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753:'s Lee Jones and Shahar Hameiri, who pointed out that Sri Lanka's debt crisis was largely unconnected to Chinese lending, and instead the crisis was largely a result of excessive borrowing on Western capital markets. Furthermore, at the time of the leasing of the port to China, there were no immediate issues to service Chinese loans but instead there was an urgent need to repay off then maturing dollar-dominated sovereign bonds to mostly western entities. Instead of asking the IMF for a bailout, Sri Lanka had decided instead to turn to a Chinese company, China Merchants, to both invest in and lease the port, in order to help pay off these maturing ISBs, and was not actually forced by China to cede the port to repay port-related debts as others had claimed.
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790:, in which it will have a major stake and will also be ceded to China for 99 years. Both of these projects have led to fears among the local population that the area will become a "Chinese colony". This has led to violent protests by locals including Buddhist monks against the port and the industrial zone who stand to lose their lands. A local politician expressing his concern said "When you give away such a vast area of land, you can't stop the area becoming a Chinese colony."
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745:. After this visit, Sri Lanka and China agreed that both countries would encourage Chinese companies to participate in the port project and encourage the use of concessional loans from China to finance the project. Rajapaksa visited China in February 2007 and the visit resulted in China's decision to fund the port development.
420:, relations remain strong with Sirisena interested in balancing both Chinese and Indian influence in the country. Despite this, recent developments have shown a pro-China tilt in Sri Lanka's current foreign policy evident in the continued Chinese investment in Sri Lanka and the country's support of China's position in the
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in 2008 and 2009. Thus when the US ended military aid in 2007 over Sri Lanka's human-rights concerns, China provided Sri Lanka $ 1bn (£690m) to become the island's biggest donor, giving tens of millions of dollars' worth of military equipment. China's supply of arms in this gap gave Sri Lanka freedom
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Based on some reports, between 2004 and 2014 China provided $ 7 billion in loans and investment, including loans for the construction of a port in
Hambantota. However, there are concerns both locally and in the international media that Sri Lanka cannot afford these loans since the nation is currently
832:
China exports military equipment to the Sri Lanka military including: ammunition, anti-tank guided missiles, rocket launchers and shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles, deep penetration bombs and rockets, mortar ammunition, night vision devices, artillery, armor, mortars, security equipment, tanks,
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Beginning in the early 2000s, Sri Lanka sought international loans to develop
Hambantota port. These efforts intensified during the presidency of Hambantota native Mahinda Rajapaska, who had made a campaign pledge to revitalize Hambantota's economy. The Rajapaska administration unsuccessfully sought
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China also aids in the training of Sri Lankan military personnel. Nowadays, the China
National Aero Technology Import-Export Corporation is helping the Sri Lanka government in constructing an Aircraft Maintenance Center. Even though the location has not yet been finalized, Katunayake, Mattala, and
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In contrast to various conditions imposed by the World Bank or IMF, China has attached few conditions to its loans to Sri Lanka, requiring no policy reforms or similar structural adjustments. The use of
Chinese labor on the project funded by the loan is the only condition for most Chinese loans to
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and allowed it to pay foreign debts to non-Chinese creditors. The Sri Lankan
Foreign Minister Ravi Karunanayake said "It is unaffordable for an activity that doesn't bring any economic returns, so that's compelling us to look at options." China is also building a 15000-acre industrial zone near
607:
In 1996, then Sri Lankan
President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga paid a state visit to China at the invitation of the Chinese President Jiang Zemin. The two sides signed two agreements to enhance economic cooperation. With the development and growth witnessed in China, the relationship have
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migrated to Sri Lanka during the 18th and 19th centuries, albeit in much smaller numbers relative to neighboring countries such as India, Myanmar, or other parts of
Southeast Asia. As of the 2001 census, they comprise less than 0.20% of the population and have integrated into broader Sri Lankan
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Sri Lanka has become a very popular destination for
Chinese tourists and now form the largest nationality of tourists coming to the country. In the first seven months of 2016, 1,173,618 Chinese tourists visited the country. Almost 1.8 million visited in 2015.
