1956:
696:
673:
51:
944:
5005:
42:
11488:
4993:
2127:
genetics. Some research has suggested the half-life of clonidine is dose dependent and approximately doubles upon chronic dosing, while other work contradicts this. Following a 0.3 mg oral dose, a small study of five patients by
Dollery et al. (1976) found half-lives ranging between 6.3 and 23.4
1305:
It is classified by the TGA of
Australia as pregnancy category B3, which means that it has shown some detrimental effects on fetal development in animal studies, although the relevance of this to human beings is unknown. Clonidine appears in high concentration in breast milk; a nursing infant's serum
2488:
Following intravenous administration, clonidine displays biphasic disposition with a distribution half-life of about 20 minutes and an elimination half-life ranging from 12 to 16 hours. The half-life increases up to 41 hours in patients with severe impairment of renal function. Clonidine crosses the
2154:
As of June 2017, clonidine was marketed under many brand names worldwide: Arkamin, Aruclonin, Atensina, Catapin, Catapres, Catapresan, Catapressan, Chianda, Chlofazoline, Chlophazolin, Clonid-Ophtal, Clonidin, Clonidina, Clonidinã, Clonidine, Clonidine hydrochloride, Clonidinhydrochlorid, Clonidini,
5048:
Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Newman-Tancredi A, Cussac D, Audinot V, Milligan G, et al. (December 2000). "S18616, a highly potent, spiroimidazoline agonist at alpha(2)-adrenoceptors: I. Receptor profile, antinociceptive and hypothermic actions in comparison with dexmedetomidine and clonidine".
2022:
adrenergic receptors (akin to clonidine's mechanism of action), inhibiting the release of norepinephrine by that neuron and inducing an inhibitory effect. Because the PFC is required for working memory and attention, it is thought that clonidine's inhibition of PFC neurons helps to eliminate
2155:
Clonidinum, Clonigen, Clonistada, Clonnirit, Clophelinum, Dixarit, Duraclon, Edolglau, Haemiton, Hypodine, Hypolax, Iporel, Isoglaucon, Jenloga, Kapvay, Klofelino, Kochaniin, Lonid, Melzin, Menograine, Normopresan, Paracefan, Pinsanidine, Run Rui, and
Winpress. It was marketed as a
4174:
Ziegenhorn AA, Roepke S, Schommer NC, Merkl A, Danker-Hopfe H, Perschel FH, et al. (April 2009). "Clonidine improves hyperarousal in borderline personality disorder with or without comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
2901:
Slowing of the pulse rate has been observed in most patients given clonidine, but the drug does not alter normal hemodynamic response to exercise. Other studies in patients have provided evidence of a reduction in plasma renin activity and in the excretion of aldosterone and
1148:, which confers various benefits, including a reduction or prevention of the blood pressure lowering effects and increased effectiveness against spasticity. The effectiveness of intrathecal clonidine is comparable to that of intrathecal baclofen for spasticity.
2132:
12.7). A similar N=5 study by Davies et al. (1977) found a narrower range of half-lives, between 6.7 and 13 hours (mean 8.6), while an N=8 study by Keraäen et al. that included younger patients found a somewhat shorter mean half-life of 7.5 hours.
5143:
Neve KA, Henningsen RA, Kinzie JM, De Paulis T, Schmidt DE, Kessler RM, et al. (March 1990). "Sodium-dependent isomerization of dopamine D-2 receptors characterized using epidepride, a high-affinity substituted benzamide ligand".
2334:
The pharmacokinetics of clonidine is dose-proportional in the range of 100 to 600 µg.The absolute bioavailability of clonidine on oral administration is 70% to 80%. Peak plasma clonidine levels are attained in approximately 1 to 3
4882:
1168:. In a clonidine suppression test, plasma catecholamine levels are measured before and 3 hours after a 0.3 mg oral test dose has been given to the patient. A positive test occurs if there is no decrease in plasma levels.
1493:
Because clonidine suppresses sympathetic outflow, resulting in lower blood pressure, sudden discontinuation can result in acute hypertension due to a rebound in sympathetic outflow. In extreme cases, this can result in a
3661:
Kukoyi A, Coker S, Lewis L, Nierenberg D (January 2013). "Two cases of acute dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome following prolonged infusion in the intensive care unit: Report of cases and review of the literature".
2018:(LC), which secretes norepinephrine into the PFC. Although norepinephrine can also bind to target adrenergic receptors on the downstream neuron (otherwise inducing a stimulatory effect), norepinephrine also binds to α
4650:
Ryan TJ, Holyoak R, Vlok R, Melhuish T, Hodge A, Binks M, et al. (February 2019). "Intra-articular Alpha-2 Agonists as an
Adjunct to Local Anesthetic in Knee Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
5395:
The antihypertensive effect is reached at plasma concentrations between about 0.2 and 2.0 ng/mL in patients with normal excretory function. A further rise in the plasma levels will not enhance the antihypertensive
4813:
2059:
in human plasma occur within 60–90 minutes for the "immediate release" (IR) version of the drug, which is shorter than the "extended release" (ER/XR) version. Clonidine is fairly lipid soluble with the
5108:
Jasper JR, Lesnick JD, Chang LK, Yamanishi SS, Chang TK, Hsu SA, et al. (April 1998). "Ligand efficacy and potency at recombinant alpha2 adrenergic receptors: agonist-mediated GTPgammaS binding".
5076:
Matsumoto I, Combs MR, Jones DJ (February 1992). "Characterization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1B receptors in rat spinal cord via iodocyanopindolol binding and inhibition of -5-hydroxytryptamine release".
3012:
Daviss WB, Patel NC, Robb AS, McDERMOTT MP, Bukstein OG, Pelham WE, et al. (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis".
1050:, which may be better at bedtime along with an arousing stimulant in the morning. Clonidine has been used to reduce sleep disturbances in ADHD, including to help offset stimulant-associated
1297:
Light-activated derivatives of clonidine (adrenoswitches) have been developed for research purposes and shown to control pupillary reflex with light in blind mice by topical application.
2977:
Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss WB, McDERMOTT MP (February 2008). "Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes".
2003:
of a given neuron, and, when activated by an agonist, the effect on downstream neurons is inhibitory. The inhibition is accomplished by preventing the secretion of the neurotransmitter
297:
4302:
Patel SS, Dunn CJ, Bryson HM (1996). "Epidural clonidine: a review of its pharmacology and efficacy in the management of pain during labour and postoperative and intractable pain".
1042:, has been studied for treatment of ADHD. While not as effective as methylphenidate in treating ADHD, clonidine does offer some benefit; it can also be useful in combination with
8542:
6005:
5263:
Molderings GJ, Donecker K, Burian M, Simon WA, Schröder DW, Göthert M (April 1998). "Characterization of I2 imidazoline and sigma binding sites in the rat and human stomach".
3209:
2084:. About one-fifth of an oral dose will not be absorbed, and is thus excreted in the feces. Work with liver microsomes shows in the liver clonidine is primarily metabolized by
4753:
2452:
Catapres tablets act relatively rapidly. The patient's blood pressure declines within 30 to 60 minutes after an oral dose, the maximum decrease occurring within 2 to 4 hours.
11538:
5382:
2888:
2475:
2439:
2321:
3458:"Elevated Norepinephrine may be a Unifying Etiological Factor in the Abuse of a Broad Range of Substances: Alcohol, Nicotine, Marijuana, Heroin, Cocaine, and Caffeine"
4467:
2270:
Davies DS, Wing AM, Reid JL, Neill DM, Tippett P, Dollery CT (May 1977). "Pharmacokinetics and concentration-effect relationships of intervenous and oral clonidine".
11310:
6794:
6430:
8958:
1054:. Unlike stimulant medications, clonidine is regarded as having no abuse potential, and may even be used to reduce abuse of drugs including nicotine and cocaine.
1030:
Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest. In
7282:
4821:
1306:
clonidine concentration is approximately 2/3 of the mother's. Caution is warranted in women who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breastfeeding.
4694:
Prischich D, Gomila AM, Milla-Navarro S, Sangüesa G, Diez-Alarcia R, Preda B, et al. (February 2021). "Adrenergic
Modulation With Photochromic Ligands".
252:
4851:
2214:"Catapres-TTS-1- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-2- clonidine transdermal system patch; Catapres-TTS-3- clonidine transdermal system patch"
1513:
blockers for more urgent situations. Beta blockers should never be used alone to treat clonidine withdrawal as alpha vasoconstriction would still continue.
1220:
episodes. Its epidural use for pain during heart attack, and postoperative and intractable pain has also been studied extensively. Clonidine can be used in
6760:
8535:
7840:
7590:
7365:
6679:
5998:
11351:
9035:
5787:
Dollery CT, Davies DS, Draffan GH, Dargie HJ, Dean CR, Reid JL, et al. (January 1976). "Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of clonidine".
1109:
in infants born to mothers that are using certain drugs, particularly opioids. In infants with neonatal withdrawal syndrome, clonidine may improve the
1505:
from occurring. Treatment of clonidine withdrawal hypertension depends on the severity of the condition. Reintroduction of clonidine for mild cases,
7387:
11548:
6421:
3234:
Nguyen M, Tharani S, Rahmani M, Shapiro M (March 2014). "A review of the use of clonidine as a sleep aid in the child and adolescent population".
2592:
Westfall TC, Macarthur H, Westfall DP (2017). "Chapter 12:Adrenergic
Agonists and Antagonists". In Brunton L, Knollmann B, Hilal-Dandan R (eds.).
5173:"1,3-Di(2-[5-3H]tolyl)guanidine: a selective ligand that labels sigma-type receptors for psychotomimetic opiates and antipsychotic drugs"
9900:
9880:
8528:
7927:
5991:
2409:
11508:
11303:
8313:
6787:
2914:
Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Swanson JM (December 1999). "A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
2112:
agonist but is non lipophilic and is not believed to contribute to the effects of clonidine since it does not cross the blood–brain barrier.
118:
4039:
Boehnlein JK, Kinzie JD (March 2007). "Pharmacologic reduction of CNS noradrenergic activity in PTSD: the case for clonidine and prazosin".
8951:
6926:
779:
6748:
5505:
4131:
Najjar F, Weller RA, Weisbrot J, Weller EB (April 2008). "Post-traumatic stress disorder and its treatment in children and adolescents".
2776:
1277:
11381:
6754:
3353:
Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer T (1994). "Clonidine for sleep disturbances associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder".
5536:
Khan ZP, Ferguson CN, Jones RM (February 1999). "alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role".
11426:
11416:
11411:
11391:
11386:
10608:
9935:
9188:
3187:
11296:
11266:
6780:
6673:
6498:
4742:
1968:
956:
854:
1105:. It may also be helpful in aiding smokers to quit. The sedation effect can also be useful. Clonidine may also reduce severity of
11366:
11346:
8944:
7358:
5937:
5374:
2880:
2467:
2431:
2313:
2239:
2213:
11248:
11239:
6742:
2119:
of clonidine vary widely, between 6 and 23 hours, with the half-life being greatly affected by and prolonged in the setting of
11230:
7871:
7309:
4921:
3337:
2958:
2806:
2061:
1910:
in the brain, and it is hypothesized that this effect may contribute to reducing blood pressure by reducing signaling in the
2640:
11553:
8014:
6414:
4791:
4459:
3569:
Streetz VN, Gildon BL, Thompson DF (April 2016). "Role of
Clonidine in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review".
2032:
4345:
2509:
896:
Common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, hypotension, and sleepiness. Severe side effects may include
893:
skin patch. Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours.
11257:
6684:
4388:
2538:"CYP2D6 mediates 4-hydroxylation of clonidine in vitro: implication for pregnancy-induced changes in clonidine clearance"
2011:
adrenergic receptors in the PFC inhibits the action of downstream neurons by preventing the secretion of norepinephrine.
1128:
Clonidine has some role in the treatment of spasticity, acting principally by inhibiting excessive sensory transmission
11543:
7920:
7431:
7351:
4220:"A comparison of oral clonidine and oral midazolam as preanesthetic medications in the pediatric tonsillectomy patient"
765:
8306:
6724:
5595:
5247:
4564:
Egolf A, Coffey BJ (February 2014). "Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of
Tourette syndrome".
