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Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset

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infringement after notice or knowledge of the copyright or in reckless disregard of the copyright, the effect of the defendant's prior or concurrent copyright infringement activity, whether profit or gain was established, the value of the copyright, the need to deter this defendant and other potential infringers, and any mitigating circumstances." The amounts were to be assessed within the statutory range of $ 750 to $ 150,000 per song. On November 4, 2010, a jury in Minneapolis decided that the amount should be $ 62,500 per song, for a total award to the plaintiffs of $ 1.5 million.
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copyright owners") or the distribution right (via Thomas-Rasset "distributing copyrighted sound recordings to other users on a peer-to-peer network, without license from the copyright owners"). For each song reproduced or distributed, the infringement had to be assessed as willful or non-willful, and damages assessed accordingly. The jury was not allowed to be specific in its verdict about which rights (distribution or reproduction) were infringed, and the judge did not attempt to define distribution in the second trial.
318:(of his own accord), issued an order indicating a possible "manifest error of law" in connection with his "making available" jury instruction, on the ground that it may have contravened binding 8th Circuit precedent, and on the ground that a case upon which the RIAA and the Court had relied had been vacated by the Court which had issued it, without Judge Davis's knowledge. Subsequently, the Court vacated the judgment, on the ground that "making available" could not be equated with "distribution" under "settled case law". 302:'s head of litigation on the first day of trial, but the court sustained the plaintiffs' objection and did not permit the topic to be revisited until jury instructions were prepared just before the trial's conclusion. Despite disagreement from the defense, the court proceeded to interpret "making available" as distribution for purposes of instructing the jury. 551:, primarily reasoning that the statutory damage award is (in effect) punitive, so case law relating to punitive damages should apply. The RIAA, reaffirming prior arguments and pointing out that there is no disagreement among the lower courts, urged that the petition be rejected. The court denied certiorari on March 18, 2013. 505:
case as precedent, argued that due process was satisfied by a jury's statutory damage award, regardless of whether it bears "a reasonable relation to the plaintiff's actual injury...regardless of whether actual damages can be proven, regardless of whether the defendant's infringement was willful, and
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format, not MP3 as found in the shared folder. On the stand, Thomas-Rasset speculated that perhaps her children or then-boyfriend had installed Kazaa on her computer without her knowledge. Closing arguments focused on the fact that none of the evidence pointed to Thomas-Rasset personally, but only to
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Thomas contended that she was not the person behind the "tereastarr" account and denied having downloaded any files. During the trial, her lawyer suggested her computer could have been under the control of people elsewhere by means of "a spoof, a zombie or some other type of hack". Juror Michael Hegg
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The jury was instructed that merely "making available" sufficed to constitute an infringement of the plaintiffs' distribution right, even without proof of any actual distribution. The issue of whether copyright infringement required actual distribution was raised by the defense during examination of
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In an effort to simplify the case to deal only with the constitutionality of a very large statutory damage award against a noncommercial file-sharer, Thomas-Rasset agreed to drop the making-available issue and accept an injunction against further making-available of copyrighted works to the public,
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For this trial, the jury was instructed that the issues of the defendant's liability and willfulness had been determined by a previous jury, and in determining the damage amounts, it "may consider the willfulness of the defendant's conduct, the defendant's innocence, the defendant's continuation of
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Also on July 6, 2009, Thomas-Rasset filed a motion asserting the statutory damage award was so disproportionate to actual damages as to be unconstitutional, and announcing her intention to appeal two prior court orders permitting the plaintiffs to present certain evidence at trial. The evidence in
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The jury was instructed to find that the owners' copyrights were infringed if the plaintiffs owned copyrights in the songs and there was an infringement of either the reproduction right (via Thomas-Rasset "downloading copyrighted sound recordings on a peer-to-peer network, without license from the
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should have been inadmissible because it was collected in violation of state private investigator and wiretap statutes. The motion called for either a retrial with that evidence suppressed, a reduction of damages to the statutory minimum ($ 750 per song; $ 18,000 total), or a removal of statutory
