632:
468:
476:
529:
688:
416:
unlike other forms of crime, cybercrime can be carried out remotely, and cyber attacks often scale well." Many cyberattacks are caused or enabled by insiders, often employees who bypass security procedures to get their job done more efficiently. Attackers vary widely in their skill and sophistication and well as their determination to attack a particular target, as opposed to opportunistically picking one easy to attack. The skill level of the attacker determined which types of attacks they are prepared to mount. The
4618:
260:
120:
401:
4630:
4797:
450:, where hackers sell prepacked software that can be used to cause a cyberattack, is increasingly popular as a lower risk and higher profit activity than traditional hacking. A major form of this is to create a botnet of compromised devices and rent or sell it to another cybercriminal. Different botnets are equipped for different tasks such as DDOS attacks or password cracking. It is also possible to buy the software used to create a botnet and
272:
827:, such as entries in log files, that can be used to help determine the attacker's goals and identity. In the aftermath of an attack, investigators often begin by saving as many artifacts as they can find, and then try to determine the attacker. Law enforcement agencies may investigate cyber incidents although the hackers responsible are rarely caught.
229:
disregard them, negating any security improvement. Some insider attacks can also be prevented using rules and procedures. Technical solutions can prevent many causes of human error that leave data vulnerable to attackers, such as encrypting all sensitive data, preventing employees from using insecure passwords, installing
755:) rather than integrity (modifying data) or confidentiality (copying data without changing it). State actors are more likely to keep the attack secret. Sophisticated attacks using valuable exploits are more less likely to be detected or announced – as the perpetrator wants to protect the usefulness of the exploit.
657:
that depend on network access for their functionality. For years, writers have warned of cataclysmic consequences of cyberattacks that have failed to materialize as of 2023. These extreme scenarios could still occur, but many experts consider that it is unlikely that challenges in inflicting physical
90:
A cyberattack can be defined as any attempt by an individual or organization "using one or more computers and computer systems to steal, expose, change, disable or eliminate information, or to breach computer information systems, computer networks, and computer infrastructures". Definitions differ as
791:
is involved, the organization must investigate and close all infiltration and exfiltration vectors, as well as locate and remove all malware from its systems. Containment can compromise investigation, and some tactics (such as shutting down servers) can violate the company's contractual obligations.
415:
The stereotype of a hacker is an individual working for themself. However, many cyber threats are teams of well-resourced experts. "Growing revenues for cyber criminals are leading to more and more attacks, increasing professionalism and highly specialized attackers. In addition,
228:
Software solutions aim to prevent unauthorized access and detect the intrusion of malicious software. Training users can avoid cyberattacks (for example, not to click on a suspicious link or email attachment), especially those that depend on user error. However, too many rules can cause employees to
674:
have found contradictory results, with some finding modest losses, others finding no effect, and some researchers criticizing these studies on methodological grounds. The effect on stock price may vary depending on the type of attack. Some experts have argued that the evidence suggests there is not
70:
to carry out their goals, and deliver it to the targeted system. Once installed, the malware can have a variety of effects depending on its purpose. Detection of cyberattacks is often absent or delayed, especially when the malware attempts to spy on the system while remaining undiscovered. If it is
718:
Responding quickly to attacks is an effective way to limit the damage. The response is likely to require a wide variety of skills, from technical investigation to legal and public relations. Because of the prevalence of cyberattacks, some companies plan their incident response before any attack is
197:
for compromise of highly complex and interconnected systems is impractical and the related question of how much to spend on security is difficult to answer. Because of the ever changing and uncertain nature of cyber-threats, risk assessment may produce scenarios that are costly or unaffordable to
91:
to the type of compromise required – for example, requiring the system to produce unexpected responses or cause injury or property damage. Some definitions exclude attacks carried out by non-state actors and others require the target to be a state. Keeping a system secure relies on maintaining the
321:
does not require any clicks, only a visit to a malicious website. Sometimes insiders are behind the attack and can use their credentials to bypass security. Some attacks are delivered indirectly via associated companies that have a business relationship with the target. Others may be delivered by
135:
Over time, computer systems make up an increasing portion of daily life and interactions. While the increasing complexity and connectedness of the systems increases the efficiency, power, and convenience of computer technology, it also renders the systems more vulnerable to attack and worsens the
236:
There is little evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different cyberattack prevention measures. Although attention to security can reduce the risk of attack, achieving perfect security for a complex system is impossible, and many security measures have unacceptable cost or
483:
Targets of cyberattacks range from individuals to corporations and government entities. Many cyberattacks are foiled or unsuccessful, but those that succeed can have devastating consequences. Understanding the negative effects of cyberattacks helps organizations ensure that their prevention
159:) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. The software vendor is not legally liable for the cost if a vulnerability is used in an attack, which creates an incentive to make cheaper but less secure software. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be
111:, double that in 2016. In 2020, with the increase of remote work as an effect of the COVID-19 global pandemic, cybersecurity statistics reveal a huge increase in hacked and breached data. The worldwide information security market is forecast to reach $ 170.4 billion in 2022.