2770:
2673:
2601:
824:
799:
169:
6846:
2023:
irrelevant attention (and subsequent behaviors), improving the person's focus and correcting deficits in attention.
11518:
7888:
7326:
5660:
Skingle M, Hayes AG, Tyers MB (September 1982). "Antinociceptive activity of clonidine in the mouse, rat and dog".
1035:
5908:
4939:"Understanding the Risk of Using Medications for ADHD with Respect to Physical Growth and Cardiovascular Function"
4493:
3277:
Hoban TF (March 2004). "Assessment and treatment of disturbed sleep in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder".
2141:
Clonidine was introduced in 1966. It was first used as a hypertension treatment under the trade name of
Catapres.
7800:
6407:
4843:
1201:
443:
282:
150:
3098:"Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD"
1823:, the higher the affinity for that receptor. Reported imidazoline-2 binding is measured in the cortex — I
11275:
8668:
7230:
7091:
6131:
1860:
1197:
6772:
3431:
3388:
Clemow DB, Walker DJ (September 2014). "The potential for misuse and abuse of medications in ADHD: a review".
1959:
Structural comparison between the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and the drug clonidine. Both drugs bind to α
1947:
Plasma concentration of clonidine exceeding 2.0 ng/mL does not provide further blood pressure reduction.
1276:). Clonidine has also had some success in clinical trials for helping to remove or ameliorate the symptoms of
1065:
Clonidine may be used to ease drug withdrawal symptoms associated with abruptly stopping the long-term use of
10266:
8488:
7913:
7207:
5740:"Clonidine kinetics in man--evidence for dose dependency and changed pharmacokinetics during chronic therapy"
3792:
Rémy-Néris O, Denys P, Bussel B (November 2001). "Intrathecal clonidine for controlling spastic hypertonia".
521:
3614:"Pharmacological Treatments for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis"
11568:
11533:
11466:
11221:
8720:
8299:
6893:
6183:
5290:
Reis DJ, Piletz JE (1997). "The imidazoline receptor in control of blood pressure by clonidine and drugs".
5230:
Kenakin T (2009). "Ligand-Receptor
Binding and Tissue Response". In Hacker M, Messer W, Bachmann K (eds.).
1976:
1693:
1675:
1657:
1156:
The reduction in circulating norepinephrine by clonidine was used in the past as an investigatory test for
1110:
691:
572:
6825:
1314:
The principal adverse effects of clonidine are sedation, dry mouth, and hypotension (low blood pressure).
11523:
11396:
10100:
9650:
9390:
8978:
8690:
8520:
8453:
8375:
7035:
6706:
6153:
5983:
5004:. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health.
2185:"FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)"
2072:
is 2.0. Less than half of the absorbed portion of an orally administered dose will be metabolized by the
1915:
1852:
1639:
1621:
1603:
1283:
964:
917:
862:
842:
652:
241:
4874:
4601:"Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder: Etiology, Clinical Features, and Therapeutic Perspectives"
1955:
11478:
9555:
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7457:
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3320:
Schachar R, Ickowicz A (1999). "Pharmacological Treatment of Attention-Deficit/HyperactivityDisorder".
1911:
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3754:
Smith HS, Deer TR, Staats PS, Singh V, Sehgal N, Cordner H (March 2008). "Intrathecal drug delivery".
641:
8430:
8221:
6689:
2184:
2040:
931:. In 2021, it was the 80th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8
2689:
Neil MJ (November 2011). "Clonidine: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use in pain management".
9573:
8748:
8612:
8602:
7738:
6555:
6547:
6211:
6075:
6065:
4913:
4517:"What about clonidine for diarrhoea? A systematic review and meta-analysis of its effect in humans"
3830:
Eisenhofer G, Goldstein DS, Walther MM, Friberg P, Lenders JW, Keiser HR, et al. (June 2003).
2402:
1249:
668:
17:
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5239:
3871:
van der Kolk BA (September–October 1987). "The drug treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder".
3047:
Kornfield R, Watson S, Higashi AS, Conti RM, Dusetzina SB, Garfield CF, et al. (April 2013).
7876:
7652:
7643:
7314:
6461:
2039:. This effect has been used as part of a "growth hormone test," which can assist with diagnosing
1940:
in blood vessels. This hypertensive effect is not usual when clonidine is given orally or by the
1840:
1433:
1334:
217:
206:
108:
5587:
4410:
Campbell CM, Kipnes MS, Stouch BC, Brady KL, Kelly M, Schmidt WK, et al. (September 2012).
2064:(log P) equal to 1.6; to compare, the optimal log P to allow a drug that is active in the human
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8463:
8161:
7234:
6441:
6377:
6317:
6290:
6189:
5830:
Keränen A, Nykänen S, Taskinen J (May 1978). "Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of clonidine".
2065:
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1465:
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3943:"Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder"
3906:
Sutherland SM, Davidson JR (June 1994). "Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder".
2760:
2501:
1932:. When given intravenously, clonidine can temporarily increase blood pressure by stimulating α
1003:
Clonidine may be effective for lowering blood pressure in people with resistant hypertension.
11563:
10185:
9961:
9604:
7007:
6736:
6494:
5462:
Low LC (1991). "Growth hormone-releasing hormone: clinical studies and therapeutic aspects".
3722:
2000:
1813:
621:
512:
5695:
Curtis AL, Marwah J (July 1987). "Alpha adrenoceptor modulation of the jaw-opening reflex".
5579:
5231:
4905:
4412:"Randomized control trial of topical clonidine for treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy"
3612:
Disher T, Gullickson C, Singh B, Cameron C, Boulos L, Beaubien L, et al. (March 2019).
3145:
Jäkälä P, Riekkinen M, Sirviö J, Koivisto E, Kejonen K, Vanhanen M, et al. (May 1999).
2352:
Lowenthal DT, Matzek KM, MacGregor TR (May 1988). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of clonidine".
1501:
Clonidine therapy should generally be gradually tapered when discontinuing therapy to avoid
11528:
11330:
11319:
10844:
8864:
8744:
8569:
8363:
7937:
7693:
7264:
6984:
6951:
6700:
6327:
6207:
6032:
5184:
3147:"Guanfacine, but not clonidine, improves planning and working memory performance in humans"
1963:
adrenergic receptors. Similarities between the two structures are shown highlighted in red.
1903:
1747:
1729:
1711:
1400:
1290:
into the knee joint space, including clonidine, may reduce the severity of knee pain after
1261:
1257:
1181:
1161:
1132:. Its use, however, is mainly as a second or third line agent, due to side effects such as
885:, and certain pain conditions. The drug is often prescribed off-label for tics. It is used
581:
405:
2051:
After being ingested, clonidine is absorbed into the blood stream rapidly with an overall
561:
476:
8:
11558:
10523:
10389:
9865:
9771:
9168:
9074:
8967:
8858:
8844:
8763:
8586:
7950:
7807:
7427:
7413:
7198:
6321:
6307:
6226:
6049:
5232:
4906:
3941:
Southwick SM, Bremner JD, Rasmusson A, Morgan CA, Arnsten A, Charney DS (November 1999).
2164:
2069:
2056:
1984:
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1781:
1766:
1495:
1229:
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972:
886:
870:
467:
221:
213:
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2014:
This mechanism is similar to the brain's physiological inhibition of PFC neurons by the
695:
672:
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8970:
8878:
8676:
8445:
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8230:
8124:
8084:
8046:
8038:
8005:
7984:
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6489:
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5812:
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5755:
5739:
5720:
5637:
5612:
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5439:
5414:
5351:
5326:
4963:
4938:
4676:
4627:
4600:
4541:
4516:
4436:
4411:
4319:
4284:
4267:
Giannini AJ, Extein I, Gold MS, Pottash AL, Castellani S (1983). "Clonidine in mania".
4249:
4200:
4156:
4108:
4099:
4083:
4064:
4052:
4021:
3992:"Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder"
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3706:
3687:
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3613:
3594:
3546:
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3482:
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3413:
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3122:
3097:
3073:
3048:
2714:
2562:
2537:
2377:
2295:
1253:
1057:
In the US, only the extended-release form of clonidine is approved for ADHD treatment.
928:
927:
Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966. It is available as a
229:
180:
7905:
5207:
5172:
5121:
3959:
3942:
3919:
3805:
3163:
3146:
3096:
Kollins SH, Jain R, Brams M, Segal S, Findling RL, Wigal SB, et al. (June 2011).
1228:. It has also been successfully used topically in a clinical trial as a treatment for
11513:
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9477:
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2567:
2536:
Claessens AJ, Risler LJ, Eyal S, Shen DD, Easterling TR, Hebert MF (September 2010).
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1992:
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50:
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5299:
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5192:
5117:
4958:
4950:
4711:
4703:
4680:
4660:
4622:
4612:
4573:
4536:
4528:
4431:
4423:
4311:
4276:
4231:
4184:
4140:
4103:
4095:
4068:
4048:
4003:
3954:
3915:
3880:
3843:
3801:
3763:
3726:
3718:
3671:
3633:
3625:
3578:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3477:
3469:
3397:
3362:
3325:
3286:
3243:
3199:
3158:
3117:
3109:
3068:
3060:
3021:
2986:
2923:
2741:
2698:
2557:
2549:
2361:
2299:
2279:
2156:
1872:
1205:
1185:
708:
347:
265:
68:
11288:
4577:
3707:"A Review of Spasticity Treatments: Pharmacological and Interventional Approaches"
3263:
2798:
807:
InChI=1S/C9H9Cl2N3/c10-6-2-1-3-7(11)8(6)14-9-12-4-5-13-9/h1-3H,4-5H2,(H2,12,13,14)
11492:
9722:
9030:
8936:
8368:
7120:
6578:
6484:
6479:
6465:
5327:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists: a review of current clinical applications"
4188:
3767:
3329:
3025:
2990:
2828:
2632:
2052:
1585:
1567:
1502:
1189:
1165:
1117:
1074:
1039:
960:
858:
501:
395:
375:
355:
128:
8560:
7941:
7378:
6023:
4775:
4337:
10834:
10503:
10468:
10189:
9945:
9855:
9608:
9473:
9193:
9148:
8498:
8415:
8353:
8247:
8177:
7882:
7766:
7320:
7071:
7053:
6802:
6712:
5586:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. p.
5177:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4427:
2702:
2120:
2036:
2015:
2004:
1892:
1884:
1796:
1193:
1070:
1019:
897:
414:
5430:
5342:
4954:
4368:
4144:
3064:
2489:
placental barrier. It has been shown to cross the blood–brain barrier in rats.
1216:
before surgery or procedures. It has also been studied as a way to calm acute
11502:
11361:
10984:
10824:
10508:
10452:
10409:
10070:
9994:
9860:
9799:
9688:
9577:
9489:
9243:
9163:
9158:
9102:
9089:
8769:
8754:
8735:
8700:
8681:
8653:
8577:
8358:
8343:
8279:
8187:
8157:
7779:
7774:
7751:
7746:
7703:
7556:
7167:
7081:
6992:
6820:
6803:
6657:
6626:
6586:
6232:
6217:
6198:
6163:
6144:
6116:
6040:
5963:
4532:
3675:
3582:
3401:
3290:
3247:
3049:"Effects of FDA advisories on the pharmacologic treatment of ADHD, 2004-2008"
2160:
1937:
1880:
1506:
1481:
1457:
1213:
1177:
1098:
913:
684:
334:
8291:
5873:
Stähle H (June 2000). "A historical perspective: development of clonidine".
5628:
5197:
4617:
2732:
Stähle H (June 2000). "A historical perspective: development of clonidine".
