3316:
3251:
3183:
733:
669:
3057:
2715:
573:
849:
3281:
3226:
24:
638:, where Melas was, apparently doing nothing. Convinced that Melas was about to retreat, Napoleon sent strong detachments to block Melas's routes northwards to the Po, and southwards to Genoa. At this point, Melas attacked, and for all the brilliance of the previous campaign, Napoleon found himself at a significant disadvantage in the consequent
630:, in the belief that this would cause Melas to raise the siege of Genoa. He entered Milan on 2 June and by crossing to the South bank of the Po completely cut Melas's communications. Taking up a strong defensive position at Stradella, he confidently awaited an attempt by the Austrian Army to fight its way out.
633:
However, Melas had not raised the siege of Genoa, and on 4 June the French Army marched out with all equipment towards France as per the terms of the negotiated evacuation of the city. Napoleon then faced the possibility that, thanks to the
British command of the Mediterranean, far from falling back,
728:
to compensate the dynastic houses for territorial losses, but was unable to make any progress. Supported by French republican forces, Swiss insurgents staged several uprisings, ultimately causing the overthrow of the Swiss
Confederation after 18 months of civil war. By early 1799, the French
771:. Kray posted his main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France. Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at
729:
Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by
Austria. The uprising in Naples raised further alarms, and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany.
642:(14 June). Napoleon was effectively defeated in a tough battle in the morning and early afternoon; Melas, thinking he had already won, had turned over delivery of the coup de grace to a subordinate, when the prompt return of a detached French force under
883:, with the Austrian army retiring behind the river Inn. Austrian reluctance to accept negotiated terms caused the French to end the armistice in mid-November, effective in two weeks. When the armistice ended, John advanced over the Inn towards
541:
Both the
Austrians and the French decided to make their main effort in Italy. (Bonaparte would have preferred the main attack to be on Kray by a flanking move through Northern Switzerland, but the working relationship with Moreau was poor).
797:'s corps to be detached to Italy after the initial battles, but Moreau had other plans. Through a series of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked, double flanked, and reflanked Kray's army, Moreau's army lay on the eastern slope of the
634:
the
Austrians could instead take Genoa as their new base and be supplied by sea. His defensive posture would not prevent this; he had to find and attack the Austrians before they could regroup. He therefore advanced from Stradella towards
860:, where the Austrians also had the superiority of position and force, the 1st Demi-Brigade took the village and the heights around it, which gave them a commanding aspect over MeĂźkirch. Subsequently, Kray withdrew his forces to
724:(October 1797). This treaty proved difficult to implement. Austria was slow to give up some of the Venetian territories. A Congress convened at Rastatt for the purposes of deciding which southwestern German states would be
784:
commanded a modestly-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses. First Consul
4403:
1717:
3380:
3079:
595:
still covered by snow. Artillery was manhandled over with great effort and ingenuity. On 14 May 1800, the 40,000-strong French army was stopped by 400 Austro-Piedmontese soldiers at
789:
offered a plan of operations based on outflanking the
Austrians by a push from Switzerland, but Moreau declined to follow it. Rather, Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near
4433:
943:
4065:
2946:
1288:
99:
1142:
3320:
793:
where the river swung to the north. A French column would distract Kray from Moreau's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west. Bonaparte wanted
4110:
591:
The Army of the
Reserve was joined by Napoleon, and in mid-May set out to cross the Alps to attack the Austrian rear. The bulk of the army crossed by the
4342:
1432:
1130:
3732:
2633:
2588:
2495:
2442:
2373:
2243:
2217:
2134:
2031:
1958:
1174:
1157:
713:
429:
4040:
3268:
3328:
841:, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position. It also meant, however, that any retreat by Kray into Austria via Switzerland and the
3121:
3467:
834:
3263:
923:
with
Britain and Turkey to allow him to evacuate by sea, but Britain later repudiated the agreement. Kléber won a battle against the Turks
3659:
3601:
3390:
1476:
1204:
4090:
3447:
2786:
646:
and a vigorous French counter-attack (in the course of which Desaix was killed) converted the battle into an important French victory.