434:
based on known vulnerabilities, which are much cheaper. The lack of transparency in the market causes problems, such as buyers being unable to guarantee that the zero-day vulnerability was not sold to another party. Both buyers and sellers advertise on the
818:
often have a compelling interest in finding out whether a state is behind the attack. Unlike attacks carried out in person, determining the entity behind a cyberattack is difficult. A further challenge in attribution of cyberattacks is the possibility of a
443:
for untraceable transactions. Because of the difficulty in writing and maintaining software that can attack a wide variety of systems, criminals found they could make more money by renting out their exploits rather than using them directly.
631:
454:
that load the purchaser's malware onto a botnet's devices. DDOS as a service using botnets retained under the control of the seller is also common, and may be the first cybercrime as a service product, and can also be committed by
95:: confidentiality (no unauthorized access), integrity (no unauthorized modification), and availability. Although availability is less important for some web-based services, it can be the most crucial aspect for industrial systems.
703:
Government websites and services are among those affected by cyberattacks. Some experts hypothesize that cyberattacks weaken societal trust or trust in the government, but as of 2023 this notion has only limited evidence.
783:. Once the exact way that the system was compromised is identified, there is typically only one or two technical vulnerabilities that need to be addressed in order to contain the breach and prevent it from reoccurring. A
357:
After the malware is installed, its activity varies greatly depending on the attacker's goals. Many attackers try to eavesdrop on a system without affecting it. Although this type of malware can have unexpected
50:
The rising dependence on increasingly complex and interconnected computer systems in most domains of life is the main factor that causes vulnerability to cyberattacks, since virtually all computer systems have
225:. The highest risk of attack occurs just after a vulnerability has been publicly disclosed or a patch is released, because attackers can create exploits faster than a patch can be developed and rolled out.
762:
evidence that is likely to be erased quickly. Gathering data about the breach can facilitate later litigation or criminal prosecution, but only if the data is gathered according to legal standards and the
344:, and secure multiple channels of communication with its controllers. Other common actions include responding to remote controls and collecting and copying data to a device controlled by the attacker (
2606:
Agrafiotis, Ioannis; Nurse, Jason R C; Goldsmith, Michael; Creese, Sadie; Upton, David (2018). "A taxonomy of cyber-harms: Defining the impacts of cyber-attacks and understanding how they propagate".
189:
A system's architecture and design decisions play a major role in determining how safe it can be. The traditional approach to improving security is the detection of systems vulnerable to attack and
670:) from breaches except the direct cost for such matters as legal, technical, and public relations recovery efforts. Studies that have attempted to correlate cyberattacks to short-term declines in
2477:
731:
Many attacks are never detected. Of those that are, the average time to discovery is 197 days. Some systems can detect and flag anomalies that may indicate an attack, using such technology as
881:
423:
Motivations and aims also differ. Depending whether the expected threat is passive espionage, data manipulation, or active hijacking, different mitigation methods may be needed.
775:
Containing the affected system is often a high priority after an attack, and may be enacted by shutoff, isolation, use of a sandbox system to find out more about the adversary
59:
by attackers. Although it is impossible or impractical to create a perfectly secure system, there are many defense mechanisms that can make a system more difficult to attack.
71:
discovered, the targeted organization may attempt to collect evidence about the attack, remove malware from its systems, and close the vulnerability that enabled the attack.
206:
approach, on the other hand, assumes that breaches will occur and focuses on protecting essential functionality even if parts are compromised, using approaches such as
447:
744:
245:
is one truly effective measure against attacks, but it is rarely feasible. In some jurisdictions, there are legal requirements for protecting against attacks.
