DOS - Knowledge

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assigned to one of the extended partition logical drives. Moreover, even adding a new hard drive having only logical drives in an extended partition would still disrupt the letters of RAM disks and optical drives. This problem persisted through Microsoft's DOS-based 9x versions of Windows until they were replaced by versions based on the NT line, which preserves the letters of existing drives until the user changes them. Under DOS, this problem can be worked around by defining a SUBST drive and installing the DOS program into this logical drive. The assignment of this drive would then be changed in a batch job whenever the application starts. Under some versions of

994:. As such, removing and adding this file is likely to render the media unbootable. It is, however, possible to replace the shell at will, a method that can be used to start the execution of dedicated applications faster. This limitation does not apply to any version of DR DOS, where the system files can be located anywhere in the root directory and do not need to be contiguous. Therefore, system files can be simply copied to a disk provided that the boot sector is DR DOS compatible already. 1160: 1040:: 8 characters for the filename and 3 characters for the extension. Starting with DOS 2 hierarchical directories are supported. Each directory name is also 8.3 format but the maximum directory path length is 64 characters due to the internal current directory structure (CDS) tables that DOS maintains. Including the drive name, the maximum length of a fully qualified filename that DOS supports is 80 characters using the format drive:\path\filename.ext followed by a null byte. 4198: 1768: 4209: 369:. Microsoft purchased 86-DOS, allegedly for US$ 50,000. This became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, introduced in 1981. Within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies, which supplied the operating system for their own hardware, sometimes under their own names. Microsoft later required the use of the MS-DOS name, with the exception of the IBM variant. IBM continued to develop their version, 523: 328: 593: 284: 55: 222: 1714:(TSR) function which allows programs to remain resident in memory. These programs can hook the system timer or keyboard interrupts to allow themselves to run tasks in the background or to be invoked at any time, preempting the current running program and effectively implementing a simple form of multitasking on a program-specific basis. The DOS 1610:

Under OS/2 2.x and later, the DOS emulation is provided by DOSKRNL. This is a file that represents the combined IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, the system calls are passed through to the OS/2 windowing services. DOS programs run in their own environment, the bulk of the DOS utilities are provided by bound

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In Windows 3.1 and 9x, the DOS virtual machine is provided by WINOLDAP. WinOldAp creates a virtual machine based on the program's PIF file, and the system state when Windows was loaded. The DOS graphics mode, both character and graphic, can be captured and run in the window. DOS applications can use

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constitutes a VBR now. VBRs are operating system specific and cannot be exchanged between different DOS versions in general, as the exact behaviour differs between different DOS versions. In very old versions of DOS such as DOS 1.x, the VBR would load the whole IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at

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for the Motorola 68000 series of CPUs in the early 1990s. While these systems loosely resembled the DOS architecture, applications were not binary compatible due to the incompatible instruction sets of these non-x86-CPUs. However, applications written in high-level languages could be ported easily.

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and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell), and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. There were several official pre-release distributions of FreeDOS before the FreeDOS 1.0 distribution was released on 3

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began selling Unix, Microsoft and IBM began developing OS/2 as an alternative. The two companies later had a series of disagreements over two successor operating systems to DOS, OS/2 and Windows. They split development of their DOS systems as a result. The last retail version of MS-DOS was MS-DOS

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It is still possible to create files or directories using these reserved device names, such as through direct editing of directory data structures in disk sectors. Such naming, such as starting a file name with a space, has sometimes been used by viruses or hacking programs to obscure files from

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OS/2 allows for 'DOS from Drive A:', (VMDISK). This is a real DOS, like MS-DOS 6.22 or PC DOS 5.00. One makes a bootable floppy disk of the DOS, adds a number of drivers from OS/2, and then creates a special image. The DOS booted this way has full access to the system, but provides its own

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systems), they can be disrupted by adding new hardware that needs a drive letter. An example is the addition of a new hard drive having a primary partition where a pre-existing hard drive contains logical drives in extended partitions; the new drive will be assigned a letter that was previously

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The emulated DOS in OS/2 and Windows NT is based upon DOS 5. Although there is a default configuration (config.sys and autoexec.bat), one can use alternate files on a session-by-session basis. It is possible to load drivers in these files to access the host system, although these are typically

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The DOS emulation in OS/2 and Windows runs in much the same way as native applications do. They can access all of the drives and services, and can even use the host's clipboard services. Because the drivers for file systems and such forth reside in the host system, the DOS emulation needs only

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for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M. IBM was then sent to Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to

373:, for the IBM PC. Digital Research became aware that an operating system similar to CP/M was being sold by IBM (under the same name that IBM insisted upon for CP/M), and threatened legal action. IBM responded by offering an agreement: they would give PC consumers a choice of PC DOS or 1611:

DOS / OS2 applications in the \OS2 directory. OS/2 can run Windows 3.1 applications by using a modified copy of Windows (Win-OS/2). The modifications allow Windows 3.1 programs to run seamlessly on the OS/2 desktop, or one can start a WinOS/2 desktop, similar to starting Windows from DOS.

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program Back and Forth (1990) has a hotkey to save the state of the currently-running program to disk, load another program, and switch to it, making it possible to switch "back and forth" between programs (albeit slowly, due to the disk access required). Back and Forth could not enable

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wrote in 1995 that "DOS was, when we first wrote it, a one-time throw-away product intended to keep IBM happy so that they'd buy our languages." Microsoft expected that it would be an interim solution before Xenix. The company planned to improve MS-DOS over time, so it would be almost

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distribution under the manufacturer's name, to versions specifically designed to work with non-IBM-PC-compatible hardware. As long as application programs used DOS APIs instead of direct hardware access, they could run on both IBM-PC-compatible and incompatible machines. The original

1096:. On systems with only one floppy drive DOS assigns both letters to the drive, prompting the user to swap disks as programs alternate access between them. This facilitates copying from floppy to floppy or having a program run from one floppy while accessing its data on another. 1078:. IBM PC DOS 4.0 also had preliminary installable file system (IFS) support but this was unused and removed in DOS 5.0. DOS also supported Block Devices ("Disk Drive" devices) loaded from CONFIG.SYS that could be used under the DOS file system to support network devices. 396:). Microsoft provided an OEM Adaptation Kit (OAK) which allowed OEMs to customize the device driver code to their particular system. By the early 1990s, most PCs adhered to IBM PC standards so Microsoft began selling a retail version of MS-DOS, starting with MS-DOS 5.0. 932:

In later DOS versions, where the VBR has loaded only the first 3 sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory, the loaded portion contains another boot loader, which will then load the remainder of itself into memory, using the root directory information stored at

1121:, and other hardware. Letter assignments usually occur in the order the drivers are loaded, but the drivers can instruct DOS to assign a different letter; drivers for network drives, for example, typically assign letters nearer to the end of the alphabet. 584:, though the MS-DOS component remained for compatibility. With Windows 95 and 98, but not ME, the MS-DOS component could be run without starting Windows. With DOS no longer required to use Windows, the majority of users stopped using it directly. 1171:

device names in DOS that cannot be used as filenames regardless of extension as they are occupied by built-in character devices. These restrictions also affect several Windows versions, in some cases causing crashes and security vulnerabilities.