92:
3213:
4045:
3497:
3400:
1051:
1667:
3624:
1295:
4393:
3462:
3375:
2836:
3031:
4301:
4075:
3792:
1400:
3203:
3142:
3100:
2931:
1384:
1086:
1072:
85:
4105:
3649:
3157:
1709:
3566:
2983:
2876:
1800:
2856:
4080:
4035:
3208:
2360:
2121:
1376:
3581:
3535:
4398:
4388:
3152:
2458:
2108:
408:
3777:
2988:
2963:
3772:
3113:
3074:
2620:
2251:
1281:
1232:
1112:
1098:
438:
422:
63:
2821:
3767:
3674:
3008:
1484:
1424:
1139:
825:
resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both sides. However, while the two main armies were engaged at Engen,
4202:
3990:
3917:
34:
4143:
3852:
2791:
1253:
1225:
1197:
873:
348:
203:
3985:
3882:
3472:
2466:
4378:
3980:
3757:
2450:
1588:
1440:
747:
led approximately 120,000 troops. In addition to his
Austrian regulars, his force included 12,000 men from the
401:
173:
133:
3385:
1127:
4383:
2906:
2381:
2225:
2204:
2142:
2062:
1925:
1660:
1580:
1545:
303:
2816:
2806:
1493:
489:
At the start of the campaigning season of 1800, the
Austrians had strong armies North and South of the Alps
4095:
3782:
3679:
3170:
3147:
3092:
2978:
2921:
1808:
1740:
896:
869:
415:
278:
3087:
1890:
876:, Kray retreated to Munich. Again, on 10 May, the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses, this time to Ulm.
872:. After being flanked by General Moreau, who approached Ulm from the east and overwhelmed his outposts at
649:
Melas promptly entered into negotiations which led to the Austrians evacuating northern Italy west of the
4197:
3822:
3717:
3596:
3576:
3487:
3416:
3238:
2736:
2503:
2196:
2049:
1537:
924:
693:
373:
338:
288:
168:
109:
4020:
3872:
2886:
2781:
2019:
4438:
4332:
3887:
2866:
2090:
2039:
1971:
1871:
1655:
1564:
1351:
1190:
386:
128:
3867:
3629:
2761:
610:
Once over the Alps, Napoleon did not proceed directly to the relief of Genoa. Instead, he advanced on
4347:
3932:
3664:
3507:
3362:
3165:
2728:
2604:
2527:
2405:
2389:
1081:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
1067:
Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
868:
ensued on 9 May; action principally consisted of the 25,000 man-strong French "Center", commanded by
865:
802:
382:
328:
318:
308:
293:
238:
148:
4242:
3787:
3619:
3395:
2776:
4428:
4055:
3902:
3857:
3187:
3182:
2926:
2756:
2746:
2559:
2543:
2421:
2336:
2183:
2167:
2070:
1844:
1408:
888:
880:
810:
781:
689:
531:
475:
358:
353:
268:
198:
163:
123:
41:
3482:
732:
4443:
3907:
3862:
3571:
3452:
3129:
2951:
2575:
2482:
2150:
1966:
1909:
1824:
1529:
1368:
685:
253:
248:
243:
193:
153:
3912:
3807:
2861:
916:
775:, near the northwestern end of Lake Constance, only a day's march from French-held Switzerland.
752:
3697:
3530:
3134:
2826:
2811:
2684:
2551:
2429:
2175:
2095:
1764:
1639:
1631:
1521:
1079:
The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.
920:
856:
On 4 and 5 May, the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on the MeĂźkirch. At nearby
756:
721:
584:
392:
208:
188:
2641:
740:
At the beginning of 1800, the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine.
4237:
3551:
3502:
3437:
2968:
2851:
2841:
2719:
2714:
2612:
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2320:
2267:
2085:
2075:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1756:
1612:
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806:
748:
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558:
363:
333:
298:
258:
223:
213:
2296:
705:
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4050:
3812:
3634:
3556:
3405:
3013:
3003:
2796:
2511:
2328:
2275:
2080:
1863:
1065:
Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.
892:
725:
470:
had returned from Egypt and taken control of the French government, marking the end of the
263:
233:
183:
178:
3492:
2973:
2891:
2044:
1989:
8:
4252:
4182:
4030:
3960:
3817:
3797:
3762:
3737:
3669:
3370:
2896:
2280:
2159:
1917:
1829:
1604:
1596:
1572:
1331:
778:
603:. They held the pass for two weeks, completely ruining Napoleon's surprise attack on the
576:
313:
273:
143:
3937:
3892:
3712:
3477:
3442:
3293:
3255:
3250:
2998:
2916:
2911:
2657:
2649:
2344:
2304:
2116:
2009:
1773:
1748:
1692:
1675:
1513:
904:
786:
709:
524:
467:
378:
323:
4060:
3877:
3639:
3512:
3069:
3023:
1360:
4289:
4222:
4212:
4192:
3298:
2596:
2535:
2519:
2312:
1392:
1246:
1213:
1108:
1094:
1082:
1068:
1057:
837:. The loss of this main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to order a retreat to
814:
639:
505:
471:
368:
343:
158:
138:
3847:
3546:
1836:
1736:
1683:
4357:
4217:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3727:
3654:
3591:
3561:
3333:
3303:
3198:
2901:
2751:
2676:
2413:
2397:
2352:
2288:
2259:
2054:
1933:
1816:
1781:
1323:
1274:
1267:
701:
512:, which Napoleon had used as a backdoor to Vienna in his previous Italian campaigns
463:
445:
283:
228:
218:
4136:
1239:
4282:
4070:
3747:
3742:
3707:
3457:
3061:
3056:
2958:
2881:
2771:
2741:
2100:
1976:
1701:
1647:
1448:
1164:
1146:
1134:
826:
794:
760:
741:
717:
697:
681:
657:
459:
3927:
801:, while portions of Kray's army was still guarded the passes on the other side.
40:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
4352:
4294:
4100:
3922:
3702:
3422:
3285:
3280:
3230:
3225:
3045:
2233:
1467:
822:
764:
45:
672:
The Battles of Stockach and Engen in May 1800, followed by a larger battle at
77:
4422:
4366:
4337:
4207:
4025:
3802:
3644:
3540:
3432:
2993:
2936:
619:
3832:
4373:
4318:
4232:
4187:
4015:
3897:
3689:
2846:
2831:
2801:
798:
643:
615:
600:
494:
879:
A several month armistice followed, during which Kray was replaced by the
572:
4227:
4085:
3975:
3752:
3722:
2871:
2191:
1984:
861:
635:
551:
550:
Melas attacked first, and by the third week in April had advanced to the
4325:
838:
818:
744:
673:
498:
4131:
3970:
3586:
2941:
1416:
842:
768:
604:
562:
3838:
668:
565:. In response Berthier moved – not to the threatened frontier, but to
3965:
3611:
3522:
3105:
2474:
848:
596:
509:
1182:
4313:
4308:
4247:
4126:
4000:
2766:
857:
830:
772:
716:
pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the
580:
527:
holding Genoa and preventing invasion of Southern France from Italy
486:, where French forces had been driven almost out of Italy in 1799.
1310:
919:
remained trapped in Egypt by the British fleet. He negotiated the
501:(defending the direct (Rhine–Danube) route from France to Vienna
900:
887:. His army was defeated in small engagements at the battles of
884:
650:
627:
623:
566:
462:
continued from 1799 with the French fighting the forces of the
3381:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
587:. In reality, Napoleon crossed the Alps on the back of a mule.
508:
defending the Austrian possessions in northern Italy, and the
3315:
790:
611:
555:
535:
479:
622:
passes) and to threaten Melas's lines of communication with
1128:
Gaspar Cugnac, Campaign of the Army of the Reserve in 1800
483:
3355:
852:
Jean Victor Moreau commanded the French Army of the Rhine.
660:
to consolidate in Italy and begin a march toward Austria.
3195:
569:– and Massena was instructed to hold Genoa until 4 June.
561:
by land by the Austrians and under tight blockade by the
656:
Napoleon returned to Paris after the victory, leaving
864:, followed closely by the French. Fighting at nearby
676:, followed the Hohentwiel capitulation to the French.
482:
frontier and personally going to take command in the
4111:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
736:
The Battle of MeĂźkirch was won from the high ground.
4343:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1433:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
895:, and decisively in the forests before the city at
4434:Campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars by year
1056:, by François Mignet (1824), as made available by
1053:History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814
805:were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the
1140:Alex. Berthier, Relation of the Battle of Marengo
614:, to improve his lines of communication (via the
4420:
3269:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
958:, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 41–59.
653:, and suspending military operations in Italy.
534:forming the Army of the Reserve and centred on
107:
1311:Significant civil and political events by year
927:in March, but was assassinated later in June.
1198:
763:. Of these, 25,000 men were deployed east of
684:forces achieved several initial victories at
93:
4364:
4323:
4299:
4280:
3264:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1951:
1091:The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
3468:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
1205:
1191:
835:Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont
520:about 120,000 men under Moreau facing Kray
504:about 100,000 men in northern Italy under
100:
86:
3733:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
3391:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
3214:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
1089:* Dupuy, Trevor N. and Dupuy, R. Ernest,
755:, 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the
64:Learn how and when to remove this message
4165:
1449:Nationalization of the Church properties
1038:. London: Greenhill Press, 1998, p. 178.
