals recovered from urine reported to be approximately 70% cyanuric acid. While some researchers have theorized the three latter chemicals might have been formed as the animals metabolized the melamine, or as byproducts of bacterial metabolism (cyanuric acid is a known intermediate byproduct of bacterial metabolism of melamine), their presence in the crystals found in contaminated protein itself, combined with media reports of widespread adulteration with both melamine and cyanuric acid in China, has focused research efforts on their combined effects in animals. Neither melamine nor cyanuric acid, a chemical commonly used in pool chlorination, have been thought to be particularly toxic by themselves. The current hypothesis is, although these contaminants are not very toxic individually, their potency appears to be increased when they are present together. 458: 338:, has released statistics on the recent rates of pet kidney failure. Banfield's veterinarians treat an estimated 6 percent of the nation's cats and dogs, and their findings provide "the most authoritative picture of the harm done by the tainted cat and dog food," according to the FDA. Based on analysis of data collected by more than 600 hospitals and clinics in 43 states, out of every 10,000 cats and dogs seen in Banfield clinics, three developed kidney failure during the time pet food contaminated with 622:, in response to reports the contaminant might be "melamine scrap" left over from processing coal into melamine, hypothesized: “It’s possible the other stuff they were left with was the bottom-of-the-barrel stuff, leftover melamine and possibly cyanuric acid. I think it’s this melamine with other compounds that is toxic.” The composition of the crystals analyzed in contaminated pet food ingredients is similar to the composition of a waste product produced in 5923: 5093: 4735: 4089: 3702: 3469: 5933: 4745: 533: 124: 5117: 5105: 517:

associated with the causative agent, so it serves as a marker". Even at the highest observed concentrations found in wheat gluten, the melamine exposure is much smaller than the rat and mouse doses for which effects were seen. Instead, the FDA has suggested a second contaminant may be responsible for the ill effects and melamine, as the most easily identifiable contaminant, may serve as a

149:: Over 50 brands of dog food, and over 40 brands of cat food. Almost all of the foods are wet foods, specifically the 'cuts and gravy' varieties. As a precautionary measure, Menu Foods also recalled all brands of food with wheat gluten in them even though the source of the gluten was not the same as the source behind the contaminated findings. 792:

2007 found melamine and cyanuric acid present in renal tissue from both outbreaks. According to pathologists: "These results indicate that the pet food–associated kidney failure outbreaks in 2004 and 2007 share identical clinical, histologic, and toxicologic findings, providing compelling evidence that they share the same causation."

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against the company, but are encountering difficulties with the valuation of the deceased pets. While many pet owners consider their pets to be a "part of the family," lost pets have traditionally been treated as property, with the potential liability limited to the retail value of the animal. Some

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in cats. Wilson Rumbeiha, an associate professor in MSU's Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, commenting on results from a survey commissioned by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians and designed and implemented by MSU toxicologists which was also presented

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reported at least 38 cats dying shortly after being fed with Xiduoyu, a brand of a "Tianjin-based cat food manufacturer". A veterinarian referred to in the story said "test results from Beijing Animal Hospital showed the dead cats had suffered from kidney exhaustion and that the sick ones have kidney

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Chicken and Brown Rice Formula Adult Lite Cat and Dog Foods; Doctors Foster & Smith Lamb and Brown Rice Formula Adult Dog Food; Lick Your Chops Lamb Meal, Rice and Egg Cat Food; Shop Rite Redi-Mixt Dog Food; SHEP chunk-style dog food; 8 in 1 Ferret Ultra-Blend Advanced nutrition Diet; Health Diet

58:

organizations reported more than 100 pet deaths among nearly 500 cases of kidney failure. However, many sources speculate that the actual number of affected pets may never be known, and experts think that the actual death toll could potentially reach into the thousands. In the United States there was

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rely on donated foods to feed the animals and remain financially stable, but due to the wide use of wheat gluten and other contaminated ingredients in many wet pet foods and the large portion of foods represented in the recall, many pet shelters have had to discard foods despite the financial burden

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As of 4 May, the FDA advised: "If your pet food is not listed , the pet food is not affected by the recall and you can continue to feed it to your pets; however, if your pet exhibits a sudden onset of symptoms including loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, stop feeding the pet food and contact your

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though Gu Junhua, a chief engineer from China's "national feedstuff quality check centre under the Ministry of Agriculture", was reported as saying: "But at present, he said it was difficult to draw any conclusions because the country has not drafted any food safety criteria for pets in terms of the

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A 2004 outbreak involving pet foods sickened more than 6,000 dogs and a lesser number of cats in Asia. Kidney failure in the animals was linked to foods manufactured in Thailand by Mars, Inc. Veterinarians in Asia initially blamed the 2004 problems on fungal toxins, but pathology tests conducted in

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knows of no studies of melamine involving felines and, if melamine is responsible, the increased sensitivity of cats is a mystery to officials. One hypothesis is the poisoned cat foods might have higher concentrations of melamine than the dog foods. Melamine can be detected in blood or urine tests.

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The first recalls were announced by Menu Foods late on Friday, 16 March 2007, for cat and dog food products in the United States. In the ensuing months, many additional recalls were announced by Menu and other companies as the recall expanded throughout North America and to Europe and South Africa.

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in the originally recalled pet foods, the wheat gluten used in their manufacture, the cells of the dead pets, and in the urine samples from dead and sick pets. On 30 March, both Cornell and the FDA announced the presence of melamine had been confirmed. The chemical was found in the suspected wheat

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was on the market. They reported 284 more cases of kidney failure in cats than the expected "background rate," corresponding to a 30 percent increase. During that period, the Banfield vets saw 100,000 cats. According to Hugh Lewis, who analyzed the results for Banfield, extrapolating to the United

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has received reports of approximately 8500 animal deaths, including at least 1950 cats and 2200 dogs who have died after eating contaminated food, but have only confirmed 14 cases, in part because there is no centralized government database of animal sickness or death in the United States as there

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is not very toxic as a chemical, so we're wondering why we are seeing the kinds of serious conditions, especially the kidney failure, that we're seeing in cats and dogs... We are focusing on the melamine right now because we believe that, even if melamine is not the causative agent, it is somehow

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In addition to wheat gluten, products containing rice protein have also been contaminated with melamine. Natural Balance Pet Foods recalled two products on 16 April due to kidney damage associated with melamine contamination despite the products not containing wheat gluten. Melamine has also been

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Menu Foods faces 90 class-action lawsuits as a result of the contamination. U.S. District Court Judge Hillman has ordered Menu Foods to have no contact with plaintiffs unless their attorneys are involved in the discussion, after lawyers from six firms representing pet owners claimed the company

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on 16 March 2007, when a company test showed sickness and death in some of the test animals. In the following weeks, several other companies that had received the contaminated wheat gluten also voluntarily recalled dozens of pet food brands. One month after the initial recall, contaminated rice

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American and Chinese authorities investigated the source of the contamination linked to pet deaths, and Chinese authorities closed down Xuzhou Anying Biologic Technology Development Company and Binzhou Futian Biology Technology Co. Ltd., the two companies linked to the contaminated products.