983:, and certain pain conditions. It also sees some use off-label for episodic
943:
11009:
10994:
10939:
10434:
10256:
10201:
10193:
10165:
10125:
10044:
10010:
9825:
9620:
9612:
9593:
9581:
9465:
9334:
9310:
9270:
8905:
8807:
8779:
8740:
8326:
7973:
7830:
7825:
7711:
7566:
7513:
7493:
7447:
7252:
7175:
7061:
6997:
6931:
6911:
6811:
6368:
6270:
6242:
6203:
5886:
5646:
5557:
5448:
5415:"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder"
5360:
5062:
4972:
4787:
4725:
4707:
4672:
4664:
4636:
4585:
4550:
4445:
4384:
4245:
4196:
4152:
4117:
4060:
4017:
3968:
3857:
3848:
3831:
3813:
3775:
3740:
3683:
3647:
3590:
3555:
3491:
3409:
3298:
3255:
3172:
3131:
3113:
3082:
3033:
2998:
2935:
2866:
2745:
2710:
2571:
2553:
2163:
as Arkamin-H, Bemplas, Catapres-DIU, and Clorpres, and in combination with
1510:
1224:. It can also be used to treat facial flushing and redness associated with
1094:
952:
904:, and confusion. If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur, such as
850:
260:
8550:
6013:
5808:
5773:
5716:
5681:
5613:"Medicinal chemical properties of successful central nervous system drugs"
5483:
5311:
5276:
5216:
5157:
5129:
5089:
4280:
3927:
3892:
3374:
2373:
2283:
33:
11406:
11134:
11109:
11104:
11099:
10989:
10964:
10949:
10934:
10899:
10884:
10864:
10859:
10829:
10809:
10784:
10769:
10714:
10659:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10538:
10533:
10439:
10424:
10394:
10384:
10369:
10340:
10311:
10155:
10145:
10120:
10110:
10075:
10018:
9981:
9910:
9905:
9885:
9850:
9786:
9761:
9751:
9732:
9693:
9563:
9440:
9435:
9395:
9370:
9360:
9350:
9320:
9315:
9290:
9265:
9259:
9224:
9183:
9178:
9143:
9128:
9123:
9069:
9059:
9040:
9001:
8900:
8884:
8850:
8840:
8802:
8759:
8695:
8634:
8597:
8582:
8458:
8435:
8410:
8385:
8274:
8028:
7978:
7815:
7716:
7685:
7675:
7624:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7478:
7290:
7278:
7066:
7002:
6965:
6921:
6901:
6883:
6873:
6636:
6621:
6616:
6601:
6527:
6522:
6457:
6399:
6363:
6347:
6313:
6303:
6265:
6222:
6158:
6097:
6060:
6045:
5851:
5800:
5171:
Weber E, Sonders M, Quarum M, McLean S, Pou S, Keana JF (November 1986).
2953:(2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust.
2291:
1941:
1925:
1864:
1423:
1359:
1291:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1090:
1015:
890:
225:
136:
4844:"Clonidine 25 mcg Tablets BP - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)"
4598:
3473:
3204:
541:
11401:
11376:
11199:
11189:
11179:
11164:
11159:
11144:
11124:
11119:
11094:
11089:
11074:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11014:
11004:
10999:
10969:
10959:
10919:
10909:
10889:
10839:
10819:
10799:
10794:
10774:
10759:
10754:
10744:
10724:
10719:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10679:
10664:
10654:
10634:
10613:
10598:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10548:
10543:
10528:
10513:
10498:
10493:
10483:
10473:
10429:
10414:
10404:
10379:
10374:
10355:
10345:
10326:
10321:
10301:
10296:
10286:
10281:
10271:
10261:
10251:
10241:
10236:
10180:
10170:
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10150:
10090:
10080:
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10055:
10040:
10014:
10006:
10002:
9976:
9971:
9920:
9915:
9895:
9890:
9845:
9835:
9830:
9820:
9781:
9766:
9756:
9717:
9703:
9599:
9589:
9550:
9545:
9535:
9530:
9520:
9505:
9481:
9455:
9445:
9430:
9425:
9415:
9410:
9380:
9365:
9338:
9300:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9255:
9251:
9214:
9173:
9153:
9133:
9118:
9084:
9064:
9016:
9011:
8920:
8910:
8874:
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8817:
8629:
8621:
8468:
8420:
8400:
8395:
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8205:
8139:
8078:
8066:
8023:
7853:
7784:
7756:
7665:
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7608:
7603:
7598:
7561:
7536:
7488:
7483:
7423:
7286:
7260:
7220:
7215:
7152:
7137:
7099:
6970:
6960:
6878:
6868:
6652:
6631:
6611:
6606:
6568:
6537:
6514:
6449:
6383:
6373:
6337:
6332:
6280:
6092:
6084:
5900:
5843:
4989:
4716:
4489:
2077:
1929:
1345:
1339:
1141:
1116:
Clonidine has also been suggested as a treatment for rare instances of
1047:
1007:
882:
741:
552:
384:
236:
5475:
3188:"Clonidine and Guanfacine IR vs ER: Old Drugs With "New" Formulations"
11451:
11194:
11184:
11169:
11149:
11139:
11114:
11084:
11064:
11059:
11039:
11034:
11029:
10979:
10974:
10944:
10914:
10904:
10869:
10854:
10814:
10804:
10789:
10779:
10764:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10694:
10689:
10669:
10639:
10603:
10558:
10553:
10518:
10478:
10419:
10399:
10360:
10306:
10291:
10276:
10246:
10207:
10175:
10140:
10135:
10105:
10050:
10032:
10028:
9998:
9990:
9930:
9870:
9840:
9815:
9776:
9742:
9636:
9567:
9559:
9540:
9525:
9515:
9510:
9495:
9485:
9450:
9420:
9405:
9400:
9385:
9375:
9354:
9325:
9305:
9294:
9247:
9234:
9229:
9219:
9209:
9138:
9079:
9050:
9006:
8925:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8658:
8645:
8493:
8478:
8257:
8210:
8172:
8071:
7958:
7848:
7789:
7670:
7576:
7571:
7531:
7396:
7268:
7142:
7132:
7076:
7043:
6936:
6916:
6906:
6863:
6730:
6596:
6591:
6532:
6388:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6121:
6108:
4008:
3991:
2853:
Viera AJ (June 2018). "Hypertension Update: Resistant Hypertension".
2116:
2096:(0–20%) with negligible contributions from the less abundant enzymes
2035:
from the hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates pituitary release of
1876:
1443:
1241:
1237:
1102:
1043:
1031:
976:
909:
874:
487:
422:
122:
4693:
2108:. 4-hydroxyclonidine, the main metabolite of clonidine, is also an α
1987:
that is most principally found in the brain. Within the brain, the α
1971:(ADHD), clonidine's molecular mechanism of action occurs due to its
11436:
11431:
11356:
11079:
11069:
11019:
10894:
10879:
10874:
10684:
10649:
10644:
10618:
10593:
10460:
10350:
10316:
10197:
10095:
10085:
10065:
10036:
10022:
9966:
9940:
9925:
9807:
9737:
9626:
9616:
9500:
9346:
9330:
9274:
9110:
9045:
8706:
8686:
8552:
8473:
8390:
8267:
8252:
8192:
8145:
8105:
8100:
7968:
7963:
7820:
7629:
7437:
7405:
7256:
7157:
7147:
6941:
6694:
6169:
6149:
6015:
5974:
1476:
1438:
1245:
1233:
1209:
1078:
1051:
984:
980:
916:
is not recommended. Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating
878:
601:
532:
164:
5047:
4908:
Goodman & Gilman's - the pharmacological basis of therapeutics
3705:
Chang E, Ghosh N, Yanni D, Lee S, Alexandru D, Mozaffar T (2013).
3355:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
3014:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2979:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
2972:
2970:
2916:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1046:
medications. Some studies show clonidine to be more sedating than
764:
11446:
11174:
11154:
11129:
11024:
10749:
10674:
10115:
9683:
9631:
9585:
8812:
8483:
8335:
7721:
7470:
6275:
4218:
Fazi L, Jantzen EC, Rose JB, Kurth CD, Watcha MF (January 2001).
3829:
2081:
1972:
1265:
1225:
1066:
992:
6431:
2240:"Onyda XR- clonidine hydrochloride suspension, extended release"
1827:
receptor bindings measured in stomach membranes are much lower.
1034:, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the
10444:
9791:
9673:
9094:
8556:
8503:
8151:
7804:
6019:
5968:
3940:
2967:
2124:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
632:
388:
2594:
Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
2080:, with roughly the other half being excreted unchanged by the
92:
8425:
7523:
5901:"Clonidine: Drug Uses, Dosage & Side Effects - Drugs.com"
5262:
5142:
4463:
4173:
4084:"Neuropsychiatric consequences of cardiovascular medications"
3794:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
3509:(2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Practice Management Information.
3144:
2093:
2073:
1950:
1819:
refers to a drug's affinity for a receptor. The smaller the K
1217:
1011:
755:
612:
427:
380:
3611:
924:
in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries.
657:
41:
9875:
5737:
5107:
4904:
Parker K, Brunton L, Goodman LS, Lazo JS, Gilman A (2006).
3233:
3046:
2976:
2129:
2123:. Variations in half-life may be partially attributable to
1273:
1025:
592:
86:
5786:
5412:
4514:
4130:
3660:
1863:, lowering blood pressure. It has specificity towards the
80:
5265:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5146:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5078:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
5051:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
4409:
4266:
2591:
2192:
5738:
Frisk-Holmberg M, Paalzow L, Edlund PO (November 1981).
5324:
5170:
4903:
3711:
Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
3011:
2668:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 144.
2351:
1256:, diabetes, diarrhea associated with opioid withdrawal,
7935:
5413:
Cinnamon Bidwell L, Dew RE, Kollins SH (October 2010).
4649:
4369:"Rosacea: a common, yet commonly overlooked, condition"
2535:
5829:
4752:. Boehringer Ingelheim Pty Limited. 28 February 2013.
3352:
11476:
5875:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
3791:
3568:
3185:
3095:
2913:
2734:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology
95:
83:
74:
7373:
6761:
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
4217:
3836:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3753:
3519:
3313:
1851:
Clonidine treats high blood pressure by stimulating
89:
77:
11539:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
11318:
6680:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
5531:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5523:
5075:
4515:Fragkos KC, Zárate-Lopez N, Frangos CC (May 2016).
2269:
2177:
1278:
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD).
1244:. Clonidine has also been used to treat refractory
520:
71:
8966:
8015:
5408:
5406:
5404:
3905:
3704:
2596:(13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical.
1548:
1010:and exerts a reduction of serum concentrations of
5659:
5535:
5504:. Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
5223:
4897:
2639:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
11500:
5520:
3782:
3747:
3319:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2403:"clonidine (Rx) - Catapres, Catapres-TTS, more."
1101:(excessive sweating), hot and cold flashes, and
500:
5401:
4366:
4301:
4038:
3989:
3825:
3823:
3787:
3785:
3432:"Highlights of Prescribing Information: Kapvay"
3229:
3227:
2758:
475:
7235:
6511:
6442:
5604:
5325:Giovannitti JA, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ (2015).
2462:
2460:
1300:
11304:
8952:
8536:
8321:
8307:
7921:
7359:
6788:
6415:
5999:
5610:
5490:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5043:
2524:
1151:
11331:
7168:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
5694:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
4872:
4330:
4081:
3870:
3820:
3387:
3270:
3224:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2424:
1268:. Clonidine can be used in the treatment of
168:
6749:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5455:
5367:
5283:
4782:. National Library of Medicine (US). 2006.
4563:
3526:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3346:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2457:
1914:; this effect acts upstream of the central
11311:
11297:
8959:
8945:
8543:
8529:
8314:
8300:
8231:
8125:
8085:
7985:
7928:
7914:
7366:
7352:
6795:
6781:
6755:Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
6429:
6422:
6408:
6006:
5992:
5375:"CATAPRES- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
5289:
5096:
5002:Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP)
4743:"CATAPRES® 150 TABLETS CATAPRES® AMPOULES"
3520:Gourlay SG, Stead LF, Benowitz NL (2004).
3455:
3381:
2881:"CATAPRES- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2468:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2432:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2314:"Catapres- clonidine hydrochloride tablet"
2306:
1991:adrenergic receptors are found within the
694:
671:
560:
5928:
5926:
5832:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5763:
5636:
5572:
5438:
5350:
5206:
5196:
5020:
4962:
4715:
4626:
4616:
4540:
4435:
4235:
4107:
4007:
3958:
3847:
3730:
3637:
3545:
3481:
3322:Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
3203:
3162:
3121:
3072:
2578:
2561:
998:
580:
6674:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
5866:
5744:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
5731:
5582:Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry
5136:
4936:
4521:Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology
3908:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
3723:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2013007945
3504:
3186:Freeland K, Turner A, Gormley L (2014).