988:
847:
731:
667:
571:
4394:Historiography of the French Revolution
3665:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3376:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
899:on 3 December. Moreau began a march on
4421:
3401:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-PĂ©rigord
3356:Other significant figures and factions
474:. He prepared a new campaign, sending
4269:
4164:
3448:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3354:
3204:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3143:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3101:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
2704:
1950:
1581:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1309:
1212:
1186:
81:
3602:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3014:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
2705:
1801:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
903:, and the Austrians soon signed the
554:, with Massena and half his army in
17:
4270:
3209:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
720:(17 April 1797) and the subsequent
13:
4399:Influence of the French Revolution
4389:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3153:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3114:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1369:Convocation of the Estates General
833:from its Austrian defenders under
14:
4455:
4041:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
3773:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3075:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
2857:François Christophe de Kellermann
2096:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1121:
3768:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
3675:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
3645:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
3536:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3314:
3279:
3249:
3224:
3181:
3055:
2932:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
2713:
1485:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
759:, and 7,000 militiamen from the
22:
4106:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
3853:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
3778:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
2989:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert SĂ©rurier
2984:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
2964:Catherine-Dominique de PĂ©rignon
2792:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
1710:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1028:
4379:Women in the French Revolution
3981:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3158:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
2822:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
2451:French invasion of Switzerland
1019:
1010:
997:
979:
970:
961:
948:
937:
1:
4384:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4203:Pierre Claude François Daunou
3991:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3122:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3093:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2390:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2143:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2117:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
1926:Constitution of the Year VIII
1661:Committee of General Security
1546:National Legislative Assembly
1401:National Constituent Assembly
1107:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
1077:Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).
1063:Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).
956:The French Revolutionary Wars
930:
907:, ending the war in Germany.
803:Battles at Engen and Stockach
4302:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4096:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
3986:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
3883:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
3783:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
3473:Charles Malo François Lameth
3148:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
2979:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
2922:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2122:Second Battle of Wissembourg
1809:Constitution of the Year III
870:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
7:
4198:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
3823:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
3758:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
3718:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
3597:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
3582:JĂ©rĂ´me PĂ©tion de Villeneuve
3577:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3386:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3239:William V, Prince of Orange
2109:First Battle of Wissembourg
2066:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
1782:Closing of the Jacobin Club
1651:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
1608:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
1468:Abolition of the Parlements
1441:Women's March on Versailles
111:War of the Second Coalition
10:
4460:
4333:French Republican calendar
3888:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
3513:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
2867:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
2817:Charles François Dumouriez
2807:Jacques François Dugommier
2621:League of Armed Neutrality
2454:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2406:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2229:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2208:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
1872:Second Congress of Rastatt
1656:Committee of Public Safety
1643:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
1117:Various Knowledge articles
1045:
874:Battle of Höchstädt (1800)
767:(Bodensee) to protect the
663:
4348:Cult of the Supreme Being
4276:
4265:
4171:
4160:
4119:
3953:
3946:
3831:
3688:
3610:
3521:
3508:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3414:
3363:Patriotic Society of 1789
3361:
3350:
3312:
3277:
3247:
3222:
3179:
3166:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3088:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
3053:
3044:
3022:
2727:
2711:
2700:
2669:
2632:
2605:Convention of Alessandria
2587:
2494:
2441:
2372:
2242:
2216:
2133:
2030:
1957:
1946:
1902:
1891:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
1883:
1856:
1793:
1729:
1624:
1557:
1506:
1460:
1352:What Is the Third Estate?
1343:
1316:
1305:
1220:
1171:
1162:
1154:
1105:The Campaigns of Napoleon
493:about 120,000 men in the
119:
4056:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4021:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3903:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
3873:François-Nicolas Vincent
3858:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3032:Charles-Alexandre Linois
2927:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
2907:François Séverin Marceau
2887:François Joseph Lefebvre
2782:Jean-Étienne Championnet
2757:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2752:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2747:Alexandre de Beauharnais
2737:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
2459:French Invasion of Egypt
2337:Second Battle of Bassano
2071:Battle of Kaiserslautern
1845:Conspiracy of the Equals
1538:The Constitution of 1791
1409:Storming of the Bastille
1145:17 February 2018 at the
1036:Napoleonic Wars Databook
910:
811:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
782:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
751:, 6,000 troops from the
545:
4036:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
3908:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3868:Antoine-François Momoro
3863:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3680:François de Neufchâteau
3630:Charles-François Lebrun
3572:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
3453:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3329:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3135:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3130:Karl Mack von Leiberich
2762:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2576:Second Battle of Zurich
2467:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2313:First Battle of Bassano
2151:Second Battle of Boulou
1952:Revolutionary campaigns
1910:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
1825:Council of Five Hundred
1613:First republic declared
1549:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1530:Declaration of Pillnitz
1254:Constitutional monarchy
1007:. France, 1896, p. 109.