416:", though that assertion may be based upon a hypothetical use listed in the 1951 patent application and not upon the actual use of the chemical. Aminopterin is illegal in China, and neither Cornell University nor the FDA could replicate the New York lab's results. On 27 March, the 200:: Venison and Brown Rice canned and bagged dog foods, Venison and Brown Rice dog treats, Venison and Green Pea dry cat food, Chicken Formula Canned Dog Food 13 oz, Lamb Formula Canned Dog Food 13 oz, Beef Formula Canned Dog Food 13 oz, and Ocean Fish Formula Canned Cat Food 524:

According to the FDA, "the association between melamine in the kidneys and urine of cats that died and melamine in the food they consumed is undeniable. Additionally, melamine is an ingredient that should not be in pet food at any level." However, Richard Goldstein of the

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Some pet owners have become concerned over the safety of all processed pet foods, and have chosen to forgo store-bought prepared pet foods in favor of preparing food from ingredients at home. The popularity of books on home preparation of pet foods has rocketed on

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The recalls are related to contaminated vegetable proteins, imported from China in 2006 and early 2007, used as pet food ingredients. The process of identifying and accounting for the source of the contamination and how the contaminant causes sickness is ongoing.

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Diamond Pet Foods: Chicken Soup for the Pet Lover's Soul Kitten Formula 5.5 oz. cans, Chicken Soup for the Pet Lover's Soul Puppy Formula 13 oz. cans, Diamond Lamb & Rice Formula for Dogs 13 oz. cans and Nutra Nuggets Lamb Meal and Rice Formula dry dog

43:

protein from a different source in China was also identified as being associated with kidney failure in pets in the United States, while contaminated corn gluten was associated with kidney failure with pets in South Africa. As a result of investigating the

664:. Some veterinarians have pointed out that animal diets are difficult to maintain in terms of nutritional appropriateness and safety, and are best served by store-bought preparations, an assertion disputed by some practitioners of home-made animal foods. 252:

organizations reported more than 100 pet deaths amongst nearly 500 cases of kidney failure, and experts expected the death toll to number in the thousands, with one online database already self-reporting as many as 3,600 deaths as of 11 April. The U.S.

142:. Menu Foods' recalled products alone represent nearly 100 brands of cat and dog food, and as of 11 April, are the only brands known to have caused sickness in animals. Below is an overview of affected brands, as provided by the FDA and the companies: 2540:

E.E. Simanek, X. Li, I.S. Choi, G.M. Whitesides, "Cyanuric Acid and Melamine: A Platform for the Construction of Soluble Aggregates and Crystalline Materials", Comprehensive supramolecular chemistry, J.L. Atwood ed., New York:Pergamon, Vol.9, 495

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Despite the presence of the industrial chemical in both the food and in the animals, the FDA has made it clear they are still in the middle of an extensive investigation, and "not yet fully certain that melamine is the causative agent."

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contamination and had found a "spoke-like crystal" in contaminated wheat gluten and rice protein concentrate and the tissues and urine of affected animals. (It was previously known that melamine and cyanuric acid can form networks of

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42 million from the recall, even without taking into account reduced sales. The several waves of recalls, many issued late on Friday evenings possibly to avoid media coverage, and the events have caused distrust in some consumers.

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illegally attempted to contact their clients directly. Hillman has said "It seems to me that Menu Foods is out to do whatever Menu Foods wants to do in a way that could adversely impact the rights" of the plaintiffs.

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By 5 April 2007 the 20 March Chicago lawsuit expanded to federal class-action status, with over 200 plaintiffs seeking punitive damages for emotional distress. The plaintiffs have specifically accused Menu Foods of

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After word of the recall and reports of animal deaths began to spread, Menu Foods was served with several individual lawsuits over the deaths of affected pets. On 20 March 2007 after the death of her cat, a woman in

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States cat population may mean "several hundred cats a week across the country" were affected. No similar statistically significant increase was seen among dogs, suggesting the contamination was more toxic to cats.

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as soon as possible, even if the animal did not eat any of the recalled pet food, as these signs may be indicative of other illnesses. Ultrasounds of animals who have eaten the contaminated food in most cases show

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On 23 March 2007, Menu Foods said they will reimburse pet owners who can trace their pets' illnesses to the company's products. One estimate is that the cost to owners of treating sickened pets is between

392:. They too, were not immediately able to pinpoint the cause of the sicknesses, so they sent samples to the New York State Food Laboratory, a part of the federally funded Food Emergency Response Network. 100:

in the affected foods. The Chinese company behind the contaminated wheat gluten has initially denied any involvement in the contamination, but is cooperating with Chinese and American investigators.

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reported three Chinese chemical makers have said animal feed producers often purchase, or seek to purchase, the chemical, cyanuric acid, from their factories to blend into animal feed to give the

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Menu Foods acknowledged receiving the first complaints of sick pets on 20 February 2007, and initiated the recall following unexpected deaths after a regularly scheduled internal "taste test".

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SM Lahalih, M Absi-Halabi, "Recovery of solids from melamine waste effluents and their conversion to useful products", Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, vol.28, 500-504 (1989).

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in causing kidney failure. Reports that cyanuric acid may be an independently and potentially widely used adulterant in China have heightened concerns for both pet and human health. In

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gluten in raw concentrations as high as 6.6%. Stephen Sundlof, the FDA's chief veterinarian said, "There was a sizable amount of melamine. You could see crystals in the wheat gluten."

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also investigated the source of the kidney failure and made available to researchers and veterinarians pictures and photographs of affected animal kidneys "demonstrating acute tubular

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noted in a press release the "extremely insoluble" crystals formed in animal kidneys are suspected of blocking kidney function. On 7 May, however, Barbara Powers, president of the

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at the AAVLD's October 2007 meeting, said: "Unfortunately, these crystals don’t dissolve easily. They go away slowly, if at all, so there is the potential for chronic toxicity.”