776:
Hambantota Port was financed through
Chinese loans, and built by a Chinese company. In the case of the port in Hambantota, the two countries have recently come to a deal with Sri Lanka selling a 80% stake via a 99-year lease in the port to the state-run
748:
There have been claims that Sri Lanka was overwhelmed by
Chinese debts, and then forced to cede Hambantota Port to China after not being able to pay off Chinese loans for the port. However such claims have been discredited by numerous scholars including
1992:
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are popular and in the past enjoyed a lot of popularity in the country with CD stores across the country supplying the DVDs. Additionally, Chinese-origin TV channels and radio stations have begun broadcasting in the country including:
626:, the relations between the two nations proved to be closer, as the postwar nation was looking for new FDIs, and China proved to be one of the largest investors. These projects were both standalone projects and some linked to China's
407:
governments. On February 7, 1957, China and Sri Lanka established diplomatic relations. In 1996, then Sri Lankan President Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga paid a state visit to China at the invitation of then Chinese President
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In January 2023, China offered debt aid to crisis-hit Sri Lanka, however, IMF help was uncertain. India had committed to support Sri Lanka with financing and debt relief, but the island nation also needed China's support.
593:, signed in 1952 proved to the cornerstone of the early years of diplomatic relation. Since establishing formal relations, the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements.
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modus operandi some critics attribute to China. Brown observes that China has had to commit more money to the project, expose itself to further risk, and has had to become entangled in complex local politics.
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899:, was reported to employ 328 Sri Lankan and 235 Chinese workers in 2008. Due to the influx of Chinese workers, Hambantota locals have even begun doing business growing and selling Chinese vegetables such as
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875:, and business people have moved to the country in the 1990s and 2000s. In recent years, Chinese engineering companies who have been contracted for projects in Sri Lanka have also brought in
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from the conditional restraints that the US and other potential suppliers such as India would have imposed. As a result, Sri Lanka views China as a reliable partner in security matters.
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589:(PRC), having established formal diplomatic relations in 1957. However, this would not be the first instance of relations between the two nations as the
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Chinese nuclear submarines have made several visits to Sri Lanka in September and November 2014, despite strong displeasure from the Indian government.
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with Sri Lanka, both sides of the bilateral relationship view Chinese foreign aid as a means of ensuring the relationship remains mutually beneficial.
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Chinese cuisine enjoys a lot of popularity in Sri Lanka and like Indian cuisine, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine can be found across the island.
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at the Hambantota port despite Western countries and India's concerns. China insists the ship is on a friendly research mission not a military one.
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In October 2016, the Chinese government announced it would offer military aid to Sri Lanka to help them purchase Chinese made military equipment.
847:(CATIC) also helped the Sri Lanka Air Force set up the Aircraft Overhaul Wing and provided Chinese specialists who assisted and guided the SLAF.
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to Sri Lanka, and is helping to modernize and expand the Sri Lanka Armed Forces. Chinese-supplied weapons were instrumental in the defeat of the
551:, Sri Lanka to both commemorate Zheng He's second visit to the country and to recognize the legitimacy of the Ming emperor among foreign rulers.
412:. The two sides signed two agreements to enhance economic cooperation. Relations between both countries during the rule of Sri Lankan president,
781:, while Sri Lanka retains control of port security. The US$ 1.12 billion in new equity from China Merchants Port Holdings increased Sri Lanka's
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are popular and are broadcast on major television networks in Sri Lanka; subtitled copies are sold in DVD stores across the country as well.
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study found that there were no Chinese debt-to-equity swaps, no asset seizures, and no "hidden debt" regarding the Hambantota port issue.
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939:(reported to employ 1,000 Chinese workers) and a water-supply upgrade project in Colombo run by China Geo Engineering Corporation.
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757:$ 64 billion in debt and using roughly 95% of the government's revenue to pay back loans. Contrary to critic's narratives, a 2022
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The 2000s and 2010s saw a substantial inflow of foreign investment in Sri Lanka by China. China's first major project was the
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traveled to Sri Lanka in 410 and resided in the country for two years before returning to China in a merchant ship. The
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Chinese populations in contemporary Southeast Asian societies: identities, interdependence, and international influence
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requested that China assist with building an international conference center. China agreed and the project, the
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China and Sri Lanka also share a military relationship, with China selling a range of modern armaments to the
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Chinese/East Asian architecture, alongside Indian architecture, was one of the main foreign influences on
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In July 2019, UN ambassadors from 50 countries, including Sri Lanka, have signed a joint letter to the
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1184:"U.S. should stop intervention in South China Sea issue: Sri Lankan official - China Military Online"
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enhanced with China providing economic, cultural, military and technical assistance to Sri Lanka.