530:about 50,000 men under
523:about 40,000 men under
4365:
4324:
4300:
4281:
3793:Prieur de la CĂ´te-d'Or
3788:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
3698:Maximilien Robespierre
3531:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3396:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2827:Louis-Charles de Flers
2812:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
2777:Jean François Carteaux
2552:First Battle of Zurich
2515:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
2470:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
2430:Treaty of Campo Formio
2176:Glorious First of June
2104:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2063:Expedition to Sardinia
1741:Desmoulins guillotined
1676:Assassination of Marat
1668:Fall of the Girondists
1640:Revolutionary Tribunal
1632:Execution of Louis XVI
1522:Champ de Mars massacre
1425:Abolition of Feudalism
1133:27 August 2020 at the
967:Blanning, pp. 200–280.
921:Convention of El-Arish
853:
757:Archbishopric of Mainz
737:
722:Treaty of Campo Formio
677:
588:
585:Great St. Bernard Pass
402:Mediterranean Campaign
4238:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3503:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3483:Jean-François Rewbell
2969:Jean-Charles Pichegru
2852:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
2842:Jacques Maurice Hatry
2613:Battle of Hohenlinden
2486:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2321:Battle of Emmendingen
2268:Battle of Castiglione
2155:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2086:Battle of Hondschoote
1757:Thermidorian Reaction
1721:(throughout the year)
1494:Fête de la Fédération
1420:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1404:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1388:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
851:
807:French First Republic
749:Electorate of Bavaria
735:
671:
593:Great St Bernard Pass
575:
4166:Influential thinkers
3913:Jean-François Varlet
3813:Jean-Lambert Tallien
3808:Jean Bon Saint-André
3635:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
3557:Marquis de Condorcet
3406:Nicolas de Condorcet
3171:Dagobert von Wurmser
3004:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
2947:Pierre-Jacques Osten
2862:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
2797:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2787:Chapuis de Tourville
2329:Battle of Schliengen
2276:Battle of Theiningen
2197:Battle of Aldenhoven
2081:Battle of Wattignies
2050:Battle of Neerwinden
1864:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1377:Death of the Dauphin
893:Neuburg an der Donau
821:. The fighting near
813:and the army of the
753:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
4253:Mary Wollstonecraft
4031:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3818:Pierre Louis Prieur
3763:Jean-Henri Voulland
3738:Jacques-Louis David
3670:Jean Joseph Mounier
3371:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3009:Belgrand de Vaubois
2897:Jean-Antoine Marbot
2837:Emmanuel de Grouchy
2642:Treaty of Lunéville
2281:Battle of Neresheim
2226:Siege of Luxembourg
2205:Siege of Luxembourg
2160:Battle of Tourcoing
2091:Siege of Bellegarde
1918:Coup of 18 Brumaire
1830:Council of Ancients
1605:National Convention
1597:September Massacres
1573:Brunswick Manifesto
1565:France declares war
1332:Assembly of Vizille
1103:Chandler, David G,
1025:Sloane, p. 109-110.
866:Biberach an der Ris
779:General of Division
577:Jacques-Louis David
4091:Loménie de Brienne
4066:Madame de Lamballe
4001:Napoléon Bonaparte
3798:Prieur de la Marne
3713:Camille Desmoulins
3567:Marie Jean HĂ©rault
3443:Jean-Sifrein Maury
3438:Arnaud de La Porte
3294:Alexander Korsakov
3080:Count of Clerfayt
2999:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2912:Auguste de Marmont
2767:Napoléon Bonaparte
2658:Algeciras campaign
2650:Treaty of Florence
2528:Battle of Stockach
2361:Ireland expedition
2345:Battle of Calliano
2305:Battle of Rovereto
2297:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
1749:Law of 22 Prairial
1718:Anti-clerical laws
1693:The Death of Marat
1514:Flight to Varennes
1060:(out-of-copyright)
954:Timothy Blanning,
905:Armistice of Steyr
854:
787:Napoleon Bonaparte
738:
710:Napoleon Bonaparte
678:
589:
468:Napoleon Bonaparte
4439:Conflicts in 1800
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4290:Cockade of France
4261:
4260:
4223:Antoine Lavoisier
4213:Benjamin Franklin
4193:Anacharsis Cloots
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4076:Louis de Breteuil
3918:Theophile Leclerc
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3299:Alexander Suvorov
3040:
3039:
2974:JĂłzef Poniatowski
2892:Étienne Macdonald
2696:
2695:
2597:Battle of Marengo
2560:Battle of Trebbia
2544:Battle of Cassano
2536:Battle of Magnano
2520:Battle of Ostrach
2422:Battle of Neuwied
2184:Battle of Fleurus
2168:Battle of Tournay
2045:War in the Vendée
1981:Royalist Revolts
1942:
1941:
1499:
1475:Abolition of the
1393:Tennis Court Oath
1385:National Assembly
1214:French Revolution
1181:
1180:
1172:Succeeded by
1093:, HarperCollins,
1087:978-0-7006-3034-9
1073:978-0-7006-3025-7
1058:Project Gutenberg
976:Blanning, p. 200.