221:
The majority of attacks can be prevented by ensuring all software is fully patched. Nevertheless, fully patched systems are still vulnerable to exploits using
317:, where the attacker sends a malicious communication, often an email, in an attempt to get the recipient to click on a link or attachment to deliver malware.
4070:
3409:
3366:
3335:
374:
attacks—flooding a system with too many requests for the system to handle at once, causing it to become unusable. Attackers may also use computers to mine
3200:
865:. International courts cannot enforce these laws without sound attribution of the attack, without which countermeasures by a state are not legal either.
459:
on the cellular network. Malware and ransomware as a service have made it possible for individuals without technical ability to carry out cyberattacks.
3159:
Vähäkainu, Petri; Lehto, Martti; Kariluoto, Antti (2022). "Cyberattacks
Against Critical Infrastructure Facilities and Corresponding Countermeasures".
658:
damage or spreading terror can be overcome. Smaller-scale cyberattacks, sometimes resulting in interruption of essential services, regularly occur.
4463:
552:
such as customers or employees, and 10 percent by states or state-affiliated actors. Opportunistic criminals may cause data breaches—often using
845:, and therefore cyberattacks as a form of warfare are likely to violate the prohibition of aggression. Therefore, they could be prosecuted as a
4691:
4361:
572:, that target particular objectives. State-sponsored hackers target either citizens of their country or foreign entities, for such purposes as
560:, but they will typically move on if the security is above average. More organized criminals have more resources and are more focused in their
653:
is that considered most essential—such as healthcare, water supply, transport, and financial services—which has been increasingly governed by
74:
Cyberattacks can cause a variety of harms to targeted individuals, organizations, and governments, including significant financial losses and
3280:
3414:
1066:
3517:
5235:
202:
systems for protecting systems by intentionally increasing the complexity or variability of systems to make it harder to attack. The
903: – computer science concept regarding group of rigorous methods for finding bugs or errors in code related to computer security
4520:
4458:
2485:
3014:
Shandler, Ryan; Gomez, Miguel
Alberto (2023). "The hidden threat of cyber-attacks – undermining public confidence in government".
3193:
388:
is software used to encrypt or destroy data; attackers demand payment for the restoration of the targeted system. The advent of
171:), without the user being aware of it. Without a vulnerability enabling access, the attacker cannot gain access to the system.
5212:
3599:
3168:
3149:
3130:
3111:
3089:
3004:
2985:
2891:
2872:
2813:
2794:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2715:
2696:
2656:
2596:
2577:
814:
Attributing a cyberattack is difficult, and of limited interest to companies that are targeted by cyberattacks. In contrast,
713:
2859:
2564:
336:
Many attackers will not launch an attack right away. The attacker often seeks to persist after system interruption (such as
3537:
467:
2636:
313:
Delivery: once complete, the malware is delivered to the target. Most data breaches and malware insertions are enabled by
5243:
4092:
3532:
3431:
915:
2519:
823:, where the actual perpetrator makes it appear that someone else caused the attack. Every stage of the attack may leave
4684:
4492:
3186:
692:
644:
475:
237:
usability downsides. For example, reducing the complexity and functionality of the system is effective at reducing the
792:
After the breach is fully contained, the company can then work on restoring all systems to operational. Maintaining a
5175:
3512:
842:
1014:
287:
Reconnaissance: would-be attackers search for information about the system in order to target it. They may seek out
4971:
4077:
3773:
720:
43:(or cyber attack) occurs when there is an unauthorized action against computer infrastructure that compromises the
5225:
4124:
3621:
3594:
3225:
254:
540:
are stolen from individuals every day. According to a 2020 estimate, 55 percent of data breaches were caused by
528:
3482:
850:
233:
to prevent malware, and implementing a robust patching system to ensure that all devices are kept up to date.
494:
Economic losses, such as those caused by disrupted operations, the cost of investigation, or regulatory fines.
5038:
4677:
3872:
3778:
3230:
2978:
This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: Winner of the FT & McKinsey
Business Book of the Year Award 2021
2882:
Linkov, Igor; Kott, Alexander (2019). "Fundamental
Concepts of Cyber Resilience: Introduction and Overview".