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groups—indicating they were likely downloaded, not ripped from her own CDs. Although only 24 songs were at issue, plaintiffs told the jury that 1,700-plus songs were in the shared folder, that "a message must be sent", and that the infringement was "substantial" and "massive". At one point, the
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and wiretapping laws. In rejecting these arguments, the court said that the MPDA did not apply to an out-of-state entity like MediaSentry, and that "There is no expectation of solitude or seclusion when a person activates a file sharing program and sends a file to the requesting computer. By
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On July 6, 2009, the plaintiffs filed a motion asking for an injunction against Thomas-Rasset that would require her to destroy all infringing sound recordings on her computer and desist from any further infringement of their copyrights. Their motion claims trial evidence established that
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The arguments presented by the plaintiffs included technical details tying the shared folder on Kazaa to her IP address, the user name in the shared folder matching the user name on many of the defendant's online accounts, and the fact that numerous files in the shared folder contained
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In July 2011, the court ruled that the $ 1.5 million award was "so severe and oppressive as to be wholly disproportioned to the offense and obviously unreasonable." The court again reduced the jury award to $ 54,000, or $ 2,250 per song. The record labels filed for appeal in the
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After 5 hours of deliberation on June 18, the jury found Thomas-Rasset liable for willful copyright infringement of all the songs in question, and awarded the plaintiffs statutory damages of $ 1.92 million ($ 80,000 per song, within the allowed range of $ 750 to $ 150,000).
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to avoid paying the RIAA the $ 222,000. The RIAA suggested that it would accept a lower payment if Thomas-Rasset would make a video about copyright infringement, which she refused. As of April 2016, the RIAA had not announced receipt of any payments from Thomas-Rasset.
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In December 2011, in its opening brief for the appeal, the plaintiffs asked the court to hear oral arguments pertaining to the exclusivity of the distribution right and the constitutionality of statutory damages which bear no relation to actual damages. The
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letter and settlement offer in August 2005. Thomas declined the settlement offer. On April 19, 2006, several major record labels sued Thomas for copyright infringement by unauthorized downloading and sharing of 24 sound recordings on
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On October 4, 2007, after 5 minutes of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict finding her liable for willful infringement, and awarded statutory damages in the amount of $ 9,250 for each of the 24 songs for a total of $ 222,000.
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The defense argued that Thomas-Rasset had no reason to download music, as she was one of the plaintiffs' best customers, having legally purchased over 200 CDs, including many of the songs at issue, which she only ever ripped into
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The court declined to rule on whether making-available infringes the distribution right, as it was not an issue decided by the lower court. The case was remanded to the District Court for a judgment that includes these remedies.
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During oral arguments, the parties disagreed on whether Thomas-Rasset received notice of investigation, and whether she got the hard drive replaced to destroy evidence or because it was damaged in an unrelated incident.
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Thomas-Rasset "was distributing 1,702 sound recordings ... to millions of other users," and that the plaintiffs would face "great and irreparable harm" were she to continue to infringe upon their copyrights.
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brief providing further arguments in favor of the plaintiffs' point of view. Both briefs contend that making-available is a form of distribution, and that actual damages are irrelevant to statutory damages.
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A few days later, the plaintiffs proposed a $ 25,000 settlement to Thomas-Rasset. She declined. The plaintiffs then rejected the damage reduction ordered by the judge. On June 18, the court appointed a
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participating in Kazaa, a user expects millions of other users to view and copy her files, each time receiving the very information that Thomas-Rasset sent to MediaSentry and MediaSentry recorded."
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containing the copyrighted songs was never presented at the trial, though Thomas did turn over a hard drive that referenced neither Kazaa nor the infringing files to the plaintiffs' attorneys.
