1130:
42:
1201:
1320:, which has, to some degree, historically isolated Thailand from other Southeast Asian civilisations. In northern Thailand the divide roughly corresponds to a long section of the political border of the country today. Southern portions of the divide's boundary correspond less to the nation's political border, because isolation in this area was prevented by the ease of transportation along the lowlands surrounding the Gulf of Thailand, allowing a unified Thai civilisation to extend beyond the watershed without issue. The slightly higher northern plains have been farmed for centuries and saw a major change from the 13th century during the
1069:
930:
655:
1747:
1657:
1222:
1378:
1349:
918:
57:
753:
1570:
1406:
The original swamp forests have almost entirely been removed as the plain has been converted to rice paddies, other agriculture, and urban areas like
Bangkok. Much of the wildlife that once inhabited these plains has disappeared, including a large number of fish in the river systems, birds such as
1464:
As so much has been cleared or altered the potential for creating large protected areas to preserve original habitat no longer exists. However much wildlife does remain in the rice fields and steps may be taken to preserve these as urban and industrial development on the plains is ongoing and the
1971:
as "very poor", worse than in 2014, and their findings indicated large amounts of wastewater were discharged into the river from households, industry, and agriculture. In addition, 4,000 metric tons of plastic flows down the river into the Gulf of
Thailand every year. To counter this, Thailand's
826:
in the 14th century, which itself was precursor of modern
Thailand (known formerly as Siam), the river became very significant after the establishment of Rattanakosin (Bangkok) in 1782 on its east bank, the location of Bangkok on the east bank of Chao Phraya River ensured protection to Siamese
1295:
Finally the Chao Phraya Basin itself is defined as the portion of the Chao Phraya watershed drained by the Chao Phraya River itself, and not by its major tributaries or distributaries. As such, the Chao Phraya Basin drains 20,126 square kilometres (7,771 sq mi) of
1735:, a small colourful cyprinid that is endemic to Chao Phraya, is commonly seen in the aquarium trade where it is bred in large numbers, but the only remaining wild population is at a single location that covers less than 10 km (4 sq mi). The endangered
1208:
When measured from the most commonly accepted source, which is the confluence of the Ping and Nan River in Nakhon Sawan, the river measures 372 km (231 mi). However, when measured from the longest source, which is the origin point of the Nan River in the
1966:
to grow faster than ecosystems can handle, harming water quality, food resources for aquatic animals, and marine habitats. It also decreases the oxygen that fish need to survive. PCD rated water quality at the mouth of Chao Phraya at
Bangkok's
1315:
is a flat, low area with an average of two metres above sea level. Further north and into the plains of the Ping and the Nan the elevation is over 20 m. Then the mountains that are the natural boundary of the Chao Praya watershed form a
1129:
1976:
organization to deploy an
Interceptor Original, one of the organization's solar-powered, automated systems, in the river. Since 19 February 2024, an interceptor of the latest third generation has been deployed for testing purposes.
903:
The rough coordinates of the river are 13 N, 100 E. This area has a wet monsoon climate, with over 1,400 millimetres (55 in) of rainfall per year. Temperatures range from 24 to 33 °C (75 to 91 °F) in
Bangkok.
821:
that existed on its left bank in the Upper Chao Phraya valley, Chao Phraya maintained its role in the kingdoms that succeeded the Lavo kingdom, forming the bases of the
Ayodhaya kingdom, that was later incorporated into the
1110:
In
Bangkok, the Chao Phraya is a major transportation artery for a network of river buses, cross-river ferries, and water taxis ("longtails"). More than 15 boat lines operate on the rivers and canals of the city, including
1469:
has very little control or planning over this. Particular threats come from the conversion of rice paddies to large-scale production of prawns by pumping in seawater, and the use of pesticides to eliminate the introduced
1688:, the only freshwater region with similar high levels of threat is the lower Mekong. It has been estimated that only around 30 native fish species still are able to reproduce in the mainstream of the Chao Phraya River.
952:
period. Several shortcut canals were constructed to bypass large loops in the river, shortening the trip from the capital city to the sea. The course of the river has since changed to follow many of these canals.
1364:
Rivers and their distributaries, starting at the point at which the distributaries diverge, together with the land amid the triangle formed by the outermost and innermost distributary, form the Chao Phraya
2093:
1311:
The landscape of the river basins is a very wide, flat, well-watered plain continuously refreshed with soil and sediment brought down by the rivers. The lower central plain from the delta north to
1237:
The expanse of the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries, i.e., the Chao Phraya river system, together with the land upon which falling rain drains into these bodies of water, form the Chao Phraya
1447:. Today we can only guess at the original habitat and wildlife by comparing it with neighbouring countries. It is believed that the area would have consisted of freshwater swamps inland and salty
1244:
The Chao Phraya watershed is the largest watershed in
Thailand, covering approximately 35 percent of the nation's land, and draining an area of 157,924 square kilometres (60,975 sq mi).
656:
3009:
1605:
with 328 fish species. Despite their similarities, there are also differences between the aquatic fauna of Chao Phraya and Mae Klong; the latter (but not the former) is home to a few
976:
In 1542, a two kilometer-long canal, "Khlong Lat
Bangkok", was completed. The Chao Phraya then diverted along the new canal, its old course becoming part of Khlong Bangkok Noi and
1063:
2350:
3189:
1176:. All of the tributaries, including the lesser khwae, form an extensive tree-like pattern, with branches flowing through nearly every province in central and northern
3238:
1774:
2156:
At the time of writing the "Introduction" to the 1994 reprint of Five Years in Siam, she was a PhD candidate in the Department of History at Cornell University.