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On 2 May, in further inquiry into the source of the cyanuric acid in the contaminated ingredients and the toxic effects of the chemical combination, Richard Goldstein of the

592:, in Ontario announced they had created crystals chemically similar to the ones found in contaminated animals by combining melamine and cyanuric acid in the laboratory under 1027: 643: 2182: 4330: 2125: 4159: 2984: 4507: 2692: 1779: 4295: 1859: 417: 356: 1282: 4300: 4050: 96:

Overall, several major companies have recalled more than 5300 pet food products, with most of the recalls coming from Menu Foods. The contamination was caused by

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Cat Food Chicken and Rice Dinner; Evolve Kitten Formula; bulk Lamb and Brown Rice Formula Dog Food; and bulk Chicken and Brown Rice Formula Adult Lite Dog Food

1167: 3852: 3116: 5437: 4609: 4310: 1522: 3151:"Pet Food Maker to Take Financial Responsibility for Pet Deaths From Poisoning - Investigators Trying to Determine Exactly Where the Rat Poison Came From" 690:

held an oversight hearing on the matter by 12 April. The economic impact on the pet food market has been extensive, with Menu Foods alone losing at least

969: 1881: 4497: 3615: 759:, had a history of favorable consumer protection precedents in prior pet-related lawsuits, but finding a set value for the lost pets may be difficult. 4144: 1194: 619: 526: 636: 1916: 1028:"Special Report: The Poisoning of Our Pets - Scientists and government agencies home in on the cause of more than 100 pet deaths from tainted food" 194:

United States: Eight varieties of Sensible Choice, three varieties of Veterinary Diet, six varieties of Kasco dog and one variety of Kasco cat food

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Sometime in mid-March, an "unnamed pet food company" reported to Cornell they had discovered an industrial chemical used in plastics manufacture,

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family filed a class-action lawsuit against Menu Foods, citing emotional damage and economic loss. The lawyers filing the federal lawsuit noted

2306: 3655: 3294: 2552: 2515: 847: 2953: 2821: 2218: 1246: 4270: 4029: 3583: 2922: 3488: 3410: 2485: 1852:"MSU SURVEY DETERMINES THAT MORE THAN 300 PETS MAY HAVE DIED FROM CONTAMINATED PET FOOD; CULPRIT MAY BE LETHAL COMBINATION OF CONTAMINANTS" 505: 2277:"ASPCA Press Release: ASPCA Advises Caution As Pet Food Recall Crisis Grows - Other Contaminants May Be Involved in the Menu Foods Recall" 2276: 2102: 1486: 4594: 4522: 3539: 2767: 3288:

Brown, Cathy; Jeong, KS; Poppenga, RH; Puschner, B; Miller, DM; Ellis, AE; Kang, KI; Sum, S; Cistola, AM; Brown, SA (November 1, 2007).

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reported the symptoms described in affected animals are not "fully consistent with the ingestion of rat poison containing aminopterin."

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extensive media coverage of the recall, with calls for greater government regulation. Reports of widespread and possibly intentional

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In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the recall. There has been widespread public outrage and calls for

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has stated that "There appears to be other things in there, other than melamine, but identifying what they are is a long process."

2579: 1247:"Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Announces Voluntary Participation in Menu Foods' Nationwide U.S. recall of Specific Canned Cat Foods" 1168:"Press Release: Sunshine Mills, Inc. Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Certain Branded and Private Label Branded Dog Biscuits" 1035: 4560: 2771: 2193: 1994: 1818: 1786: 1627: 1622: 1382: 600: 359:(ASPCA) to recommend "until this crisis is resolved ... pets be fed products containing U. S.-sourced protein supplements only." 232: 3375: 5155: 5068: 4355: 4315: 4285: 3610: 3036: 2244: 2129: 1464: 1434: 2988: 2362:"Tainted pet food a bigger risk to cats than dogs - Felines more sensitive to toxic chemical found in recalled food, FDA says" 3630: 2684: 2473: 2442: 87: 1990: 1596: 1574: 4786: 4599: 4532: 4477: 4275: 4019: 3810: 3590: 1790: 1721: 1654: 816: 673: 48: 1571:"Diamond Pet Foods has announced it is withdrawing a limited number of canned products manufactured by American Nutrition" 1120: 1094: 4009: 3758: 3560: 1067: 4186: 3513: 2394: 1383:"Natural Balance Pet Foods, Inc. Issues A Voluntary Nationwide Recall on Specific Venison Dog & Cat Food Products" 436:

used to thicken the gravy in the "cuts and gravy" style wet foods. By 27 March, Cornell had confirmed the presence of

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Beginning in March 2007, there was a widespread recall of many brands of cat and dog foods due to contamination with

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states define the monetary value of a pet for litigation or insurance purposes. Other states have allowed suits for

5121: 4676: 4345: 4233: 3961: 3732: 3533: 2068: 1687: 1308: 1171: 3124: 2715: 998: 639:, suggesting another potentially dangerous way that melamine and cyanuric acid might combine in protein products. 4715: 4517: 4363: 3870: 3727: 3625: 2798: 2361: 1195:"ALPO(R) Brand Prime Cuts in Gravy Canned Dog Food Voluntary Nationwide Recall - No Dry Purina Products Involved" 38:

After more than three weeks of complaints from consumers, the recall began voluntarily with the Canadian company

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cautioned "There's something more going on than just the mechanical blockage. Because you wouldn't see so much

64: 2661: 1889: 5987: 4139: 3665: 4705: 4688: 4647: 4574: 4250: 4191: 4166: 4092: 3974: 3780: 3765: 3745: 3741: 3685: 3600: 1726: 1517: 1277: 631: 254: 1780:"Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinarian Laboratory Diagnosticians 50th Annual Conference" 1202: 384:

exhibited by test subjects that consumed some of their wet food products, Menu Foods sent food samples to

5992: 5783: 5109: 4710: 4565: 4388: 4176: 4102: 4004: 3984: 3908: 3660: 3645: 3555: 3472: 3290:"Outbreaks of renal failure associated with melamine and cyanuric acid in dogs and cats in 2004 and 2007" 2447: 801: 432:, in internal testing of wheat gluten samples. By 21 March, it became clear the common factor was in the 259: 2329: 2043: 1912: 355:

The growing number of recalls has motivated at least one well-known animal protection organization, the

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in pets. Initially, the recalls were associated with the consumption of mostly wet pet foods made with

