646:
de Paris (No. 104, rue
Richlieu). Besides the Perier bank, other investors included Jacques Laffitte (governor of the Bank of France, 1814–19) and the banks of Lefebvre, Pillet Will, and Cottier. The same five banking houses helped back the organization during 1816-20 of an important early insurance company, the Compagnie Royale d’Assurances, and in 1823 they would take part in the Compagnie des Quatre Canaux, a joint-stock company for loans to the government to improve the canal system in northern France. Perhaps a best example of the Perier bank's involvement in innovative financial ventures during the Restoration was the case of the ill-starred Société Commanditaire de l’Industrie. Conceived in 1825 mainly by Jacques Laffitte, its prospective president, this joint-stock company capitalized at 100 million francs was intended to help remedy the growing need in France for increased investment capital for large-scale projects in areas such as mining, metallurgy, canal construction and land development. It had the support of the
655:
1815-30. Most notable were his purchases of highly valued properties on the rue Neuve du
Luxembourg, the rue Sainte-Honoré and the Champs-Elysées; a summer residence in the Bois de Boulogne; the Château Saint-Pierre ('le Taillis') in Normandy, near Rouen; and the parkland and ruins of the Château Pont-sur-Seine (Department of Aube), a property owned previously by Napoleon that was destroyed by invading armies in 1814. Casimir's largest investment in Paris real estate during the Restoration was made in 1829-30 when he agreed to pay 744,600 francs for properties on the rue Saint-Honoré owned by Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridgewater. By the time of the Revolution of 1830, Casimir Perier was one of the richest men in Paris. At the age of 55 in 1832, when he died of cholera, his estate was estimated at close to 14 million francs.
638:) who joined the founding families looked on Anzin as simply one of many investments. Not so Casimir and Scipion Perier, who determined to become active owner-directors for purposes of renovating and re-energizing the company for increased production and maximization of profits. The Perier bank in Paris became the company bank, regulating Anzin's accounts and contracts and supervising its large reserve funds. The brothers gradually took over making company policies. They were a good team. Scipion had the broad knowledge of the science and technology of the times (he was a long-standing member of the Society for the Encouragement of National Industry, est. 1801); Casimir acted as the determined, driving force for innovation and risk-taking as opposed to the 'old ways' and too cautious decision-making. He was Anzin's ‘
2881:
2706:
585:. He'd had little experience in business or banking. His father had anticipated that the three eldest brothers, Augustin, Alexandre and Scipion, would carry on the family businesses at Grenoble/Vizille. Casimir himself gave no clear indication of a specific career choice. He was intelligent, energetic, handsome and eager to succeed, but he had spent his life mostly as a student and received a church-school and Jesuit-tutor classical education. During service with the army in Italy from 1799 to 1800, he began to consider a military career, but his father's death and legacy, the lure of Paris, and his close friendship with his older brother Scipion took him in a much different direction.
40:
606:, joined the bank in 1822, approximately one year after the death of Scipion. The affairs of the older Perier bank at Grenoble were by then administered mainly by another younger brother, Alphonse. The bank of "Perier Frères" in Paris, which played a significant and leading role in the early stages of the industrial revolution in France, would be near the peak of its success in the 1820s, numbering importantly by then among a small and select group of private banking houses known collectively as "
454:
2887:
668:
1137:
594:
2536:
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courses designed by
Charles Dupin. In Paris, they supported the practical education programs provided by the École Spéciale de Commerce, founded in 1816, and the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures established in 1828. After Casimir was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1817, he would vote to protect the budgets of the Conservatory of Arts and Sciences and trade schools in the departments.
642:’ during the rejuvenation of the company in the 1820s. His much-quoted 1826 general report on Anzin company affairs illustrated the thoroughness of his knowledge of his firm's needs and potential. One measure of success during the Restoration was that output of coal at the mines increased from 250,000 metric tons in 1816 to 509,000 tons in 1830.
766:
was suppressed after hard fighting; and at
Grenoble, in face of the quarrels between the military and the inhabitants, Perier declined to make any concession to the townsfolk. For Perier, the Revolution of 1830 was not the beginning of greater things to come, it was the end of the Revolution of 1789.
774:, but his policy of peace did not exclude energetic demonstrations in support of French interests. He constituted France the protector of Belgium by the prompt expedition of the army of the north against the Dutch in August 1831. French influence in Italy was asserted by the audacious occupation of
654:
Casimir Perier's policy as a banker was to spread his capital investment over a wide range of characteristic early nineteenth century business enterprise. He engaged as well in almost continuous investment in land and real estate, calculated most recently at about 15% of his total investments during
626:
upgrade Anzin with more efficient
Cornish high-pressure engines patented in France by Arthur Woolf. Chaillot was an important part of the most notable entrepreneurial achievement of the Periers during the Restoration, namely, the renovation, managerial reorganization and business expansion of Anzin.