732:, who served as Director of the Department of Mines in Siam from 1891 to 1896, refers to it in his book first published in 1898 as "the Mae Nam Chao Phraya".
2441:
2313:
1540:
813:
On the basins of Chao Phraya River rose the earliest civilizations in the south east Asia, most notably the ancient Mon kingdom and the civilization of
983:
In 1608, a seven kilometer-long "Khlong Bang Phrao" canal was completed and has shortened the Chao Phraya's original route by 18 km (11 mi).
626:
1739:, another species bred in large numbers for the aquarium trade, has been extirpated from most of its range in Chao Phraya. The critically endangered
1550:
1479:
There are populations of threatened birds, including colonies of breeding water birds such as the world's largest populations of the near-threatened
2261:
3163:
2810:
2287:
1397:
1340:
moved the capital of Siam to Bangkok, and a process of canalisation and cultivation began, especially as Thailand began to export rice from 1855.
1597:
with 108 species. The mainstream of the Chao Phraya River has about 190 native fish species. In general, the aquatic fauna of Chao Phraya and
1042:. These cities are among the most historically significant and densely populated settlements of Thailand due to their access to the waterway.
1124:
989:
In 1722, the two kilometre long "Khlong Lat Kret Noi" shortened the Chao Phraya by 7 km (4 mi). This route formed the island of
1653:) otherwise only known from Mekong. Of the fish species known from the Chao Phraya–Mae Klong, only about 50 are absent from the Mekong.
1369:. The many distributaries of the Chao Phraya delta are interconnected by canals that serve both for irrigation and for transportation.
1051:
632:
3023:
2474:
1180:. None of the tributaries of the Chao Phraya extend beyond the nation's borders. The Nan and the Yom River flow nearly parallel from
875:, which then flows parallel to the main river and exits in the Gulf of Thailand about 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of Bangkok in
2347:
1466:
2554:
396:
2169:
2135:
2207:
3042:
3036:
2457:
1577:
is one of the world's largest freshwater fish weighing up to 300 kg (660 lb), but the natural population has been
41:
1393:
3179:
3168:
151:
3093:
2406:
IUCN 1991. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd.
234:
692:
774:
315:
1633:). It is believed that the upper Mekong was connected to Chao Phraya (rather than present-day lower Mekong) until the
3140:
2659:
2179:
800:
782:
1504:
1200:
2438:
2636:
Elements for a political ecology of river basins development: The case of the Chao Phraya river basin, Thailand.
2317:
1458:
778:
3158:
1743:
has been entirely exirpated from Chao Phraya and Mae Klong, but small populations remain in the Mekong basin.
2653:
Tropical Deltas and Coastal Zones: Food Production, Communities and Environment at the Land-water Interface.
2638:
Paper presented to the 4th Conference of the International Water History Association, December 2005, Paris.
1834:
1707:
711:
3068:
1172:. Each of these tributaries (and the Chao Phraya itself) is augmented by minor tributaries referred to as
3243:
3233:
2265:
2291:
1715:
in the world are native to the river, but these are all seriously threatened: the critically endangered
3228:
1059:
2848:
1986:
1728:
703:
969:. It shortened the route by 13–14 km for ships from the Gulf of Siam to the then-capital city,
2986:
2940:
2742:
2696:
2525:
1968:
1842:
1072:
1055:
763:
2788:
2600:
1625:. The aquatic fauna in Chao Phraya–Mae Klong also show clear similarities with that of the middle
2894:
2044:
2011:
1685:
1416:
767:
729:
726:"water," and the epithet Chao P'ia signifies that it is the chief river in the kingdom of Siam."
710:, who served as Director-General of the Siamese Government Surveys prior to establishment of the
1068:
1829:
1732:
1693:
1661:
1643:
1622:
1512:
1392:
The lowland areas of the Chao Phraya watershed in central Thailand have been designated as the
1337:
2804:
1923:
1919:
1860:
1820:
1561:
There are few areas of wetland protected as national parks, but these are mostly very small.
1545:
1403:, an area about 400 km (249 mi) north to south and 180 km (112 mi) wide.
1092:
1039:
1027:
1003:
876:
852:
735:
In the English-language media in Thailand, the name Chao Phraya River is often translated as
471:
382:
301:
2097:
2058:
1838:
1712:
1472:
1444:
1088:
1007:
20:
8:
1868:
1804:
1226:
1210:
1031:
939:
137:
3111:
2185:
2143:
929:
2825:
2211:
1947:
1927:
1850:
1790:
1766:
1641:
basin, a tributary of the Chao Phraya, which is home to a number of taxa (for example,
1555:
1360:
is the major distributary of the Chao Phraya River. The expanse of the Chao Phraya and
1312:
1138:
1023:
1019:
1015:
977:
966:
935:
3136:
3032:
2963:
2917:
2719:
2673:
2655:
2551:
2502:
2453:
2175:
2106:
1973:
1876:
1872:
1846:
1824:
1782:
1740:
1698:
1325:
1321:
1305:
1256:
1230:
1149:
1011:
958:
949:
868:
823:
532:
216:
2765:
2577:
2981:
2935:
2889:
2871:
2843:
2783:
2737:
2691:
2595:
2520:
1943:
1890:
1720:
1578:
1440:
1096:
970:
864:
856:
676:
591:
551:
366:
2397:
Madoc, G. 1950. Field Notes on some Siamese Birds. Bull. Raffles Mus. 23: 129–190.