2948:
2873:
2666:British national formulary : BNF 76
2660:
2658:
2610:
2265:
2263:
2261:
1969:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1954:
1951:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1397:Pain below the ear (from salivary gland)
1026:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
957:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
942:
11549:Drugs developed by Boehringer Ingelheim
5229:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4879:Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference
4367:Blount BW, Pelletier AL (August 2002).
3040:
2752:
2633:"Clonidine Monograph for Professionals"
2347:
2345:
2343:
1356:Skin reactions (if given transdermally)
947:Clonidine tablets and transdermal patch
667:
540:
141:
14:
11501:
6743:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
5923:
5872:
5789:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
4780:Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed)
4737:
4735:
4452:
4348:from the original on 29 September 2017
4211:
4177:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
3424:
2765:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 550.
2731:
2272:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2144:
2062:logarithm of its partition coefficient
2026:
1999:adrenergic receptors are found on the
1846:
1834:
685:
315:
11292:
8940:
8524:
8295:
7909:
7347:
6776:
6403:
5987:
5972:
5611:Pajouhesh H, Lenz GR (October 2005).
5008:from the original on 14 November 2022
4873:Brayfield, A, ed. (13 January 2014).
3276:
2852:
2655:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2258:
1902:Clonidine also acts as an agonist at
640:
620:
328:
159:
127:
11509:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
5508:from the original on 14 October 2018
4979:
4881:. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press.
4854:from the original on 2 December 2013
4794:from the original on 5 December 2020
4756:from the original on 16 January 2017
4470:from the original on 25 October 2007
2809:from the original on 15 January 2024
2688:
2643:from the original on 3 February 2019
2512:from the original on 12 October 2017
2412:from the original on 4 December 2020
2340:
400:IR: 30–60 minutes after an oral dose
264:
6685:Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation
5461:
4885:from the original on 28 August 2021
4836:
4732:
3664:Human & Experimental Toxicology
2942:
2829:"Clonidine - Drug Usage Statistics"
2046:
1180:, and has been prescribed to treat
600:
491:
360:70–80% (oral), 60–70% (transdermal)
24:
5940:from the original on 6 August 2017
5911:from the original on 14 April 2017
5756:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01284.x
5385:from the original on 4 August 2020
5318:
4912:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
4866:
4496:from the original on 14 April 2017
4088:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
4053:10.1097/01.pra.0000265763.79753.c1
3279:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
3212:from the original on 9 August 2014
2891:from the original on 4 August 2020
2779:from the original on 29 April 2023
2478:from the original on 4 August 2020
2442:from the original on 4 August 2020
2388:
2324:from the original on 4 August 2020
1859:in the brainstem, which decreases
1553:Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter
1309:
1060:
906:a dangerous rise in blood pressure
889:(by mouth), by injection, or as a
113:Catapres, Kapvay, Nexiclon, others
25:
11580:
6725:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5956:
4943:Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am
4850:. Sandoz Limited. 2 August 2012.
4391:from the original on 26 July 2011
4338:"Treatment and Management of RLS"
3522:"Clonidine for smoking cessation"
3324:. Springer US. pp. 221–254.
1930:signaling through the vagus nerve
1895:which if released would increase
1232:. Clonidine can also be used for
291:
191:
11486:
8188:Hydromorphone (extended-release)
5973:
5550:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00659.x
5304:10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.5.R1569
4820:. www.drugsdb.eu. Archived from
4316:10.2165/00023210-199606060-00007
4237:10.1097/00000539-200101000-00011
4100:10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.1/jchuffman
3990:Strawn JR, Geracioti TD (2008).
3630:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5044
3367:10.1097/00004583-199403000-00018
2928:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00017
2366:10.2165/00003088-198814050-00002
2031:Clonidine stimulates release of
2007:. Thus, clonidine's agonism on α
1498:, which is a medical emergency.
1325:Very common (>10% frequency):
1162:catecholamine-synthesizing tumor
1144:. Clonidine can be administered
731:
725:
719:
67:
49:
40:
11267:Monoamine metabolism modulators
8669:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
8364:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
7231:Endothelin receptor antagonists
7092:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
6132:acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
5893:
5823:
5780:
5688:
5653:
5256:
5164:
5069:
4930:
4848:electronic Medicines Compendium
4806:
4768:
4687:
4643:
4592:
4557:
4508:
4482:
4403:
4360:
4295:
4260:
4167:
4124:
4075:
4041:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
4032:
3983:
3934:
3899:
3864:
3698:
3654:
3605:
3562:
3513:
3498:
3449:
3179:
3138:
3089:
3005:
2907:
2846:
2821:
2791:
2759:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
2725:
2682:
2542:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
2494:
1995:(PFC), among other areas. The α
1516:
1202:borderline personality disorder
1113:Network Neurobehavioral Score.
1006:Clonidine works by slowing the
938:
812:Key:GJSURZIOUXUGAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
7240:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
7208:Serotonin receptor antagonists
6447:Tooltip central nervous system
5292:American Journal of Physiology
3873:Journal of Affective Disorders
3538:10.1002/14651858.CD000058.pub2
3456:Fitzgerald PJ (October 2013).
2232:
2206:
2149:
1928:, theoretically by increasing
1883:effect, suppresses release of
1861:peripheral vascular resistance
1198:post-traumatic stress disorder
713:
417:, 48 hours for repeated dosing
304:
13:
1:
11467:Receptor/signaling modulators
11249:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
11222:Receptor/signaling modulators
8721:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
8489:Melanin-concentrating hormone
7125:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
6894:Adrenergic release inhibitors
6851:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
6184:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
5122:10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00631-x
4578:10.1358/dot.2014.50.2.2097801
4082:Huffman JC, Stern TA (2007).
3960:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00219-X
3920:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30122-9
3806:10.1016/S1047-9651(18)30040-8
3571:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3164:10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00127-4
2951:Australian Medicines Handbook
2762:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
2691:Current Clinical Pharmacology
2170:
1921:agonist effect of clonidine.
1488:
1171:
1123:
413:IR: 12–16 hours; 41 hours in
11336:Tooltip Imidazoline receptor
7036:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
5709:10.1016/0028-3908(87)90224-3
5674:10.1016/0024-3205(82)90086-8
4189:10.1097/JCP.0b013e31819a4bae
3885:10.1016/0165-0327(87)90024-3
3330:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_10
3026:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9ae4
2991:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9af7
1408:Uncommon (0.1–1% frequency):
1111:neonatal intensive care unit
1107:neonatal abstinence syndrome
837:, sold under the brand name
454:-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,5--1
7:
11554:Drugs developed by Novartis
10332:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9709:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
9556:Tetracyclic antidepressants
9022:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
8376:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
8193:Morphine (extended-release)
6707:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
5502:www.cincinnatichildrens.org
4818:Prescription Marketed Drugs
1301:Pregnancy and breastfeeding
1208:. Clonidine is also a mild
1176:Clonidine also has several
951:Clonidine is used to treat
10:
11585:
11258:Monoamine releasing agents
8236:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
8130:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
8090:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
7990:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
6719:Norepinephrine transporter
5419:Current Psychiatry Reports
4428:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.014
4133:Current Psychiatry Reports
2703:10.2174/157488411798375886
2136:
1912:sympathetic nervous system
1473:Colonic pseudo-obstruction
1451:Rare (<0.1% frequency):
1152:Clonidine suppression test
1087:sympathetic nervous system
703:Chemical and physical data
246:-agonist hypotensive agent
11544:Chlorobenzene derivatives
11460:
11329:
11212:
10627:
10229:
10220:
9954:
9661:
9649:
9574:Tricyclic antidepressants
9202:
8989:
8977:
8893:
8826:
8778:
8719:
8667:
8643:
8620:
8611:
8568:
8444:
8334:
8222:Benzodiazepine dependence
8220:
8114:
8004:
7949:
7866:
7839:
7798:
7765:
7739:Tricyclic antidepressants
7737:
7702:
7684:
7651:
7642:
7617:
7589:
7549:
7522:
7469:
7456:
7404:
7395:
7386:
7304:
7229:
7206:
7196:
7166:
7119:
7112:
7090:
7052:
7034:
7027:
7020:
6979:
6950:
6892:
6845:
6838:
6819:
6690:Monoamine releasing agent
6666:
6645:
6577:
6546:
6508:
6440:
6356:
6289:
6241:
6182:
6130:
6106:
6083:
6074:
6031:
5981:
5431:10.1007/s11920-010-0136-4
5343:10.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31
4955:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.010
4373:American Family Physician
4269:Drug Development Research
4145:10.1007/s11920-008-0019-0
3065:10.1176/appi.ps.201200147
2354:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2041:growth hormone deficiency
1924:Clonidine may also cause
1810:
1379:Sedation (dose-dependent)
1367:Common (1–10% frequency):
1350:Headache (dose-dependent)
1130:below the level of injury
1085:symptoms by reducing the
849:medication used to treat
820:
795:
787:Clc1cccc(Cl)c1N/C2=N/CCN2
775:
753:
740:
707:
702:
683:
651:
631:
611:
591:
571:
551:
531:
511:
486:
466:
439:
434:
421:
404:
394:
374:
364:
354:
346:
281:
276:
251:
235:
205:
179:
149:
135:
117:
107:
62:
57:
48:
39:
7653:Calcium channel blockers
7432:+chlorcyclizine/caffeine
5110:Biochemical Pharmacology
4533:10.1177/1756283X15625586
4224:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3768:10.36076/ppj.2008/11/S89
3676:10.1177/0960327112454896
3583:10.1177/1060028015626438
3402:10.3810/pgm.2014.09.2801
3291:10.1586/14737175.4.2.307
3248:10.1177/0009922813502123
1250:irritable bowel syndrome
1038:. Clonidine, along with
11519:Antihypertensive agents
9987:Atypical antipsychotics
9240:Atypical antipsychotics
8828:Prostaglandin analogues
8474:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
6462:Mixed amphetamine salts
6291:Prostaglandin analogues
5934:"Clonidine brand names"
5629:10.1602/neurorx.2.4.541
5198:10.1073/pnas.83.22.8784
4702:(7). Wiley: 3625–3631.
4618:10.3390/brainsci8030047
3192:Mental Health Clinician
3151:Neuropsychopharmacology
1462:Impaired ability to cry
1335:Orthostatic hypotension
1164:, usually found in the
935:million prescriptions.
10186:Typical antipsychotics
9669:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
9605:Typical antipsychotics
8464:Agouti-related peptide
6806:(and closely related)
5887:10.1053/bean.2000.0079
4750:TGA eBusiness Services
4708:10.1002/anie.202010553
4665:10.1055/s-0038-1636909
3996:Depression and Anxiety
3849:10.1210/jc.2002-030005
3114:10.1542/peds.2010-1260
2949:Rossi, S, ed. (2013).
2746:10.1053/bean.2000.0079
2554:10.1124/dmd.110.033878
2066:central nervous system
1964:
1839:Clonidine crosses the
1466:Atrioventricular block
1222:restless legs syndrome
999:Resistant hypertension
989:restless-legs syndrome
948:
11276:Monoamine neurotoxins
6985:nicotinic antagonists
6737:Serotonin transporter
6495:Serdexmethylphenidate
5498:"Growth Hormone Test"
4460:"Clonidine Oral Uses"
4281:10.1002/ddr.430030112
3947:Biological Psychiatry
3762:(2 Suppl): S89–S104.
3390:Postgraduate Medicine
2799:"The Top 300 of 2021"
2284:10.1002/cpt1977215593
1983:, the subtype of the
1958:
1879:. This binding has a
1414:Delusional perception
1262:neuroendocrine tumors
1212:, and can be used as
1182:psychiatric disorders
946:
11320:Imidazoline receptor
10845:Dichloroisoprenaline
8865:Latanoprostene bunod
8780:Beta blocking agents
8613:Parasympathomimetics
7694:Flumedroxone acetate
6952:Imidazoline receptor
6701:Dopamine transporter
6646:Miscellaneous/others
6328:Latanoprostene bunod
6243:Beta blocking agents
6076:Parasympathomimetics
5962:Alpha-2 agonists in
5801:10.1002/cpt197619111
5381:. 6 September 2016.
5238:. Elsevier. p.
3505:Giannini AJ (1997).
3053:Psychiatric Services
2887:. 6 September 2016.
2474:. 6 September 2016.
2438:. 6 September 2016.
2320:. 6 September 2016.