580:
Claude Perier died on 6 February 1801, leaving his remarkably large family of ten children to share his enormous estate valued at 5,800,000 francs. Casimir, who was twenty-four years old at the time, inherited shares in the Anzin
Company, land at Grenoble (Department of Isère) and in common with his
645:
In association with other prominent bankers and business leaders, the
Periers also engaged in the establishment of new financial institutions of the Restoration. Thus in 1818 Casimir and Scipion were among the founder-directors of the first French savings bank, the Caisse d’Épargne et de Prévoyance
601:
The two brothers, Casimir and
Scipion, founded a bank in Paris (8 June 1801), located at No. 8, Place Vendôme until 1809, and after that year at No. 27, rue Neuve du Luxembourg (now the rue Cambon). Henry Flory and William Sabatier, who were former associates with their father at the Bank of France
694:
for Paris in 1817, taking his seat in the Left Centre with the moderate opposition, and making his first speech in defense of the freedom of the press. Re-elected for Paris in 1822 and 1824, and in 1827 for Paris and for Troyes, he elected to represent Troyes (Department of Aube), and sat for that
625:
to France. Famously, he used a Watt engine at
Chaillot to provide Paris with water pumped from the Seine. In 1802 he supplied the Anzin Company with twenty of his engines for winding and drainage at the mines. Casimir and Scipion Perier purchased the Chaillot firm in 1818 and used its workshops to
686:
Casimir Perier's wide-ranging business interests and investments help to explain his opposition in the
Chamber of Deputies to financial policies of Restoration ministries. In 1817, he opposed the policy of the Richelieu ministry for raising loans to pay the war indemnity demanded by the allied
658:
Both Casimir and Scipion Perier valued education and believed strongly in the advancement of science and technology. They supported Joseph Degérando's Société pour l’Amélioration de l’Enseignement Élémentaire (est. 1815) and they arranged at Anzin for night-school instruction for workers using
650:
and foreign banking houses. Casimir Perier and William Ternaux, France's leading woolens manufacturer, were its prospective vice-presidents. But in the end, unfortunately, the conservative Villèle ministry under Charles X refused to authorize the establishment of the Commanditaire.
758:(13 March 1831), and, in the short space of a year, he more or less restored civic order in France and re-established her credit in Europe. Paris was in a constant state of disturbance from March to September, and was only held in check by the premier's determination. The
687:
coalition after Napoleon's final defeat. In the 1820s, he was a leader in debates (1821–1822) against the policies of the Villèle ministry for financing canal construction and (1824–1825) for indemnifying the nobility for lands confiscated during the Revolution.
629:
The Anzin Coal Company, which was established in 1757 as a closely held, family-owned firm managed by a self-perpetuating board of six directors, fell on hard times during the Revolution until rescued in 1795 by heavy investments from wealthy representatives of
549:(1749–1821), the daughter of a prominent linens manufacturer at nearby Voiron. Both his father and grandfather (Jacques Perier, 1702–82) made their fortunes in the commerce of canvas and linen cloths. Claude added the manufacture of printed cotton cloths (
801:
Casimir Perier married (13 October 1805) Marie Cécile Laurence Loyer, nicknamed "Pauline", the daughter of Laurent-Pouthus Loyer, an old regime magistrate of Lyon who was a victim of the Terror during the Revolution. There were two sons:
573:; in 1796 he helped to found a major investment bank in Paris, the Caisse des Comtes Courants; and in 1799, shortly after Napoleon's coup d’état of Brumaire, he became one of the founders and first directors of the famous
899:
707:
ministry, there was some prospect of a reconciliation with the court, and, in January 1829, he was nominated a candidate for the presidency of the chamber; but in August with the elevation to power of
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512:
in the spring of 1831 (13 March 1831 – 16 May 1832). Although his ministry was brief, his strong government succeeded in restoring order at home and keeping peace abroad. He fell victim to the
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2476:
3074:
3069:
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1152:
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1103:
Barker, Richard. "French Entrepreneurship during the Restoration: The Record of a Single Firm, the Anzin Mining Company," Journal of Economic History, XXI (June 1961).
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the only alternative to the continuance of the Revolution, but he was no favorite with the new king, whom he scorned for his trucking with the Paris 'mob'. He became
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2385:
973:
1367:
1352:
1322:
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2421:
103:
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778:(23 February 1832); and the refusal of compensation for injuries to French residents by the Portuguese government was followed by a naval demonstration at
2936:
2766:
735:
785:
Perier had undertaken the premiership with many forebodings, and overwork and anxiety prepared the way for disease. In the spring of 1832, during the
569:) and mingled with leading French financiers. In 1795 he invested in and became a director of the largest coal mining company in northern France, the
610:." Scipion became a regent of the Bank of France in 1818, Casimir in 1820. They both became members of the influential Chamber of Commerce of Paris.