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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3902:
2214:"Sri Lanka snubs India, opens port to Chinese submarine again | India News - Times of India"
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states that China's relationship to the Hambantota port has become the opposite of the theorized
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2529:"Chinese tourists to Sri Lanka increase by 28.8 percent in June - Lifestyle - Chinadaily.com.cn"
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1835:"Evolution of Chinese Lending to Sri Lanka Since the mid-2000s: Separating Myth from Reality"
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1897:"Exclusive: Sri Lanka's cabinet 'clears port deal' with China firm after concerns addressed"
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On 16 August 2022, Sri Lankan Government granted permission to dock Chinese research vessel
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486:, two Buddhist texts in Sri Lanka, were translated to Chinese in 489 and 505 respectively.
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400:. Historical and cultural ties between the two countries extend back hundreds of years.
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The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
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2499:"Sri Lanka records surge in Chinese tourist arrivals - Xinhua | English.news.cn"
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monks who arrived to the island on pilgrimage and taught it to the Sinhalese people.
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Diplomatic ties between Sri Lanka and China have being very close especially during
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2171:"China to train Sri Lankan army, to provide military technology - Indian Express"
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1993:"Why a Chinese ship's arrival in Sri Lanka has caused alarm in India and the West
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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2013:
The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
2008:
1780:"Sri Lanka snubs India, opens port to Chinese submarine again - Times of India"
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform
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into Chinese and taking it back to China in the 8th century. Buddhist nuns (or
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Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies
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2399:"Power at Rs. 8.04 a unit from next year - Minister Patali Champika Ranawaka"
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Sri Lanka strongly supported China's successful 2007 application to join the
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1667:"Sri Lankan Crisis between Debt-trap and Strategic-trap: The Chinese Stake"
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President Sirisena’s second visit to Beijing to boost China-Sri Lanka ties
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loans from the United States and India before obtaining loans from China.
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During a visit by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai to Ceylon in 1964, President
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1170:"Sri Lanka to support China over South China Sea issue with Philippines"
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Hambantota Port one of major emerging port of South Asia funded by China
884:
654:
571:
2346:"Chinese, Sri Lankan workers mingle at sprawling Hambantota port site"
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1869:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
622:(also referred as the Nelum Pokuna Theater). Under the Presidency of
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513:
465:
389:
342:
182:
149:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Armstrong, M. Jocelyn; Armstrong, R. Warwick; Mulliner, K. (2001),
2232:"China strengthens military trade ties with Cambodia and Sri Lanka"
920:
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provided Sri Lanka an extension on its debts due in 2022 and 2023.
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695:
532:
1597:"China offers debt aid to crisis-hit Sri Lanka, IMF help in doubt"
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The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography
1113:"Indian Ocean: China, Sri Lanka keen to push Colombo port project"
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from China. The earliest such workers came in 1970 to work on the
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The 'Global' and the 'Local' in Early Modern and Modern East Asia
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393:
1953:"Violent Protests Against Chinese 'Colony' In Sri Lanka Rage On"
1832:
1692:"Sri Lanka's Economic Crisis: Lessons for those in China's Debt"
987:
In June 2020, Sri Lanka was one of 53 countries that backed the
498:) from Sri Lanka, vice versa, traveled to China in 429 and 433.
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883:. More recently they are working on infrastructure projects at
473:
2370:"Novel project in Hambantota: Lankan grown Chinese vegetables"
845:
China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation
3771:
2742:
1716:"The truth about China's role in Sri Lanka's Hambantota port"
1494:
Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
1457:
Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
668:
to Sri Lanka for infrastructure funding since the end of the
586:
585:(then Ceylon) was among the first countries to recognize the
548:
385:
331:
2633:"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong"
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and is part of the bigger development strategy known as the
2475:"Sri Lanka water supply expansion contract to Chinese firm"
908:
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jets, naval vessels, radars, and communications equipment.
74:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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2192:"Ceylon Today | Sri Lanka Breaking News Updates 24/7"
1327:
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As in many other parts of East, South and Southeast Asia,
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which is part of the Chinese strategic initiative in the
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Bandaranaike International Diplomatic Training Institute
1970:
1968:
1966:
863:" (Lotus Pond) is a symbol of China-Sri Lanka Friendship
2452:"Chinese company work on arts theatre 'not abandoned'"
1833:
China Africa Research Initiative (November 29, 2022).
1208:
Elman, Benjamin A.; Liu, Chao-Hui Jenny (2017-01-10).
1963:
2076:"China's aid revealed in Sri Lanka's victory parade"
1946:
1944:
1942:
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Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall
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Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall
207:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2428:"Chinese workers at Coal Power Project threatened"
1138:"Sri Lanka attempts tricky maritime balancing act"
516:from Sri Lanka derives from Chinese influence via
1976:"Protest over Hambantota port deal turns violent"
1939:
1803:
1801:
1799:
764:Writing in 2023, academic and former UK diplomat
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613:South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
1922:"The Hambantota Port Deal: Myths and Realities"
1740:Rithmire, Deborah Brautigam, Meg (2021-02-06).
630:. These infrastructure investments include the
2271:"Migrant Chinese businessmen - a dying breed?"
1796:
1690:Attanayake, Chulanee Attanayake and Chulanee.
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2133:(2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
2011:(2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
1671:Institute for Security and Development Policy
1537:(2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
1406:(2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
816:Chinese WZ551 (Type 92) APC in Sri Lankan use
505:and played a significant role in shaping it.
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1764:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1345:The Portuguese Cultural Imprint on Sri Lanka
3940:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2449:
1299:"Zheng He: A Peaceful Mariner and Diplomat"
1088:Rising China's Influence in Developing Asia
1022:"The BRI and the Buddhist Kingdom of Lanka"
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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733:In July 2006, Sri Lankan foreign minister
390:Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
384:) are the bilateral relations between the
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664:China has been a significant provider of
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285:Learn how and when to remove this message
267:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
4334:List of heads of missions from Sri Lanka
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2318:"Shadows of Asian giants over Sri Lanka"
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1281:"Cheena Di | Martial Arts Database"
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937:Colombo National Performing Arts Theater
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694:and other Muslim minority groups in the
620:Colombo National Performing Arts Theater
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392:. There is a Chinese embassy located in
4344:Foreign policy of S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike
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2173:. Archive.indianexpress.com. 2013-05-31
2137:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
2049:"How Beijing won Sri Lanka's civil war"
2015:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1950:
1543:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1498:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1461:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1410:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
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2588:"So Royal and Regal » the Nation"
2574:"Mayawarunge lokaya episode 32- Part1"
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1810:"Sri Lanka: A country trapped in debt"
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1444:"Colombo Port City Project Launched"
837:Trincomalee are possible locations.
427:Sri Lanka is a major country on the
205:adding citations to reliable sources
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4452:Ministry of Foreign Affairs website
2450:Hemachandra, Lakmali (2010-09-05),
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2269:Chelvaratnam, Rajika (2003-01-26),
1854:
1742:"The Chinese 'Debt Trap' Is a Myth"
1283:. December 10, 2017. Archived from
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1028:. November 11, 2017. Archived from
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13:
3845:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
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4495:
3970:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2832:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2397:Kannangara, Ananda (2010-11-21),
2246:"SLAF AOW repairs aircraft in SL"
2102:"China aided Sri Lanka bloodbath"
1235:Winks, Robin (October 21, 1999).
923:, reportedly employs 900 Chinese
31:This article has multiple issues.
4484:Bilateral relations of Sri Lanka
4070:
4036:
2741:
2100:Chellaney, Brahma (2009-06-08).
1951:Shepard, Wade (8 January 2017).
1842:China Africa Research Initiative
1343:Jayasuriya, S. de Silva (2000).