2380:
1336:. The southern swamps meanwhile changed radically from the 18th century when King
3153:
2558:
2445:
2354:
2063:
1901:
1786:
1778:
1724:
1630:
1614:
1408:
1317:
1134:
887:
817:
from the 7th century to the 11th century, the river played a crucial role in the
2077:
1761:
Many other species that either are prominent in the aquarium trade or important
2033:
1855:
1746:
1586:
1531:
1480:
1436:
1361:
1357:
1289:
1238:
1169:
1100:
1084:
883:
872:
668:
3222:
3204:
3191:
2972:
2926:
2880:
2834:
2774:
2728:
2682:
2586:
2511:
2470:
1939:
1908:
1880:
1816:
1795:
1496:
663:
649:
621:
411:
398:
330:
317:
249:
236:
166:
153:
78:
2763:
1946:
has seriously deteriorated, and the lower Chao Phraya contains bacteria and
948:
The lower Chao Phraya underwent several human-made modifications during the
2110:
1991:
1972:
Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (DMCR) signed an agreement with
1800:
1770:
1754:
1637:, which explains the similarities in their river faunas. This included the
1451:
on the coast and the river estuaries. The swamp would have been covered in
1251:
1189:
1145:
848:
818:
700:
520:
220:
3173:
1753:
from the Chao Phraya and Mekong is an important food fish, and it is also
1656:
1221:
1963:
1885:
1864:
1812:
1736:
1681:
1530:. The conservation status of most of these in unclear (they are rated as
1527:
1523:
1424:
1377:
1366:
1328:
that succeeded it when rice growing intensified with the introduction of
1181:
1104:
980:. It is said to have shortened the river route by 14 km (9 mi).
361:
297:
1955:
1716:
1677:
1634:
1594:
1574:
1488:
1453:
1348:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1185:
1165:
1161:
855:. After this, it flows south for 372 kilometres (231 mi) from the
840:
836:
124:
1951:
1895:
1808:
1762:
1750:
1664:
is restricted to an area of less than 10 km (4 sq mi).
1638:
1602:
1601:
show clear similarities, and they are sometimes combined in a single
1598:
1400:
1301:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1157:
1153:
962:
917:
844:
814:
204:
56:
752:
3094:"Plastic River: Following the Waste That's Choking the Chao Phraya"
2483:
2368:
2224:"The River of Kings II – City of Angels", a light and sound musical
1959:
1673:
1649:
1629:(the lower Mekong fauna more closely resembles that of the eastern
1590:
1448:
1382:
1177:
1112:
1076:
707:
696:
378:
95:
695:), the Thai word for "river" (literally, "motherly water"). Irish
637:
2823:
2623:
Water quality management of the Chao Phraya River (a case study).
2168:
Smyth, H. Warington (1994) . "I. The river and port of Bangkok".
1914:
1702:
1618:
1386:
1035:
990:
860:
672:
105:
47:
24:
2436:
Allen, D.J.; Smith, K.G. & Darwall, W.R.T. (editors)(2008).
1457:
marsh grasses. Today there is a small area of this remaining in
1292:(the basin of the Chao Phraya's most significant distributaries)
2439:
The status and distribution of freshwater fishes of Indo-Burma.
2038:
1723:
from Chao Phraya, but remain elsewhere), critically endangered
1626:
1333:
892:
2647:
Chuenpagdee, R.; Traesupap, S. & Juntarashote, K. (2010).
1701:, but has not been recorded since the 1970s and is considered
1002:
Provinces along the Chao Phraya include, from north to south,
961:
of a 3 km (2 mi) long canal was dug at the order of
2651:. pp. 398-407 in: Hoanh, C.T. & Szuster, B.W. (editors).
1938:
The Thai Pollution Control Department (PCD) reports that the
1610:
1569:
1432:
1300:
To the west, the central plain of Thailand is drained by the
597:
594:
580:
560:
557:
1522:
The Chao Phraya basin is home to about half a dozen endemic
2449:
1606:
1535:
1329:
1144:
The principal tributaries of the Chao Phraya River are the
612:
609:
571:
1711:
are also lacking and it is possibly extinct. Three of the
1589:
is home to around 280 species of fish, including about 30
986:
In 1636, the "Khlong Lat Mueang Nonthaburi" was completed.
900:
are used for the irrigation of the region's rice paddies.
1669:
1668:
There has been extensive habitat destruction (pollution,
827:
kingdom from the Burmese invasions coming from the West.
577:
3164:
UNESCO World Water Assessment Program on the Chao Phraya
2649:
Coastal Transect Analysis of Chao Phraya Delta, Thailand
2314:"Detailed Map of the Chao Phraya River Basin (Thailand)"
1184:
to Chumsaeng in the north of Nakhon Sawan Province. The
965:. It was called "Khlong Lat", and today forms a part of
923:
The original course of the river and its shortcut canals
3176:
a self-guided boat trip on Bangkok's Chao Phraya river.
19:"Chao Phraya" redirects here. For the noble title, see
2571:
2569:
2764:
Jenkins, A., Kullander, F.F. & Tan, H.H. (2009).