2121:poor kidney function
2115:Measurements of the
1701:134.89 – 501.2
1434:Raynaud's phenomenon
1401:Erectile dysfunction
995:, among other uses.
841:among others, is an
11569:Ophthalmology drugs
11534:Appetite stimulants
10524:Phenylpropanolamine
10390:Ethylnorepinephrine
9866:Phenylpropanolamine
9772:Ethylnorepinephrine
9169:Phenylpropanolamine
9075:Ethylnorepinephrine
8968:Adrenergic receptor
8323:Appetite stimulants
8047:General anesthetics
7951:Nicotine dependence
7414:Dihydroergocryptine
6499:+dexmethylphenidate
5331:Anesthesia Progress
5189:1986PNAS...83.8784W
4937:Vitiello B (2008).
3474:10.4137/SART.S13019
3236:Clinical Pediatrics
3205:10.9740/mhc.n186955
2165:bendroflumethiazide
2145:Society and culture
2070:blood brain barrier
2057:Peak concentrations
2027:Growth hormone test
1985:adrenergic receptor
1981:adrenergic receptor
1897:vascular resistance
1847:High blood pressure
1841:blood–brain barrier
1835:Mechanism of action
1683:69.18 – 309.0
1665:35.48 – 61.65
1523:
1496:hypertensive crisis
1230:diabetic neuropathy
1081:. It can alleviate
977:menopausal flushing
953:high blood pressure
875:menopausal flushing
851:high blood pressure
847:-adrenergic agonist
324:(Prescription only)
300:(Prescription only)
36:
27:Pharmaceutical drug
11524:Antimigraine drugs
8454:ACTH/Corticotropin
8406:Omega-3 fatty acid
8201:Opioid antagonists
8061:Opioid antagonists
8039:Hydrogen cyanamide
8006:Alcohol dependence
7893:Never to phase III
7841:CGRP-R antagonists
7591:CGRP-R antagonists
7388:Analgesic/abortive
7331:Never to phase III
6490:Dexmethylphenidate
5844:10.1007/BF00609752
5470:(Suppl 1): 37–40.
5464:Neuroendocrinology
5298:(5): R1569–R1571.
4949:(2): 459–474, xi.
3108:(6): e1406–e1413.
2406:Medscape Reference
1967:In the setting of
1965:
1521:
1272:(specifically for
1258:intestinal failure
1254:fecal incontinence
949:
929:generic medication
242:Centrally acting α
32:
11474:
11473:
11444:Unsorted/unknown:
11286:
11285:
11279:
11270:
11261:
11252:
11243:
11234:
11225:
11208:
11207:
10955:Iodocyanopindolol
10930:Hydroxytertatolol
10850:Dihydroalprenolol
10463:
10455:
10447:
10364:
10216:
10215:
9810:
9802:
9794:
9746:
9728:Dihydroergotamine
9645:
9644:
9478:hydroxynefazodone
9343:dihydroergotamine
9113:
9105:
9097:
9054:
8934:
8933:
8715:
8714:
8555:preparations and
8518:
8517:
8512:
8511:
8504:Orexin/Hypocretin
8381:Megestrol acetate
8289:
8288:
8168:Levacetylmethadol
8116:Opioid dependence
8034:Calcium carbimide
7903:
7902:
7862:
7861:
7638:
7637:
7585:
7584:
7545:
7544:
7443:Methylergometrine
7419:Dihydroergotamine
7341:
7340:
7300:
7299:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7108:
7107:
7016:
7015:
6981:Ganglion-blocking
6808:antihypertensives
6770:
6769:
6470:Dextroamphetamine
6434:pharmacotherapies
6397:
6396:
6178:
6177:
6018:preparations and
5697:Neuropharmacology
5668:(11): 1123–1132.
5476:10.1159/000125793
5183:(22): 8784–8788.
4923:978-0-07-142280-2
4696:Angewandte Chemie
3800:(4): 939–51, ix.
3339:978-1-4613-7214-1
2960:978-0-9805790-9-3
2922:(12): 1551–1559.
2068:to penetrate the
2001:presynaptic cleft
1993:prefrontal cortex
1871:receptors in the
1832:
1831:
1828:
1429:Sinus bradycardia
1288:receptor agonists
1270:Tourette syndrome
1206:anxiety disorders
1158:phaeochromocytoma
1089:response such as
1083:opioid withdrawal
902:heart arrhythmias
832:
831:
766:Interactive image
653:CompTox Dashboard
458:-imidazol-2-amine
332:
319:
307:
295:
195:
162:
16:(Redirected from
11576:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11482:
11352:7-Me-Marsanidine
11337:
11333:
11313:
11306:
11299:
11290:
11289:
11273:
11264:
11255:
11246:
11237:
11228:
11216:
10925:Hydroxycarteolol
10489:Methoxyphenamine
10461:
10453:
10448:-DOPA (levodopa)
10445:
10362:
10336:-methyldopamine)
10227:
10226:
10131:Phenoxybenzamine
9808:
9800:
9795:-DOPA (levodopa)
9792:
9744:
9713:-methyldopamine)
9659:
9658:
9471:Phenylpiperazine
9461:Phenoxybenzamine
9111:
9103:
9098:-DOPA (levodopa)
9095:
9052:
9036:Dexisometheptene
9026:-methyldopamine)
8987:
8986:
8961:
8954:
8947:
8938:
8937:
8618:
8617:
8570:Sympathomimetics
8545:
8538:
8531:
8522:
8521:
8316:
8309:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8263:Chlordiazepoxide
8237:
8233:
8183:Dihydroetorphine
8131:
8127:
8091:
8087:
8017:
7991:
7987:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7907:
7906:
7649:
7648:
7467:
7466:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7392:
7368:
7361:
7354:
7345:
7344:
7241:
7237:
7204:
7203:
7117:
7116:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7024:
6843:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6830:vasoconstriction
6797:
6790:
6783:
6774:
6773:
6667:Related articles
6513:
6474:Lisdexamfetamine
6448:
6444:
6433:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6401:
6400:
6081:
6080:
6033:Sympathomimetics
6008:
6001:
5994:
5985:
5984:
5970:
5969:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5640:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5533:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5410:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5354:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5237:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5200:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5152:(3): 1108–1116.
5140:
5134:
5133:
5116:(7): 1035–1043.
5105:
5094:
5093:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5057:(3): 1192–1205.
5045:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4966:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4911:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4824:on 28 March 2012
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4747:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4630:
4620:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4422:(9): 1815–1823.
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4342:www.medscape.org
4334:
4328:
4327:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4239:
4215:
4209:
4208:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4011:
4009:10.1002/da.20292
3987:
3981:
3980:
3962:
3953:(9): 1192–1204.
3938:
3932:
3931:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3842:(6): 2656–2666.
3827:
3818:
3817:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3207:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2629:
2608:
2607:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2548:(9): 1393–1396.
2533:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2267:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2189:nctr-crs.fda.gov
2181:
2157:combination drug
2047:Pharmacokinetics
1904:imidazoline-1 (I
1873:vasomotor center
1811:
1554:
1550:
1524:
1520:
1394:Weight gain/loss
1342:(dose-dependent)
1248:associated with
1240:associated with
1131:
934:
828:
827:
768:
748:
733:
727:
721:
715:
698:
687:
676:
675:
661:
659:
644:
624:
604:
584:
564:
544:
524:
504:
494:
493:
479:
409:
337:
330:
327:
317:
314:
306:
303:
293:
290:
268:
193:
190:
172:
161:
158:
145:
131:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
53:
44:
37:
35:
31:
21:
11584:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11577:
11575:
11574:
11573:
11499:
11498:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11477:
11475:
11470:
11456:
11335:
11325:
11317:
11287:
11282:
11204:
10623:
10212:
9950:
9723:Dexmedetomidine
9654:
9641:
9474:antidepressants
9198:
9031:Desglymidodrine
8982:
8973:
8965:
8935:
8930:
8889:
8833:
8822:
8774:
8724:
8711:
8663:
8639:
8607:
8564:
8551:Drugs used for
8549:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8440:
8330:
8320:
8290:
8285:
8248:Benzodiazepines
8235:
8216:
8129:
8110:
8089:
8000:
7989:
7945:
7938:drug dependence
7934:
7904:
7899:
7898:
7883:Clinical trials
7858:
7835:
7794:
7767:Anticonvulsants
7761:
7733:
7698:
7680:
7634:
7613:
7581:
7541:
7518:
7461:
7452:
7382:
7372:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7321:Clinical trials
7296:
7239:
7225:
7180:
7162:
7124:
7104:
7086:
7054:VMAT inhibitors
7048:
7012:
6975:
6946:
6888:
6850:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6801:
6771:
6766:
6662:
6641:
6579:Antidepressants
6573:
6554:
6551:
6542:
6510:
6504:
6485:Methylphenidate
6480:Methamphetamine
6466:Levoamphetamine
6446:
6436:
6428:
6398:
6393:
6352:
6296:
6285:
6237:
6187:
6174:
6126:
6102:
6070:
6027:
6014:Drugs used for
6012:
5977:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5871:
5867:
5828:
5824:
5785:
5781:
5736:
5732:
5703:(7A): 649–655.
5693:
5689:
5658:
5654:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5534:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5460:
5456:
5411:
5402:
5388:
5386:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5323:
5319:
5288:
5284:
5261:
5257:
5250:
5228:
5224:
5169:
5165:
5141:
5137:
5106:
5097:
5074:
5070:
5046:
5021:
5011:
5009:
4997:
4987:
4980:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4825:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4692:
4688:
4648:
4644:
4597:
4593:
4562:
4558:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4300:
4296:
4265:
4261:
4216:
4212:
4172:
4168:
4129:
4125:
4080:
4076:
4037:
4033:
3988:
3984:
3939:
3935:
3904:
3900:
3869:
3865:
3828:
3821:
3790:
3783:
3752:
3748:
3703:
3699:
3659:
3655:
3618:JAMA Pediatrics
3610:
3606:
3567:
3563:
3532:(3): CD000058.
3518:
3514:
3503:
3499:
3462:Substance Abuse
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3386:
3382:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3318:
3314:
3275:
3271:
3232:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3184:
3180:
3143:
3139:
3094:
3090:
3045:
3041:
3010:
3006:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2947:
2943:
2912:
2908:
2902:catecholamines.
2894:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2730:
2726:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2631:
2630:
2611:
2604:
2590:
2579:
2534:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2350:
2341:
2327:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2220:. 25 March 2023
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2111:
2055:around 70–80%.