2444:
909:
888:
640:
5284:
4525:
3922:
3822:
2825:"A comprehensive review study of cyber-attacks and cyber security; Emerging trends and recent developments"
2478:"Key Issues: Offences against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and systems"
877:
751:. Discovery is quicker and more likely if the attack targets information availability (for example with a
215:
17:
5230:
5151:
4951:
4656:
4405:
3604:
3554:
417:
303:
160:
56:
564:. Both of them sell the information they obtain for financial gain. Another source of data breaches are
484:
strategies are cost-effective. One paper classifies the harm caused by cyberattacks in several domains:
103:
In the first six months of 2017, two billion data records were stolen or impacted by cyber attacks, and
5279:
5207:
5165:
4821:
4065:
3917:
3892:
3302:
2666:
Aravindakshan, Sharngan (2021). "Cyberattacks: a look at evidentiary thresholds in
International Law".
2587:
Al-Turjman, Fadi; Salama, Ramiz (2020). "An
Overview about the Cyberattacks in Grid and Like Systems".
891:
that require organizations to notify people whose personal data has been compromised in a cyberattack.
740:
5068:
4786:
4535:
4468:
4311:
4043:
4038:
3912:
3742:
3584:
3371:
2768:
Asset Attack
Vectors: Building Effective Vulnerability Management Strategies to Protect Organizations
557:
299:
292:
148:
124:
5053:
4931:
4826:
4641:
4530:
4425:
4351:
4178:
3807:
3507:
3209:
752:
748:
569:
513:
to society at large, such as consumers losing access to an important service because of the attack.
288:
5141:
5093:
4756:
4636:
4205:
4060:
3356:
2566:
Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day
Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits
920:
873:
650:
82:, although correctly attributing the attack is difficult and perpetrators are rarely prosecuted.
139:
Despite developers' goal of delivering a product that works entirely as intended, virtually all
4651:
4485:
4432:
4326:
4149:
3994:
3352:
858:
687:
654:
222:
329:
Exploitation: the attacker's software is executed on the targeted system, and often creates a
5269:
5182:
4916:
4055:
3867:
3329:
3290:
545:
190:
5202:
5114:
5063:
5008:
4876:
4849:
4831:
4729:
4700:
4420:
4217:
4119:
3984:
3946:
3696:
3500:
3394:
2836:
736:
573:
497:
341:
330:
242:
193:
these systems to make attacks more difficult, but it is only partially effective. Formal
156:
128:
4796:
8:
5274:
4986:
4761:
4719:
4561:
4341:
4212:
4134:
3732:
3678:
3626:
3589:
3579:
3285:
1040:
846:
667:
600:
583:
After a data breach, criminals make money by selling data, such as usernames, passwords,
503:
2840:
5170:
5098:
5003:
4264:
4259:
4237:
4222:
4114:
3902:
3882:
3832:
3795:
3785:
3636:
3473:
2951:"How the process of discovering cyberattacks biases our understanding of cybersecurity"
1840:
426:
Software vendors and governments are mainly interested in undisclosed vulnerabilities (
404:
230:
207:
2924:"Do data breaches damage reputation? Evidence from 45 companies between 2002 and 2018"
2901:
Lilienthal, Gary; Ahmad, Nehaluddin (2015). "Cyber-attack as inevitable kinetic war".
2648:
1872:
392:
enabling anonymous transactions has led to a dramatic increase in ransomware demands.
