116:, mercenaries who worked for whoever paid their price, usually land-owners who wanted to protect or expand their territorial limits and also deal with farm workers; and the cangaceiros, "social bandits", who had some level of support from the poorest population. The 1920s and 1930s saw the height of cangaceiro activity, with the most prominent bands numbering up to as many as 100 bandits. The bandits often behaved well to the poorer sections of society, performing acts of charity, buying goods for higher than usual prices from small shopkeepers and giving free parties ("bailes"). In contrast, the wealthy were robbed, targeted for forced monetary contributions (
20:
95:
1439:
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159:
1316:
1361:" ("Oil Lamp", because, he could fire a lever-action rifle so quickly that it looked like he was holding a lamp). He began when he was just a boy, amongst vendetta plots of the Pereira and Nogueira-Carvalho families. When his parents were killed because of these disputes, some of his brothers ran away, but Antônio, Livino, and Ezequiel followed Virgulino into the cangaço.
1505:", a fish-filleting knife, used mostly to torture or slit the throats of their victims. The knife was also used in a very specific way to kill quickly; the blade was stabbed downwards between the neck and collarbone. Due to its length, the blade would cause instantly lethal damage to major blood vessels and the heart.
1382:, when an informer, Joca Bernardes, gave away their location to the police. A massive offensive led to bloodshed, and eleven members of the band were killed: Lampião, Maria Bonita, Luís Pedro, Mergulhão, Enedina, Elétrico, Quinta-Feira, Moeda, Alecrim, Colchete and Macela. Forty others in the band managed to escape.
1420:
The cangaceiros had very specific notions of how to behave and dress. First of all, most of them knew how to sew quite well. Living in the desert lands of the northeast of Brazil, they had to survive amidst spiky dry bushes. Despite the heat during the day, the cangaceiros preferred to wear leather
1399:
The volantes were a small and special band of troops—around twenty to sixty—from every state of the
Brazilian federation, formed by the government law-enforcement agencies sent to seek and destroy the cangaceiros. The cangaceiros often referred to them as "monkeys", because of their brown uniforms
1390:
Coiteiros were people who helped the cangaceiros, giving them shelter and food. They did this for many reasons – they could be relatives of a cangaceiro, friends, ex-neighbours, or simply had some interest in their power, or they were afraid of them.
124:, sent by the government to destroy them. The poorer inhabitants of the backlands of the Brazilian Northeast were generally badly treated by the paramilitary police, and often preferred the presence of cangaceiro bands in their settlements.
71:
was already used to refer to bands of poor peasants who inhabited the northeastern deserts, wearing leather clothing and hats, carrying carbines, revolvers, shotguns, and the long narrow knife known as the
120:) and were often kidnapped and held to ransom. The cangaceiro bands were sheltered by helpers within the population, who also provided information which helped them escape from police forces, known as
380:
951:
1589:
1490:, which means "prepare for war" and was used to refer to the then official sidearm used by the Brazilian governmental troops and by some of the law enforcement soldiers, the
1357:
The most famous cangaceiro of them all, the one who is often associated with the whole history of the cangaço, was a man called
Virgulino Ferreira da Silva, also known as "
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394:
1443:
1435:-– wore French perfume. They often stole it from rich people's houses, but usually paid for it if obtained from small shopkeepers, and used it in large quantities.
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1371:, he met Maria Alia da Silva (a.k.a. Maria de Déia), wife of shoemaker Zé de Nenê. Later she would be better known as Mrs. Lampião,
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901:
51:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This region of Brazil is known for its aridness and hard way of life, and in a form of "
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86:"Cangaceiro" was a pejorative expression, meaning a person who could not adapt himself to the coastal lifestyle.
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By the mid-19th century in that region, there were two main groups of loosely organized armed outlaws: the
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with coins and other pieces of metal sewn onto them, almost like armour but with decorative purposes.
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1812:
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Seen as a mixture of hero and bandit, Lampião became one of the most representative icons of Brazil.
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Lampião was killed by the police in 1938, in
Sergipe, next to the state limits of Sergipe and
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55:" against the government, many men and women decided to become nomadic bandits, roaming the
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in 1927. 28 bandits are shown in the photo, but the band numbered around 60 men at the time
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and their willingness to obey their superiors' orders. Some of them carried modern
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477:
345:
1474:(beautiful) was another slang term for the policemen. Hence, pistols were called "
1617:
1031:
616:
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213:
52:
1412:
1484:). However, the name seems to be actually a derivation of the Latin expression
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The epic cycle of the cangaceiros in popular poetry from northeastern Brazil
1431:
Because of the heat and the absence of water, some cangaceiros -–especially
931:
98:
Lampião's band, plus 4 prisoners (taken to extort ransoms), photographed in
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1438:
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clothing, embellished with all kinds of coloured ribbons and metal pieces.