2364:
2362:
2341:
2105:. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 21.
871:, the river then splits into the main course and the
554:
1247:
The watershed is divided into the following basins:
1083:
Major bridges cross the Chao Phraya in Bangkok: the
671:
forming the centre of the country. It flows through
606:
603:
568:
565:
2566:
2256:
2254:
1286:, and usually divided as such in drainage analyses)
1272:, and usually divided as such in drainage analyses)
1099:, a single tower asymmetrical cable-stayed bridge;
600:
574:
3182:one of the popular tourist attractions in Bangkok.
2496:
2494:
2359:
2316:. World Water Assessment Programme. Archived from
2290:. World Water Assessment Programme. Archived from
1213:, the river measures 1,112 km (691 mi).
687:On many old European maps, the river is named the
2262:"Royal Irrigation Department River Gauges Report"
1765:are native to the Chao Phraya basin, such as the
3239:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
3220:
2849:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T195320A104292419.en
2621:Samorn Muttamara, S. & Sales, C. L. (1994).
2306:
2251:
1398:tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
1188:enters the Ping River near Sam Ngao district in
3135:, William Warren and R. Ian Lloyd, Asia Books,
2961:
2915:
2869:
2717:
2575:
2491:
2094:"Chapter VI. From Bangkok to Korat – Elephants"
667:) is the major river in Thailand, with its low
2987:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T180848A1669669.en
2941:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180969A7656475.en
2824:Vidthayanon, C.; Baird, I.; Hogan, Z. (2016).
2743:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180665A7649599.en
2697:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180996A7657156.en
2526:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180662A7649359.en
1705:. Recent records of the near-endemic cyprinid
1308:. They are not part of the Chao Praya system.
3169:Chao Phraya Delta Research and Reference Site
2789:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T15945A5324983.en
2601:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T7807A12852157.en
2432:
2208:"The River of Kings II : City of Angels"
2122:The Mae Nam Chao P'ia is a magnificent river.
2895:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T2953A9501746.en
2809:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2348:River and Watershed Facts on the Chao Phraya
2332:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1332:, a much faster-growing strain of rice from
1125:List of tributaries of the Chao Phraya River
1103:, a semi-symmetric cable-stayed bridge; and
3060:
2549:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2013).
2133:
1381:Human settlements along the Chao Phraya in
896:) which split off from the main river. The
781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
61:Map of the Chao Phraya River drainage basin
2280:
2087:
2085:
1660:The only remaining wild population of the
1052:List of crossings of the Chao Phraya River
493:5,960 m/s (210,000 cu ft/s)
70:
55:
3031:. Bangkok: Pollution Control Department.
3016:
2985:
2939:
2893:
2847:
2787:
2741:
2695:
2599:
2524:
2500:
2409:
2229:
2092:McCarthy, James Fitzroy (13 July 2005) .
1487:), and other birds such as the wintering
801:Learn how and when to remove this message
3066:
2671:
2463:
2171:Five Years in Siam : from 1891–1896
2091:
1745:
1655:
1568:
1376:
1347:
1220:
1216:
1199:
1156:(along with its principal confluent the
1128:
1067:
449:160,400 km (61,900 sq mi)
3067:Wangkiat, Paritta (25 September 2016).
3025:Thailand State of Pollution Report 2015
2545:
2543:
2469:
2082:
1942:of major rivers flowing into the upper
1495:). Endemic mammals that remain are the
1467:Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand
1324:in the 13th and 14th centuries and the
483:718 m/s (25,400 cu ft/s)
3221:
3112:"Interceptor 19 installed for testing"
2381:"Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests"
2167:
2004:
1461:, a relic of the original landscape.
1204:Boat on the Chao Phraya in Nonthaburi
662:
648:
3154:Video Guide to the Chao Phraya River
2540:
2288:"Chao Phraya River Basin (Thailand)"
2264:. RID Stations. 2002. Archived from
2136:"Introduction to Five Years in Siam"
1593:. By far the most diverse family is
1394:Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests
997:
907:
779:adding citations to reliable sources
746:
3174:Bangkok Chao Phraya River Boat Trip
2973:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2927:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2881:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2835:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2775:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2729:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2683:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2587:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2512:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1164:(with its principal confluent, the
13:
3180:Bangkok's Chao Phraya River Cruise
3126:
3010:Fish Species in Chao Phraya River.
14:
3255:
3147:
1045:
21:Thai nobility § Noble titles
1684:also presents a problem. Within
928:
916:
751:
650:[mɛ̂ːnáːmtɕâːwpʰráʔ.jāː]
590:
550:
40:
3104:
3086:
3001:
2955:
2909:
2863:
2817:
2757:
2711:
2665:
2641:
2628:
2625:Environmental Technology 15(6).
2615:
2400:
2391:
2373:
2142:. Pine Tree Web. Archived from
2134:Tamara Loos (1 December 2002).
2099:Surveying and exploring in Siam
1680:) in the Chao Phraya basin and
1352:The mouth of Chao Phraya River.
1107:, on the Industrial Ring Road.
890:, there are many small canals (
2210:. Thai Stories. Archived from
2200:
2161:
2127:
2071:
2064:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2051:
2026:
1697:is endemic to Chao Phraya and
1609:otherwise only known in major
1459:Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park
1118:
1064:Sathon-Klong Toei Express Boat
835:The Chao Phraya begins at the
390: • coordinates
309: • coordinates
228: • coordinates
145: • coordinates
1:
1997:
1505:Neill's long-tailed giant rat
1476:, which damages rice plants.