767:
As he said to Odilon Barrot of Laffitte's "Party of Movement": "No, Monsieur, there has not been a revolution, only a change in the head of state."
2630:
2408:
469:(11 October 1777 – 16 May 1832) was a French banker, mine owner, political leader and statesman. In business, through his bank in
617:
Coal Company (Department of Nord) and the Perier-owned iron foundry and workshops in Paris at Chaillot. The founder-owner of the Chaillot firm,
2658:
2986:
2910:
2047:
1292:
1275:
3089:
806:(1811–1876), deputy for Seine and Aube, and Charles-Paul Perier (1812–1897), deputy and senator for Seine-Inférieur. Auguste-Casimir's son,
790:
2485:
1315:
924:, XXI (June 1961); Casimir Perier, "Rapport fait à la Régie par Casimir Perier," Saint-Vaast, 15 June 1826, Archives Nationales, 49 AQ 1.
1157:
1536:
2833:
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such as the Periers. Claude Perier shifted the center of his business affairs to Paris, where he took up residence beginning in 1794 (
2651:
726:
of July 1830, but he refused to sign the declaration of Charles X's dethronement. Perier reluctantly recognized in the government of
634:. Thus Claude Perier became a director of the company. The firm did reasonably well after 1795, although most of the new outsiders (
1430:
1347:
851:
See "Liquidation de la succession de Claude Perier (n.d), Municipal Library of Grenoble, R90.564, Fonds Chaper; Charles de Rémusat,
453:
3079:
679:
3059:
3005:
1377:
920:(1971); Richard Barker, "French Entrepreneurship during the Restoration: The Record of a Single Firm, the Anzin Mining Company,"
704:
3084:
1308:
2454:
3034:
718:
Averse by instinct and by interest to popular revolution, Perier nevertheless sat on the provisory commission of five at the
2826:
2807:
2584:
2520:
1425:
905:
Capital et machine à vapeur au XVIIIe siècle: Les frères Perier et l'introduction en France de la machine à vapeur de Watt
711:, the truce ceased, and on 15 March 1830, Perier was one of the 221 deputies who repudiated the Ordinances put forward by
2718:
2634:
2548:
1508:
1488:
3054:
3049:
3039:
2643:
2778:
1435:
1400:
1331:
1282:
755:
509:
2802:
2880:
2705:
2674:
2377:
1854:
2365:
770:
As a minister, Perier refused to be dragged into armed intervention in favor of the revolutionary government of
1546:
1357:
513:
474:
2991:
2960:
2754:
2560:
1339:
699:, and he held resolutely aloof from the Republican conspiracies and intrigues which prepared the way for the
696:
490:
144:
2818:
486:
428:
245:
192:
2849:
618:
2742:
2620:
2445:
1420:
297:
2175:
1372:
695:
constituency until his death. Perier's violence in debate was not associated with any disloyalty to the
1604:
1579:
1265:
2223:
1609:
708:
501:
377:
175:
2027:
1954:
1498:
360:
2359:
1619:
1584:
1255:
478:
51:
20:
719:
621:(1742–1818), who was not related to the Paris bankers, was well known for having brought the Watt
602:
and the Anzin Company, respectively, helped to get the bank started. The youngest Perier brother,
557:, which he purchased in 1780 from Gabriel Louis de Neufville, duc de Villeroy. The Revolution and
1744:
2160:
2484:
2082:
1480:
803:
546:
416:
3044:
485:
in the early stages of industrialization. In politics, he was a leading liberal member of the
2298:
2273:
2228:
2200:
1566:
2730:
1470:
1445:
554:
538:
3029:
3024:
2293:
1689:
1664:
1639:
1624:
1614:
1594:
1574:
1523:
996:
Dernières réflections sur le projet d'emprunt, ou réponse à un article anonyme du 'Moniteur
498:
1362:
8:
1924:
1834:
1709:
807:
723:
712:
691:
2673:
2525:
2323:
2278:
1989:
1944:
1929:
1879:
1849:
1784:
1649:
582:
566:
2948:
2515:
1829:
1764:
1556:
1460:
1450:
1415:
250:
96:
2697:
2596:
2333:
2303:
2032:
2017:
1999:
1919:
1874:
1859:
1465:
2318:
2308:
2208:
2190:
2057:
1979:
1939:
1894:
1759:
1382:
542:
330:
2180:
1904:
1724:
1531:
1493:
2860:
2797:
2685:
2500:
2407:
2218:
1959:
1949:
1799:
1405:
1248:
751:
727:
505:
84:
72:
2268:
1914:
1899:
1889:
1864:
1824:
1634:
603:
541:
to the famous meeting of the Estates of Dauphiné (21 July 1788) foreshadowing the
2185:
2115:
2067:
1884:
1869:
1844:
1839:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1754:
1719:
1699:
1679:
1674:
1644:
700:
494:
39:
2924:
2213:
1809:
1749:
1729:
1694:
1513:
1300:
954:
See the table for "Achats et Ventes Immobiliers de Casimir Perier," in Bourset,
273:
2972:
2572:
2510:
2343:
2258:
2253:
2238:
2233:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2095:
1969:
1934:
1455:
1440:
574:
2283:
2135:
2125:
2100:
2062:
1669:
1059:
Odilon Barrot, Mémoires posthumes (Paris, 1875-76), p. 215, cited in Bourset,
750:
of Louis Philippe, following the fall of the weak and discredited ministry of
3018:
2338:
2288:
2263:
2248:
2243:
2155:
2145:
2090:
1794:
1739:
1734:
1714:
1704:
1684:
1659:
1503:
1392:
1161:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 148–149.