5218:
4976:
4911:
4861:
4808:
4766:
4714:
4497:
4398:
4193:
4001:
3966:
3927:
3877:
3768:
3752:
3495:
3458:
3436:
3421:
3404:
3322:
3164:
3145:
3126:
3107:
3085:
3068:
3000:
2981:
2887:
2868:
2809:
2790:
2771:
2752:
2733:
2711:
2692:
2652:
2623:
2592:
2573:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1323:
1321:
1319:
820:
805:
371:
345:
337:
318:
155:
are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown (
2440:
5187:
5127:
4891:
4881:
4776:
4646:
4581:
4410:
4388:
4232:
4200:
4188:
4164:
3790:
3737:
3727:
3686:
3616:
3611:
3340:
3248:
3099:
3058:
3031:
3023:
2962:
2935:
2910:
2844:
2675:
2644:
2615:
1856:
824:
784:
764:
588:
375:
280:
264:
203:
184:
3027:
2071:
1819:
1803:
1316:
66:, or states. They attempt to find weaknesses in a system, exploit them and create
5078:
5058:
4956:
4781:
4771:
4475:
4316:
3887:
3747:
3663:
3651:
3631:
3527:
3317:
3297:
3220:
1380:
925:
900:
815:
809:
759:
612:
561:
541:
194:
4617:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2139:
1628:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1522:
1520:
1278:
1276:
5248:
5146:
4996:
4946:
4921:
4886:
4866:
4746:
4734:
4453:
4393:
4378:
4331:
4227:
4173:
4033:
3691:
3668:
3641:
3559:
3549:
3451:
3446:
3312:
3263:
3063:
3046:
3036:
2914:
2849:
2824:
2679:
1396:
841:
Most states agree that cyberattacks are regulated under the laws governing the
836:
780:
776:
616:
440:
389:
238:
199:
164:
152:
75:
3082:
Why Don't We Defend Better?: Data
Breaches, Risk Management, and Public Policy
2967:
2950:
2687:
Bareja, Dinesh O. (2021). "By
Failing to Prepare, You Are Preparing to Fail".
2033:
2031:
5263:
5158:
5119:
5088:
5083:
4936:
4926:
4896:
4596:
4480:
4437:
4383:
4371:
4356:
4346:
4269:
4183:
4159:
4154:
4028:
4023:
4018:
3934:
3522:
3463:
3426:
3378:
3072:
2940:
2923:
2627:
2524:
2198:
2167:
2111:
1607:
1517:
1364:
1273:
1233:
1188:
868:
In many countries, cyberattacks are prosecutable under various laws aimed at
796:
and having tested incident response procedures are used to improve recovery.
510:
180:
140:
3178:
2619:
1591:
1575:
990:
853:, and if they target civilian infrastructure, they could be prosecuted as a
420:
can persist undetected on a hardened system for an extended period of time.
259:
5192:
5048:
4751:
4622:
4556:
4288:
4274:
4129:
3939:
3907:
3897:
3800:
3646:
3544:
3490:
3399:
3258:
3123:
Targeted Cyber Attacks: Multi-staged Attacks Driven by Exploits and Malware
2725:
2028:
876:
to the accused is also a major challenge in criminal proceedings. In 2021,
636:
584:
456:
451:
359:
144:
79:
52:
3047:"Under false flag: using technical artifacts for cyber attack attribution"
491:
Digital damage, such as the destruction of data or introduction of malware
5132:
4966:
4941:
4906:
4741:
4601:
4144:
4139:
3976:
3961:
3837:
3812:
3441:
3361:
3268:
2749:
Data Breach Preparation and Response: Breaches are Certain, Impact is Not
676:
675:
enough direct costs or reputational damage from breaches to sufficiently
671:
620:
596:
537:
523:
431:
400:
119:
31:
4283:
2708:
8 Steps to Better Security: A Simple Cyber Resilience Guide for Business
471:
Top ten industries targeted by cyberattacks in the United States in 2020
5197:
5013:
4961:
4844:
4724:
4669:
4551:
4366:
4336:
4321:
4109:
4097:
3857:
3719:
3345:
2804:
Lehto, Martti (2022). "Cyber-Attacks Against Critical Infrastructure".
869:
696:
608:
592:
565:
385:
211:
198:
mitigate. As of 2019, there are no commercially available, widely used
104:
63:
1999:
5073:
5028:
5023:
4871:
4839:
4293:
4082:
4011:
3956:
3951:
3817:
3658:
3564:
3307:
854:
732:
607:, obtaining products with a victim's loyalty or payment information,
577:
488:
Physical damage, including injury or death or destruction of property
427:
323:
322:
directly accessing hardware, particularly in the cases of bribery or
92:
44:
430:), while organized crime groups are more interested in ready-to-use
271:
5033:
4991:
4854:
4586:
4571:
4102:
4087:
3989:
3827:
3275:
2787:
The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance
1463:
862:
604:
603:). This information may be used for a variety of purposes, such as
549:
436:
408:
367:
314:
2641:
Conflict Management in Digital Business: New Strategy and Approach
1656:
1553:
1551:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1015:"Will Artificial Intelligence Save Us From the Next Cyber Attack?"