851:(also called Pak Nam Pho) in
112:Physical characteristics
2722:Balantiocheilos ambusticauda
1962:. Nutrient pollution causes
1933:
1731:. The critically endangered
1719:(wild populations have been
1708:Balantiocheilos ambusticauda
1079:is visible in the background
830:
682:
429: • elevation
348: • elevation
271:1,240 m (4,070 ft)
267: • elevation
188:1,700 m (5,600 ft)
184: • elevation
7:
1980:
638:
467: • location
374: • location
293: • location
212: • location
132: • location
10:
3260:
2012:"Chiang Dao National Park"
1372:
1122:
1060:Bangkok Boat Express Lines
1049:
957:In 1538, Thailand's first
742:
489: • maximum
479: • average
18:
3159:Chao Phraya River Express
2874:Yasuhikotakia sidthimunki
1987:River Systems of Thailand
1729:giant freshwater stingray
1421:Pseudochelidon sirintarae
1195:
714:, wrote in his account, "
625:
538:
526:
514:
506:
501:
497:
487:
477:
465:
457:
453:
445:
441:372 km (231 mi)
437:
427:
388:
372:
360:
356:
346:
307:
291:
283:
279:
275:
265:
226:
210:
200:
196:
192:
182:
143:
130:
120:
116:
111:
101:
91:
86:
71:
66:
54:
39:
34:
2962:Vidthayanon, C. (2012).
2916:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2870:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2718:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2576:Vidthayanon, C. (2011).
2473:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2174:. Bangkok: White Lotus.
1969:Bang Khun Thian District
1835:long pectoral-fin minnow
1517:Hipposideros halophyllus
1511:), and the near-endemic
1343:
1073:Chao Phraya Express Boat
1056:Chao Phraya Express Boat
722:signifying "mother" and
528: • right
3013:Retrieved 7 March 2015.
2842:: e.T195320A104292419.
2580:Epalzeorhynchos bicolor
2563:Retrieved 7 March 2015.
2045:Oxford University Press
1775:Asian bumblebee catfish
1713:largest freshwater fish
1686:mainland Southeast Asia
1564:
1417:white-eyed river martin
886:which begins below the
712:Royal Survey Department
664:[tɕâːwpʰrā.jāː]
516: • left
16:Major river in Thailand
3205:13.54028°N 100.58972°E
2768:Pangasius sanitwongsei
2676:Platytropius siamensis
2387:. World Wildlife Fund.
2385:Terrestrial Ecoregions
2353:4 January 2009 at the
1830:Leptobarbus rubripinna
1758:
1733:red-tailed black shark
1694:Platytropius siamensis
1665:
1662:red-tailed black shark
1644:Ambastaia nigrolineata
1582:
1513:Thailand roundleaf bat
1443:, and the much-hunted
1431:) and animals such as
1389:
1353:
1338:Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke
1234:
1205:
1141:
1080:
352:25 m (82 ft)
250:19.33333°N 101.20000°E
2980:: e.T180848A1669669.
2934:: e.T180969A7656475.
2736:: e.T180665A7649599.
2690:: e.T180996A7657156.
2519:: e.T180662A7649359.
2505:Catlocarpio siamensis
2487:. March 2015 version.
2477:Catlocarpio siamensis
2041:UK English Dictionary
2014:. Thai Forest Booking
1924:smallscale archerfish
1920:largescale archerfish
1843:Jullien's golden carp
1749:
1659:
1572:
1546:critically endangered
1380:
1351:
1224:
1217:Chao Phraya watershed
1203:
1132:
1071:
1040:Samut Prakan Province
1028:Pathum Thani Province
1004:Nakhon Sawan Province
853:Nakhon Sawan province
167:19.81250°N 98.83889°E
2782:: e.T15945A5324983.
2594:: e.T7807A12852157.
2557:4 March 2016 at the
2444:29 July 2016 at the
2320:on 18 September 2008
1473:Pomacea canaliculata
1413:Anhinga melanogaster
1304:and the east by the
1233:, by the Chao Phraya
1075:on the Chao Phraya,
1008:Uthai Thani Province
963:King Chairachathirat
775:improve this section
433:0 m (0 ft)
23:. For the star, see
3210:13.54028; 100.58972
3201: /
3116:theoceancleanup.com
3098:newsecuritybeat.org
3048:on 5 September 2017
2888:: e.T2953A9501746.
2828:Urogymnus polylepis
2188:on 19 December 2010
2146:on 19 December 2010
1912:sheatfish, several
1869:Chinese algae eater
1861:finescale tigerfish
1851:scissortail rasbora
1805:Siamese algae eater
1227:Wat Chaiwatthanaram
1211:Luang Prabang Range
1133:The Chao Phraya in
1032:Nonthaburi Province
940:Nonthaburi province
718:is a generic term,
502:Basin features
408: /
327: /
255:19.33333; 101.20000
246: /
163: /
46:The Chao Phraya in
3244:Ecoregions of Asia
3234:Rivers of Thailand
2966:Pangasius bocourti
2920:Datnioides pulcher
2634:Molle, F. (2005).
2501:Hogan, Z. (2011).
2369:Basins of Thailand
2067:. Merriam-Webster.