1148:
1143:
747:
731:
675:
570:
534:
442:
350:
2848:
2150:
2313:
2037:
2022:
2009:
1994:
1964:
1909:
1774:
1589:
759:
622:
370:
2072:
1984:
1974:
1108:
Banquiers, Négociants et Manufacturiers parisiens du Directoire à l'Empire
979:
Cent ans de la vie de l'École centrale des arts et manufactures, 1829–1939
937:(1900); J.J. Baude, "Notice sur la Société commanditaire de l'industrie,"
872:
See Richard Barker, "The Perier Bank during the Restoration (1815–1830),"
793:. He fell ill the next day of a violent fever, and died six weeks later.
2328:
2165:
2140:
1654:
1629:
1599:
2170:
1096:
Barker, Richard. "The Perier Bank during the Restoration (1815–1830),"
738:, and sat for a few months in the cabinet, though without a portfolio.
2886:
667:
593:
537:(1742–1801), the rich merchant-manufacturer and banker who opened his
558:
530:
326:
1142:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
810:(1847–1907), was elected President of the Third Republic in 1894.
2535:
1216:
Opinions et discours de M. Casimir Perier, publiés par sa famille
900:
Bulletin de la société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale
786:
779:
775:
771:
482:
438:
238:
1091:
Les Perier dans l'Isère d'après leurs corréspondance familiale
533:, Casimir Perier was the fourth of the eight sons of "Milord"
481:, he contributed significantly to the economic development of
3065:
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
614:
470:
346:
293:
897:(1971); Jacques Perier, "Notice sur les machines à Vapeur,"
789:
outbreak in Paris, he visited the hospitals in company with
3075:
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
3070:
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
763:
613:
The two most important clients of the Perier bank were the
197:
1122:
Casimir Perier, Un Prince financier au temps du Romantisme
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
861:
Casimir Perier and William Ternaux: Two French Capitalists
840:
Casimir Perier. Un Prince Financier au Temps du Romantisme
1174:
La Manière Forte. Casimir Perier et la Révolution de 1830
561:
opened up new opportunities for families of the wealthy
1021:
1129:
Une dynastie bourgeoise sous la Révolution: Les Perier
836:
Une dynastie bourgeoise sous la Révolution: Les Perier
754:, Perier, who had drifted more and more to the Right,
508:. He became president of the Council of Ministers and
19:"Casimir-Perier" redirects here. For the surname, see
958:, p. 67; Barker, "The Perier Bank"; François Benoit,
971:
See Joseph Degérando, "Éloge de M. Scipion Perier,"
493:and president of the chamber at the outset of the
1330:
1181:Casimir Perier: député de l'opposition, 1817–1830
974:Bulletin de la société pour l'industrie nationale
3016:
2631:Ministry of Casimir de Rochechouart de Mortemart
2409:Ministry of Casimir de Rochechouart de Mortemart
882:Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization
943:La banque et le crédit en France de 1815 à 1848
581:brother Scipion, the property in Paris on the
2834:
2659:
2470:
2393:
1316:
935:La Caisse d'épargne et de prévoyance de Paris
504:in support of the constitutional monarchy of
263:21 September 1817 – 17 November 1827
2417:President of the council and Foreign Affairs
2486:Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830
1209:La Banque et le crédit en France, 1815–1830
960:Pont-Sur-Seine, Son histoire, ses monuments
741:
2841:
2827:
2666:
2652:
2477:
2463:
2400:
2386:
1323:
1309:
933:Barker, "The Perier Bank"; Eugene Bayard,
876:, Vol 2 (Winter 1973); Madeleine Bourset,
791:Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
38:
1147:
1034:
666:
592:
405: 1805; died 1832)
210:18 November 1827 – 16 May 1832
157:6 August 1830 – 21 August 1830
116:11 November 1830 – 31 May 1831
3017:
2822:
2647:
2458:
2381:
1304:
3006:Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout
2422:Casimir de Rochechouart de Mortemart
1237:Le père de Casimir Perier, 1742–1801
1098:Journal of European Economic History
874:Journal of European Economic History
828:Le père de Casimir Perier, 1743–1801
736:President of the Chamber of Deputies
104:President of the Chamber of Deputies