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6.22; after this, MS-DOS became part of Windows 95, 98 and Me. The last retail version of PC DOS was PC DOS 2000 (also called PC DOS 7 revision 1), though IBM did later develop PC DOS 7.10 for OEMs and internal use.

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provide a DOS API translation layer which converts DOS calls to OS/2 or Windows system calls. The translation layer generally also converts BIOS calls and virtualizes common I/O port accesses which many DOS programs commonly use.

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were originally assigned the letters "C" and "D". DOS could only support one active partition per drive. As support for more hard drives became available, this developed into first assigning a drive letter to each drive's active

696:) on modern operating systems. DOSBox includes its own implementation of DOS which is strongly tied to the emulator and cannot run on real hardware, but can also boot MS-DOS, FreeDOS, or other DOS operating systems if needed. 948:

on MS-DOS systems, into memory as well. In Windows 9x, the DOS system initialization code and built-in device drivers and the DOS kernel are combined into a single IO.SYS file while MSDOS.SYS is used as a text configuration

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of adapters on some video and network peripherals, and the system's BIOS. By 1985, some DOS applications were already hitting the memory limit, while much of reserved was unused, depending on the machine's specifications.

1622:(NTVDM). 64-bit (IA-64 and x86-64) versions of Windows do not support NTVDM and cannot run 16-bit DOS applications directly; third-party emulators such as DOSbox can be used to run DOS programs on those machines. 377:, Kildall's 8086 version. Side-by-side, CP/M cost US$ 200 more than PC DOS, and sales were low. CP/M faded, with MS-DOS and PC DOS becoming the marketed operating system for PCs and PC compatibles. 2547: 909:. For this to work, these sectors had to be stored in consecutive order on disk by SYS. In later issues, it would locate and store the contents of the first two entries in the root directory at 3236: 869:

in memory, otherwise this step is skipped. The MBR code will scan the partition table, which is located within this sector, for an active partition (modern MBRs check if bit 7 is set at offset

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the binary system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS were combined into a single file IO.SYS whilst MSDOS.SYS became a configuration file similar to CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT. If the MSDOS.SYS

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conventionally indicate device names, but the colon is not actually a part of the name of the built-in device drivers. Colons are not necessary to be typed in some cases, for example:

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IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System User's guide (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (100 pages including colour illustrations) Item Number. 6183947

1300:, typing in the location of the reserved name (such as CON/CON, AUX/AUX, or PRN/PRN) crashes the operating system, of which Microsoft has provided a security fix for the issue. In 929:(DPT). Finally, it passes control to the loaded portion by jumping to its entry point with certain registers set up (with considerable differences between different DOS versions). 1733:

provide command-line editing facilities beyond what is available in COMMAND.COM. Programs like the Microsoft CD-ROM Extensions (MSCDEX) provide access to files on CD-ROM disks.

854:. If the sector is not considered to be valid, the ROM BIOS will try the next physical disk in the row, otherwise it will jump to the load address with certain registers set up. 941:. For most versions, the file contents still need to be stored in consecutive order on disk. In older versions of DOS, which were still loaded as a whole, this step is skipped. 1634:. A program is started by entering its filename at the command prompt. DOS systems include utility programs and provide internal commands that do not correspond to programs. 2685: 917:

and if they happen to reflect the correct boot files as recorded in the VBR, the VBR would load the first 3 consecutive sectors of the IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM file into memory at

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was bundled as a standalone operating system that did not require a separate DOS license. Windows 95 (and Windows 98 and ME, that followed it) took over as the default

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IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "Disk Operating System Manual (DOS Release 2.10)". 1st edition. Microsoft Corp. (574 looseleaf pages in 3 ring folder) Item No. 6183940

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Starting with DOS 3.1, file redirector support was added to DOS. This was initially used to support networking but was later used to support CD-ROM drives with

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in the similar fashion as if it had been loaded by the ROM BIOS itself. The MBR will then pass execution to the loaded portion with certain registers set up.

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The operating system offers an application programming interface that allows development of character-based applications, but not for accessing most of the

752:: only one program at a time can use them, and DOS itself has no functionality to allow more than one program to execute at a time. The DOS kernel provides 2211: 809:

for each hardware peripheral. Hardware manufacturers would release specifications to ensure device drivers for popular applications were available.

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DOS was designed for the Intel 8088 processor, which can only directly access a maximum of 1 MiB of RAM. Both IBM and Microsoft chose 640

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and later, attempting to use a reserved name for a file or folder brings up an error message saying "The specified device name is invalid."

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and licensed to several European companies. This version of DOS supports preemptive multitasking, shared memory, device helper services and

2117: 4246: 2377: 3422: 1304:, the name of the file or folder using a reserved name silently reverts to its previous name, with no notification or error message. In 2431: 3615: 4213: 3476:

IBM Corp., IBM, (January 1984). "IBM DOS Release 2.10 Cloth bound retail hard board box". 1st edition. IBM Corp. Item Number. 6183946

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their names (where such additional partitions existed and contained a DOS-supported file system). Lastly, DOS allocates letters for

1028:, the boot process will stop with the command processor (typically COMMAND.COM) loaded, instead of executing WIN.COM automatically. 415:

kernel. This version of DOS is distinct from the widely released PC DOS 4.0 which was developed by IBM and based upon DOS 3.3.

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Terminate-and-stay-resident programs are also used to provide additional features not available by default. Programs like CED and

411:("NE") format executables. None of these features were used in later versions of DOS, but they were used to form the basis of the 3556: 549:

then posted a manifesto proposing the development of an open-source replacement. Within a few weeks, other programmers including

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Eventually, the manufacturers of major DOS systems began to include their own environment managers. MS-DOS/IBM DOS 4 included

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the Windows clipboard by accessing extra published calls in WinOldAp, and one can paste text through the WinOldAp graphics.

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Starting with DOS 5, DOS could directly take advantage of the HMA by loading its kernel code and disk buffers there via the

3663: 3562: 3385: 1553:(XMS) for 80286 and later systems. This provided a way to copy data to and from extended memory, access to the 65,520-byte 1529:(KiB) as the maximum amount of memory available to programs and reserved the remaining 384 KiB for video memory, the 1311:

These names (except for NUL) have continued to be supported in all versions of MS-DOS, PC DOS and DR-DOS ever since.

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drive limit and could support up to 512 MiB. Finally MS-DOS 7.1 (the DOS component of Windows 9x) added support for

805:. This required programmers to access the hardware directly, usually resulting in each application having its own set of 207: 2714: 2660: 944:

The DOS system initialization code will initialize its built-in device drivers and then load the DOS kernel, located in

4761: 3573: 3031: 3597: 365:. The system was initially named QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), before being made commercially available as 170:, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe 3705: 3534: 3501: 2959: 2906: 2152: 2043: 211: 3449: 2617: 1549:

to create expanded memory from extended memory without the need of an add-on card. The second specification was the

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operating system. And a few developers and computer engineers still use it because it is close to the hardware.