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offered to settle for $ 5,000, but Thomas-Rasset declined. The ultimate damage order came after several trials and appeals in 2007–2013. The damage award at one stage reached $ 1,920,000.
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attorney Brian Toder. The plaintiffs alleged that on February 21, 2005, Jammie Thomas shared a total of 1,702 tracks online; however, plaintiffs sought relief for only 24 of these.
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under the username "TEREASTARR@KaZaA". The labels' complaint alleged that Thomas infringed copyright on February 21, 2005, downloading and distributing songs by such bands as
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had been violated because the plaintiffs hadn't proven that the defendant, specifically, had caused them any actual harm, only that file sharing, in general, had.
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After unsuccessful negotiations, a third trial to re-determine the amount of damages was set for October 4, 2010, later rescheduled to November 1, 2010.
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question included allegedly incomplete and therefore inadmissible copyright registrations, and Thomas-Rasset claimed that evidence collected by
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In May 2009, during preparation for the retrial, Brian Toder stepped down as Thomas-Rasset's lawyer. Thomas-Rasset then accepted Joe Sibley and
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The District Court's injunction against Thomas-Rasset should have included a prohibition on making available sound recordings for distribution.
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plaintiffs drew a rebuke from the court for presenting new evidence of questionable relevance; it was partially stricken from the record.
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The retrial which ensued found Thomas-Rasset liable for willful copyright infringement, and awarded plaintiffs damages of $ 1.92 million.
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A month later, Thomas-Rasset's attorneys requested that the court reduce the award to either zero or an amount the court believes is
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but asked the court to explicitly state that no decision had been reached on the issue and that it was merely being set aside.
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which would have to have been raised prior to the first trial, or at least reasonably early enough to allow for
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regardless of Congress's interest in deterring conduct deemed to be contrary to the public interest."
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Before the trial, Camara unsuccessfully tried to persuade the court to bar evidence collected by
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Statutory damages reduced to $ 54,000 ($ 2,250/song). The plaintiffs rejected this adjustment.
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to the plaintiff record company for making 24 songs available to the public for free on the
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The following January, Judge Davis reduced the amount of the damages to $ 54,000 under the
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defense at the last minute, but it was disallowed on procedural grounds. Fair use is an
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On September 11, 2012, the court concluded the District Court made two errors:
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to facilitate negotiations due to the parties' failure to reach a settlement.
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to be tried before a jury. The defendant, Jammie Thomas-Rasset, was found
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The original damage award of $ 222,000 was constitutional, subject to the
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Statutory damages reinstated to first judgment, $ 222,000 ($ 9,250/song).
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standard, and should not have been reduced on due process grounds; and
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The retrial was held on June 15, 2009, under the updated case name
353: 299: 1948:"Schedule, U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit: June 5–12, 2012" 1720:"Virgin Records America, Inc v. Thomas Document 404 Attachment 1" 384: 42: 1289:"May 15, 2008, Order indicating possible manifest error of law" 1510:"Thomas verdict: willful infringement, $ 1.92 million penalty" 1431:"Thomas testimony ends with tears, anger, Swedish death metal" 1405:"Sony lawyer: $ 150K damages per song "certainly" appropriate" 1379:"Thomas judge bars Fair Use defense, OKs MediaSentry evidence" 1029:"Thomas testimony ends with tears, anger, Swedish death metal" 212:
3rd civil jury trial (damages only), U.S. District Court (MN)
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in the retrial, whereas the retrial date was only days away.
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n/a—The case will not be reviewed; the 2012 award is final.
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Oral arguments were presented June 12, 2012, before judges
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Jammie Thomas (born 1977), now Jammie Thomas-Rasset, is a
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In March 2013, Thomas-Rasset announced she would declare
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Statutory damages reduced to $ 54,000 ($ 2,250/song).
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Krauskopf, Lewis; Haycock, Gavin (October 5, 2007).