64:13 March 1831 – 16 May 1832
2774:Public Education, Religious Affairs
2677:(11 August 1830 to 2 November 1830)
2635:French Provisional Ministry of 1830
1230:Histoire de la monarchie de Juillet
992:Réflections sur le projet d'emprunt
662:
13:
2808:Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon
2585:Louis Pierre Édouard, Baron Bignon
2521:Pierre-François Audry de Puyraveau
588:
14:
3101:
3090:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
1195:The Anzin Coal Company, 1800–1833
895:The Anzin Coal Company, 1800–1833
246:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
193:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
2885:
2879:
2719:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
2704:
2675:First ministry of Louis-Philippe
2549:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
2534:
1135:
941:, XXXIX (1828); Bertrand Gille,
680:Musée de la Révolution française
452:
3080:Regents of the Banque de France
2980:Education and Religious Affairs
2488:(31 July 1830 to 1 August 1830)
1283:French Minister of the Interior
1066:
1053:
1040:
1004:
796:
402:
3060:Government ministers of France
2852:(13 March 1831 to 16 May 1832)
2803:André Marie Jean Jacques Dupin
984:
965:
948:
927:
910:
887:
866:
845:
820:
746:During the first years of the
1:
3085:Deaths from cholera in France
2755:Joseph Dominique, baron Louis
2561:Joseph Dominique, baron Louis
1332:Heads of government of France
1188:The French Revolution of 1830
1083:
524:
3035:Businesspeople from Grenoble
903:, IX (1810); Jacques Payen,
832:La famille de Casimir Perier
545:. His mother was the former
519:
16:French statesman (1777–1832)
7:
2786:Ministers without portfolio
922:Journal of Economic History
855:(1872); Madeleine Bourset,
838:(1984); Madeleine Bourset,
10:
3106:
2767:Horace François Sébastiani
1202:Planning the French Canals
1012:Planning the French Canals
977:, XX (1821);Leon Guillet,
608:la haute banque parisienne
18:
3055:French interior ministers
3050:Prime ministers of France
3040:Politicians from Grenoble
3001:Commerce and Public Works
3000:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2943:
2931:
2919:
2898:
2877:
2868:President of the ministry
2867:
2857:
2850:Cabinet of Casimir Périer
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2627:
2615:
2604:Interior and Public Works
2603:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2532:
2493:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2352:
2199:
2081:
2046:
2008:
1565:
1545:
1522:
1479:
1391:
1338:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1167:La Famille Casimir-Perier
709:Jules, Prince de Polignac
619:Jacques-Constantin Perier
563:"bourgeoisie grenobloise"
460:
448:
434:
424:
412:
386:
366:
356:
336:
313:
308:
304:
289:
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267:
256:
244:
234:
224:
214:
203:
191:
181:
176:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
169:
161:
150:
138:
128:
120:
109:
102:
90:
78:
68:
57:
50:
46:
37:
30:
2360:Chief minister of France
1256:Prime Minister of France
1113:Bertier de Sauvigny, G.
859:(1994); Richard Barker,
830:(1935); Eugene Choulet,
813:
742:President of the Council
52:Prime Minister of France
21:Casimir-Perier (surname)
1172:Lucas Dubreton, Jules.
1158:Encyclopædia Britannica
1100:, vol. 2 (Winter 1973).
880:(1994); Rondo Cameron,
834:(1894); Robert Chagny,
732:constitutional monarchy
495:July Revolution of 1830
230:Nicolas Vernier-Guérard
220:Victor Alexandre Masson
2961:Joseph-Dominique Louis
2743:Étienne Maurice Gérard
2621:Étienne Maurice Gérard
2446:Étienne Maurice Gérard
1232:(Paris, 2 vols, 1884).
1228:Thureau-Dangin, Paul.
1218:(Paris, 4 vols, 1838).
1153:Périer, Casimir Pierre
918:The Anzin Coal Company
826:See Francois Vermale,
804:Auguste Casimir-Perier
683:
598:
547:Marie-Charlotte Pascal
361:Père Lachaise Cemetery
2992:Amédée Girod de l'Ain
2987:Camille de Montalivet
2911:Camille de Montalivet
2906:Casimir Pierre Périer
2892:Casimir Pierre Périer
2873:Casimir Pierre Périer
2793:Casimir Pierre Périer
2609:Casimir Pierre Périer
2506:Casimir Pierre Périer
2434:Casimir Pierre Périer
2366:Deputy Prime Minister
1221:Rémusat, Charles de.