2053:bioavailability
2049:
2029:
2021:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1980:
1962:
1953:
1935:
1919:
1907:
1870:
1856:
1849:
1837:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1751:
1733:
1715:
1697:
1679:
1661:
1643:
1625:
1607:
1589:
1571:
1552:
1535:
1519:
1503:rebound effects
1491:
1486:
1448:
1405:
1382:Nausea/vomiting
1364:
1320:
1312:
1310:Adverse effects
1303:
1287:
1190:sleep disorders
1174:
1166:adrenal medulla
1154:
1129:
1126:
1118:dexmedetomidine
1075:benzodiazepines
1063:
1061:Drug withdrawal
1040:methylphenidate
1028:
1001:
961:drug withdrawal
941:
932:
921:
859:drug withdrawal
846:
823:
821:
816:
813:
808:
803:
802:
791:
788:
783:
782:
771:
746:
736:
730:
724:
718:
679:
655:
647:
627:
607:
587:
567:
547:
527:
507:
490:
482:
462:
459:
447:
446:
407:
396:Onset of action
366:Protein binding
356:Bioavailability
348:Pharmacokinetic
342:
335:
272:
245:
208:
201:
182:
175:
70:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11582:
11572:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11541:
11536:
11531:
11526:
11521:
11516:
11511:
11496:
11495:
11472:
11471:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11454:
11449:
11440:
11439:
11434:
11429:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11340:
11338:
11327:
11326:
11316:
11315:
11308:
11301:
11293:
11284:
11283:
11281:
11280:
11271:
11262:
11253:
11244:
11235:
11226:
11213:
11210:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11192:
11187:
11182:
11177:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11142:
11137:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11042:
11037:
11032:
11027:
11022:
11017:
11012:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10937:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10917:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10882:
10877:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10835:Dexpropranolol
10832:
10827:
10822:
10817:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10637:
10631:
10629:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10616:
10611:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10504:Norepinephrine
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10469:Levosalbutamol
10466:
10458:
10456:-Phenylalanine
10450:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10358:
10353:
10348:
10343:
10338:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10294:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10233:
10231:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10210:
10205:
10190:chlorpromazine
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10053:
10048:
10026:
9984:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9958:
9956:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9948:
9946:Xylometazoline
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9856:Norepinephrine
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9805:
9803:-Phenylalanine
9797:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9754:
9749:
9740:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9715:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9665:
9663:
9656:
9652:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9609:chlorpromazine
9602:
9597:
9571:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9268:
9263:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9206:
9204:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9194:Xylometazoline
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9149:Norepinephrine
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9108:
9106:-Phenylalanine
9100:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8993:
8991:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8974:
8964:
8963:
8956:
8949:
8941:
8932:
8931:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8908:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8887:
8882:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8848:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8784:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8757:
8752:
8738:
8732:
8730:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8710:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8693:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8665:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8656:
8650:
8648:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8626:
8624:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8566:
8565:
8548:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8525:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8506:
8501:
8499:Neuropeptide Y
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8450:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8416:Pentoxifylline
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8361:
8356:
8354:Cyproheptadine
8351:
8346:
8340:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8319:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8296:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8244:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8208:
8197:
8196:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8178:Dihydrocodeine
8175:
8170:
8165:
8148:
8143:
8137:
8120:
8118:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8081:
8076:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8010:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7998:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7933:
7932:
7925:
7918:
7910:
7901:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7845:
7843:
7837:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7771:
7769:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7743:
7741:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7719:
7708:
7706:
7704:Sympatholytics
7700:
7699:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7657:
7655:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7399:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7377:preparations (
7371:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7348:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7333:
7332:
7329:
7318:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7272:
7245:
7243:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7218:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7096:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7072:Methoserpidine
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7029:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6848:
6840:
6833:
6821:Sympatholytics
6817:
6816:
6800:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6713:Norepinephrine
6710:
6704:
6698:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6517:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6454:
6452:
6438:
6437:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6404:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6311:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6220:
6215:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6161:
6156:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5967:
5966:
5958:
5957:External links
5955:
5952:
5951:
5922:
5892:
5881:(2): 237–246.
5865:
5822:
5779:
5750:(5): 653–658.
5730:
5687:
5652:
5623:(4): 541–553.
5603:
5596:
5571:
5544:(2): 146–165.
5519:
5489:
5454:
5425:(5): 366–373.
5400:
5366:
5317:
5282:
5271:(1): 170–177.
5255:
5248:
5222:
5163:
5135:
5095:
5084:(2): 614–626.
5068:
5019:
4995:
4978:
4929:
4922:
4896:
4865:
4835:
4805:
4767:
4731:
4686:
4659:(2): 138–145.
4642:
4605:Brain Sciences
4591:
4572:(2): 159–179.
4566:Drugs of Today
4556:
4527:(3): 282–301.
4507:
4481:
4451:
4402:
4379:(3): 435–440.
4359:
4329:
4310:(6): 474–497.
4294:
4275:(1): 101–105.
4259:
4210:
4183:(2): 170–173.
4166:
4139:(2): 104–108.
4123:
4074:
4031:
4002:(3): 260–271.
3982:
3933:
3914:(2): 409–423.
3898:
3879:(2): 203–213.
3863:
3819:
3781:
3756:Pain Physician
3746:
3717:(1–2): 11–22.
3697:
3670:(1): 107–110.
3653:
3624:(3): 234–243.
3604:
3577:(4): 301–310.
3561:
3512:
3507:Drugs of Abuse
3497:
3448:
3423:
3380:
3361:(3): 424–426.
3345:
3338:
3312:
3285:(2): 307–316.
3269:
3242:(3): 211–216.
3223:
3178:
3157:(5): 460–470.
3137:
3088:
3059:(4): 339–346.
3039:
3020:(2): 189–198.
3004:
2985:(2): 180–188.
2966:
2959:
2941:
2906:
2872:
2845:
2820:
2790:
2771:
2751:
2740:(2): 237–246.
2724:
2697:(4): 280–287.
2681:
2674:
2654:
2609:
2602:
2577:
2523:
2493:
2456:
2423:
2387:
2360:(5): 287–310.
2339:
2305:
2278:(5): 593–601.
2257:
2231:
2205:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2109:
2092:(10–20%), and
2076:into inactive
2048:
2045:
2037:growth hormone
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:locus ceruleus
2008:
2005:norepinephrine
1996:
1988:
1978:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1938:smooth muscles
1933:
1917:
1905:
1893:neuropeptide Y
1885:norepinephrine
1868:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1807:
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1623:
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1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
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1533:
1528:
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1515:
1490:
1487:
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1471:
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1411:
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1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:knee surgery.
1285:
1236:headaches and
1178:off-label uses
1173:
1170:
1153:
1150:
1125:
1122:
1062:
1059:
1027:
1024:
1020:catecholamines
1000:
997:
940:
937:
919:
898:hallucinations
844:
830:
829:
818:
817:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
798:
797:
796:
793:
792:
790:
789:
786:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
770:
769:
761:
759:
751:
750:
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738:
737:
734:
728:
722:
716:
711:
705:
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700:
699:
689:
681:
680:
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677:
664:
662:
649:
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645:
637:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
617:
615:
609:
608:
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605:
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595:
589:
588:
586:
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575:
569:
568:
566:
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557:
555:
549:
548:
546:
545:
537:
535:
529:
528:
526:
525:
517:
515:
509:
508:
506:
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497:
495:
484:
483:
481:
480:
472:
470:
464:
463:
461:
460:
450:
442:
441:
440:
437:
436:
432:
431:
425:
419:
418:
415:kidney failure
411:
402:
401:
398:
392:
391:
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
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352:
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344:
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257:
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211:
209:administration
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155:
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139:
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125:
115:
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111:
105:
104:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11581:
11570:
11567:
11565:
11562:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11517:
11515:
11512:
11510:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11494:
11484:
11483:
11480:
11469:
11468:
11465:
11459:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11438:
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11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11362:Apraclonidine
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11334:
11328:
11324:
11321:
11314:
11309:
11307:
11302:
11300:
11295:
11294:
11291:
11278:
11277:
11272:
11269:
11268:
11263:
11260:
11259:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11242:
11241:
11240:Serotonergics
11236:
11233:
11232:
11231:Dopaminergics
11227:
11224:
11223:
11220:
11215:
11214:
11211:
11201:
11198:
11196:
11193:
11191:
11188:
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11176:
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11128:
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11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
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11101:
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11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11031:
11028:
11026:
11023:
11021:
11018:
11016:
11013:
11011:
11008:
11006:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10985:Levobetaxolol
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10936:
10933:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10921:
10918:
10916:
10913:
10911:
10908:
10906:
10903:
10901:
10898:
10896:
10893:
10891:
10888:
10886:
10883:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10826:
10825:Cyanopindolol
10823:
10821:
10818:
10816:
10813:
10811:
10808:
10806:
10803:
10801:
10798:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10643:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10632:
10630:
10626:
10620:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10509:Orciprenaline
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10459:
10457:
10451:
10449:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10410:Hexoprenaline
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10359:
10357:
10354:
10352:
10349:
10347:
10344:
10342:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10225:
10223:
10219:
10209:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10191:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10172:
10169:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10071:Esmirtazapine
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9995:brexpiprazole
9992:
9988:
9985:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9959:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9861:Oxymetazoline
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9806:
9804:
9798:
9796:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9748:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9689:Apraclonidine
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9648:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9578:amitriptyline
9575:
9572:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9490:triazoledione
9487:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9352:
9348:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9271:Beta blockers
9269:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9245:
9244:brexpiprazole
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9164:Phenylephrine
9162:
9160:
9159:Oxymetazoline
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9109:
9107:
9101:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9090:Isometheptene
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8962:
8957:
8955:
8950:
8948:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8892:
8886:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8785:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8770:Methazolamide
8768:
8765:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8755:Diclofenamide
8753:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8736:Acetazolamide
8734:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8722:
8718:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8701:Physostigmine
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8654:Acetylcholine
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8578:Apraclonidine
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8546:
8541:
8539:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8359:Dexamethasone
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8344:Amitriptyline
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8281:
8280:Phenobarbital
8277:
8276:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8163:
8159:
8158:Buprenorphine
8156:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8132:
8128:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8053:Nitrous oxide
8051:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8019:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7936:Treatment of
7931:
7926:
7924:
7919:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7865:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7780:Oxcarbazepine
7778:
7776:
7775:Carbamazepine
7773:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7764:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7752:Nortriptyline
7750:
7748:
7747:Amitriptyline
7745:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7712:Beta blockers
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7588:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7557:Dimetotiazine
7555:
7554:
7552:
7548:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7455:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7397:Serotonergics
7394:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7357:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7238:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7195:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7082:Syrosingopine
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6993:Hexamethonium
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6834:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6804:Sympatholytic
6798:
6793:
6791:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6775:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6658:Carbamazepine
6656:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6627:Nortriptyline
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6587:Amitriptyline
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6553:
6552:-adrenoceptor
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6509:Non-classical
6507:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6445:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6402:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6233:Methazolamide
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:Diclofenamide
6216:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6199:Acetazolamide
6197:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6164:Physostigmine
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:Acetylcholine
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6041:Apraclonidine
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6009:
6004:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5939:
5936:. Drugs.com.
5935:
5929:
5927:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5838:(2): 97–101.
5837:
5833:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5662:Life Sciences
5656:
5648:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5597:9780781768795
5593:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5458:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5397:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5286:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5249:9780123695215
5245:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:, Driscol J.
4991:
4985:
4983:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4823:
4819:
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4344:. WebMD LLC.
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2246:. 7 June 2024
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2167:as Pertenso.
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2161:chlortalidone
2158:
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2043:in children.
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1945:
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1939:
1936:receptors in
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1890:
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1881:sympatholytic
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1482:Hyperglycemia
1480:
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1470:Nasal dryness
1469:
1467:
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1459:
1458:Gynaecomastia
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1417:Hallucination
1416:
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1388:Abnormal LFTs
1387:
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1282:Injection of
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1255:
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1247:
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1214:premedication
1211:
1207:
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914:breastfeeding
911:
908:. Use during
907:
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864:
860:
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852:
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693:
690:
688:
686:ECHA InfoCard
682:
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670:
669:DTXSID6022846
666:
665:
663:
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650:
643:
639:
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630:
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116:
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110:
106:
100:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
30:
19:
11564:Imidazolines
11463:
11462:
11443:
11424:Antagonists:
11423:
11371:
11343:
11274:
11265:
11256:
11247:
11238:
11229:
11218:
11217:
11010:Metipranolol
10995:Levomoprolol
10940:Idropranolol
10435:Isoprenaline
10333:
10257:Arformoterol
10202:thioridazine
10194:fluphenazine
10166:Spiroxatrine
10126:Phentolamine
10045:tandospirone
10011:paliperidone
9901:Tasipimidine
9881:Rezatomidine
9826:Medetomidine
9710:
9698:
9621:thioridazine
9613:fluphenazine
9594:trimipramine
9582:clomipramine
9466:Phentolamine
9335:acetergamine
9311:Corynanthine
9023:
8915:+latanoprost
8906:Guanethidine
8894:Other agents
8808:Metipranolol
8749:+brimonidine
8741:Brinzolamide
8727:sulfonamides
8691:Fluostigmine
8592:
8431:Testosterone
8367:
8348:
8275:Barbiturates
8273:
8246:
8240:
8229:
8199:
8150:
8134:
8123:
8094:
8083:
8059:
8045:
8013:
7994:
7983:
7974:Mecamylamine
7831:Galcanezumab
7826:Fremanezumab
7728:
7686:Progestogens
7644:Prophylactic
7567:Iprazochrome
7514:Zolmitriptan
7494:Frovatriptan
7448:Methysergide
7375:Antimigraine
7274:
7253:Aprocitentan
7248:
7176:Phentolamine
7062:Bietaserpine
7008:Trimethaphan
6998:Mecamylamine
6932:Guanethidine
6912:Debrisoquine
6858:
6826:α-adrenergic
6824:(antagonize
6563:
6378:+latanoprost
6369:Guanethidine
6357:Other agents
6271:Metipranolol
6212:+brimonidine
6204:Brinzolamide
6190:sulfonamides
6154:Fluostigmine
6055:
5975:Medical uses
5942:. Retrieved
5913:. Retrieved
5904:
5895:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5795:(1): 11–17.