815:Habsburg monarchy
708:, the efforts of
640:Battle of Marengo
506:Michael von Melas
472:French Revolution
455:
454:
416:Italian and Swiss
409:Egyptian Campaign
74:
73:
66:
4451:
4370:
4358:Temple of Reason
4329:
4305:
4286:
4267:
4266:
4218:Thomas Jefferson
4162:
4161:
4081:de Chateaubriand
4011:Joseph Bonaparte
4006:Lucien Bonaparte
3996:Marie Antoinette
3951:
3950:
3938:Sylvain Maréchal
3893:François Hanriot
3728:Louis Philippe I
3655:Louis Philippe I
3650:Philippe Égalité
3592:Olympe de Gouges
3562:Charlotte Corday
3552:Étienne Clavière
3352:
3351:
3334:Antonio Ricardos
3319:
3318:
3304:Andrei Rosenberg
3284:
3283:
3254:
3253:
3229:
3228:
3199:Ralph Abercromby
3186:
3185:
3161:
3138:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3050:
2955:
2902:Marcellin Marbot
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2706:Military leaders
2702:
2701:
2689:
2681:
2677:Treaty of Amiens
2662:
2654:
2646:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2580:
2579:(25–26 Sep 1799)
2572:
2564:
2563:(17–20 Jun 1799)
2556:
2548:
2547:(27–28 Apr 1799)
2540:
2532:
2524:
2523:(20–21 Mar 1799)
2516:
2508:
2504:Second Coalition
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2414:Treaty of Leoben
2410:
2402:
2401:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2398:Battle of Rivoli
2394:
2386:
2382:Italian campaign
2365:
2357:
2356:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2353:Battle of Arcole
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2289:Battle of Amberg
2285:
2272:
2264:
2260:Battle of Lonato
2256:
2252:Italian campaign
2230:
2209:
2201:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2147:
2126:
2125:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2113:
2105:
2067:
2059:
2055:Battle of Famars
2023:
1948:
1947:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1895:
1876:
1868:
1849:
1841:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1652:
1644:
1636:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1550:
1542:
1534:
1526:
1518:
1517:(20–21 Jun 1791)
1497:
1489:
1481:
1472:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1336:
1328:
1324:Day of the Tiles
1307:
1306:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1155:Preceded by
1152:
1151:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:Life of Napoleon
1001:
995:
992:
986:
983:
977:
974:
968:
965:
959:
952:
946:
941:
464:Second Coalition
446:Marengo Campaign
430:Italian Campaign
229:Vlieter incident
114:
112:
102:
95:
88:
79:
78:
69:
62:
58:
55:
49:
26:
25:
18:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4429:Napoleonic Wars
4419:
4418:
4417:
4408:
4283:La Marseillaise
4272:
4271:Cultural impact
4257:
4167:
4148:
4115:
4071:Madame du Barry
4061:Catherine Théot
4051:Thérésa Tallien
3942:
3933:Gracchus Babeuf
3878:François Chabot
3835:
3827:
3748:Georges Couthon
3743:Marquis de Sade
3708:Jean-Paul Marat
3684:
3640:Bertrand Barère
3606:
3517:
3498:Boissy d'Anglas
3493:Madame de Staël
3458:Antoine Barnave
3426:
3419:
3410:
3357:
3338:
3313:
3308:
3278:
3273:
3248:
3243:
3223:
3218:
3180:
3175:
3159:
3136:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3070:JĂłzsef Alvinczi
3054:
3036:
3018:
2959:Nicolas Oudinot
2949:
2882:Claude Lecourbe
2877:Charles Leclerc
2772:Guillaume Brune
2742:Pierre Augereau
2712:
2707:
2692:
2687:
2685:Treaty of Paris
2679:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2238:
2228:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2145:
2129:
2124:
2111:
2103:
2101:Siege of Toulon
2065:
2057:
2040:First Coalition
2026:
2017:
1953:
1938:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1898:
1893:
1879:
1874:
1866:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1725:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1702:Law of Suspects
1696:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1650:
1648:Reign of Terror
1642:
1634:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1516:
1502:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1428:(4–11 Aug 1789)
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1361:RĂ©veillon riots
1355:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1312:
1301:
1216:
1211:
1177:
1168:
1165:Napoleonic Wars
1160:
1147:Wayback Machine
1135:Wayback Machine