1948:nutrient pollution
1928:wrestling halfbeak
1759:
1666:
1583:
1541:Cryptophaea saukra
1509:Leopoldamys neilli
1501:Niviventer hinpoon
1485:Anastomus oscitans
1441:Javan rhinoceroses
1390:
1354:
1313:Ang Thong Province
1276:Greater Ping Basin
1235:
1206:
1142:
1139:Ang Thong Province
1081:
1024:Ayutthaya Province
1020:Ang Thong Province
1016:Sing Buri Province
978:Khlong Bangkok Yai
967:Khlong Bangkok Noi
936:Khlong Bangkok Noi
730:H. Warington Smyth
675:and then into the
640:Maenam Chao Phraya
412:13.520°N 100.603°E
331:15.701°N 100.142°E
172:19.81250; 98.83889
3229:Chao Phraya River
3133:Bangkok Waterways
3069:"Breach of trust"
3038:978-616-316-327-1
2672:Ng, H.H. (2011).
2458:978-2-8317-1424-0
2268:on 14 August 2009
1974:The Ocean Cleanup
1877:clown featherback
1873:giant featherback
1847:blackline rasbora
1825:black sharkminnow
1783:striped snakehead
1741:Siamese tigerfish
1727:, and endangered
1581:from Chao Phraya.
1445:Schomburgk's deer
1326:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1322:Sukhothai Kingdom
1306:Bang Pakong River
1278:(composed of the
1264:(composed of the
1262:Greater Nan Basin
1257:Sakae Krang Basin
1231:Ayutthaya Kingdom
1150:Sakae Krang River
1087:railroad bridge;
1012:Chai Nat Province
998:River settlements
959:river engineering
908:River engineering
824:Ayutthaya Kingdom
811:
810:
803:
636:
542:
541:
533:Sakae Krang River
284:Source confluence
217:Bo Kluea District
3251:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3041:. Archived from
3030:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2989:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2851:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2669:
2663:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2564:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2467:
2461:
2434:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2258:
2249:
2244:Steve Van Beek:
2242:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2184:. Archived from
2165:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2104:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:
1944:Gulf of Thailand
1891:iridescent shark
1585:The Chao Phraya
932:
920:
865:Gulf of Thailand
806:
799:
795:
792:
786:
755:
747:
677:Gulf of Thailand
666:
660:
659:
658:
652:
647:
643:
631:
629:
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
587:
586:
583:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
529:
517:
490:
480:
468:
423:
422:
420:
419:
418:
413:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
367:Gulf of Thailand
349:
342:
341:
339:
338:
337:
332:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
310:
294:
268:
261:
260:
258:
257:
256:
251:
247:
244:
243:
242:
239:
229:
213:
185:
178:
177:
175:
174:
173:
168:
164:
161:
160:
159:
156:
146:
133:
82:
74:
73:
59:
44:
32:
31:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3219:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3150:
3129:
3127:Further reading
3124:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2822:
2818:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2670:
2666:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2574:
2567:
2559:Wayback Machine
2548:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2499:
2492:
2468:
2464:
2446:Wayback Machine
2435:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2355:Wayback Machine
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2230:
2217:
2215:
2214:on 12 June 2019
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2113:
2102:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1983:
1936:
1902:Belodontichthys
1787:walking catfish
1779:giant snakehead
1725:giant pangasius
1631:Malay Peninsula
1567:
1551:Caliphaea angka
1437:Asian elephants
1409:Oriental darter
1375:
1346:
1219:
1198:
1135:Chaiyo District
1127:
1121:
1066:
1048:
1000:
946:
945:
944:
943:
942:
933:
925:
924:
921:
910:
888:Chao Phraya Dam
833:
807:
796:
790:
787:
772:
756:
745:
685:
654:
653:
645:
627:แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา
593:
589:
564:
553:
549:
527:
515:
488:
478:
466:
430:
417:13.520; 100.603
416:
414:
410:
407:
402:
399:
397:
395:
394:
391:
375:
347:
336:15.701; 100.142
335:
333:
329:
326:
321:
318:
316:
314:
313:
308:
292:
266:
254:
252:
248:
245:
240:
237:
235:
233:
232:
227:
211:
183:
171:
169:
165:
162:
157:
154:
152:
150:
149:
144:
131:
76:
72:แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา
62:
50:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3148:External links
3146:
3145:
3144:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3103:
3085:
3059:
3037:
3015:
3000:
2954:
2908:
2862:
2816:
2756:
2710:
2664:
2640:
2627:
2614:
2565:
2539:
2490:
2471:Froese, Rainer
2462:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2372:
2358:
2340:
2331:
2305:
2294:on 8 June 2008
2279:
2250:
2228:
2199:
2180:
2160:
2126:
2081:
2070:
2050:
2025:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1935:
1932:
1856:Tor tambroides
1767:climbing perch
1566:
1563:
1532:data deficient
1493:Milvus migrans
1481:Asian openbill
1407:vultures, the
1374:
1371:
1358:Tha Chin River
1345:
1342:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:Tha Chin Basin
1287:
1273:
1259:
1254:
1218:
1215:
1197:
1194:
1170:Tha Chin River
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1113:commuter lines
1047:
1046:Transportation
1044:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
984:
981:
974:
934:
927:
926:
922:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
909:
906:
884:alluvial plain
873:Tha Chin River
857:central plains
832:
829:
809:
808:
759:
757:
750:
744:
741:
737:river of kings
704:James McCarthy
684:
681:
669:alluvial plain
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
524:
523:
518:
512:
511:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
469:
463:
462:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
443:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
392:
389:
386:
385:
376:
373:
370:
369:
364:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
311:
305:
304:
295:
289:
288:
285:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
230:
224:
223:
214:
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
180:
179:
147:
141:
140:
134:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3256:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3141:981-00-1011-7