928: – Computer security term; someone who hacks computer systems
5043:
5018:
4981:
4566:
4415:
4252:
4242:
4050:
3862:
3574:
3569:
1644:
1304:
1067:"Forecast Analysis: Information Security, Worldwide, 2Q18 Update"
788:
553:
379:
307:
168:
67:
2785:
Hyslip, Thomas S. (2020). "Cybercrime-as-a-Service Operations".
2407:
2405:
1352:
1152:
743:. Once suspicious activity is suspected, investigators look for
147:
contains bugs. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a
4901:
4816:
4576:
4502:
2417:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1548:
1536:
1446:
793:
363:
2861:
The Defender's Dilemma: Charting a Course Toward Cybersecurity
1164:
532:
Data breaches reported in the United States by year, 2005–2023
4247:
4006:
2499:
2458:
2402:
1128:
666:
There is little empirical evidence of economic harm (such as
366:
are networks of compromised devices that can be used to send
283:
is the process by which perpetrators carry out cyberattacks.
163:
by malicious actors. The most valuable allow the attacker to
3104:
Breached!: Why Data Security Law Fails and How to Improve it
2539:
2390:
2188:
2186:
2011:
939:
849:. There is also agreement that cyberattacks are governed by
4591:
1480:
1478:
1342:
1340:
1261:
1118:
1116:
500:, such as users being upset that their data has been leaked
479:
Total annualized cyberattack cost by attack type, 2016–2017
2520:"What is the UN cybercrime treaty and why does it matter?"
2342:
2320:
2318:
1975:
1495:
1493:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1417:
1415:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1176:
2366:
2354:
2279:
2243:
2183:
2099:
1791:
1779:
1731:
1704:
1505:
1091:
1089:
1087:
963:
78:. They are usually illegal both as a method of crime and
2637:"Cyberattack and Cyberwarfare Strategies for Businesses"
2127:
2087:
1721:
1719:
1475:
1337:
1292:
1113:
1101:
787:
can then verify that the fix is working as expected. If
619:. Consumer losses from a breach are usually a negative
3163:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 255–292.
3158:
2789:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 815–846.
2689:
Security Incidents & Response Against Cyber Attacks
2315:
2219:
2155:
2005:
1963:
1939:
1917:
1915:
1490:
1427:
1412:
1249:
1216:
1140:
980:
978:
30:"Cyberstrike" redirects here. For the online game, see
2858:
Libicki, Martin C.; Ablon, Lillian; Webb, Tim (2015).
1927:
1692:
1680:
1084:
758:
Evidence collection is done immediately, prioritizing
295:
to obtain more information about the target's systems.
3410:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
3140:
Tjoa, Simon; Gafić, Melisa; Kieseberg, Peter (2024).
2691:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 13–29.
2378:
2330:
2303:
2291:
2267:
2255:
2047:
1900:
1888:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1716:
1668:
1563:
3336:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
2886:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–25.
2808:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 3–42.
2231:
2059:
1951:
1912:
975:
951:
905:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
255:
Computer security § Vulnerabilities and attacks
2997:
PCI DSS: An Integrated Data Security Standard Guide
1987:
127:
that is discovered by attackers prior to a vendor (
3161:Cyber Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection
2806:Cyber Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection
1041:"134 Cybersecurity Statistics and Trends for 2021"
2605:
2077:
1878:
1862:
1846:
1830:
1809:
1327:
661:
5261:
4464:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
3016:Journal of Information Technology & Politics
2857:
2730:Big Breaches: Cybersecurity Lessons for Everyone
2586:
1662:
1650:
1557:
1542:
1469:
1457:
1310:
62:Perpetrators of a cyberattack can be criminals,
2900:
2724:
2423:
1358:
1158:
1134:
395:
4362:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
2643:. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 303–328.
2634:
2434:
2432:
945:
599:numbers, and personal health information (see
136:consequences of an attack, should one occur.
4685:
3367:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
3208:
3194:
3098:
3013:
2665:
2545:
2505:
2464:
2411:
2396:
2022:
912: – Computer hacker with malicious intent
2765:
1182:
3415:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
3139:
3079:
2948:
2562:
2429:
2209:
2192:
2173:
2145:
2117:
2105:
1981:
1634:
1618:
1597:
1581:
1526:
1484:
1402:
1386:
1370:
1298:
1282:
1239:
1194:
1170:
1122:
1107:
996:
691:In 2022, government websites of Costa Rica
462:
248:
45:confidentiality, integrity, or availability
4692:
4678:
3518:Climate change and civilizational collapse
3201:
3187:
3120:
3080:Sloan, Robert H.; Warner, Richard (2019).