631: 404: 381: 4462: 4360: 2821: 1682: 1466:), but these defaults can be changed in some versions of DOS to point to other serial or parallel devices. The 1315:

was also available in some OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25, whereas other OEM versions of MS-DOS 1.25 already used

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becoming a self-contained program loader, and replacing DOS as the most-used PC-compatible program loader.

646:. The final versions of DR-DOS are still aimed at this market. ROM-DOS is used as operating system for the 567: 160:

Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems,

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In all 32-bit (IA-32) editions of the Windows NT family since 1993, DOS emulation is provided by way of a

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is an optional built-in driver for a fourth line printer supported in some versions of DR-DOS since 7.02.

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ran on MS-DOS. By the early 1990s, the Windows graphical shell saw heavy use on new DOS systems. In 1995,

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drivers for hardware. One can use such a disk to access cdrom drives for which there is no OS/2 driver.

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In DOS, drives are referred to by identifying letters. Standard practice is to reserve "A" and "B" for

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MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS related operating systems are commonly associated with machines using the

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project began on 26 June 1994, when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell or support MS-DOS.

403:. This version of DOS is generally referred to as "European MS-DOS 4" because it was developed for 141:, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include 35: 2580: 4340: 4063: 4038: 3177: 3141: 3102: 2656: 2489: 2460: 1976: 1895: 1637:

In an attempt to provide a more user-friendly environment, numerous software manufacturers wrote

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statement in CONFIG.SYS. DOS 5+ also allowed the use of available upper memory blocks via the

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Error message when attempting to use a reserved name while naming or renaming a file or folder

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which used 32-bit allocation entries and could support hard drives up to 137 GiB and beyond.

1044: 546: 288: 166: 31: 17: 3623: 2144: 760:), like character I/O, file management, memory management, program loading and termination. 4708: 4682: 3715: 1971: 1441: 39: 3132: 2233:"Did you know that OS/2 wasn't Microsoft's first non Unix multi-tasking operating system?" 8: 4677: 4629: 4506: 4008: 3407: 3399: 2468: 2287: 2176: 1650: 1619: 1593: 1474: 1105:, then making a second pass over the drives to allocate letters to logical drives in the 991: 647: 2934: 2843: 1124:

Because DOS applications use these drive letters directly (unlike the /dev directory in

877:), and, if found, load the first sector of the corresponding partition, which holds the 4614: 4521: 3988: 3983: 3828: 3720: 3224: 3174:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v20source/SKELIO.TXT, /msdos/v20source/HRDDRV.ASM" 2404: 1998: 1742: 1558: 1114: 1106: 1056: 957: 878: 858: 823: 772: 312: 1537:

Specifications were developed to allow access to additional memory. The first was the

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device (present only in some HP OEM versions of MS-DOS) was reconfigurable as well.

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had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member

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which used 16-bit allocation entries and supported up to 65518 clusters per drive.

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Some TSRs can even perform a rudimentary form of task switching. For example, the

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Digital Research attempted to regain the market lost from CP/M-86, initially with

4647: 4609: 4580: 3878: 3566: 3369: 3198: 3197:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 2197: 2140: 2065: 1939: 1715: 719:. Machine-dependent versions of MS-DOS were produced for many non-IBM-compatible 686: 669: 643: 627: 3643: 4733: 4657: 4619: 4491: 3833: 3648: 3493: 1914: 1859: 1130: 802: 498: 431: 408: 3487: 3073: 1399:

in some issues of MS-DOS 2.11) clock device were introduced with DOS 2.0, and

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In PC DOS and DR DOS 5.0 and above, the DOS system files are named

806: 489: 443: 233: 187: 157:(1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995. 3577: 2888:"Reverse-Engineering DOS 1.0 – Part 1: The Boot Sector « pagetable.com" 1852:, personal information manager that could be used from within other programs 1645:

interfaces. Microsoft Windows is a notable example, eventually resulting in

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device for dynamic idle detection to saving power and improve multitasking.

4526: 3998: 3953: 3169: 2110:"The rest of the story: How Bill Gates beat Gary Kildall in OS war, Part 1" 2105: 1982: 1935: 1923: 1799: 1638: 1037: 979: 764: 672:

for running DOS programs at near native speed. There are a number of other

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This article is about a family of operating systems. For the concept, see

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which supported up to 4078 clusters per drive. DOS 3.0 added support for

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microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications to MS-DOS.

2817: 2767: 2497: 1013:. Older versions of DR DOS used DRBIOS.SYS and DRBDOS.SYS instead. 3893: 3883: 3780: 3770: 3750: 2058: 2008: 1959: 1710:

Although DOS is not a multitasking operating system, it does provide a

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DOS's structure of accessing hardware directly allows it to be used in

577: 459: 384:(OEMs). One major reason for this was that not all early PCs were 100% 355: 316: 304: 273: 255: 243: 225: 130: 74:, showing version information and an example of its directory structure 2736:"Datalight DOS Selected for Canon's New Line of Digital Still Cameras" 1868:, word processor originally for CP/M that became popular on the IBM PC 4589: 4496: 4422: 4387: 4138: 4093: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3948: 3635:"(...) An archive of carefully hand selected FREE software for DOS." 3181: 3069: 2978:"Drive Letter Assignment and Choosing Primary vs. Logical Partitions" 2372: 2206: 1737: 1689: 1562: 1526: 1438: 1125: 1010: 945: 724: 581: 393: 362: 308: 277: 183: 175: 134: 4224: 1767: 592: 442:(both compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software), later with 4718: 4168: 4133: 3933: 3918: 3913: 3858: 3853: 3743: 2340:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace" 1908: 1886: 1865: 1789: 1746: 1666: 1425: 1118: 1064: 673: 439: 412: 237: 195: 59: 2887: 1828:, the utility that quickly became the standard in file compression 450:(compatible with MS-DOS software). Digital Research was bought by 4713: 4412: 4183: 4153: 4108: 4083: 4018: 4013: 4003: 3908: 3898: 3888: 3868: 3838: 3813: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3700: 1988: 1943: 1931: 1831: 1693: 1376: 1138: 861:(MBR), as found on partitioned media, it will relocate itself to 753: 744:

DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system with basic

729: 619: 611: 607: 603: 542: 534: 522: 467: 455: 423: 374: 351: 154: 150: 146: 71: 3324: 3221:"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM README.TXT" 2638: 925:. The VBR also has to take care to preserve the contents of the 4163: 4158: 4058: 4048: 4043: 4023: 3973: 3938: 3863: 3818: 3760: 3733: 3697: 2861: 1918: 1882: 1835: 1730: 1570: 1546: 1281: 1075: 1060: 1002: 831: 737: 681: 664: 596: 506: 451: 447: 435: 389: 370: 366: 354:, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit 335: 300: 258: 251: 247: 191: 142: 138: 3300: 3264: 3252: 3140:(2 ed.). Portable Computer Division, Corvallis, OR, USA: 2173:"The Unusual History of MS-DOS The Microsoft Operating System" 283: 4662: 4178: 4113: 4103: 4088: 4053: 3943: 3903: 3765: 3755: 3060: 3058: 3056: 1993: 1891: 1878: 1843: 1839: 1825: 1819: 1785: 1068: 1052: 1048: 733: 705: 659: 615: 494: 479: 270: 110: 3134:

Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS

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Hewlett-Packard - Technical Reference Manual - Portable PLUS

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in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future".