1225:"Press Release: Del Monte Pet Products Modifies Voluntary Recall List - No Additional Brands Included" 5027: 4738: 4492: 4262: 4199: 4107: 4079: 4075: 3945: 3930: 3832: 3785: 3775: 3675: 3435: 2657: 2189: 1855: 806: 608: 405: 213: 197: 75: 3388: 3150: 2556: 2519: 5877: 5756: 5626: 5017: 5002: 4829: 4779: 4469: 4434: 4413: 4124: 4119: 4055: 4024: 3890: 3705: 3650: 3635: 3528: 3498: 3155: 2961: 2021:"Pet food recall due to nephrotoxic Aminopterin - preliminary ultrasound findings in dogs and cats" 1250: 335: 2930: 2768:"Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Interaction May Play Part in Illness and Death from Recalled Pet Food" 2153:"Pet food recall slams local shelter - APL strikes deal to provide safe, quality food for animals" 1412: 412:

in the kidney with intratubular crystals." Aminopterin was widely described in news reports as a "

155: 6012: 5898: 5893: 5485: 5417: 4865: 4819: 4542: 4482: 4368: 4238: 4228: 4216: 3957: 3918: 3880: 3805: 3605: 3550: 3493: 3089: 3086:"Pet food recall prompts lawsuit - Local woman files federal claim for $ 25M after cat gets sick" 1273:"FDA hosted Press Release: Company Recalls Single Product, Prescription Diet m/d Feline Dry Food" 752: 562: 175: 3332: 2489: 1754: 6007: 5997: 5903: 5644: 5217: 5022: 4966: 4671: 4209: 4112: 3925: 3898: 3875: 3865: 3795: 3722: 2896: 2280: 2094: 1490: 646:

after the recalls concluded the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in diet does lead to

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output when fed to dogs in large amounts. The chemical is known to have a very low toxicity in

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FAQ and recall list, brought to you by the experts at the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center.

3263: 683: 139: 223:: Super Premium Canned Food, item # 38436, best-by dates of "Aug. 21 08" to "15 April of 09" 5809: 5478: 5473: 4885: 4753: 4627: 4459: 4393: 4243: 4060: 3940: 3860: 3770: 3710: 3595: 3070: 1360: 768: 764: 741: 691: 687: 589: 275:

quality and quantity of each element of the ingredients." No mention of melamine was made.

1435:"Blue Buffalo Recalls Can and Biscuit Products Due To Tampering By American Nutrition Inc" 938: 8: 5844: 5834: 5180: 5097: 4844: 4834: 4772: 4632: 4378: 4221: 3935: 3820: 3815: 3695: 3523: 3205: 2745: 1147:"Press Release: All Menu Foods Pet Food with ChemNutra Wheat Gluten Voluntarily Recalled" 1072: 1031: 879: 647: 316: 300: 32: 2160: 1965: 703:

Many owners of pets stricken after consuming Menu Foods' product have considered filing

27:. The recalls in North America, Europe, and South Africa came in response to reports of 5962: 5839: 5804: 5736: 5412: 5048: 5032: 4839: 4809: 4487: 4454: 4408: 4403: 3979: 3913: 3518: 2627: 2602: 2183:"Preliminary findings in a case of suspected toxicity associate with recalled pet food" 1938: 1885: 852: 623: 385: 292: 220: 1826: 1632: 1386: 686:

of pet foods, which had previously been self-regulated by pet food manufacturers. The

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Pet owners were advised to monitor their animals for the following signs of possible

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The Blue Buffalo Company: Spa Select Kitten dry food, all canned and biscuit products

3040: 2618: 2251: 2069:"Kidney failure in cats up 30 percent during tainted pet food sales, vet chain says" 1513:"Chenango Valley Pet Foods Expands Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Certain Pet Foods" 1460: 1438: 51:

investigation unfolded, raising concerns about the safety of the human food supply.

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sued Menu Foods for negligence in delaying the recall. The same day, lawyers for a

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Researchers have focused on the role of melamine and related compounds in causing

5581: 5012: 4992: 4875: 3670: 3392: 2417: 2095:"As Pet Food Recall Expands, ASPCA Warns Crisis Not Over: More Cases May Be Seen" 1998: 1600: 1570: 748: 457: 311:, sudden changes in water consumption, and changes in the frequency or amount of 165: 159: 1731: 1658: 5867: 5453: 5427: 4951: 4905: 4900: 4870: 4849: 4619: 4014: 3750: 3508: 3369: 3308: 3289: 2873: 2856: 558: 549: 541: 381: 368: 284: 271: 28: 908: 5951: 5926: 5908: 5872: 5829: 5779: 5529: 5524: 5063: 4961: 4814: 4694: 4449: 3903: 3842: 3620: 3120: 1623:"Pet food products recalled because of potentially contaminated wheat gluten" 821: 574: 537: 512:

Stephen Sundlof, director of the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine, says "

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Savory Cuts and a single dry cat food product, "Prescription Diet m/d Feline"

71: 24: 513: 437: 339: 288: 5854: 5794: 5696: 5674: 5604: 5591: 5534: 5514: 5394: 5353: 5256: 5202: 4956: 3317: 3146: 2882: 756: 493: 485: 324: 179: 169: 60: 3236: 2954:"China names and shames companies for exporting substandard food products" 2744:. University of Guelph Laboratory Services. April 27, 2007. Archived from 2636: 1882:"U.S. study ties 27 pet illnesses and deaths in Canada to pet food recall" 78:

affected an estimated 300,000 children, with hospitalisations and deaths.

5936: 5789: 5761: 5741: 5711: 5684: 5669: 5659: 5490: 5468: 5288: 5229: 5207: 5058: 4890: 4171: 2156: 1969: 1198: 779:, claiming the company may have known of a problem as early as December. 553: 401: 328: 315:. It was advised that pets exhibiting these symptoms should be taken for 191: 185: 3370:

Oregon Veterinary Medical Association (OVMA) Pet Food Contamination Page

3063:"Yahoo Finance - Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News" 1304: 5771: 5746: 5559: 5504: 5310: 5195: 5053: 4795: 661: 413: 249: 146: 135: 55: 39: 5731: 5554: 5539: 5519: 5463: 5404: 5339: 5298: 5276: 5261: 5222: 4941: 4660: 4589: 3336: 3267: 2371: 2333: 2047: 1964:

Patricia Martell, Maggie Hopf and Lindsay Hamilton (March 18, 2007).