889:Hambantota International Airport
851:Chinese expatriates in Sri Lanka
636:Hambantota International Airport
336:
325:
306:
181:
119:
61:
20:
3990:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
3898:Dates of diplomatic recognition
2656:
2624:
2610:
2580:
2566:
2539:
2521:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2409:from the original on 2011-01-19
2390:
2380:from the original on 2010-05-15
2362:
2338:
2310:
2238:
2224:
2206:
2184:
2163:
2093:
2068:
2041:
2001:
1986:
1914:
1889:
1826:
1772:
1733:
1708:
1683:
1665:Panda, Jagannath (2022-04-26).
1658:
1589:
1569:
1487:
1450:
1436:
1396:
1336:
1321:
1291:
1273:
1255:
1228:
1201:
989:Hong Kong national security law
982:
897:China Harbor Engineering Co Ltd
826:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam
807:
455:Ambassador from Sri Lanka (獅子國
192:needs additional citations for
39:or discuss these issues on the
4043:Foreign relations of Sri Lanka
3913:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
2618:"CCTV hits the skies of Lanka"
1361:Strange, Austin (2023-12-21).
1347:. Lusotopie 2000. p. 255.
1176:
1162:
1148:
1130:
1105:
1085:Goh, Evelyn (April 22, 2016).
1078:
1060:
1036:
672:in 2009. Because China runs a
1:
3834:
2426:Berenger, Leon (2009-10-25),
1808:Limaye, Yogita (2017-05-26).
1577:"The Pro-Xinjiang Contingent"
1446:. News.lk. 17 September 2014.
1364:Chinese Global Infrastructure
998:
779:China Merchants Port Holdings
591:Ceylon-China Rubber-Rice Pact
547:, dated 1409, was erected in
4479:Bilateral relations of China
3869:Diplomatic missions of China
2682:Resources in other libraries
2631:Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020).
2576:– via www.youtube.com.
2324:, 2010-09-05, archived from
1370:. Elements in Global China.
545:Galle Trilingual Inscription
7:
4311:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3857:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1998:. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
1091:. Oxford University Press.
960:Hong Kong television dramas
895:. The port project, run by
802:Export-Import Bank of China
743:Export-Import Bank of China
366:China-Shri Lanka Sabandatha
216:"China–Sri Lanka relations"
145:the claims made and adding
10:
4500:
4339:Sri Lanka Overseas Service
3928:Political status of Taiwan
2748:Foreign relations of China
1372:Cambridge University Press
1267:archives.sundayobserver.lk
954:Sinhalese language-dubbed
919:construction project near
714:
587:People's Republic of China
386:People's Republic of China
4474:China–Sri Lanka relations
4449:
4362:
4309:
4288:
4272:
4196:
4105:
4079:
4068:
4049:
3840:
3829:
3747:
3736:
3707:
3636:
3445:
3191:
3045:
2769:
2765:
2754:
2677:Resources in your library
2668:China–Sri Lanka relations
2139:Stanford University Press
2017:Stanford University Press
1545:Stanford University Press
1500:Stanford University Press
1463:Stanford University Press
1412:Stanford University Press
1251:– via Google Books.
1101:– via Google Books.
973:China Radio International
917:fossil fuel power station
705:
604:, was completed in 1973.
381:
373:
362:
355:China–Sri Lanka relations
348:
335:
324:
314:
305:
301:China-Sri Lanka relations
3954:Major historical splits
3878:Belt and Road Initiative
2817:Central African Republic
2546:Atkinson, Brett (2009).
2080:The National (Abu Dhabi)
1720:South China Morning Post
1642:Cornell University Press
969:China Central Television
913:Norocholai Power Station
911:for their kitchens. The
759:Johns Hopkins University
640:Norocholai Power Station
628:Belt and Road Initiative
4397:Commonwealth of Nations
3903:Foreign policy of China
3817:China and the Antarctic
3782:China–Japan–South Korea
741:, the president of the
537:fleet visited Sri Lanka
503:Sri Lankan architecture
422:South China Sea dispute
405:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
4325:Diplomatic missions of
3985:Wolf warrior diplomacy
3812:Arctic policy of China
3752:BCIM Economic Corridor
3742:Multilateral relations
2837:Congo, Republic of the
869:international students
864:
817:
726:
681:Sri Lanka Armed Forces
579:
563:Modern diplomatic ties
470:
83:by rewriting it in an
3908:Foreign Relations Law
3883:China's peaceful rise
2972:São Tomé and Príncipe
2533:www.chinadaily.com.cn
2294:"斯里兰卡高教部长祝贺中国留学生学成回国"
1640:. Ithaca and London:
1636:Chen, Muyang (2024).