54: 4173: 4098: 4078: 4028: 3993: 3843: 3598:"The Rise of DOS: How Microsoft Got the IBM PC OS Contract" 2344: 2316: 1965: 1566: 835: 779: 623: 558:(GPL), FreeDOS does not require license fees or royalties. 526: 515: 266: 3288: 3240: 3053: 2116:(Interview). Interviewed by Scoble, Robert. Archived from 1718:

command does this to implement background print spooling.

1331:) instead, as introduced with PC DOS. In addition to 342:

IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached

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microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman

90: 4698: 3801: 3066:"MS-DOS Device Driver Names Cannot be Used As File Names" 2792: 723:-based machines, with variations from relabelling of the 720: 712: 708: 296: 3007:"Microsoft Windows MS-DOS Device Name DoS Vulnerability" 2899: 2432:"I.B.M. Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft" 1968:(Digital Research early operating system similar to DOS) 986:

The DOS system files loaded by the boot sector must be

446:(compatible with both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software) and 3312: 3276: 3105:, Portable Computer Division. August 1985. 45559-90001 2465:"The past, present, and future of the FreeDOS Project" 2400:"Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. Over Software" 1812:

which has been credited with the success of the IBM PC

221: 2202:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer" 1981:(DCP, an MS-DOS derivative by the former East-German 1501:

users who do not know how to access these locations.

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1.0 featured a text mode interface similar to MS-DOS.

113: 93: 3162: 1692:; DR DOS 5.0, released the following year, included 1557:

directly above the first megabyte of memory and the

107: 87: 3616:"Application Software - DOS Short File Name Family" 2610:"Description of Restarting Computer in MS-DOS Mode" 3518: 3438:and says "(C) 1990 by Progressive Solutions, Inc." 2132: 3592:Batfiles: The DOS batch file programming handbook 3168: 2266: 2264: 2190: 1109:, then a third pass to give any other non-active 533:IBM, however, did not want to replace DOS. After 45:"WinDOS" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4753: 3678: 2078:"Mary Gates, 64; Helped Her Son Start Microsoft" 676:for running DOS on various versions of Unix and 129:computers. The DOS family primarily consists of 3212: 2869:"The Master Boot Record (MBR) and What it Does" 2523:"HOW TO: Coax retro DOS games to play on Vista" 2312:"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones" 1407:were added with DOS 3.3. Only the multitasking 873:, whereas old MBRs simply check for a value of 261:processors. It was developed to be similar to 3521:Memory Management and Multitasking Beyond 640K 2972: 2970: 2948: 2359: 2261: 1699: 70:The boot screen and command-line interface of 58:The boot screen and command-line interface of 4240: 3664: 3516: 3347:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. pp. 7–12. 3330: 3306: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3072:. 2003-05-12. KB74496, Q74496. Archived from 2880: 2844:"ZINGTECH - Guide to the New Game Programmer" 2602: 2569: 2331: 2017:, the base of DOS's TUI on IBM PC compatibles 2011:(a DOS-compatible multiuser operating system) 1587: 838:will load this sector into memory at address 684:. DOSBox is designed for legacy gaming (e.g. 602:As of 2023, available compatible systems are 493:indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or 27:Family of IBM PC-compatible operating systems 2581:"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?" 2303: 1561:area. Generally XMS support was provided by 62:, with an example of its directory structure 2967: 4247: 4233: 4208: 3671: 3657: 3398: 3374:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. p. 71. 3116: 3080: 2585:The Old New Thing - Site Home - MSDN Blogs 2516: 2514: 2196: 2100: 2098: 1958:(the command line interpreter for DOS and 857:If the loaded boot sector happens to be a 2762: 2760: 622:. Some computer manufacturers, including 554:September 2006. Made available under the 426:for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0 380:Microsoft originally sold MS-DOS only to 3574:"DOS - where hardware is the only limit" 3404:Dvorak's Guide to DOS and PC Performance 2924: 2429: 2166: 2164: 1766: 1423:and higher and Multiuser DOS support an 1158: 1148: 591: 521: 417: 399:In the mid-1980s, Microsoft developed a 326: 320:"PC DOS". Digital Research founder 282: 269:—the dominant disk operating system for 220: 65: 53: 3559:, articles and manuals by Tim Paterson. 3485: 3367: 3342: 3318: 3294: 3282: 2511: 2397: 2337: 2095: 2033: 964:variable specifies the location of the 846:, and typically check for a signature " 830:, the first sector on the first track ( 14: 4754: 3447: 2841: 2757: 2520: 2365: 2309: 2270: 1081: 1047:(FAT) filesystem. This was originally 164:is a platform-independent acronym for 4254: 4228: 3652: 3517:Bailes, Lenny; Mueller, John (1992). 2161: 1677:programs included Digital Research's 1036:DOS uses a filesystem which supports 881:(VBR) of that volume, into memory at 3644:MS-DOS v1.25, v2.0, v4.0 Source Code 3563:Timeline of DOS and Windows versions 3218: 2655: 2575: 2488: 2459: 2130: 2104: 1872: 1514: 1347:, Hewlett-Packard's OEM version of 630:, sell computers with FreeDOS as an 34:. For the type of cyber attack, see 3450:"Whatever Happened To Lotus 1-2-3?" 1706:Terminate-and-stay-resident program 637: 208:Comparison of DOS operating systems 24: 3470: 3101:(1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: 2170: 1681:(originally written for CP/M) and 1565:or a V86 mode memory manager like 25: 4783: 3550: 1726:(PIM), also uses this technique. 1625: 975:The shell is loaded and executed. 212:Timeline of DOS operating systems 4351:Object-oriented operating system 4207: 4197: 4196: 3388:from the original on 2015-03-18. 3219:Paul, Matthias R. (1997-10-02). 2913:from the original on 2009-05-02. 2894:from the original on 2009-05-11. 2875:from the original on 2013-05-27. 2257:from the original on 2013-06-02. 2239:from the original on 2012-11-04. 1145:whenever an application starts. 822:on PC-compatible computers, the 812: 587: 382:original equipment manufacturers 103: 83: 3441: 3414: 3392: 3361: 3336: 3188:from the original on 2014-03-26 3151:from the original on 2016-11-28 3144:. December 1986 . 45559-90006. 3042:from the original on 2008-09-29 3024: 2999: 2988:from the original on 2012-04-17 2918: 2850:from the original on 2008-12-19 2835: 2824:from the original on 2008-09-07 2810: 2799:from the original on 2008-07-23 2785: 2774:from the original on 2008-05-25 2746:from the original on 2012-07-09 2728: 2717:from the original on 2008-12-21 2703: 2678: 2649: 2631: 2620:from the original on 2014-02-05 2591:from the original on 2014-02-05 2548:"Finding The DOS In Windows 95" 2540: 2529:from the original on 2008-08-01 2482: 2453: 2442:from the original on 2008-12-11 2423: 2412:from the original on 2010-11-02 2391: 2380:from the original on 2018-01-29 2214:from the original on 2015-03-18 1545:(V86) mode memory manager like 315:, who referred Opel to her son 4361:Supercomputer operating system 3448:Darrow, Barbara (2002-02-01). 2398:Pollack, Andrew (1991-07-27). 2338:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). 2310:Morgan, Chris (January 1982). 2243: 2225: 2124: 2070: 2052: 2038:. EasyWay Downloadable Books. 2027: 1894:, the 32-bit DPMI DOS port of 1862:that was dominant in the 1980s 1031: 960:configuration parameters. The 826:, is located beginning at the 754:various functions for programs 497:, which would also run on the 13: 1: 3032:"DOS device names definition" 2915:090913 academic.evergreen.edu 2496:. freedos.org. Archived from 2430:Brinkley, Joel (1999-05-28). 2021: 2004:List of DOS operating systems 1551:Extended Memory Specification 1539:Expanded Memory Specification 892:The sector content loaded at 763:DOS provides the ability for 758:application program interface 4336:Just enough operating system 4321:Distributed operating system 3420:Version 1.47 is archived at 2686:"Dell PCs Featuring FreeDOS" 2554:. March 1996. Archived from 2521:Bannan, James (2006-10-13). 2366:Howitt, Doran (1984-12-10). 2251:"Larry Osterman's Biography" 1724:personal information manager 1214:(serial communication ports) 653: 568:History of Microsoft Windows 121:) is a family of disk-based 7: 4449:User space and kernel space 3739:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 3639:Online Windows XP Simulator 3489:Upgrading and Repairing PCs 3172:; Microsoft (2013-12-19) . 1949: 1822:, file management utilities 1756: 1712:terminate-and-stay-resident 1700:Terminate and stay resident 1444:manager in MS-DOS 7.0–8.0. 1329:serial communication device 401:multitasking version of DOS 350:had developed a variant of 324:refused, and IBM withdrew. 10: 4788: 4356:Real-time operating system 4149:Technical Support SuperDOS 3569: (archived 2007-10-28) 3207:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 2925:Kozierok, Charles (2001). 2368:"Unix and the Single User" 2276:"What's happening to OS/2" 1760: 1703: 1591: 1588:DOS under OS/2 and Windows 1573:which also supported EMS. 1518: 1503: 1152: 1085: 565: 561: 556:GNU General Public License 216: 205: 201: 174:from 1966. Others include 44: 29: 4762:DOS on IBM PC compatibles 4691: 4628: 4574: 4552:Multilevel feedback queue 4547:Fixed-priority preemptive 4535: 4470: 4461: 4431: 4378: 4369: 4331:Hobbyist operating system 4326:Embedded operating system 4308: 4262: 4192: 3926: 3799: 3696: 3687: 3368:Murdock, Everett (2008). 3343:Murdock, Everett (2008). 3331:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3307:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3271:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3259:Bailes & Mueller 1992 3247:Bailes & Mueller 1992 2034:Murdock, Everett (1988). 