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2661:
2660:9781845936181
2657:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2335:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:The Chao Phya
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2181:974-8495-98-1
2177:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2078:Pronunciation
2074:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2059:"Chao Phraya"
2054:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:"Chao Phraya"
2029:
2013:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:water quality
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:Phalacronotus
1905:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1881:giant gourami
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:rainbow shark
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:Yasuhikotakia
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:limestone rat
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Grus antigone
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:floating rice
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Phra Pin-klao
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
985:
982:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
954:
951:
941:
937:
931:
919:
905:
901:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
825:
820:
816:
805:
802:
794:
784:
780:
776:
770:
769:
765:
760:This section
758:
754:
749:
748:
740:
738:
733:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
657:
651:
642:
641:
634:
628:
623:
617:
585:
547:
537:
534:
531:
525:
522:
519:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
492:
486:
482:
476:
473:
470:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
421:
393:
387:
384:
380:
377:
371:
368:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
345:
340:
312:
306:
303:
299:
296:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
259:
231:
225:
222:
218:
215:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
181:
176:
148:
142:
139:
135:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
85:
80:
69:
65:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3185:
3132:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3078:25 September
3076:. Retrieved
3073:Bangkok Post
3072:
3062:
3052:23 September
3050:. Retrieved
3043:the original
3024:
3018:
3008:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2977:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2931:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2885:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2839:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2805:cite journal
2793:. Retrieved
2779:
2773:
2767:
2759:
2747:. Retrieved
2733:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2687:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2591:
2585:
2579:
2550:
2530:. Retrieved
2516:
2510:
2504:
2482:
2476:
2465:
2437:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2375:
2343:
2338:Google Earth
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2308:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2266:the original
2245:
2223:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:the original
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2170:
2163:
2155:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2140:1994 reprint
2139:
2129:
2121:
2114:. Retrieved
2098:
2073:
2062:
2053:
2037:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2006:
1992:Kapuas River
1937:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1854:
1839:bonylip barb
1828:
1821:Hampala barb
1801:tinfoil barb
1794:
1791:banded loach
1771:blue panchax
1760:
1706:
1692:
1691:The catfish
1690:
1667:
1648:
1642:
1613:rivers: the
1584:
1560:
1549:
1539:
1521:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1452:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1391:
1355:
1310:
1299:
1252:Pa Sak Basin
1246:
1243:
1236:
1207:
1190:Tak Province
1173:
1146:Pa Sak River
1143:
1109:
1093:Grand Palace
1082:
1001:
947:
902:
897:
891:
881:
877:Samut Sakhon
849:Nakhon Sawan
834:
819:Lavo kingdom
812:
797:
788:
773:Please help
761:
736:
734:
728:
723:
719:
715:
701:cartographer
688:
686:
639:
545:
543:
521:Pa Sak River
472:Nakhon Sawan
383:Samut Prakan
302:Nakhon Sawan
221:Nan Province
29:
3208: /
3196:100°35′23″E
2947:13 November
2901:13 November
2607:13 November
2552:Chao Phraya
1886:Trichopodus
1865:marble goby
1813:pearl danio
1809:silver barb
1737:dwarf loach
1699:Bang Pakong
1682:overfishing
1528:damselflies
1524:dragonflies
1425:sarus crane
1229:, built in
1182:Phitsanulok
1168:), and the
1119:Tributaries
1105:Mega Bridge
882:In the low
791:August 2022
546:Chao Phraya
507:Tributaries
415: /
403:100°36′11″E
334: /
322:100°08′31″E
298:Pak Nam Pho
253: /
170: /
136:Doi Thuai,
67:Native name
35:Chao Phraya
3223:Categories
3193:13°32′25″N
3007:FishBase:
2116:8 February
1998:References
1956:phosphorus
1952:phosphates
1906:, several
1893:, several
1889:gouramis,
1883:, several
1793:, several
1721:extirpated
1717:giant barb
1678:irrigation
1635:Quaternary
1623:Tenasserim
1595:Cyprinidae
1579:extirpated
1575:giant barb
1556:endangered
1489:black kite
1454:Phragmites
1284:Wang Basin
1280:Ping Basin
1186:Wang River
1166:Wang River
1162:Ping River
1050:See also:
847:rivers at
837:confluence
646:pronounced
446:Basin size
400:13°31′12″N
319:15°42′04″N
241:101°12′0″E
201:2nd source
158:98°50′20″E
155:19°48′45″N
138:Chiang Mai
125:Ping River
2993:9 January
2855:9 January
2795:9 January
2749:9 January
2703:9 January
2532:9 January
1934:Pollution
1918:catfish,
1904:truncatus
1896:Pangasius
1799:loaches,
1763:food fish
1751:Basa fish
1639:Nan River
1615:Irrawaddy
1603:ecoregion
1599:Mae Klong
1449:mangroves
1401:ecoregion
1302:Mae Klong
1270:Yom Basin
1266:Nan Basin
1239:watershed
1225:Ruins of
1158:Yom River
1154:Nan River
1097:Rama VIII
1091:near the
971:Ayutthaya
950:Ayutthaya
831:Geography
815:Dvaravati
762:does not
683:Etymology
458:Discharge
238:19°20′0″N
205:Nan River
2555:Archived
2484:FishBase
2442:Archived
2351:Archived
1981:See also
1960:nitrogen
1674:drainage
1650:Sectoria
1591:endemics
1383:Bang Rak
1362:Tha Chin
1282:and the
1268:and the
1178:Thailand
1077:Wat Arun
869:Chai Nat
863:and the
708:F.R.G.S.