5792:
5788:
5782:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5581:
5574:
5541:
5537:
5510:. Retrieved
5501:
5492:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5422:
5418:
5394:
5387:. Retrieved
5378:
5369:
5337:(1): 31–39.
5334:
5330:
5320:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5234:Pharmacology
5233:
5225:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5113:
5109:
5081:
5077:
5071:
5054:
5050:
5010:. Retrieved
5001:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4907:
4899:
4887:. Retrieved
4878:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4847:
4838:
4826:. Retrieved
4822:the original
4817:
4808:
4796:. Retrieved
4779:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4749:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4608:
4604:
4594:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4454:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4376:
4372:
4362:
4350:. Retrieved
4341:
4332:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4230:(1): 56–61.
4227:
4223:
4213:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4094:(1): 29–45.
4091:
4087:
4077:
4047:(2): 72–78.
4044:
4040:
4034:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3839:
3835:
3797:
3793:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3667:
3663:
3656:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3506:
3500:
3465:
3461:
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3426:
3396:(5): 64–81.
3393:
3389:
3383:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3321:
3315:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3239:
3235:
3214:. Retrieved
3195:
3191:
3181:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2978:
2950:
2944:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2900:
2893:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2802:
2793:
2783:12 September
2781:. Retrieved
2761:
2754:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2665:
2645:. Retrieved
2636:
2593:
2545:
2541:
2514:. Retrieved
2505:
2496:
2487:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2451:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2405:
2357:
2353:
2333:
2326:. Retrieved
2317:
2308:
2275:
2271:
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2153:
2140:
2114:
2050:
2033:GHRH hormone
2030:
2013:
1966:
1946:
1923:
1901:
1850:
1838:
1530:
1517:Pharmacology
1500:
1492:
1450:
1449:
1407:
1406:
1376:Constipation
1366:
1365:
1324:
1323:
1319:By frequency
1317:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1292:arthroscopic
1281:
1204:, and other
1194:hyperarousal
1175:
1155:
1127:
1120:withdrawal.
1115:
1095:hypertension
1064:
1056:
1029:
1005:
1002:
950:
939:Medical uses
926:
895:
838:
834:
833:
822:
455:
451:
406:Elimination
383:to inactive
283:Legal status
277:Legal status
151:License data
29:
11529:Anxiolytics
11407:Rilmenidine
11135:Spirendolol
11110:Propranolol
11105:Propafenone
11100:Pronethalol
10990:Levobunolol
10965:Isoxaprolol
10950:Indopanolol
10935:ICI-118,551
10900:Eugenodilol
10885:Ersentilide
10865:Draquinolol
10860:Diprafenone
10830:Dalbraminol
10810:Cicloprolol
10785:Carpindolol
10770:Butofilolol
10715:Bornaprolol
10660:Alprenoxime
10628:Antagonists
10589:Tulobuterol
10584:Tretoquinol
10579:Terbutaline
10539:Ractopamine
10534:Prenalterol
10440:Isoxsuprine
10425:Indacaterol
10395:Eugenodilol
10385:Etilevodopa
10370:Epinephrine
10361:Droxidopa (
10341:Dipivefrine
10312:Clenbuterol
10156:Setiptiline
10146:Rauwolscine
10121:Pardoprunox
10111:Mirtazapine
10076:Fenmetozole
10019:risperidone
9982:Atipamezole
9955:Antagonists
9911:Tiamenidine
9906:Tetryzoline
9886:Rilmenidine
9851:Naphazoline
9787:Guanoxabenz
9762:Epinephrine
9752:Etilevodopa
9743:Droxidopa (
9733:Dipivefrine
9694:Brimonidine
9564:maprotiline
9441:Pardoprunox
9436:Niguldipine
9396:Mepiprazole
9371:Hydroxyzine
9361:Etoperidone
9351:nicergoline
9321:Domesticine
9316:Dapiprazole
9291:eugenodilol
9266:Benoxathian
9260:risperidone
9225:Anisodamine
9203:Antagonists
9184:Tiamenidine
9179:Tetryzoline
9144:Naphazoline
9129:Methoxamine
9124:Metaraminol
9070:Etilevodopa
9060:Epinephrine
9051:Droxidopa (
9041:Dipivefrine
9002:Amidephrine
8901:Dapiprazole
8885:Unoprostone
8855:+netarsudil
8851:Latanoprost
8841:Bimatoprost
8803:Levobunolol
8760:Dorzolamide
8696:Neostigmine
8682:Ecothiopate
8644:muscarinic/
8635:Pilocarpine
8603:Epinephrine
8598:Dipivefrine
8583:Brimonidine
8459:Adiponectin
8436:Thalidomide
8411:Oxandrolone
8386:Mirtazapine
8029:Acamprosate
7979:Varenicline
7879:from market
7816:Eptinezumab
7717:Propranolol
7676:Flunarizine
7625:Paracetamol
7509:Sumatriptan
7504:Rizatriptan
7499:Naratriptan
7479:Almotriptan
7317:from market
7291:Sotatercept
7279:Ambrisentan
7199:antagonists
7067:Deserpidine
7003:Pentolinium
6966:Rilmenidine
6922:Guanazodine
6902:Bethanidine
6884:Tiamenidine
6874:Guanoxabenz
6637:Venlafaxine
6622:Moclobemide
6617:Milnacipran
6602:Desipramine
6528:Atomoxetine
6523:Armodafinil
6458:Amphetamine
6364:Dapiprazole
6348:Unoprostone
6318:+netarsudil
6314:Latanoprost
6304:Bimatoprost
6266:Levobunolol
6223:Dorzolamide
6159:Neostigmine
6145:Ecothiopate
6107:muscarinic/
6098:Pilocarpine
6066:Epinephrine
6061:Dipivefrine
6046:Brimonidine
5915:10 December
5538:Anaesthesia
5389:21 December
4875:"Clonidine"
4858:27 November
4814:"Clonidine"
4776:"Clonidine"
4760:27 November
4717:2434/778579
4653:J Knee Surg
4490:"Clonidine"
4395:12 February
3468:: 171–183.
2895:21 December
2482:21 December
2446:21 December
2416:10 November
2328:21 December
2250:5 September
2224:5 September
2150:Brand names
2078:metabolites
1942:transdermal
1926:bradycardia
1908:) receptors
1865:presynaptic
1719:> 10,000
1424:Paresthesia
1360:Hypotension
1238:hot flashes
1138:bradycardia
1134:hypotension
1091:tachycardia
1016:aldosterone
891:transdermal
749: g·mol
692:100.021.928
435:Identifiers
385:metabolites
226:transdermal
222:intravenous
137:MedlinePlus
109:Trade names
11559:Guanidines
11503:Categories
11402:Moxonidine
11377:Clorgyline
11323:modulators
11200:Xipranolol
11190:Toliprolol
11180:Tiprenolol
11165:Tienoxolol
11160:Tertatolol
11145:Sulfinalol
11125:Soquinolol
11120:Ronactolol
11095:Procinolol
11090:Primidolol
11075:Penbutolol
11055:Pacrinolol
11050:Oxprenolol
11045:Nipradilol
11015:Metoprolol
11005:Mepindolol
11000:Medroxalol
10970:Isamoltane
10960:Iprocrolol
10920:Flusoxolol
10910:Falintolol
10890:Esatenolol
10840:Diacetolol
10820:Cloranolol
10800:Celiprolol
10795:Carvedilol
10775:Capsinolol
10760:Butaxamine
10755:Bupranolol
10745:Bunitrolol
10725:Bucindolol
10720:Brefonalol
10710:Bopindolol
10705:Bisoprolol
10700:Bevantolol
10680:Arotinolol
10665:Amosulalol
10655:Alprenolol
10635:Acebutolol
10614:Zilpaterol
10599:Vilanterol
10574:Solabegron
10569:Salmeterol
10564:Salbutamol
10549:Reproterol
10544:Procaterol
10529:Pirbuterol
10514:Oxyfedrine
10499:Mirabegron
10494:Methyldopa
10484:Melevodopa
10474:Lubabegron
10430:Isoetarine
10415:Higenamine
10405:Formoterol
10380:Etilefrine
10375:Etafedrine
10356:Dopexamine
10346:Dobutamine
10327:Denopamine
10322:Corbadrine
10302:Carmoterol
10297:Carbuterol
10287:Broxaterol
10282:Bitolterol
10272:Bambuterol
10262:Arotinolol
10252:Arbutamine
10242:Alifedrine
10237:Abediterol
10181:Tolazoline
10171:Sunepitron
10161:Spegatrine
10151:Rotigotine
10091:Ketanserin
10081:Fluparoxan
10061:Cirazoline
10056:Buflomedil
10041:ipsapirone
10029:Azapirones
10015:quetiapine
10007:olanzapine
10003:lurasidone
9977:Aptazapine
9972:Amesergide
9921:Tolonidine
9916:Tizanidine
9896:Talipexole
9891:Romifidine
9846:Moxonidine
9836:Methyldopa
9831:Melevodopa
9821:Lofexidine
9782:Guanfacine
9767:Etilefrine
9757:Ergotamine
9718:Detomidine
9704:Corbadrine
9600:Trimazosin
9590:imipramine
9551:Tolazoline
9546:Tiodazosin
9536:Tamsulosin
9531:Talipexole
9521:Spegatrine
9506:Quinazosin
9482:nefazodone
9456:Phendioxan
9446:Pelanserin
9431:Niaprazine
9426:Neldazosin
9416:Naftopidil
9411:Moxisylyte
9381:Ketanserin
9366:Fenspiride
9339:ergotamine
9301:Buflomedil
9287:carvedilol
9283:arotinolol
9279:amosulalol
9256:quetiapine
9252:olanzapine
9215:Ajmalicine
9174:Synephrine
9154:Octopamine
9134:Methyldopa
9119:Melevodopa
9085:Indanidine
9065:Etilefrine
9017:Corbadrine
9012:Cirazoline
8971:modulators
8921:Omidenepag
8911:Netarsudil
8875:Travoprost
8870:Tafluprost
8818:Mepindolol
8677:Demecarium
8630:Aceclidine
8622:muscarinic
8469:Anandamide
8446:Endogenous
8421:Prednisone
8401:Olanzapine
8396:Nandrolone
8206:Naltrexone
8140:Lofexidine
8079:Topiramate
8067:Naltrexone
8024:Disulfiram
7854:Rimegepant
7785:Topiramate
7757:Imipramine
7666:Lomerizine
7661:Dotarizine
7609:Zavegepant
7604:Ubrogepant
7599:Rimegepant
7562:Dotarizine
7537:Lasmiditan
7489:Eletriptan
7484:Avitriptan
7424:Ergotamine
7287:Sitaxentan
7283:+tadalafil
7265:+tadalafil
7261:Macitentan
7221:Lidanserin
7216:Ketanserin
7153:Trimazosin
7138:Ketanserin
7100:Metirosine
7021:Peripheral
6971:Tolonidine
6961:Moxonidine
6927:Guancydine
6879:Methyldopa
6869:Guanfacine
6653:Amantadine
6632:Reboxetine
6612:Imipramine
6607:Duloxetine
6569:Guanfacine
6538:Viloxazine
6515:stimulants
6450:stimulants
6384:Omidenepag
6374:Netarsudil
6338:Travoprost
6333:Tafluprost
6281:Mepindolol
6140:Demecarium
6093:Aceclidine
6085:muscarinic
5512:13 October
3102:Pediatrics
2838:14 January
2813:14 January
2647:2 February
2516:30 October
2198:22 October
2171:References
1804:Guinea Pig
1801:>10,000
1593:>10,000
1575:>10,000
1522:Clonidine
1489:Withdrawal
1340:Somnolence
1196:caused by
1184:including
1172:Other uses
1142:drowsiness
1124:Spasticity
1048:guanfacine
1008:pulse rate
883:spasticity
754:3D model (
742:Molar mass
622:CHEBI:3757
582:MN3L5RMN02
553:ChemSpider
513:IUPHAR/BPS
468:CAS Number
444:IUPAC name
376:Metabolism
237:Drug class
11464:See also:
11452:Pargyline
11372:Clonidine
11344:Agonists:
11219:See also:
11195:Xibenolol
11185:Tolamolol
11170:Tilisolol
11150:Talinolol
11140:SR 59230A
11115:Ridazolol
11085:Practolol
11065:Pamatolol
11060:Pafenolol
11040:Nifenalol
11035:Nebivolol
11030:Nadoxolol
10980:Landiolol
10975:Labetalol
10945:Indenolol
10915:Flestolol
10905:Exaprolol
10870:Ecastolol
10855:Dilevalol
10815:Cinamolol
10805:Cetamolol
10790:Carteolol
10780:Carazolol
10765:Butidrine
10740:Bufuralol
10735:Bufetolol
10730:Bucumolol
10695:Betaxolol
10690:Befunolol
10670:Ancarolol
10640:Adaprolol
10604:Xamoterol
10559:Ritodrine
10554:Rimiterol
10519:PF-610355
10479:Mabuterol
10464:-Tyrosine
10420:Ibopamine
10400:Fenoterol
10307:Cimaterol
10292:Buphenine
10277:Befunolol
10247:Amibegron
10208:Yohimbine
10176:Terguride
10141:Piribedil
10136:Piperoxan
10106:Mianserin
10051:BRL-44408
10033:buspirone
9999:clozapine
9991:asenapine
9931:Vatinoxan
9871:Piperoxan
9841:Mivazerol
9816:Ibopamine
9811:-Tyrosine
9777:Guanabenz
9699:Clonidine
9637:Zolertine
9568:mianserin
9560:amoxapine
9541:Terazosin
9526:Spiperone
9516:Silodosin
9511:Quinidine
9496:Piperoxan
9486:trazodone
9451:Perlapine
9421:Nantenine
9406:Monatepil
9401:Metazosin
9386:L-765,314
9376:Indoramin
9355:terguride
9331:Ergolines
9326:Doxazosin
9306:Bunazosin
9295:labetalol
9248:clozapine
9235:Atiprosin
9230:Anisodine
9220:Alfuzosin
9210:Abanoquil
9139:Midodrine
9114:-Tyrosine
9080:Ibopamine
9007:Buspirone
8926:Ripasudil
8798:Carteolol
8793:Betaxolol
8788:Befunolol
8659:Carbachol
8646:nicotinic
8593:Clonidine
8494:Melatonin
8479:Cortisone
8349:Clonidine
8336:Exogenous
8258:Lorazepam
8241:Clonidine
8211:Nalmefene
8173:Methadone
8162:+naloxone
8135:Clonidine
8095:Clonidine
8072:Nalmefene
8018:inhibitor
7995:Clonidine
7959:Bupropion
7889:Phase III
7877:Withdrawn
7849:Atogepant
7790:Valproate
7729:Clonidine
7671:Verapamil
7577:Pizotifen
7572:Oxetorone
7532:Alniditan
7428:+caffeine
7406:Ergolines
7327:Phase III
7315:Withdrawn
7275:selective
7269:Riociguat
7143:Indoramin
7133:Doxazosin
7077:Reserpine
7044:Pargyline
6937:Guanoclor
6917:Guanadrel
6907:Bretylium
6864:Guanabenz
6859:Clonidine
6731:Serotonin
6597:Buspirone
6592:Bupropion
6564:Clonidine
6533:Modafinil
6389:Ripasudil
6261:Carteolol
6256:Betaxolol
6251:Befunolol
6122:Carbachol
6109:nicotinic
6056:Clonidine
5905:Drugs.com
5012:14 August
4998:Database"
4798:5 January
4611:(3): 47.