1380:10.1017/9781009090902
1032:on November 12, 2017.
858:
815:
724:
711:Hambantota port issue
652:CCP general secretary
598:Sirimavo Bandaranaike
576:Sirimavo Bandaranaike
570:
454:
3415:United Arab Emirates
2202:on December 5, 2014.
2019:. pp. 200–201.
1263:"|| Zing!"
964:Chinese action films
943:Modern cultural ties
692:treatment of Uyghurs
670:Sri Lankan civil war
418:Maithripala Sirisena
363:චීන-ශ්රී ලංකා සබඳතා
201:improve this article
3933:Chinese unification
3893:Confucius Institute
3430:Northern Domination
3168:Trinidad and Tobago
3053:Antigua and Barbuda
2760:Bilateral relations
1873:Bloomsbury Academic
1142:Nikkei Asian Review
735:Mangala Samaraweera
469:(王会图), circa 650 CE
374:சீனா-இலங்கை உறவுகள்
302:
297:Bilateral relations
3108:Dominican Republic
2503:news.xinhuanet.com
2218:The Times of India
2107:The Economic Times
1784:The Times of India
893:Port of Hambantota
865:
822:military equipment
818:
737:met in China with
727:
690:defending China's
657:launched in 2014.
646:project which the
642:and the ambitious
632:Port of Hambantota
580:
556:Chinese immigrants
539:and fought in the
531:'s reign, Admiral
492:Karandamudra Sutra
471:
441:One Belt, One Road
437:Maritime Silk Road
300:
130:possibly contains
85:encyclopedic style
72:is written like a
4458:
4457:
4412:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3980:Theater diplomacy
3945:Stadium diplomacy
3865:
3853:
3850:General Secretary
3825:
3824:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
2852:Equatorial Guinea
2703:978-0-7007-1398-1
2663:Library resources
2552:. Lonely Planet.
2322:The Sunday Leader
2298:China Review News
2148:978-0-8047-9764-1
2026:978-0-8047-9764-1
1982:. 7 January 2017.
1882:978-1-350-26724-4
1554:978-0-8047-9764-1
1509:978-0-8047-9764-1
1472:978-0-8047-9764-1
1421:978-0-8047-9764-1
1389:978-1-009-09090-2
644:Port City Colombo
624:Mahinda Rajapaksa
478:Karanamudra Sutra
414:Mahinda Rajapaksa
352:
351:
295:
294:
287:
277:
276:
269:
251:
175:
174:
167:
132:original research
113:
112:
105:
54:
4491:
4404:
4289:Former countries
4074:
4041:
4040:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4006:
4005:
3950:String of Pearls
3862:Foreign Minister
3859:
3847:
3831:
3830:
3738:
3737:
3679:Papua New Guinea
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2594:. Archived from
2584:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2509:on 6 August 2016
2505:. Archived from
2495:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2479:Express Business
2471:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2432:The Sunday Times
2423:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2350:The Sunday Times
2342:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2198:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1633:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1369:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:. Archived from
1303:www.china.org.cn
1295:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1180:
1174:
1173:
1172:. June 23, 2016.
1166:
1160:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1115:. Archived from
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1018:
977:Celestial Movies
783:foreign reserves
429:String of Pearls
383:
375:
364:
340:
339:
329:
328:
310:
303:
299:
290:
283:
272:
265:
261:
258:
252:
250:
209:
185:
177:
170:
163:
159:
156:
150:
147:inline citations
123:
122:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4445:
4364:
4358:
4313:
4305:
4284:
4268:
4192:
4101:
4075:
4066:
4045:
4035:
4033:
4003:
3994:
3923:Panda diplomacy
3888:Chinese Century
3836:
3821:
3743:
3724:
3703:
3689:Solomon Islands
3632:
3441:
3187:
3041:
2761:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2704:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2598:on 3 March 2017
2586:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2403:Sunday Observer
2395:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2374:Sunday Observer
2368:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2149:
2141:. p. 201.