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They also made famous a thin, long, and very sharp knife nicknamed a "
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1458:
The weapons of the
Cangaceiros were mostly Mauser bolt-action and
1379:
1670:
1447:
48:
1368:
1777:
Political
Structure and Social Banditry in Northeast Brazil.
1613:, English title: "Antonio das Mortes" Glauber Rocha 1969
1462:-like lever-action rifles, revolvers and the famous "
1779:Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1.
1784:
1585:, Carlos Coimbra and Walter Guimarães Motta 1961
1367:Wandering around Santa Brígida, in the state of
23:Lampião and his companions with cinematographer
1494:, which was produced by the German arms maker
1338:
1610:O Dragão da Maldade Contra o Santo Guerreiro
1601:, English title: "Black God, White Devil"
1345:
1331:
376:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
121:
1756:
1437:
1411:
93:
18:
1394:
102:soon after their attack on the town of
1785:
1621:, Paulo Caldas and Lírio Ferreira 1997
1566:
1508:
1453:
62:
39:
89:
1407:
562:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
13:
1761:. Texas A&M University Press.
1759:The Bandit King: Lampião of Brazil
366:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
351:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
59:seeking money, food, and revenge.
14:
1839:
917:March of the One Hundred Thousand
1628:, English title: "A Dog's Will"
1314:
157:
1757:Chandler, Billy Jaynes (1978).
1750:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1598:Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol
1532:aka "Dioguinho" (in São Paulo)
986:1993 Constitutional referendum
976:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
425:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
395:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
1:
1685:
1006:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
238:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
226:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
1466:". It is claimed that like '
1385:
1375:(literally "Pretty Maria").
795:Constitutionalist Revolution
662:Proclamation of the Republic
507:Confederation of the Equator
408:United Kingdom with Portugal
7:
1645:
465:Recognition of Independence
455:Declaration of Independence
10:
1844:
1662:Landless Workers' Movement
1416:Cangaceiro Corisco in 1936
897:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
820:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
805:Communist uprising of 1935
577:Liberal rebellions of 1842
430:Constituent Cortes of 1820
131:
127:
1775:Singelmann, Peter (1975)
1698:Singelmann, pp. 67-68, 75
1679:Free University of Berlin
1582:A Morte Comanda o Cangaço
957:1988 Constituent Assembly
902:Vacancy in the Presidency
842:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
783:Second Brazilian Republic
708:Coffee with milk politics
642:Post–abolition of slavery
492:1823 Constituent Assembly
420:Conquest of French Guiana
37:Portuguese pronunciation:
16:Brazilian nomadic bandits
1798:First Brazilian Republic
867:Construction of Brasília
862:Lott's preventative coup
1590:Lampião, Rei do Cangaço
1530:Diogo Figueira da Rocha
371:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
1450:
1442:Cangaceiro costume at
1417:
1402:Hotchkiss machine guns
1001:Car Wash investigation
912:Araguaia Guerrilla War
592:Eusébio de Queirós Law
107:
44:) was a phenomenon of
27:
25:Benjamin Abrahão Botto
1743:Chandler, pp. 71, 183
1716:Chandler, pp. 220-230
1641:, Marcelo Galvão 2017
1626:O Auto Da Compadecida
1593:, Carlos Coimbra 1963
1441:
1415:
890:Military dictatorship
696:Federalist Revolution
672:Republic of the Sword
622:Revolt of the Muckers
517:Abdication of Pedro I
309:Quilombo dos Palmares
221:Treaty of Tordesillas
97:
22:
1444:Museu Cais do Sertão
1395:Volantes and monkeys
1011:Coronavirus pandemic
832:Integralist Uprising
637:Abolition of Slavery
381:Opening of the ports
1818:Brazilian criminals
1734:Chandler, pp. 95-99
1681:: see bibliography.