4352:3 October
4304:CNS Drugs
3418:207580823
3198:: 22–26.
2861:: 20–25.
2855:FP Essent
2637:Drugs.com
2408:. WebMD.
2117:half-life
1877:brainstem
1857:receptors
1786:>1,000
1771:>1,000
1756:>1,000
1557:>1,000
1444:Urticaria
1420:Nightmare
1346:Dry mouth
1331:Dizziness
1242:menopause
1103:akathisia
1044:stimulant
1032:Australia
922:receptors
910:pregnancy
835:Clonidine
642:ChEMBL134
477:4205-90-7
423:Excretion
408:half-life
207:Routes of
181:Pregnancy
170:Clonidine
129:Monograph
123:Drugs.com
34:Clonidine
11514:Anilines
11493:Medicine
11437:Idazoxan
11432:Efaroxan
11382:Harmalas
11357:Agmatine
11080:Pindolol
11070:Pargolol
11020:Moprolol
10895:Esprolol
10880:Ericolol
10875:Epanolol
10685:Atenolol
10650:Afurolol
10645:Adimolol
10619:Zinterol
10594:Vibegron
10351:Dopamine
10317:Colterol
10230:Agonists
10198:loxapine
10096:Lisuride
10086:Idazoxan
10066:Efaroxan
10037:gepirone
10023:zotepine
9967:Adimolol
9941:Xylazine
9926:Urapidil
9738:Dopamine
9662:Agonists
9627:Urapidil
9617:loxapine
9501:Prazosin
9347:lisuride
9275:adimolol
9046:Dopamine
8990:Agonists
8879:+timolol
8859:+timolol
8845:+timolol
8764:+timolol
8745:+timolol
8707:Paraoxon
8687:Stigmine
8587:+timolol
8553:glaucoma
8391:Nabilone
8369:Cannabis
8268:Oxazepam
8253:Diazepam
8146:Ibogaine
8106:Phenibut
8101:Baclofen
7969:Lobeline
7964:Cytisine
7821:Erenumab
7630:Amidrine
7471:Triptans
7462:agonists
7438:Lisuride
7257:Bosentan
7158:Urapidil
7148:Prazosin
7028:Indirect
6954:agonists
6942:Guanoxan
6695:Dopamine
6556:agonists
6342:+timolol
6322:+timolol
6308:+timolol
6227:+timolol
6208:+timolol
6170:Paraoxon
6150:Stigmine
6050:+timolol
6016:glaucoma
5938:Archived
5909:Archived
5860:24702183
5817:39473828
5725:41743285
5647:16489364
5566:28405271
5558:10215710
5506:Archived
5449:20652773
5383:Archived
5379:DailyMed
5361:25849473
5063:11082457
5006:Archived
4973:18295156
4883:Archived
4852:Archived
4828:2 August
4792:Archived
4788:30000689
4754:Archived
4726:33103317
4673:29534270
4637:29547576
4586:24619591
4551:27134659
4494:Archived
4468:Archived
4446:22683276
4389:Archived
4385:12182520
4346:Archived
4324:72544106
4289:85093127
4254:18885497
4246:11133600
4205:31292297
4197:19512980
4161:23494905
4153:18474199
4118:17506224
4061:17414682
4026:33940152
4018:17354267
3977:32148292
3969:10560025
3858:12788870
3814:11723871
3776:18443642
3741:25750484
3692:31570614
3684:23111887
3648:30667476
3599:40652097
3591:26783353
3556:15266422
3492:24151426
3441:31 March
3437:. US FDA
3410:25295651
3307:35000868
3299:15853572
3256:24027233
3216:1 August
3210:Archived
3173:10192826
3132:21555501
3083:23318985
3034:18182964
2999:18182963
2936:10596256
2889:Archived
2885:DailyMed
2867:29863319
2833:ClinCalc
2807:Archived
2803:ClinCalc
2777:Archived
2719:40756251
2711:21827389
2641:Archived
2572:20570945
2510:Archived
2502:"Kapvay"
2476:Archived
2472:DailyMed
2440:Archived
2436:DailyMed
2410:Archived
2382:24783447
2322:Archived
2318:DailyMed
2244:DailyMed
2218:DailyMed
1753:(cortex)
1477:Alopecia
1439:Pruritus
1246:diarrhea
1234:migraine
1210:sedative
1079:nicotine
1052:insomnia
985:insomnia
981:diarrhea
959:(ADHD),
879:diarrhea
871:nicotine
839:Catapres
825:(verify)
533:DrugBank
253:ATC code
218:epidural
196: B3
183:category
165:DailyMed
18:Catapres
11447:CR-4056
11427:BU99006
11417:S-23757
11412:S-23515
11392:LNP-911
11387:LNP-509
11175:Timolol
11155:Tazolol
11130:Sotalol
11025:Nadolol
10750:Bunolol
10675:Arnolol
10609:XP21279
10188:(e.g.,
10116:NAN-190
10031:(e.g.,
9989:(e.g.,
9936:XP21279
9684:Amitraz
9632:WB-4101
9607:(e.g.,
9586:doxepin
9576:(e.g.,
9558:(e.g.,
9476:(e.g.,
9333:(e.g.,
9273:(e.g.,
9242:(e.g.,
9189:XP21279
8813:Timolol
8484:Ghrelin
8152:Opioids
7722:Timolol
6839:Central
6763:(SNDRI)
6276:Timolol
5944:16 June
5809:1245090
5774:7332729
5765:1401969
5717:2819761
5682:6128647
5638:1201314
5617:NeuroRx
5484:1901390
5440:3676929
5396:effect.
5352:4389556
5312:9374795
5277:9536007
5217:2877462
5185:Bibcode
5158:2138666
5130:9605427
5090:1738111
4994:"PDSP K
4990:Roth BL
4964:2408826
4889:28 June
4681:3861878
4628:5870365
4542:4830099
4437:3413770
4109:3181843
4069:1607064
3928:7937367
3893:2960712
3732:4349402
3639:6439896
3547:7038651
3483:3798293
3375:8169189
3123:3387872
3074:4023684
2563:2939473
2374:3293868
2300:5566079
2137:History
2128:hours (
2088:(66%),
2082:kidneys
1975:at the
1973:agonism
1944:route.
1875:in the
1539:Species
1385:Malaise
1373:Anxiety
1353:Fatigue
1266:cholera
1226:rosacea
1071:alcohol
1067:opioids
993:anxiety
973:smoking
969:opioids
965:alcohol
867:opioids
863:alcohol
709:Formula
542:DB00575
488:PubChem
339:Rx-only
336:WARNING
308::
269:)
263: (
261:C02AC01
230:topical
167::
143:a682243
11479:Portal
10365:-DOPS)
9747:-DOPS)
9674:4-NEMD
9055:-DOPS)
8557:miosis
8426:Sugars
7872:WHO-EM
7805:CGRP-R
7618:Others
7550:Others
7524:Ditans
7310:WHO-EM
7197:Other
7113:Direct
6757:(NDRI)
6751:(SNRI)
6745:(SSRI)
6739:(SERT)
6733:(5-HT)
6676:(ADHD)
6020:miosis
5858:
5852:658114
5850:
5815:
5807:
5772:
5762:
5723:
5715:
5680:
5645:
5635:
5594:
5564:
5556:
5482:
5447:
5437:
5359:
5349:
5310:
5275:
5246:
5215:
5208:387016
5205:
5156:
5128:
5088:
5061:
4971:
4961:
4920:
4916:–855.
4786:
4724:
4679:
4671:
4635:
4625:
4584:
4549:
4539:
4500:25 May
4474:30 May
4444:
4434:
4383:
4322:
4287:
4252:
4244:
4203:
4195:
4159:
4151:
4116:
4106:
4067:
4059:
4024:
4016:
3975:
3967:
3926:
3891:
3856:
3812:
3774:
3739:
3729:
3690:
3682:
3646:
3636:
3597:
3589:
3554:
3544:
3490:
3480:
3416:
3408:
3373:
3336:
3305:
3297:
3264:742140
3262:
3254:
3171:
3130:
3120:
3081:
3071:
3032:
2997:
2957:
2934:
2865:
2769:
2717:
2709:
2672:
2600:
2570:
2560:
2506:RxList
2380:
2372:
2335:hours.
2298:
2292:870272
2290:
2125:CYP2D6
2106:CYP3A4
2104:, and
2102:CYP1A1
2098:CYP3A5
2090:CYP1A2
2086:CYP2D6
1740:Bovine
1647:125.89
1629:316.23
1611:316.23
1264:, and
1186:stress
1140:, and
1018:, and
991:, and
933:
887:orally
780:SMILES
747:230.09
633:ChEMBL
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