737: 733: 729: 566: 518: 312: 235:(AVMA) maintains a combined list of all recalled pet food varieties. 5819: 5814: 5799: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5679: 5664: 5576: 5549: 5334: 5303: 5172: 4936: 4181: 3427: 3376:

American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Pet Pood Recall Page

2650: 2366: 1305:"ROYAL CANIN CANADA PROACTIVELY RECALLS FELINE DISSOLUTION FORMULA" 725: 612: 582: 578: 570: 474: 468: 429: 409: 308: 304: 206: 127: 97: 20: 3117:"When a pet dies of suspected food poisoning — what is its value?" 2303:"Pet food recall: Cornell vet school dean at FDA press conference" 2219:"No Aminopterin in Tissues of Animals Killed by Recalled Pet Food" 484:

Prior animal studies have shown ingestion of melamine may lead to

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Note: The following list may not be complete. Please refer to the

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In a potentially related incident in China, on 22 February 2006,

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of the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee hearing on the recall.

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The majority of recalled foods have come from a single company,

5387: 5293: 5266: 5212: 4895: 3179:"Menu Foods Executive Sold Shares Weeks Before Pet Food Recall" 2957: 2897:"Study Identifies Deadly Chemical Duo in Contaminated Pet Food" 2601:

Reese, HW; Shapir, N.; Sadowsky, M. J.; Wackett, L. P. (1975).

1942: 744:, citing negligence in testing the food prior to distribution. 552:. Beginning on 19 April, researchers reportedly had ruled out 501: 489: 462: 433: 266: 4503:

Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

3404: 400:

On 23 March, the New York State Food Laboratory reported that

5375: 5365: 5360: 5283: 4915: 4910: 4764: 2098: 776: 644:

University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine

497: 452: 4331:

State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission

3206:"Officials say 38 Oregon pet deaths could be tied to recall" 2985:"UPDATE: Pet Food Recall Controversy Headed to U. S. Senate" 1334: 605:

American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians

4160:

National Fund for Technology Transfer and Commercialisation

2857:"Assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity in cats" 1408: 334:

One of the largest veterinary hospital chains in the U.S.,

209:

LiveSmart Weight Management Chicken and Brown Rice Dog Food

4508:

Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement

3287: 2923:"Food scare prompts pet owners to retreat to own kitchens" 2600: 2245:"ChemNutra TimeLine of Events Related to Pet Food Recalls" 1819:"Researchers examine contaminants in food, deaths of pets" 423: 5234: 5164: 3385: 3209: 2926: 736:

woman filed suit in Federal Court against Menu Foods for

418:

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

357:

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

2603:"Verbal effects in children's visual recognition memory" 880:"Senator calls FDA 'tragically slow' on pet food recall" 747:

As individual lawsuits were filed across the nation, an

375: 70:

Research has focused on the combination of melamine and

65:

issue of melamine contamination in the human food supply

5133: 3417:

Possibility of cross-contamination to "safe" pet foods"

3395:- A comprehensive resource of recall news updated daily 1061: 593: 395: 4281:

China Council for the Promotion of International Trade

2418:"South Africa: No More Chinese Take-Aways for SA Pets" 1823:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

1755:"U.S. pet food recall widens amid cross-contamination" 786: 1479: 909:"Doctors Caution Thousands More Pet Deaths Expected" 188:

Canada: Medi-Cal Feline Dissolution formula (canned)

2899:. University of California Davis. November 13, 2007 2126:"Pet food recall causes extra work at pet shelters" 2042:Elizabeth Weise and Julie Schmit (March 26, 2007). 1904: 1774: 1772: 667: 152:

Sunshine Mills: Around 20 brands of dry dog biscuit

76:

2008 baby foods contaminated with melamine in China

5978:Economic history of the People's Republic of China 3411:Map tracing the spread of contaminated ingredients 2655:Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health 1589: 1427: 939:"Second chemical eyed in Chinese pet food scandal" 496:. One 1945 study suggested the chemical increased 4145:China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund 2716:"Scientists track chemical reactions in pet food" 970:"Pet deaths expected to rise despite recall: FDA" 620:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine 527:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine 362: 5949: 3003: 2917: 2356: 1769: 1722:"FDA Pet Food Recall Frequently Asked Questions" 1682: 1409:"Voluntary Recall of Spa Select Kitten Dry Food" 842: 561:, creating a tile-like planar structure through 346: 63:of Chinese animal feed with melamine raised the 4306:Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 4130:China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation 1505: 1357:"FDA Statement: Information on Natural Balance" 997:Weise, Elizabeth; Schmit, Julie (May 1, 2007). 654: 596:conditions similar to those in animal kidneys. 521:, or indicator, for contaminated wheat gluten. 3295:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 3176: 2861:Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2799:"Poison pet food woes seem to hit cats harder" 2509: 2507: 2486:"OSHA Figures – Chemical sampling information" 1991:"Menu Foods recall Frequently asked questions" 1966:"Pet Food Recall Grows Along with Owner Worry" 1939:"Cat deaths prompt concern over food's safety" 1931: 1910: 1746: 1537: 1453: 404:was found in samples sent to them by Cornell. 243: 5149: 4780: 4271:All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce 3443: 3011:"Menu Foods details costs of pet food recall" 2813: 1813: 1811: 1647: 1563: 1401: 1375: 1192: 1121:"Menu Foods Recalled Cat Product Information" 1095:"Menu Foods Recalled Dog Product Information" 992: 990: 637:false appearance of a higher level of protein 607:and a professor of veterinary diagnostics at 4311:National Financial Regulatory Administration 3324: 2395:"Premium pet food company recalls dry foods" 1846: 1844: 1349: 270:damage." Suspicions at that time focused on 4523:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 3540:Grasping the large, letting go of the small 3372:- News & developments updated regularly 2945: 2685:"Another Chemical Emerges in Pet Food Case" 2643: 2577: 2555:. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from 2518:. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. Archived from 2504: 2409: 2330:"Nestlé Purina, Hills join pet food recall" 2250:. ChemNutra. April 12, 2007. Archived from 1913:"Veterinarians Solve Pet Food Death Puzzle" 1297: 1217: 1160: 1025: 996: 903: 901: 569:for contamination and is approximately 30% 565:.) The crystal has been said to serve as a 445:implicated in corn gluten in South Africa. 5156: 5142: 4787: 4773: 4744: 4498:Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area 4336:State Administration for Market Regulation 4321:National Development and Reform Commission 3450: 3436: 3255: 2676: 1808: 999:"FDA limits Chinese food additive imports" 987: 599:In light of these findings, on 1 May, the 453:Melamine and cyanuric acid in pet sickness 4205:National Equities Exchange and Quotations 3307: 2872: 2734: 2713: 2626: 2544: 2211: 2175: 2150: 2087: 2061: 1911:Wade McCormick, Lisa (December 1, 2007). 1841: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1239: 1068:"Lab Gets New Attention in Pet Food Case" 932: 930: 4341:State Administration of Foreign Exchange 3281: 3228: 3029: 2889: 2854: 2790: 2237: 2035: 1874: 1615: 1323: 1265: 898: 874: 872: 870: 848:"104 Deaths Reported in Pet Food Recall" 531: 456: 287:that may be associated with the unknown 172:-type, cat and dog snacks and/or morsels 122: 16:Recall of melamine-contaminated pet food 3333:"Pet food scare in USA had a precursor" 3264:"Judge tells pet food reps to back off" 3234: 3177:Wade McCormick, Lisa (April 11, 2007). 3170: 3108: 3013:. Reuters. May 30, 2007. Archived from 2982: 2855:Puschner; et al. (November 2007). 2848: 2819: 2772:American Veterinary Medical Association 2682: 2553:"Humans at risk from tainted pet food?" 2550: 2513: 2386: 2128:. Illinois News Tribune. Archived from 2117: 1995:American Veterinary Medical Association 1628:American Veterinary Medical Association 1139: 1113: 1021: 1019: 936: 601:American Veterinary Medical Association 573:. The remainder has been identified as 424:Later findings change focus to melamine 233:American Veterinary Medical Association 5950: 5069:List of extremely hazardous substances 4316:National Bureau of Statistics of China 4286:China Securities Regulatory Commission 3145: 3114: 2714:Patterson, Ashleigh (April 27, 2007). 2580:"Were Our Pets Deliberately Poisoned?" 2578:Swaminathan, Nikhil (April 25, 2007). 2571: 2516:"Chinese criticized in pet food probe" 2437: 2435: 2415: 2392: 2352: 2350: 1752: 1705: 1678: 1676: 1087: 961: 927: 168:: More than a dozen brands of dry, or 5137: 4768: 3431: 3405:ASPCA Pet Food Recall Resource Center 3330: 3261: 3203: 3083: 2796: 2327: 2269: 2123: 2044:"Pet food maker to pay for vet bills" 1919:from the original on December 2, 2007 1057: 1055: 1053: 1026:Swaminathan, Nikhil (28 March 2007). 867: 838: 836: 376:Search for the cause of the illnesses 88:Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls 5104: 4533:Western Taiwan Straits Economic Zone 4478:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank 4276:All-China Federation of Trade Unions 3457: 3423:Pet Super Store Dog Food Recall Page 3197: 3077: 2760: 2443:"International Chemical Safety Card" 2144: 1688:"Vets Say Kidney Failure Up in Cats" 1597:"Nutra Nuggets Recall Press Release" 1186: 1016: 967: 817:Chinese protein export contamination 674:Chinese protein export contamination 642:A toxicology study conducted at the 396:Initial efforts focus on aminopterin 49:Chinese protein export contamination 5116: 4010:Hong Kong Trade Development Council 3331:Weise, Elizabeth (March 11, 2008). 3216:from the original on April 15, 2007 3139: 3115:Martin, Jonathan (March 22, 2007). 2951: 2911: 2722:from the original on April 30, 2007 2707: 2432: 2347: 2328:Weise, Elizabeth (March 30, 2007). 2321: 2151:Trax Page, Margie (April 9, 2007). 1888:. December 27, 2007. Archived from 1858:. November 29, 2007. Archived from 1673: 1525:from the original on March 10, 2010 1467:from the original on April 27, 2007 1415:from the original on April 18, 2007 1311:from the original on March 29, 2007 968:Sage, Alexandria (March 19, 2007). 544:(blue dotted lines) with each other 380:Unable to locate the source of the 115: 13: 3514:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns 3235:Network, Torstar (June 13, 2007). 3181:. Consumer Affairs. Archived from 2987:. CaribJournal.com. Archived from 2976: 2822:"China Food Mislabeled, U.S. Says" 2695:from the original on June 16, 2011 2295: 1655:"Pet Connection Food Recall Index" 1285:from the original on March 6, 2010 1050: 886:from the original on April 8, 2007 833: 787:Suspected related outbreak in 2004 588:On 27 April, researchers from the 388:between 13 March and 15 March for 107: 14: 6024: 5008:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko 4538:Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone 4291:General Administration of Customs 4155:China Reform Holdings Corporation 3546:Scientific Outlook on Development 3353: 3262:Weise, Elizabeth (May 28, 2007). 3243:from the original on July 1, 2007 2551:Roebuck, Karen (April 20, 2007). 2514:Roebuck, Karen (April 11, 2007). 2416:Mawson, Nicola (April 20, 2007). 238: 81: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5115: 5103: 5092: 5091: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4585:2008–2009 economic stimulus plan 4346:State Administration of Taxation 4234:Stock Exchange Executive Council 4088: 4087: 3701: 3700: 3468: 3467: 3237:"Pet food maker's woes continue" 2983:Delgado, Benna (April 9, 2007). 