1901:Microsoft Macro Assembler 1641:that provided users with 1584:statement in CONFIG.SYS. 982:is then run by the shell. 834:), of the boot disk. The 699: 454:, and DR DOS became 344:Seattle Computer Products 246:(and the separately sold 133:and a rebranded version, 4595:General protection fault 4346:Network operating system 4300:User features comparison 2661:"Jim Hall's blog - 2007" 2135:Just Say No to Microsoft 2015:VGA-compatible text mode 1675:Graphical user interface 1639:file management programs 1487: 1175:The reserved names are: 662:, it is possible to run 462:; later, it was part of 4341:Mobile operating system 3486:Mueller, Scott (1998). 3178:Computer History Museum 3142:Hewlett-Packard Company 3103:Hewlett-Packard Company 1881:language interpreters. 1802:graphics design program 1473:Filenames ended with a 1088:Drive letter assignment 978:The startup batch file 250:) and its predecessor, 4772:Disk operating systems 4444:Loadable kernel module 3849:Datapac System Manager 3680:Disk operating systems 2927:"The DOS Boot Process" 1846:communication programs 1772: 1632:command-line interface 1492:This achieves nothing 1450:typically defaults to 1164: 784:conditional statements 599: 530: 427: 392:) and the DOS kernel ( 339: 292: 240: 75: 63: 38:. For other uses, see 4512:Process control block 4478:Computer multitasking 4316:Disk operating system 3423:"Back and Forth 1.47" 3402:; Anis, Nick (1991). 2907:"CONFIG.SYS Commands" 2842:Matczynski, Michael. 2711:"DR-DOS Embedded DOS" 2643:rxdos.sourceforge.net 2614:support.microsoft.com 1779:, a 16-bit graphical 1770: 1763:Category:DOS software 1761:Further information: 1745:however; that needed 1743:background processing 1521:DOS memory management 1504:Further information: 1162: 1149:Reserved device names 1137:, System Manager and 1063:which removed the 32‑ 1045:File Allocation Table 990:and be the first two 956:file is then read to 595: 525: 421: 330: 289:IBM Personal Computer 286: 224: 206:Further information: 167:disk operating system 69: 57: 32:disk operating system 4683:Virtual tape library 4275:Forensic engineering 3400:Dvorak, John Charles 2964:090912 arl.wustl.edu 2896:090912 pagetable.com 2820:. computerhope.com. 2768:"DOSBox Information" 2494:"History of FreeDOS" 2284:comp.os.os2.advocacy 1972:Disk Control Program 1647:Microsoft Windows 9x 1371:; it also supported 1024:directive is set to 927:Disk Parameter Table 346:. There, programmer 40:DOS (disambiguation) 4767:American inventions 4692:Supporting concepts 4678:Virtual file system 4009:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11 3688:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, 3492:(Eighth ed.). 3410:. pp. 442–444. 3408:Osborne McGraw-Hill 3333:, pp. 150–151. 3297:, pp. 243–244. 2877:090912 dewassoc.com 2131:Bove, Tony (2005). 1771:Arachne web browser 1651:Text user interface 1620:virtual DOS machine 1594:Virtual DOS machine 1133:, as well as under 1115:optical disc drives 1082:Drive naming scheme 748:functions that are 736:, was derived from 648:Canon PowerShot Pro 511:upwardly compatible 4615:Segmentation fault 4463:Process management 3989:Concurrent DOS V60 3984:Concurrent DOS 68K 3829:Concurrent CP/M-86 3690:compatible systems 2405:The New York Times 2064:2017-11-12 at the 1999:Index of DOS games 1773: 1696:, based upon GEM. 1653:programs included 1630:DOS systems use a 1559:upper memory block 1165: 1111:primary partitions 1107:extended partition 1059:added support for 1057:Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 968:which defaults to 879:Volume Boot Record 859:Master Boot Record 824:master boot record 773:filename extension 717:IBM PC compatibles 600: 572:Early versions of 531: 513:with Xenix, which 428: 340: 313:Mary Maxwell Gates 293: 241: 76: 64: 4749: 4748: 4605:Memory protection 4576:Memory management 4570: 4569: 4562:Shortest job next 4457: 4456: 4256:Operating systems 4222: 4221: 3729: 3728: 3381:978-0-923178-02-4 3354:978-0-923178-02-4 3273:, pp. 67–68. 3261:, pp. 42–44. 3203:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 3201:and a mixture of 2818:"Batch File Help" 1873:Development tools 1543:virtual 8086 mode 1515:Memory management 1103:primary partition 992:directory entries 678:Microsoft Windows 668:, a Linux-native 574:Microsoft Windows 466:(under the names 422:Digital Research 386:IBM PC compatible 303:, built with the 127:IBM PC compatible 123:operating systems 47:Microsoft Windows 16:(Redirected from 4779: 4704:Computer network 4468: 4467: 4376: 4375: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4226: 4225: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4199: 3694: 3693: 3673: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3622:. Archived from 3620:www.jumpjet.info 3611: 3609: 3608: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3576:. Archived from 3546: 3544: 3543: 3524: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3452:. Archived from 3445: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3425:. Archived from 3418: 3412: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3371:DOS the Easy Way 3365: 3359: 3358: 3345:DOS the Easy Way 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3309:, p. 79–80. 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3223:. Archived from 3216: 3210: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3150: 3139: 3129: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3093: 3078: 3077: 3068:. Revision 2.0. 3062: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3009:. Archived from 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2933:. Archived from 2922: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2732: 2726: 2725: 2723: 2722: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2688:. Archived from 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2663:. Archived from 2653: 2647: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2505: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2467:. Archived from 2457: 2451: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2363: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2268: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2198:Freiberger, Paul 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2175:. Archived from 2168: 2159: 2158: 2138: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2074: 2068: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2036:DOS the Easy Way 2031: 1980: 1816:Norton Commander 1796:Harvard Graphics 1720:Borland Sidekick 1663:Volkov Commander 1655:Norton Commander 1583: 1579: 1555:high memory area 1531:read-only memory 1495: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1437:constitutes the 1436: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353:HP Portable Plus 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1318: 1314: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1027: 963: 940: 936: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 895: 888: 884: 876: 872: 868: 864: 853: 849: 845: 841: 820:bootstrap loader 777: 644:embedded devices 638:Embedded systems 509:; they would be 263:Digital Research 230:Digital Research 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 89: 21: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4687: 4648:Defragmentation 4633: 4624: 4610:Protection ring 4579: 4566: 4538: 4531: 4453: 4427: 4365: 4304: 4258: 4253: 4223: 4218: 4188: 3927:Other platforms 3922: 3879:NetWare PalmDOS 3795: 3725: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3629: 3627: 3614: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3567:Wayback Machine 3553: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3473: 3471:Further reading 3468: 3459: 3457: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3397: 3393: 3382: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3285:, pp. 169. 