756:was summoned to power
670:
632:la grande bourgeoisie
596:
535:Claude-Nicolas Perier
477:in the Department of
473:and ownership of the
467:Casimir-Pierre Périer
145:Amédée Girod de l'Ain
2859:Head of state: King
2684:Head of state: King
1120:Bourset, Madeleine.
939:Revue Encyclopédique
510:Minister of Interior
499:liberal-conservative
1293:Comte de Montalivet
1276:Comte de Montalivet
1235:Vermale, François.
1204:(Newark, DE, 1994).
1197:(Newark, DE, 1974).
808:Jean Casimir-Perier
724:Three Glorious Days
697:Bourbon Restoration
692:Chamber of Deputies
690:Perier entered the
516:in France in 1832.
491:Bourbon Restoration
487:Chamber of Deputies
2731:Louis-Mathieu Molé
2516:Auguste de Schonen
1223:Mémoires de ma vie
1214:Lesieur, A. (ed).
1190:(Princeton, 1972).
994:(Paris, 1817) and
853:Mémoires de ma vie
701:revolution of 1830
684:
599:
597:Perier in his 30s.
555:Château de Vizille
539:Château de Vizille
298:3rd arrondissement
97:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3012:
3011:
2968:Navy and Colonies
2937:Horace Sébastiani
2816:
2815:
2779:Victor de Broglie
2762:Navy and Colonies
2641:
2640:
2452:
2451:
2375:
2374:
2224:Couve de Murville
1299:
1298:
1290:Succeeded by
1263:Succeeded by
1239:(Grenoble, 1935).
1207:Gille, Bertrand.
1169:(Grenoble, 1894).
1165:Choulet, Eugène.
1131:(Grenoble, 1984).
1106:Bergeron, Louis.
1014:(1994); Bourset,
1010:See Reed Geiger,
916:See Reed Geiger,
893:See Reed Geiger,
543:French Revolution
464:
463:
3097:
2889:
2883:
2861:Louis Philippe I
2843:
2836:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2798:Jacques Laffitte
2708:
2686:Louis Philippe I
2668:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2592:Public Education
2538:
2526:François Mauguin
2501:Jacques Laffitte
2479:
2472:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2362:(pre-Revolution)
2176:Bourgès-Maunoury
1745:Waldeck-Rousseau
1549:National Defense
1537:Cousin-Montauban
1489:Dupont de l'Eure
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1273:Preceded by
1249:Jacques Laffitte
1246:Preceded by
1243:
1242:
1186:Pinkney, David.
1162:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1127:Chagny, Robert.
1089:Barral, Pierre.
1077:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1008:
1002:
999:
990:Casimir Perier,
988:
982:
969:
963:
952:
946:
931:
925:
914:
908:
891:
885:
870:
864:
849:
843:
824:
752:Jacques Laffitte
663:Political career
583:rue Saint-Honoré
567:rue Saint-Honoré
514:cholera epidemic
506:Louis-Philippe I
502:Resistance Party
456:
406:
404:
382:
378:Resistance Party
375:
343:
323:
321:
309:Personal details
282:
270:
261:
227:
217:
208:
187:Jacques Laffitte
184:
172:
165:Louis Philippe I
155:
141:
134:Jacques Laffitte
131:
124:Louis Philippe I
114:
93:
85:Jacques Laffitte
81:
73:Louis Philippe I
62:
42:
28:
27:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2996:
2975:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2932:Foreign Affairs
2927:
2915:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2817:
2812:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2726:Foreign Affairs
2721:
2709:
2700:
2698:François Guizot
2688:
2678:
2672:
2642:
2637:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2597:François Guizot
2587:
2580:Foreign Affairs
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2489:
2483:
2453:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2376:
2371:
2348:
2195:
2083:Fourth Republic
2077:
2049:
2042:
2004:
1855:François-Marsal
1561:
1548:
1541:
1518:
1481:Second Republic
1475:
1387:
1334:
1329:
1295:
1286:
1278:
1268:
1266:Duc de Dalmatie
1259:
1251:
1179:Nicoullaud, C.
1151:, ed. (1911). "
1136:
1134:
1115:La Restauration
1086:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1022:
1009:
1005:
997:
989:
985:
970:
966:
953:
949:
932:
928:
915:
911:
892:
888:
871:
867:
850:
846:
825:
821:
816:
799:
744:
665:
636:"les Parisiens"
591:
589:Business career
527:
522:
489:throughout the
429:Oratory of Lyon
419:
408:
400:
396:
393:
380:
376:
373:
367:Political party
345:
341:
325:
324:11 October 1777
319:
317:
280:
268:
262:
257:
248:
225:
215:
209:
204:
195:
182:
170:
156:
151:
139:
129:
115:
110:
91:
79:
63:
58:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3103:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2973:Henri de Rigny
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2633:− Followed by
2628:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:Henri de Rigny
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Georges Mouton
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:(29 July 1830)
2405:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:Fifth Republic
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Casimir-Perier
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1567:Third Republic
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1225:(Paris, 1872).