2797:Weise, Elizabeth (May 7, 2007). 2664:from the original on May 2, 2007 2393:Schmit, Julie (April 17, 2007). 2225:from the original on May 9, 2007 2105:from the original on May 8, 2007 1577:from the original on May 6, 2007 1487:"Pet Food Recall Notice Updates" 1385:. April 17, 2007. Archived from 1359:. April 16, 2007. Archived from 1333:. April 19, 2007. Archived from 1193:Press Release (March 31, 2007). 949:from the original on May 8, 2007 740:25 million and hoping to attain 668:Industry and government response 615:(cell death) and inflammation.” 480:— 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine. 4595:2015–16 stock market turbulence 4518:Pearl River Delta Economic Zone 3055: 2839: 2619:10.1128/AEM.71.8.4437-4445.2005 2594: 2534: 2478: 2467: 2124:Abbey, Tamara (April 9, 2007). 2013: 1997:. April 2, 2007. Archived from 1983: 1957: 1825:. November 2007. Archived from 1331:"Dear Royal Canin USA Customer" 1249:. 21 March 2007. Archived from 1227:(Press release). March 31, 2007 716:suffered in the loss of a pet. 35:from a single Chinese company. 5079:Occupational safety and health 4983:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 4794: 4513:Northeast China Revitalization 4150:China Internet Investment Fund 4135:China Government Guidance Fund 3084:Lakin, Matt (March 21, 2007). 2820:Barboza, David (May 3, 2007). 2683:Barboza, David (May 9, 2007). 2221:. PRNewsWire. March 30, 2007. 1789:. October 2007. Archived from 1599:. May 23, 2007. Archived from 937:Barboza, David (May 8, 2007). 812:China compulsory certification 363:Food shortages in pet shelters 1: 4605:China–United States trade war 4470:Regional economic initiatives 4423:National economic initiatives 4140:China-Africa Development Fund 3534:Deng Xiaoping's southern tour 3204:Byron, Katy (April 5, 2007). 2774:. May 1, 2007. Archived from 2420:. Business Day (Johannesburg) 1753:Heavey, Susan (May 4, 2007). 827: 698: 347:Prevention of illness in pets 258:are with humans (such as the 158:: All sizes and varieties of 130:is a US$ 38 billion industry. 4706:List of Chinese by net worth 4689:China Compulsory Certificate 4600:Protein export contamination 4251:Zhengzhou Commodity Exchange 4167:China Investment Corporation 3631:Business process outsourcing 1727:Food and Drug Administration 1518:Food and Drug Administration 1278:Food and Drug Administration 655:Alternative pet food sources 632:International Herald Tribune 255:Food and Drug Administration 67:, both in China and abroad. 7: 5784:List of longest-living dogs 4020:Water supply and sanitation 3391:September 28, 2007, at the 2952:Gao, Ying (July 10, 2007). 2448:Centers for Disease Control 802:2007 Chinese export recalls 795: 278: 260:Centers for Disease Control 244:Numbers of affected animals 212:Chenango Valley Pet Foods: 118:section for more resources. 10: 6029: 5757:Origin of the domestic dog 5655:Breed-specific legislation 5496:Psychiatric assistance dog 4528:Rise of Central China Plan 4326:National Energy Commission 3309:10.1177/104063870701900510 2874:10.1177/104063870701900602 671: 214:Doctors Foster & Smith 85: 5917: 5886: 5853: 5770: 5635: 5590: 5446: 5403: 5171: 5087: 5041: 5028:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak 4975: 4924: 4858: 4802: 4724: 4618: 4561:2005–2011 property bubble 4551: 4493:China Western Development 4468: 4422: 4354: 4261: 4200:Dalian Commodity Exchange 4074: 4038: 3956: 3889: 3851: 3569: 3479: 3465: 2658:Michigan State University 2190:Michigan State University 1856:Michigan State University 807:2008 Chinese milk scandal 609:Colorado State University 406:Michigan State University 198:Natural Balance Pet Foods 5163: 5018:Consumption of Tide Pods 5003:Niigata Minamata disease 4830:Environmental toxicology 4435:Belt and Road Initiative 4414:Rural credit cooperative 4187:Foreign exchange reserve 4120:Beijing Financial Street 3529:Socialist market economy 3239:. The Mississauga News. 624:cyanuric acid production 5899:List of individual dogs 5894:Domesticated silver fox 5486:Mobility assistance dog 4866:Acceptable daily intake 4820:Occupational toxicology 4677:Globalization and women 4543:Zhongyuan Economic Zone 4483:Beibu Gulf Economic Rim 4263:Government institutions 4239:Shenzhen Stock Exchange 4229:Shanghai Metal Exchange 4217:Shanghai Stock Exchange 3881:Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park 3866:Megalopolises in China 3090:Knoxville News Sentinel 563:molecular self-assembly 5904:List of fictional dogs 5218:Livestock guardian dog 5023:Visakhapatnam gas leak 4967:Whole bowel irrigation 4716:Science and technology 4610:2020–2021 reform spree 4364:International rankings 4210:Beijing Stock Exchange 3876:Suzhou Industrial Park 3871:Special Economic Zones 3381:Menu Foods Recall Page 882:. CNN. April 6, 2007. 545: 481: 327:, perirenal fluid and 131: 6003:2007 health disasters 5958:2007 pet food recalls 5572:Search and rescue dog 4988:2007 pet food recalls 4066:Intellectual property 3561:1949–1976 wage reform 3504:Industrial Revolution 3043:on September 28, 2007 2991:on September 28, 2007 2582:. Scientific American 2374:on September 10, 2015 2132:on September 27, 2007 1796:on September 20, 2018 1545:"Costo pulls product" 684:government regulation 536:Melamine (green) and 535: 460: 248:By the end of March, 162:"Prime Cuts in Gravy" 156:Nestlé Purina PetCare 140:Streetsville, Ontario 126: 54:By the end of March, 45:2007 pet food recalls 5988:Food safety scandals 5627:Dog–cat relationship 5474:Medical response dog 4886:Fixed-dose procedure 4754:Economy of East Asia 4460:Youth Business China 4296:Ministry of Commerce 4244:SZSE Component Index 3861:Dalian Software Park 3360:FDA Food Recall Page 3096:on December 10, 2008 3037:"Petconnection Blog" 2163:on November 18, 2007 1915:. Consumer Affairs. 1892:on December 30, 2007 1829:on November 22, 2007 688:United States Senate 590:University of Guelph 176:Hill's Pet Nutrition 5418:List of crossbreeds 5181:African village dog 4845:In vitro toxicology 4835:Forensic toxicology 4301:Ministry of Finance 4222:SSE Composite Index 4192:Hedge fund industry 4039:Law and regulations 3746:academic publishing 3524:Four Modernizations 2964:on October 13, 2012 1945:. February 22, 2007 1363:on October 20, 2011 1073:The Washington Post 1032:Scientific American 742:class action status 648:acute kidney injury 629:On 8 May 2007, the 494:reproductive damage 461:Melamine molecule, 5993:2007 animal deaths 5049:Biological warfare 5033:List of poisonings 4840:Medical toxicology 4810:Aquatic toxicology 4711:Chinese economists 4684:National Standards 4580:2007 slave scandal 4488:Bohai Economic Rim 4455:Made in China 2025 4404:Internal migration 4389:Standard of living 4177:Financial services 4051:Labor contract law 4005:Illegal drug trade 3975:World Trade Center 3811:Telecommunications 3759:equipment industry 3591:Advanced materials 3556:Population history 3519:Great Leap Forward 3473:Companies of China 3149:(March 23, 2007). 3073:on March 28, 2007. 2826:The New York Times 2689:The New York Times 1886:The Canadian Press 1692:The New York Times 1686:(April 10, 2007). 1461:"Pet Food Recalls" 1307:. April 10, 2007. 943:The New York Times 853:The New York Times 846:(March 28, 2007). 714:emotional distress 546: 540:(red) easily form 482: 386:Cornell University 221:Kirkland Signature 132: 5973:Scandals in China 5945: 5944: 5825:Rabies in animals 5752:Human–canine bond 5330:Bull-type terrier 5131: 5130: 4947:Chelation therapy 4762: 4761: 4575:2007 stock bubble 4440:Common prosperity 4430:Beijing Consensus 4384:Income inequality 3853:Development Zones 3386:Itchmo - Pet News 3185:on April 22, 2007 3127:on March 28, 2007 2933:on April 10, 2007 2921:(April 3, 2007). 2748:on April 26, 2007 2742:"Pet Food Recall" 2607:Child Development 2522:on April 18, 2007 2360:(April 1, 2007). 