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3230: 3228: 3217: 3213: 3199:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 3191: 3189: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3117: 3108: 3106: 3095: 3094: 3081: 3064: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2968: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2923: 2919: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2840: 2836: 2827: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2749: 2747: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2695: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2668: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2574: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2552:Smart Computing 2546: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2519: 2512: 2503: 2501: 2487: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2458: 2454: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2396: 2392: 2383: 2381: 2364: 2360: 2351: 2349: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2293: 2269: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2217: 2215: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2180: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2141:No Starch Press 2129: 2125: 2114:The Scoble Show 2103: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2066:Wayback Machine 2057: 2053: 2046: 2032: 2028: 2024: 1974: 1952: 1940:Turbo Assembler 1875: 1765: 1759: 1749:(on at least a 1708: 1702: 1628: 1596: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1478: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355:also supported 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1273: 1267: 1264:, for auxiliary 1261: 1258:(line printers) 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1157: 1151: 1090: 1084: 1034: 1025: 961: 938: 934: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 893: 886: 882: 874: 870: 866: 862: 851: 847: 843: 839: 815: 775: 765:shell scripting 702: 670:virtual machine 656: 640: 590: 570: 564: 299:introduced the 244:IBM PC DOS 219: 214: 204: 106: 102: 86: 82: 50: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4785: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4734:User interface 4731: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4658:File attribute 4655: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4620:Virtual memory 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4492:Context switch 4489: 4474: 4472: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4252: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3834:Concurrent DOS 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3676: 3675: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3612: 3594: 3589: 3570: 3560: 3557:Origins of DOS 3552: 3551:External links 3549: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3514: 3502: 3494:Que Publishing 3483: 3480: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3466: 3440: 3413: 3391: 3380: 3360: 3353: 3335: 3323: 3321:, p. 243. 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3211: 3161: 3115: 3079: 3076:on 2012-07-21. 3052: 3023: 2998: 2984:. 2001-04-17. 2966: 2962:on 2010-06-29. 2947: 2917: 2898: 2879: 2860: 2834: 2809: 2795:. 2007-05-05. 2784: 2756: 2742:. 1999-08-24. 2727: 2702: 2677: 2659:(2007-07-13). 2648: 2630: 2616:. 2007-01-19. 2601: 2579:(2007-12-24). 2568: 2539: 2510: 2492:(2006-09-23). 2481: 2463:(2002-03-25). 2452: 2436:New York Times 2422: 2390: 2358: 2330: 2302: 2274:(1995-08-17). 2272:Letwin, Gordon 2260: 2242: 2224: 2200:(1982-08-23). 2189: 2171:Bellis, Mary. 2160: 2153: 2123: 2120:on 2007-11-04. 2094: 2082:New York Times 2069: 2059:Dictionary.com 2051: 2044: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1969: 1963: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1921: 1912: 1911:from Microsoft 1898: 1889: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1860:word processor 1853: 1847: 1829: 1823: 1813: 1803: 1793: 1783: 1758: 1755: 1704:Main article: 1701: 1698: 1665:, Quarterdesk 1627: 1626:User interface 1624: 1589: 1586: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1488: 1290: 1289: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1221: 1215: 1153:Main article: 1150: 1147: 1131:Concurrent DOS 1086:Main article: 1083: 1080: 1033: 1030: 1016:Starting with 984: 983: 976: 973: 950: 942: 930: 890: 855: 814: 811: 807:device drivers 795:graphics cards 711:or compatible 701: 698: 655: 652: 639: 636: 589: 586: 566:Main article: 563: 560: 499:Motorola 68000 432:Concurrent DOS 409:New Executable 218: 215: 203: 200: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4784: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4600:Memory paging 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439:Device driver 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4380:Architectures 4377: 4374: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:Sinclair QDOS 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3979:Commodore DOS 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874:Multiuser DOS 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3626:on 2020-02-17 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3580:on 2010-08-15 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3538: 3536:0-8306-3476-2 3532: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3505: 3503:0-7897-1295-4 3499: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3456:on 2009-01-09 3455: 3451: 3444: 3429:on 2013-11-05 3428: 3424: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3227:on 2003-10-04 3226: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:Paterson, Tim 3165: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3013:on 2011-07-25 3012: 3008: 3002: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2937:on 2008-07-19 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2798: 2794: 2793:"DOSEMU Home" 2788: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2740:Business Wire 2737: 2731: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2692:on 2008-03-19 2691: 2687: 2681: 2667:on 2012-10-25 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Chen, Raymond 2572: 2558:on 2004-07-07 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2500:on 2007-05-27 2499: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2471:on 2012-05-29 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2179:on 2012-04-27 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2154:1-59327-064-X 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Rolander, Tom 2101: 2099: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2047: 2045:0-923178-00-7 2041: 2037: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659:DOS Navigator 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:third-party. 1604: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1511: 1507: 1506:Parallel port 1502: 1486: 1476: 1471: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1427: 1422: 1410: 1395:(still named 1379:. Otherwise, 1378: 1367:as alias for 1359:as alias for 1354: 1350: 1330: 1322: 1309: 1307: 1306:Windows Vista 1303: 1299: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1270:, for printer 1266: 1260: 1222: 1220:, for console 1216: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1161: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Multiuser DOS 1132: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1094:floppy drives 1089: 1079: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1043:DOS uses the 1041: 1039: 1038:8.3 filenames 1029: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 981: 977: 974: 971: 967: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 931: 928: 891: 880: 860: 856: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816: 813:Boot sequence 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 774: 770: 766: 761: 759: 755: 751: 750:non-reentrant 747: 742: 739: 735: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 707: 697: 695: 694: 689: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 661: 651: 649: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 598: 594: 588:Continued use 585: 583: 579: 575: 569: 559: 557: 552: 548: 544: 539: 536: 528: 524: 520: 518: 517: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 491: 490:Gordon Letwin 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 444:Multiuser DOS 441: 437: 433: 425: 420: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 361:card for the 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 337: 334: 329: 325: 323: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 291:(IBM 5150 PC) 290: 285: 281: 279: 275: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 239: 235: 234:Z-80 SoftCard 231: 227: 223: 213: 209: 199: 197: 193: 189: 188:Commodore DOS 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 168: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 118: 98: 80: 73: 68: 61: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4635:file systems 4527:Time-sharing 3999:Cromemco DOS 3954:Apple ProDOS 3628:. Retrieved 3624:the original 3619: 3605:. Retrieved 3601: 3582:. Retrieved 3578:the original 3540:. Retrieved 3520: 3507:. Retrieved 3488: 3458:. Retrieved 3454:the original 3443: 3431:. Retrieved 3427:the original 3416: 3403: 3394: 3370: 3363: 3344: 3338: 3326: 3319:Mueller 1998 3314: 3302: 3295:Mueller 1998 3290: 3283:Mueller 1998 3278: 3266: 3254: 3249:, p. 5. 