1219:
1212:
1211:(Paris, 1959).
1205:
1200:Geiger, Reed.
1198:
1193:Geiger, Reed.
1191:
1184:
1183:(Paris, 1894).
1177:
1176:(Paris, 1929).
1170:
1163:
1149:Chisholm, Hugh
1132:
1125:
1124:(Paris, 1994).
1118:
1111:
1110:(Paris, 1978).
1104:
1101:
1094:
1093:(Paris, 1963).
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:Casimir Perier
1065:
1061:Casimir Perier
1052:
1048:Casimir Perier
1039:
1037:, p. 149.
1020:
1016:Casimir Perier
1003:
1001:(Paris, 1817).
983:
964:
956:Casimir Perier
947:
926:
909:
886:
878:Casimir Perier
865:
857:Casimir Perier
844:
818:
817:
815:
812:
798:
795:
743:
740:
728:Louis Philippe
720:Hôtel de Ville
664:
661:
590:
587:
575:Bank of France
526:
523:
521:
518:
475:Anzin Coal Co.
462:
461:
458:
457:
450:
446:
445:
436:
432:
431:
426:
422:
421:
414:
410:
409:
398:
394:
391:
390:
388:
384:
383:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
353:
344:(aged 54)
338:
334:
333:
315:
311:
310:
306:
305:
302:
301:
291:
287:
286:
285:Nicolas Bavoux
283:
277:
276:
271:
265:
264:
254:
253:
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
228:
222:
221:
218:
212:
211:
201:
200:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
107:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
55:
54:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Casimir Perier
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3102:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2949:Nicolas Soult
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2629:Preceded by:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:Commissioners
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Chaban-Delmas
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Mendès France
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:A. de Broglie
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:A. de Broglie
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1547:Government of
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
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1529:
1527:
1525:
1524:Second Empire
1521:
1515:
1512:
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1500:
1497:
1495:
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1437:
1436:V. de Broglie
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:V. de Broglie
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1393:July Monarchy
1390:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
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1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
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1199:
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1160:
1159:
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1150:
1145:
1144:public domain
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1117:(Paris,1955).
1116:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1076:, pp. 267-74.
1075:
1072:See Bourset,
1069:
1062:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1036:
1035:Chisholm 1911
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1018:, pp.107–108.
1017:
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1007:
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788:
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781:
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773:
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765:
761:
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753:
749:
748:July Monarchy
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
688:
681:
677:
676:Louis Hersent
673:
672:Madame Perier
669:
660:
656:
652:
649:
643:
641:
637:
633:
627:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
595:
586:
584:
578:
576:
572:
571:Anzin Company
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
497:. He led the
496:
492:
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484:
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459:
455:
451:
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443:industrialist
440:
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427:
423:
418:
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411:
392:Pauline Loyer
389:
385:
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357:Resting place
355:
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29:
26:
22:
2925:Félix Barthe
2905:
2891:
2872:
2792:
2608:
2505:
2433:
2010:Vichy France
1925:Paul-Boncour
1410:
1281:
1254:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
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1128:
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839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
800:
797:Private life
784:
769:
760:Canut Revolt
745:
717:
703:. Under the
689:
685:
671:
657:
653:
648:haute banque
647:
644:
639:
635:
631:
628:
623:steam engine
612:
607:
600:
579:
562:
550:
528:
466:
465:
371:Doctrinaires
342:(1832-05-16)
290:Constituency
281:Succeeded by
274:Élie Decazes
258:
235:Constituency
226:Succeeded by
205:
183:Succeeded by
152:
140:Succeeded by
111:
92:Succeeded by
59:
25:
3030:1832 deaths
3025:1777 births
2048:Provisional
1340:Restoration
722:during the
381:(1830–1832)
374:(1817–1830)
340:16 May 1832
269:Preceded by
216:Preceded by
171:Preceded by
130:Preceded by
80:Preceded by
3045:Orléanists
3019:Categories
2050:Government
1830:Clemenceau
1765:Clemenceau
1620:Waddington
1610:Rochebouët
1348:Talleyrand
1287:1831–1832
1260:1831–1832
1084:References
640:homme fort
525:Early life
435:Profession
320:1777-10-11
2368:(defunct)
2319:Cazeneuve
2274:Bérégovoy
2209:De Gaulle
2191:De Gaulle
2058:De Gaulle
1980:Chautemps
1950:Doumergue
1940:Chautemps
1895:Chautemps
1835:Millerand
1800:Doumergue
1725:Bourgeois
1690:Freycinet
1665:Freycinet
1650:Fallières
1640:Freycinet
1625:Freycinet
1499:Cavaignac
1378:Martignac
1368:Richelieu
1358:Dessolles
1353:Richelieu
1046:Bourset,
713:Charles X
705:Martignac
553:) at the
551:Indiennes
520:Biography
449:Signature
425:Education
259:In office
206:In office
153:In office
112:In office
60:In office
2899:Interior
2693:Interior
2324:Philippe
2299:Villepin
2294:Raffarin
2279:Balladur
2219:Pompidou
2186:Pflimlin
2181:Gaillard
2131:Queuille
2121:Queuille
2111:Queuille
2091:Ramadier
1990:Daladier
1960:Bouisson
1945:Daladier
1930:Daladier
1880:Poincaré
1865:Painlevé
1850:Poincaré
1825:Painlevé
1785:Poincaré
1780:Caillaux
1635:Gambetta
1532:Ollivier
1509:Hautpoul
1406:Laffitte
1383:Polignac
1063:, p 202.