2001:on April 30, 2007 1862:on March 20, 2014 1635:on April 15, 2007 1493:on April 28, 2007 1389:on April 21, 2007 1066:(April 1, 2007). 390:chemical analysis 6020: 5935: 5925: 5924: 5702:Dogs in religion 5565:usage by country 5186:Free-ranging dog 5158: 5151: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5106: 5095: 5094: 4998:Minamata disease 4932:Activated carbon 4881:Biomagnification 4825:Entomotoxicology 4789: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4749:Outline of China 4747: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4570:pet food recalls 4445:Dual circulation 4196:Stock Exchanges 4125:Financial system 4091: 4090: 4030:Trading partners 3776:Renewable energy 3704: 3703: 3471: 3470: 3459:Economy of China 3452: 3445: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3123:. 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March 23, 2007 905: 896: 895: 893: 891: 876: 865: 864: 862: 860: 844:Associated Press 840: 753:Washington state 710:punitive damages 293:loss of appetite 6028: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5913: 5882: 5849: 5766: 5637: 5631: 5586: 5442: 5423:Mixed-breed dog 5399: 5167: 5162: 5132: 5127: 5083: 5037: 5013:Seveso disaster 4993:Bhopal disaster 4971: 4920: 4876:Bioaccumulation 4854: 4798: 4793: 4763: 4758: 4720: 4614: 4547: 4464: 4418: 4350: 4257: 4070: 4056:Labor relations 4034: 3952: 3885: 3847: 3733:Pharmaceuticals 3565: 3499:Five-year plans 3475: 3461: 3456: 3393:Wayback Machine 3356: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3329: 3325: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3078: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017:on May 18, 2007 3009: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2778:on May 18, 2007 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2660:. May 1, 2007. 2651:"DCPAH Notices" 2649: 2648: 2644: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2512: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2455:on June 5, 2012 2441: 2440: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2355: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2309:on May 29, 2007 2301: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2283:on May 13, 2007 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2101:. May 3, 2007. 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1974: 1972: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1832: 1830: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1720: 1719: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1662: 1653: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1621: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1603:on May 28, 2007 1595: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1337:on May 15, 2007 1329: 1328: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1286: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1253:on 6 April 2007 1245: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1191: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1076: 1062:Johnson, Mark; 1060: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1038:on 13 July 2007 1024: 1017: 1007: 1005: 995: 988: 978: 976: 966: 962: 952: 950: 935: 928: 918: 916: 907: 906: 899: 889: 887: 878: 877: 868: 858: 856: 841: 834: 830: 798: 789: 749:Ontario, Oregon 701: 676: 670: 657: 478: 472: 466: 455: 426: 398: 378: 367:Many nonprofit 365: 352:veterinarian." 349: 317:veterinary care 281: 246: 241: 110: 108:Affected brands 90: 84: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6026: 6016: 6015: 6013:Cats in Canada 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Crate training 5865: 5859: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5840:Skin disorders 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5645:Animal testing 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5454:Assistance dog 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5433:Extinct breeds 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:List of breeds 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5042:Related topics 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4952:Gastric lavage 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4906:Toxicity class 4903: 4901:Toxic capacity 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Acute toxicity 4868: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4850:Toxicogenomics 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4741: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4620:Related topics 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369:Social welfare 4366: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Postal history 3987: 3985:Communications 3982: 3977: 3972: 3966: 3964: 3962:infrastructure 3954: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3919:Oil refineries 3916: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3661:Electric power 3658: 3656:Electric motor 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3551:Historical GDP 3548: 3543: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3509:Iron rice bowl 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3365:FDA Recall FAQ 3362: 3355: 3354:External links 3352: 3350: 3349: 3323: 3280: 3254: 3227: 3196: 3169: 3138: 3107: 3076: 3054: 3028: 3002: 2975: 2944: 2910: 2888: 2847: 2838: 2812: 2789: 2759: 2733: 2706: 2675: 2642: 2593: 2570: 2559:on May 1, 2007 2543: 2533: 2503: 2477: 2466: 2431: 2408: 2385: 2346: 2320: 2294: 2268: 2236: 2210: 2174: 2143: 2116: 2086: 2060: 2034: 2012: 1982: 1956: 1930: 1903: 1873: 1840: 1807: 1768: 1745: 1704: 1672: 1646: 1614: 1588: 1562: 1536: 1504: 1478: 1452: 1441:on May 2, 2007 1426: 1400: 1374: 1348: 1322: 1296: 1264: 1238: 1216: 1185: 1159: 1138: 1112: 1086: 1049: 1015: 986: 960: 926: 897: 866: 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 797: 794: 788: 785: 767:2 million and 700: 697: 672:Main article: 669: 666: 656: 653: 559:hydrogen bonds 550:kidney failure 542:hydrogen bonds 476: 470: 464: 454: 451: 425: 422: 397: 394: 382:kidney failure 377: 374: 364: 361: 348: 345: 285:kidney failure 280: 277: 272:lead poisoning 245: 242: 240: 239:Impact on pets 237: 229: 228: 224: 218: 210: 204: 201: 195: 189: 183: 173: 163: 153: 150: 121: 120: 116:external links 109: 106: 86:Main article: 83: 82:Recall history 80: 29:kidney failure 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6025: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:2007 scandals 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:2007 in China 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5928: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5909:Lists of dogs 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5878:Socialization 5876: 5874: 5873:Housebreaking 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830:Rage syndrome 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Dogs in space 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610:Body language 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5600:Communication 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530:Detection dog 5528: 5526: 5525:Companion dog 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5124: 5123: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5064:Hazard symbol 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4962:Hemoperfusion 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815:Ecotoxicology 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4695:Made in China 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672:Globalization 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Go Out policy 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3970:Trade history 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899:Energy policy 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3728:Pearl farming 3726: 3724: 3723:Online gaming 3721: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3626:Biotechnology 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3448: 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