697:surveyor
379:Thai Ban
96:Thailand
87:Location
2324:20 July
2298:20 July
2272:20 July
2218:3 March
2192:1 March
2150:1 March
2111:5272849
1915:Wallago
1703:extinct
1619:Salween
1611:Burmese
1538:), but
1534:by the
1423:), the
1387:Bangkok
1373:Ecology
1160:), the
1101:Rama IX
1085:Rama VI
1036:Bangkok
991:Ko Kret
898:khlongs
861:Bangkok
839:of the
783:removed
768:sources
743:History
716:Mae Nam
691:(Thai:
689:Mae Nam
673:Bangkok
635::
106:Bangkok
92:Country
48:Bangkok
25:WASP-50
3139:
3035:
2658:
2456:
2248:, p.39
2178:
2109:
2039:Lexico
2018:20 May
1958:, and
1926:, and
1755:farmed
1672:, and
1627:Mekong
1621:, and
1470:snail,
1433:tigers
1334:Bengal
1318:divide
1196:Length
1152:, the
1148:, the
1062:, and
1038:, and
893:khlong
693:แม่น้ำ
510:
461:
438:Length
287:
121:Source
75:
3046:(PDF)
3029:(PDF)
2103:(PDF)
1964:algae
1950:from
1587:basin
1367:delta
1344:Delta
1296:land.
1174:khwae
867:. In
362:Mouth
3137:ISBN
3080:2016
3054:2016
3033:ISBN
2995:2018
2978:2012
2949:2021
2932:2011
2903:2021
2886:2011
2857:2018
2840:2016
2811:link
2797:2018
2780:2009
2751:2018
2734:2011
2705:2018
2688:2011
2656:ISBN
2609:2021
2592:2011
2534:2018
2517:2011
2454:ISBN
2450:IUCN
2326:2008
2300:2008
2274:2008
2220:2011
2194:2011
2176:ISBN
2152:2011
2118:2012
2107:OCLC
2020:2009
1676:for
1670:dams
1647:and
1607:taxa
1573:The
1565:Fish
1548:and
1536:IUCN
1526:and
1396:, a
1356:The
843:and
841:Ping
766:any
764:cite
699:and
633:RTGS
622:Thai
544:The
102:City
79:Thai
2982:doi
2936:doi
2890:doi
2844:doi
2784:doi
2738:doi
2692:doi
2596:doi
2521:doi
1554:is
1544:is
1519:).
1503:),
1415:),
938:in
859:to
845:Nan
777:by
724:Nam
720:mae
661:or
588:or
3225::
3114:.
3096:.
3071:.
2976:.
2970:.
2930:.
2924:.
2884:.
2878:.
2838:.
2832:.
2807:}}
2803:{{
2778:.
2772:.
2732:.
2726:.
2686:.
2680:.
2590:.
2584:.
2568:^
2542:^
2515:.
2509:.
2493:^
2481:.
2452:.
2411:^
2383:.
2361:^
2253:^
2231:^
2222:.
2154:.
2138:.
2120:.
2096:.
2084:^
2061:.
2043:.
2036:.
1954:,
1930:.
1922:,
1899:,
1879:,
1875:,
1871:,
1867:,
1863:,
1859:,
1853:,
1849:,
1845:,
1841:,
1837:,
1833:,
1827:,
1823:,
1819:,
1815:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
1789:,
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1769:,
1617:,
1558:.
1439:,
1435:,
1385:,
1241:.
1192:.
1137:,
1115:.
1095:;
1058:,
1054:,
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
1006:,
879:.
739:.
706:,
679:.
644:,
630:,
624::
620:;
610:aɪ
598:aʊ
595:tʃ
581:ɑː
561:aʊ
558:tʃ
381:,
300:,
219:,
3143:.
3118:.
3100:.
3082:.
3056:.
2997:.
2984::
2968:"
2964:"
2951:.
2938::
2922:"
2918:"
2905:.
2892::
2876:"
2872:"
2859:.
2846::
2830:"
2826:"
2813:)
2799:.
2786::
2770:"
2766:"
2753:.
2740::
2724:"
2720:"
2707:.
2694::
2678:"
2674:"
2662:.
2611:.
2598::
2582:"
2578:"
2561:.
2536:.
2523::
2507:"
2503:"
2479:"
2475:"
2460:.
2328:.
2302:.
2276:.
2196:.
2047:.
2022:.
1757:.
1515:(
1507:(
1499:(
1491:(
1483:(
1427:(
1419:(
1411:(
993:.
973:.
804:)
798:(
793:)
789:(
785:.
771:.
616:/
613:ə
607:r
604:p
601:ˈ
592:/
584:/
578:j
575:ˈ
572:ə
569:r
566:p
555:ˌ
552:/
548:(
81:)
77:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