1050:, p.216.
678:(1831),
559:Napoleon
531:Grenoble
529:Born in
413:Children
327:Grenoble
2956:Finance
2920:Justice
2750:Finance
2714:Justice
2556:Finance
2544:Justice
2429:Finance
2353:Related
2344:Barnier
2309:Ayrault
2269:Cresson
2234:Messmer
2116:Bidault
2106:Schuman
2096:Schuman
2068:Bidault
2028:Flandin
1995:Reynaud
1970:Sarraut
1955:Flandin
1935:Sarraut
1920:Herriot
1915:Tardieu
1900:Tardieu
1890:Tardieu
1875:Herriot
1860:Herriot
1840:Leygues
1810:Viviani
1795:Barthou
1760:Sarrien
1755:Rouvier
1735:Brisson
1680:Floquet
1675:Rouvier
1660:Brisson
1645:Duclerc
1615:Dufaure
1595:Dufaure
1575:Dufaure
1514:Faucher
1431:Mortier
1373:Villèle
1363:Decazes
1146::
981:(1939).
962:(1952).
945:(1959).
907:(1969).
884:(1967).
863:(1958).
842:(1994).
787:cholera
417:Auguste
407:
399:
395:
162:Monarch
121:Monarch
69:Monarch
2329:Castex
2304:Fillon
2289:Jospin
2264:Rocard
2259:Chirac
2254:Fabius
2249:Mauroy
2239:Chirac
2171:Mollet
2156:Laniel
2136:Pleven
2126:Pleven
2033:Darlan
2018:Pétain
2000:Pétain
1885:Briand
1870:Briand
1845:Briand
1815:Briand
1790:Briand
1770:Briand
1750:Combes
1730:Méline
1695:Loubet
1685:Tirard
1670:Goblet
1590:Buffet
1585:Cissey
1557:Trochu
1504:Barrot
1466:Guizot
1456:Thiers
1441:Thiers
1421:Gérard
1411:Perier
1140:
780:Lisbon
776:Ancona
772:Warsaw
604:Joseph
483:France
439:Banker
387:Spouse
351:France
331:France
239:Troyes
2339:Attal
2334:Borne
2314:Valls
2284:Juppé
2244:Barre
2214:Debré
2166:Faure
2151:Mayer
2146:Pinay
2141:Faure
2101:Marie
2063:Gouin
2038:Laval
2023:Laval
1965:Laval
1910:Laval
1905:Steeg
1820:Ribot
1805:Ribot
1775:Monis
1740:Dupuy
1720:Ribot
1715:Dupuy
1705:Dupuy
1700:Ribot
1655:Ferry
1630:Ferry
1600:Simon
1494:Arago
1461:Soult
1451:Soult
1426:Maret
1416:Soult
998:'
814:Notes
615:Anzin
471:Paris
401:(
397:
347:Paris
294:Paris
251:Seine
2568:Navy
2073:Blum
1985:Blum
1975:Blum
1471:Molé
1446:Molé
764:Lyon
479:Nord
420:Paul
337:Died
314:Born
249:for
198:Aube
196:for
2944:War
2738:War
2616:War
2441:War
1155:".
762:at
730:'s
674:by
3021::
1023:^
782:.
715:.
577:.
441:,
403:m.
349:,
329:,
2842:e
2835:t
2828:v
2667:e
2660:t
2653:v
2478:e
2471:t
2464:v
2401:e
2394:t
2387:v
1324:e
1317:t
1310:v
682:.
322:)
318:(
300:)
296:(
23:.
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