2131:Kelegama, Saman
2128:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2054:The Independent
2047:
2046:
2042:
2027:
2009:Kelegama, Saman
2006:
2002:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1634:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1601:Hindustan Times
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:. 28 July 2019.
1575:
1574:
1570:
1555:
1547:. p. 198.
1535:Kelegama, Saman
1532:
1525:
1510:
1502:. p. 212.
1492:
1488:
1473:
1465:. p. 206.
1455:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1422:
1414:. p. 192.
1404:Kelegama, Saman
1401:
1397:
1390:
1367:
1359:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1049:. ar.unesco.org
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1026:Sunday Observer
1020:
1019:
1006:
1001:
985:
945:
901:Chinese cabbage
877:migrant workers
873:migrant workers
853:
810:
788:Hambantota port
719:
717:Hambantota Port
713:
708:
565:
449:
447:Historical ties
435:, known as the
341:
337:
330:
326:
298:
291:
280:
279:
278:
273:
262:
256:
253:
210:
208:
198:
186:
171:
160:
154:
151:
136:
124:
120:
109:
98:
92:
89:
81:help improve it
78:
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4497:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:United Nations
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4264:United Kingdom
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3918:Nine-dash line
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3866:
3854:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:United Nations
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3787:European Union
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3623:United Kingdom
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Czech Republic
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
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2887:Guinea-Bissau
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2696:, Routledge,
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2347:
2341:
2328:on 2020-10-21
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1190:on 2018-11-17
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1119:on 2016-10-21
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751:Chatham House
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218: –
217:
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212:Find sources:
206:
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196:
195:
190:This article
188:
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169:
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158:
155:February 2016
148:
144:
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128:This article
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93:February 2016
86:
82:
76:
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70:This article
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
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4460:
4405:
4329:in Sri Lanka
4296:Soviet Union
4117:
4062:South Africa
3715:Soviet Union
3628:Vatican City
3410:Turkmenistan
3379:
3358:Saudi Arabia
2997:South Africa
2987:Sierra Leone
2797:Burkina Faso
2693:
2667:
2657:Bibliography
2642:. Retrieved
2636:
2626:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2596:the original
2591:
2582:
2568:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:the original
2502:
2493:
2483:, retrieved
2481:, 2010-11-01
2478:
2469:
2459:, retrieved
2455:
2445:
2435:, retrieved
2431:
2421:
2411:, retrieved
2402:
2392:
2382:, retrieved
2373:
2364:
2354:, retrieved
2352:, 2008-10-05
2349:
2340:
2330:, retrieved
2326:the original
2321:
2312:
2302:, retrieved
2300:, 2009-03-23
2297:
2288:
2278:, retrieved
2275:Sunday Times
2274:
2264:
2253:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2200:the original
2195:
2186:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2134:
2111:. Retrieved
2105:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2082:. 2009-06-09
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2057:. 2010-05-23
2052:
2043:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1979:
1956:
1930:. Retrieved
1928:. 2020-01-01
1925:
1916:
1905:. Retrieved
1903:. 2017-07-25
1900:
1891:
1868:
1865:Brown, Kerry
1845:. Retrieved
1841:
1828:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1787:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1749:. Retrieved
1746:The Atlantic
1745:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1722:. 2019-05-06
1719:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1637:
1605:. Retrieved
1603:. 2023-01-24
1600:
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1539:
1495:
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1407:
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1338:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1302:
1293:
1285:the original
1275:
1266:
1257:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1178:
1164:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1107:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1051:. Retrieved
1038:
1030:the original
1025:
986:
983:Human rights
953:
950:
946:
866:
861:Nelum Pokuna
842:
839:
835:
831:
819:
808:Defense ties
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508:The form of
507:
500:
491:
483:Vimuttimagga
481:
477:
472:
464:
459:) to China (
456:
433:Indian Ocean
426:
410:Jiang Zeming
402:
365:
354:
353:
281:
263:
254:
244:
237:
230:
223:
211:
199:Please help
194:verification
191:
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