1124:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
994:Arnold, 199-201
993:
989:
985:Arnold, 197-199
984:
980:
975:
971:
966:
962:
953:
949:
942:
938:
933:
913:
827:Claude Lecourbe
795:Claude Lecourbe
761:County of Tyrol
742:Feldzeugmeister
718:Peace of Leoben
682:First Coalition
666:
548:
516:The French had
460:Napoleonic Wars
456:
451:
397:
115:
110:
108:
106:
70:
59:
53:
50:
39:
33:has an unclear
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4444:1800 in France
4441:
4436:
4431:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4353:Cult of Reason
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4297:
4295:Flag of France
4292:
4287:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Jacques Necker
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3923:Claire Lacombe
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Jacques HĂ©bert
3844:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Georges Danton
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3547:Henri Grégoire
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:Camille Jordan
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2568:Battle of Novi
2565:
2557:
2555:(4–7 Jun 1799)
2549:
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2348:(6–7 Nov 1796)
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2263:(3–4 Aug 1796)
2257:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2234:Peace of Basel
2231:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Siege of Mainz
2073:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
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2688:(25 Jun 1802)
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2512:Siege of Acre
2510:
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2483:Peasants' War
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2187:(26 Jun 1794)
2185:
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2177:
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2171:(22 May 1794)
2169:
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2163:(18 May 1794)
2161:
2158:
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2146:(24 Apr 1794)
2144:
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2115:
2112:(13 Oct 1793)
2110:
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1911:
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1364:(28 Apr 1789)
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1240:Ancien RĂ©gime
1237:
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1234:
1230:
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1125:
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1113:0-297-74830-0
1110:
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1099:0-06-270056-1
1096:
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1080:
1076:
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1066:
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1059:
1055:
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1037:
1034:Digby Smith,
1031:
1022:
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1006:
1003:W.M. Sloane,
1000:
991:
982:
973:
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925:at Heliopolis
922:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Archduke John
877:
875:
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867:
863:
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846:
845:was cut off.
844:
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680:Although the
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529:
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525:André Masséna
522:
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31:This article
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4374:Phrygian cap
4319:Bastille Day
4233:Thomas Paine
4188:Edmund Burke
4183:Beaumarchais
4177:Les Lumières
4175:
4016:Joseph Fesch
3928:Pauline LĂ©on
3898:Jacques Roux
3837:
3421:
2847:Lazare Hoche
2832:Paul Grenier
2802:Louis Desaix
2661:(8 Jul 1801)
2645:(9 Feb 1801)
2616:(3 Dec 1800)
2539:(5 Apr 1799)
2340:(6 Nov 1796)
2316:(8 Sep 1796)
2308:(4 Sep 1796)
2300:(3 Sep 1796)
2271:(5 Aug 1796)
2200:(2 Oct 1794)
2179:(1 Jun 1794)
1921:(9 Nov 1799)
1867:(4 Sep 1797)
1804:(1 Apr 1795)
1774:White Terror
1767:guillotined
1744:(5 Apr 1794)