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Thomas-Rasset's counsel asked the Supreme Court for
278:and was presided over by U.S. District Court Judge 57:file sharing service and ordered to pay $ 220,000. 1175:"Defense Planting Seeds of Doubt with RIAA Jurors" 221:Statutory damages of $ 1,500,000 ($ 62,500/song). 187:Statutory damages of $ 1,920,000 ($ 80,000/song). 503:St. Louis, I. M. & S. Railway Co. v. Williams 397:the IP address assigned to her Internet account. 2257: 1818:"Record companies plan music downloading appeal" 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1060: 1643:"Notice of plaintiffs' decision re: remittitur" 1571: 1522: 178:2nd civil jury trial, U.S. District Court (MN) 173:Statutory damages of $ 222,000 ($ 9,250/song). 2251:Digest of Capitol vs. Thomas reports on p2pnet 1940: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1372: 1370: 1355:"Odd-couple lawyers aim to save Jammie Thomas" 2172:"RIAA Trial Produces Playlist of the Century" 1560:. Ray Beckerman. July 6, 2009. Archived from 1441: 1415: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1848:"Opening Brief of Appellants/Cross-Appellee" 1747:"Third Thomas-Rasset verdict: $ 1.5 million" 226:Damages reduced to "constitutional maximum" 69:Virgin Records America, Inc v. Thomas-Rasset 1972: 1915: 1810: 1703:"Third Thomas-Rasset trial moved to Nov. 1" 1389: 1367: 1207:"RIAA Juror: 'We Wanted to Send a Message'" 274:The first trial against Thomas was held in 1923:"Reply Brief of Appellee/ Cross-Appellant" 1200: 1198: 1168: 1166: 1107:"Brainerd woman loses music download case" 501:In March 2012, the plaintiffs, citing the 119:. Rather than seeking actual damages, the 2271:Recording Industry Association of America 1998: 1738: 1129: 1127: 418:Reduction of damages and settlement offer 254:Denial of certiorari, U.S. Supreme Court 1982:(Podcast). June 12, 2012. Archived from 1785: 1744: 1700: 1685: 1608: 1577: 1507: 1447: 1428: 1402: 1376: 1352: 1259: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1154: 1078:"Woman to pay downloading award herself" 1063:"Music industry wins song-download case" 1035: 1026: 1002:Trade group efforts against file sharing 481: 408: 2194: 2169: 1890: 1666: 1228:"Jury Instructions in Virgin v. Thomas" 1204: 1195: 1172: 1163: 14: 2258: 1530:"Plaintiffs' Motion to Amend Judgment" 1124: 32:Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset 2093:"Brief for respondents in opposition" 1248: 1136:"Labels Win Suit Against Song Sharer" 1133: 1104: 1075: 489:Motion Picture Association of America 2016:. September 11, 2012. Archived from 1330:"Music piracy case back in US court" 1098: 1044:Complaint for Copyright Infringement 2276:United States file sharing case law 2043:"Petition for a writ of certiorari" 1609:Sandoval, Greg (January 27, 2010). 1578:Anderson, Nate (January 22, 2010). 290:later commented, "She's a liar." A 24: 2188: 2170:Kravets, David (October 4, 2007). 2118:"Certiorari — Summary Disposition" 1766:. December 6, 2010. Archived from 1745:Sheffner, Ben (November 3, 2010). 1722:. October 13, 2010. Archived from 1260:Bangeman, Eric (October 4, 2007). 1205:Kravets, David (October 9, 2007). 1173:Kravets, David (October 3, 2007). 1155:Bangeman, Eric (October 4, 2007). 25: 2297: 2238: 1824:. August 22, 2011. Archived from 1105:Freed, Joshua (October 4, 2007). 1076:Freed, Joshua (October 5, 2007). 