1577:, Lima Barreto 1953
1567:The Cangaço in film
1127:Rio Grande do Norte
537:1834 Additional Act
460:War of Independence
336:War of the Emboabas
1793:Brazilian folklore
1509:Famous cangaceiros
1454:Cangaceiro weapons
1451:
1418:
1087:Mato Grosso do Sul
1024:By federative unit
907:Institutional Acts
790:Revolution of 1930
763:Lieutenant revolts
748:Revolt of the Lash
728:Annexation of Acre
718:Amazon rubber boom
314:France Equinoxiale
294:France Antarctique
233:European discovery
186:Indigenous Peoples
108:
67:By 1834, the term
63:Origin of the word
41:[kɐ̃ˈɡasu]
28:
1652:History of Brazil
1536:Jesuíno Brilhante
1515:Adolfo Meia-Noite
1355:
1354:
1321:Brazil portal
1242:Jewish Brazilians
1132:Rio Grande do Sul
964:1988 Constitution
927:Redemocratization
922:Brazilian Miracle
872:Legality Campaign
855:Populist Republic
825:1937 Constitution
800:1934 Constitution
738:Taubaté Agreement
667:1891 Constitution
632:Military Question
570:Reign of Pedro II
502:1824 Constitution
415:Pernambuco Revolt
201:Marajoara culture
151:History of Brazil
90:Types of banditry
1835:
1828:Empire of Brazil
1813:Brazilian rebels
1772:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
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1708:
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1408:Cangaceiro style
1347:
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1062:Federal District
680:
485:Reign of Pedro I
478:Empire of Brazil
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356:Treaty of Madrid
346:Vila Rica Revolt
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255:Brazilwood cycle
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1808:Gangs in Brazil
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1424:They also used
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1302:Years in Brazil
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582:Praieira revolt
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53:social banditry
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723:War of Canudos
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1768:0-89096-194-8
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1231:Football Team
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607:Uruguayan War
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179:Pre-Cabraline
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1758:
1751:Bibliography
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1703:
1694:
1666:
1636:
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1616:
1608:
1596:
1588:
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1574:O Cangaceiro
1572:
1551:Maria Bonita
1502:
1500:
1492:Luger pistol
1486:
1481:
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1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1373:Maria Bonita
1366:
1363:
1356:
1207:Constitution
1092:Minas Gerais
971:Plano Collor
945:New Republic
837:World War II
703:Belle Époque
691:Navy Revolts
686:Encilhamento
655:Old Republic
587:Coffee cycle
532:April Revolt
443:Independence
324:Dutch Brazil
299:Bandeirantes
168:Miller Atlas
163:
111:
109:
85:
68:
66:
31:
30:
29:
1675:Ronald Daus
1657:Land reform
1630:Guel Arraes
1487:para bellum
1470:(monkey), '
1272:Transgender
1252:Nationality
1082:Mato Grosso
952:Lost Decade
813:Estado Novo
758:World War I
675: [
627:Grande Seca
597:Platine War
542:Malê Revolt
450:Dia do Fico
384: [
361:Guaraní War
341:Mascate War
277:Slave trade
267:Sugar cycle
258: [
248:Captaincies
77: [
57:hinterlands
1823:Vargas Era
1787:Categories
1686:References
1460:Winchester
1112:Pernambuco
991:Plano Real
932:Diretas Já
776:Vargas Era
713:Coronelism
331:Gold cycle
69:cangaceiro
1638:O Matador
1477:pára belo
1464:pára belo
1386:Coiteiros
1297:Conflicts
1267:Socialism
1222:Etymology
1192:Animation
1187:Anarchism
1162:Tocantins
1152:São Paulo
547:Cabanagem
118:extortion
46:Northeast
1646:See also
1503:peixeira
1480:" (belo
1292:Timeline
1285:Research
1247:Military
1227:Football
1137:Rondônia
1077:Maranhão
1047:Amazonas
996:Mensalão
981:Mercosul
557:Balaiada
196:Kuhikugu
143:a series
141:Part of
122:volantes
113:jagunços
100:Limoeiro
74:peixeira
1803:Outlaws
1541:Lampião
1525:Corisco
1482:stopper
1468:macaco'
1433:Lampião
1380:Alagoas
1359:Lampião
1217:Ethanol
1212:Economy
1157:Sergipe
1142:Roraima
1102:Paraíba
1037:Alagoas
272:Slavery
134:Lampião
128:Lampião
104:Mossoró
32:Cangaço
1765:
1671:thesis
1448:Recife
1257:Postal
1175:Topics
1107:Paraná
170:, 1519
145:on the
49:Brazil
1472:belo'
1369:Bahia
1117:Piauí
1072:Goiás
1057:Ceará
1052:Bahia
1042:Amapá
679:]
388:]
262:]
191:Luzia
81:]
1763:ISBN
1632:2000
1605:1964
1237:LGBT
1197:Book
1097:Pará
1032:Acre
1673:by
1496:DWM
1789::
1677:,
1669:-
1498:.
1446:,
677:pt
386:pt
260:pt
166:,
83:.
79:pt
1771:.
1346:e
1339:t
1332:v
1233:)
1229:(
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