3242: 3229:. Retrieved 3225:the original 3214: 3190:. Retrieved 3164: 3153:. Retrieved 3133: 3107:. Retrieved 3097: 3074:the original 3044:. Retrieved 3026: 3015:. Retrieved 3011:the original 3001: 2990:. Retrieved 2982:The PC Guide 2981: 2960:the original 2950: 2939:. Retrieved 2935:the original 2931:The PC Guide 2930: 2920: 2901: 2882: 2863: 2852:. Retrieved 2837: 2826:. Retrieved 2812: 2801:. Retrieved 2787: 2776:. Retrieved 2748:. Retrieved 2730: 2719:. Retrieved 2705: 2694:. Retrieved 2690:the original 2680: 2669:. Retrieved 2665:the original 2651: 2642: 2633: 2622:. Retrieved 2613: 2604: 2593:. Retrieved 2584: 2571: 2560:. Retrieved 2556:the original 2551: 2542: 2531:. Retrieved 2502:. Retrieved 2498:the original 2484: 2473:. Retrieved 2469:the original 2455: 2444:. Retrieved 2435: 2425: 2414:. Retrieved 2403: 2393: 2382:. Retrieved 2371: 2361: 2350:. Retrieved 2343: 2333: 2322:. Retrieved 2315: 2305: 2294:. Retrieved 2245: 2227: 2216:. Retrieved 2205: 2192: 2181:. Retrieved 2177:the original 2134: 2126: 2118:the original 2113: 2086:. Retrieved 2084:. 1994-06-11 2081: 2072: 2054: 2035: 2029: 1983:VEB Robotron 1936:Turbo Prolog 1924:Turbo Pascal 1915:Watcom C/C++ 1800:presentation 1735: 1728: 1711: 1709: 1687: 1636: 1629: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1575: 1536: 1524: 1499: 1472: 1446: 1321:line printer 1310: 1291: 1278:null devices 1174: 1166: 1123: 1091: 1073: 1042: 1035: 1015: 996: 985: 980:AUTOEXEC.BAT 850:" at offset 788: 762: 757: 743: 703: 691: 687:King's Quest 685: 663: 657: 641: 601: 571: 540: 532: 514: 503:Zilog Z-8000 488: 484:DeviceLogics 429: 398: 379: 348:Tim Paterson 341: 331:A simulated 322:Gary Kildall 294: 242: 180:Apple ProDOS 165: 161: 159: 153:(1993), and 78: 77: 51: 4653:Device file 4643:Boot loader 4557:Round-robin 4482:Cooperative 4418:Rump kernel 4408:Multikernel 4398:Microkernel 4295:Usage share 4144:SpartaDOS X 3527:McGraw-Hill 3036:PC Magazine 2143:. pp. 1975: [ 1956:COMMAND.COM 1928:Turbo BASIC 1905:Microsoft C 1856:WordPerfect 1810:spreadsheet 1806:Lotus 1-2-3 1781:web browser 1510:Serial port 1349:MS-DOS 2.11 1339:as well as 1280:; added in 1155:Device file 1098:Hard drives 1032:File system 1009:instead of 1001:instead of 970:COMMAND.COM 871:+1BEh+10h*n 828:boot sector 769:batch files 551:Pat Villani 472:DR-DOS 7.02 448:DR DOS 371:PC DOS 4756:Categories 4583:protection 4539:algorithms 4537:Scheduling 4486:Preemptive 4432:Components 4403:Monolithic 4270:Comparison 3894:PC-MOS/386 3884:Novell DOS 3781:SISNE plus 3771:Novell DOS 3751:IBM PC DOS 3711:Comparison 3630:2020-02-07 3607:2022-12-24 3584:2010-08-29 3542:2021-11-02 3509:2021-11-02 3460:2008-07-12 3433:2013-08-05 3231:2009-03-29 3192:2014-03-25 3155:2016-11-27 3109:2016-11-27 3046:2008-09-02 3017:2008-09-02 2992:2012-04-04 2956:"misc.txt" 2941:2008-09-02 2854:2008-09-02 2828:2008-09-10 2803:2008-07-03 2778:2008-05-18 2750:2008-09-26 2721:2008-09-26 2696:2008-06-14 2671:2008-06-12 2624:2014-02-05 2595:2014-02-05 2562:2008-07-12 2533:2008-07-03 2504:2007-05-28 2475:2008-06-14 2446:2008-09-02 2416:2008-09-02 2384:2015-02-07 2352:2015-01-30 2324:2013-10-19 2296:2013-11-06 2218:2015-01-29 2183:2008-09-02 2088:2023-04-11 2022:References 2009:PC-MOS/386 1960:Windows 9x 1722:, a popup 1592:See also: 1481:) such as 1421:DR DOS 5.0 1411:supported 1302:Windows XP 1298:Windows 98 1294:Windows 95 1167:There are 1143:load drive 1018:MS-DOS 7.0 1007:IBMDOS.COM 999:IBMBIO.COM 988:contiguous 954:CONFIG.SYS 832:track zero 793:, such as 771:(with the 578:Windows 95 460:Novell DOS 356:Intel 8086 317:Bill Gates 305:Intel 8088 274:Intel 8080 256:Intel 8086 226:Apple CP/M 131:IBM PC DOS 4673:Partition 4590:Bus error 4517:Real-time 4497:Interrupt 4423:Unikernel 4388:Exokernel 4139:SpartaDOS 4094:NewDos/80 3969:Atari TOS 3964:Atari DOS 3959:Apple SOS 3949:Apple DOS 3602:pcmag.com 3182:Microsoft 3070:Microsoft 2657:Hall, Jim 2490:Hall, Jim 2461:Hall, Jim 2373:InfoWorld 2280:Newsgroup 2207:InfoWorld 1738:shareware 1690:DOS Shell 1563:HIMEM.SYS 1527:kibibytes 1439:real mode 1284:1.10 and 1126:Unix-like 1119:RAM disks 1011:MSDOS.SYS 946:MSDOS.SYS 725:Microsoft 715:, mainly 674:emulators 654:Emulation 582:OS kernel 394:MSDOS.SYS 363:S-100 bus 309:John Opel 278:Zilog Z80 254:, ran on 184:Atari DOS 176:Apple DOS 135:Microsoft 4719:Live USB 4581:resource 4471:Concepts 4309:Variants 4290:Timeline 4203:Category 4169:TurboDOS 4134:SmartDOS 4074:MicroDOS 3934:AmigaDOS 3919:TurboDOS 3914:Towns OS 3859:K8918-OS 3854:DOS Plus 3744:MS-DOS 7 3716:Commands 3706:Timeline 3386:Archived 3186:Archived 3146:Archived 3040:Archived 2986:Archived 2911:Archived 2892:Archived 2873:Archived 2848:Archived 2822:Archived 2797:Archived 2772:Archived 2744:Archived 2715:Archived 2618:Archived 2589:Archived 2527:Archived 2440:Archived 2410:Archived 2378:Archived 2255:Archived 2237:Archived 2212:Archived 2062:Archived 1950:See also 1909:CodeView 1887:GW-BASIC 1866:WordStar 1850:Sidekick 1790:database 1757:Software 1747:DESQview 1671:Sidekick 1667:DESQview 1578:DOS=HIGH 1435:CONFIG$ 1426:$ IDLE$ 1417:SCREEN$ 1409:MS-DOS 4 1391:and the 1377:plotters 1351:for the 1169:reserved 836:ROM BIOS 799:printers 791:hardware 732:kernel, 680:such as 547:Jim Hall 535:AT&T 440:DOS Plus 413:OS/2 1.0 238:Apple II 236:for the 196:AmigaDOS 149:(1989), 145:(1988), 60:MS-DOS 6 4714:Live CD 4668:Journal 4632:access, 4630:Storage 4507:Process 4413:vkernel 4280:History 4263:General 4184:Z80-RIO 4154:Top-DOS 4109:RealDOS 4084:MSX-DOS 4019:DOS/360 4014:DIP DOS 4004:CSI-DOS 3909:SCP1700 3899:REAL/32 3889:OpenDOS 3869:MP/M-86 3839:CP/M-86 3814:4690 OS 3809:4680 OS 3791:FreeDOS 3786:PTS-DOS 3776:ROM-DOS 3565:at the 2288:Usenet: 2282:: 1989:DOS API 1944:Borland 1932:Turbo C 1832:ProComm 1792:program 1777:Arachne 1694:ViewMAX 1582:DOS=UMB 1413:KEYBD$ 1393:CLOCK$ 1327:(first 1319:(first 1139:REAL/32 1022:BootGUI 848:55h AAh 730:FreeDOS 620:REAL/32 612:PTS-DOS 608:ROM-DOS 604:FreeDOS 562:Decline 543:FreeDOS 468:OpenDOS 464:Caldera 456:PalmDOS 424:CP/M-86 375:CP/M-86 352:CP/M-80 338:session 217:Origins 202:History 172:DOS/360 155:FreeDOS 151:PTS-DOS 147:ROM-DOS 72:FreeDOS 4522:Thread 4393:Hybrid 4371:Kernel 4212: 4201: 4164:TRSDOS 4159:TR-DOS 4059:iS-DOS 4049:IDEDOS 4044:GEMDOS 4024:DOS XL 3974:BW-DOS 3939:AMSDOS 3864:FlexOS 3819:86-DOS 3800:Other 3761:DR-DOS 3734:MS-DOS 3533: 3500: 3378: 3351: 2639:"Home" 2376:: 28. 2290: 2210:: 22. 2151: 2042: 1938:, and 1919:Watcom 1907:, and 1883:BASICA 1838:, and 1836:Qmodem 1731:DOSKEY 1669:, and 1571:386MAX 1547:EMM386 1454:, and 1365:82164A 1323:) and 1286:PC DOS 1282:86-DOS 1276:, for 1076:MSCDEX 1061:FAT16B 1003:IO.SYS 746:kernel 738:DOS/NT 700:Design 682:DOSBox 665:DOSEMU 597:DOSBox 507:LSI-11 505:, and 482:, and 452:Novell 436:FlexOS 390:IO.SYS 367:86-DOS 336:86-DOS 301:IBM PC 259:16-bit 252:86-DOS 248:MS-DOS 194:, and 192:TRSDOS 143:DR-DOS 139:MS-DOS 4724:Shell 4663:Inode 4179:Z-DOS 4114:SB-80 4104:PTDOS 4089:MyDOS 4054:IMDOS 3944:ANDOS 3904:SB-86 3766:H-DOS 3756:DOS/V 3721:Games 3682:(DOS) 3149:(PDF) 3138:(PDF) 2348:: 132 2147:–11. 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