314:The judge in Thomas' trial then, 240:Appeal, U.S. Circuit Court (8th) 89:Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians 1701:Sheffner, Ben (August 9, 2010). 1508:Anderson, Nate (June 18, 2009). 1448:Anderson, Nate (June 16, 2009). 1429:Anderson, Nate (June 16, 2009). 1403:Anderson, Nate (June 16, 2009). 1377:Anderson, Nate (June 11, 2009). 1054: 1027:Anderson, Nate (June 17, 2009). 369:Capitol Records v. Thomas-Rasset 45:in the United States brought by 2212:Berkeley Technology Law Journal 2163: 2145: 2127: 2110: 2085: 2060: 2035: 1865: 1840: 1753: 1694: 1686:Sheffner, Ben (June 18, 2010). 1679: 1667:Baumann, Lisa (June 22, 2010). 1660: 1635: 1602: 1547: 1501: 1484: 1473:. Ray Beckerman. Archived from 1460: 1353:Sandoval, Greg (July 9, 2009). 1346: 1322: 1305: 1281: 1220: 1134:Leeds, Jeff (October 5, 2007). 573: 567: 383:giving credit to uploaders and 2286:2012 in United States case law 1148: 1069: 1020: 450: 269: 127:, assessed in accordance with 67:The case was originally named 13: 1: 1014: 352:Camara also tried to raise a 324: 134: 74: 2218:(1): 311–346. Archived from 2123:. March 18, 2013. p. 3. 554: 282:. Thomas was represented by 27:Lawsuit in the United States 7: 995: 139: 10: 2302: 2281:Capitol Records litigation 2068:"Petitioner's reply brief" 309: 163:U.S. District Court (MN) 661:Rhythm Is Gonna Get You 333:'s offer to defend her 2195:Moseley, Will (2010). 1111:Minnesota Public Radio 984:Save the Best for Last 695:Coming Out of the Dark 161:1st civil jury trial, 40:copyright infringement 2023:on September 11, 2012 1008:Sony BMG v. Tenenbaum 746:Welcome to the Jungle 627:Pour Some Sugar on Me 482:Appellate proceedings 409:Motion for injunction 129:17 USC 92 § 504(c)(2) 797:Don't Stop Believin' 428:damages altogether. 83:mother of four from 60:Before filing suit, 2225:on October 29, 2013 2098:. February 11, 2013 2073:. February 26, 2013 2048:. December 10, 2012 1986:on January 14, 2013 1960:on January 14, 2013 1878:. December 13, 2011 1853:. December 13, 2011 1828:on November 2, 2012 1726:on November 5, 2011 1673:Duluth News Tribune 1623:on December 1, 2010 1590:on January 25, 2010 1468:"Jury instructions" 644:Bills, Bills, Bills 466:, arguing that the 358:affirmative defense 243:September 11, 2012 215:November 2–4, 2010 85:Brainerd, Minnesota 47:major record labels 2011:"Appellate ruling" 1648:. February 8, 2010 1141:The New York Times 1086:. Associated Press 950:Building a Mystery 468:Due Process Clause 123:sought relief via 2141:. March 18, 2013. 1567:on July 11, 2009. 1301:on June 25, 2012. 1244:on July 24, 2008. 993: 992: 780:Let's Wait Awhile 276:Duluth, Minnesota 267: 266: 201:January 22, 2010 181:June 15–18, 2009 125:statutory damages 18:Capitol v. Thomas 16:(Redirected from 2293: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2209: 2183: 2182: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2159:. 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Index

Capitol v. Thomas
file-sharing
copyright infringement
lawsuit
major record labels
liable
Kazaa
Capitol Records
Native American
Brainerd, Minnesota
Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians
RIAA
cease-and-desist
Kazaa
Aerosmith
Green Day
Guns N' Roses
plaintiffs
statutory damages
17 USC 92 § 504(c)(2)
U.S. District Court (MN)
Remittitur
Michael J. Davis
Duluth, Minnesota
Michael J. Davis
Minneapolis
hard drive
Sony BMG
sua sponte
Kiwi Camara

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