1691:
1671:(2 Jun 1793)
1541:(3 Sep 1791)
1492:
1452:(2 Nov 1789)
1444:(5 Oct 1789)
1372:(5 May 1789)
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1327:(7 Jun 1788)
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799:Black Forest
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712:in northern
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601:Aosta Valley
590:
583:crosses the
549:
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309:2nd Stockach
149:1st Stockach
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51:
32:
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4243:Abbé Sieyès
4228:Montesquieu
4144:Social Club
4086:Jean Chouan
3976:Louis XVIII
3753:Roger Ducos
3723:Paul Barras
3690:Montagnards
3620:Abbé Sieyès
3423:monarchiens
3231:Netherlands
3160:(Hungarian)
3108:(Hungarian)
3024:French Navy
2950: [
2872:Jean Lannes
2729:French Army
2507:(1798–1802)
2478:(1798–1800)
2462:(1798–1801)
2192:Chouannerie
2153:(Pyrenees)
2018: [
1985:Chouannerie
1777:(Fall 1794)
1765:Robespierre
1016:Sloane, 109
915:Meanwhile,
897:Hohenlinden
862:Sigmaringen
636:Alessandria
620:St Gotthard
364:Hohenlinden
344:3rd Marengo
334:Iller River
259:Linth River
224:Callantsoog
204:2nd Marengo
174:1st Marengo
4423:Categories
4132:Cordeliers
4046:Talleyrand
3971:Louis XVII
3833:HĂ©bertists
3587:Jean Debry
3417:Feuillants
3046:Opposition
2942:Michel Ney
2364:(Dec 1796)
1972:Thionville
1875:(Dec 1797)
1848:(May 1796)
1840:5 Oct 1795
1817:Directoire
1697:(painting)
1600:(Sep 1792)
1584:(Jun 1792)
1417:Great Fear
1356:(Jan 1789)
1247:Revolution
944:rmg.co.uk
931:References
843:Vorarlberg
769:Vorarlberg
726:mediatised
694:Neerwinden
563:Royal Navy
374:Copenhagen
339:Montebello
304:Hohentwiel
264:Muottental
254:2nd Zurich
234:Krabbendam
189:1st Zurich
184:Winterthur
179:Frauenfeld
169:Bassignana
46:footnoting
3966:Louis XVI
3961:Charles X
3612:The Plain
3523:Girondins
3463:Lafayette
3124:(Walloon)
3106:Pál Kray
3082:(Walloon)
2624:(1800–02)
2475:Quasi-War
1934:Consulate
1820:(1795–99)
1275:Consulate
1268:Directory
829:captured
597:Fort Bard
510:Po Valley
379:Algeciras
349:Höchstädt
329:Chiusella
324:Fort Bard
314:Messkirch
274:Castricum
144:Feldkirch
129:Nicopolis
4326:Panthéon
4314:Muscadin
4309:Marianne
4248:Voltaire
4127:Jacobins
4120:Factions
3660:Mirabeau
3116:(French)
2010:Jemappes
1994:Dauphiné
1477:Nobility
1289:Journals
1282:Glossary
1261:Republic
1233:Timeline
1143:Archived
1131:Archived
858:Krumbach
839:MeĂźkirch
831:Stockach
819:Pál Kray
773:Stockach
745:Pál Kray
706:WĂĽrzburg
674:MeĂźkirch
607:Valley.
581:Napoleon
559:besieged
532:Berthier
499:Pál Kray
319:Biberach
294:Wiesloch
289:3rd Novi
279:2nd Novi
239:Mannheim
42:citation
4208:Diderot
3954:Figures
3839:Enragés
3545:Father
3256:Prussia
3188:Britain
3137:(Saxon)
3095:(Swiss)
3062:Austria
1046:Sources
889:Ampfing
817:led by
664:Germany
616:Simplon
599:in the
478:to the
359:Ampfing
354:Neuburg
269:Alkmaar
199:Trebbia
164:Cassano
159:Magnano
139:Ostrach
124:Butrint
3947:Others
3286:Russia
2720:France
2385:(1797)
2255:(1796)
1990:Vendée
1967:Verdun
1794:1795–6
1737:Danton
1296:Museum
1226:Causes
1111:
1097:
1085:
1071:
917:Kléber
901:Vienna
885:Munich
809:under
702:Amberg
686:Verdun
651:Ticino
644:Desaix
628:Vienna
624:Mantua
567:Geneva
497:under
476:Moreau
369:Mincio
284:Genola
244:Bergen
219:Amsteg
209:Mantua
194:Modena
154:Verona
4404:Films
3321:Spain
2954:]
2022:]
2015:Namur
2000:Lille
1977:Valmy
1169:1800
911:Egypt
823:Engen
791:Basel
714:Italy
698:Mainz
658:Brune
612:Milan
556:Genoa
546:Italy
536:Dijon
480:Rhine
299:Genoa
134:Corfu
3836:and
3420:and
2670:1802
2634:1801
2589:1800
2496:1799
2443:1798
2374:1797
2244:1796
2218:1795
2135:1794
2032:1793
1959:1792
1903:1799
1884:1798
1857:1797
1739:and
1730:1794
1625:1793
1558:1792
1507:1791
1461:1790
1344:1789
1317:1788
1175:1801
1158:1799
1109:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1069:ISBN
891:and
704:and
626:and
618:and
484:Alps
458:The
214:Novi
44:and
3196:Sir
552:Var
387:2nd
383:1st
4425::
2952:fr
2020:fr
700:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
605:Po
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385:•
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1199:t
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