3044:
2881:
2438:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2324:
1710:
1511:
1499:
1440:
1421:
1346:
1267:
1255:
1227:
1210:
1095:
626:
5236:Security information and event management
3062:
3035:
2966:
2939:
2848:
2517:
506:, loss of reputation caused by the attack
411:hackers replaced the content of a website
362:, it is often very difficult to detect.
333:to enable remote control by the attacker.
4699:
4521:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4459:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2975:
2921:
2884:Cyber Resilience of Systems and Networks
2486:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2093:
2053:
1698:
1686:
686:
630:
527:
474:
466:
399:
270:
258:
118:
2766:Haber, Morey J.; Hibbert, Brad (2018).
2705:
1894:
243:Disconnecting systems from the internet
14:
5262:
3121:Sood, Aditya; Enbody, Richard (2014).
2994:
2784:
2746:
2686:
2384:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2161:
2133:
2065:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1906:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1674:
1569:
1146:
1038:
275:Another model of the cyberattack chain
5213:Host-based intrusion detection system
4673:
3182:
3045:Skopik, Florian; Pahi, Timea (2020).
2822:
2803:
2563:Ablon, Lillian; Bogart, Andy (2017).
2518:Wilkinson, Isabella (2 August 2023).
2336:
2037:
2006:Vähäkainu, Lehto & Kariluoto 2022
1993:
1012:
984:
969:
957:
714:Computer security incident management
3538:Tipping points in the climate system
2439:Verbruggen, Yola (10 January 2024).
723:to be prepared to handle incidents.
5244:Runtime application self-protection
3533:Extinction risk from climate change
3432:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
2668:Indian Journal of International Law
916:Cyberattacks against infrastructure
24:
4795:
4493:List of fictional doomsday devices
2903:Computer Law & Security Review
2823:Li, Yuchong; Liu, Qinghui (2021).
340:or restart), evade detection, and
25:
5296:
5176:Security-focused operating system
3513:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
2649:10.1108/978-1-80262-773-220221027
2635:AsbaĹź, C.; Tuzlukaya, Ĺž. (2022).
843:use of force in international law
4972:Insecure direct object reference
4629:
4628:
4616:
3774:Decline in amphibian populations
2589:Smart Grid in IoT-Enabled Spaces
2511:
2470:
1013:Fosco, Molly (30 October 2018).
721:computer emergency response team
635:Out-of-service gas pumps due to
517:
114:
5226:Information security management
4125:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3622:Land surface effects on climate
3595:Human impact on the environment
3226:Future of an expanding universe
298:Weaponization: after finding a
167:and run their own code (called
1663:Libicki, Ablon & Webb 2015
1651:Libicki, Ablon & Webb 2015
1311:Libicki, Ablon & Webb 2015
1059:
1032:
1006:
851:international humanitarian law
799:
719:detected, and may designate a
682:
662:Corporations and organizations
289:publicly available information
85:
13:
1:
4071:Interpretations of Revelation
3873:Cosmological phase transition
3779:Decline in insect populations
3231:Ultimate fate of the universe
3142:Cyber Resilience Fundamentals
3028:10.1080/19331681.2022.2112796
2922:Makridis, Christos A (2021).
2445:International Bar Association
1039:Sobers, Rob (16 March 2021).
932:
910:Black hat (computer security)
889:data breach notification laws
641:Colonial Pipeline cyberattack
566:politically motivated hackers
174:
98:
4526:Future of Humanity Institute
3923:Potentially hazardous object
3823:Interplanetary contamination
2441:"Cyberattacks as war crimes"
1558:Al-Turjman & Salama 2020
1543:Al-Turjman & Salama 2020
1470:Al-Turjman & Salama 2020
1458:Al-Turjman & Salama 2020
878:United Nations member states
872:. Attribution of the attack
726:
707:
562:targeting of particular data
418:most sophisticated attackers
396:Perpetrators and motivations
216:business continuity planning
7:
5231:Information risk management
5152:Multi-factor authentication
4708:Related security categories
4406:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3555:Global terrestrial stilling
3106:. Oxford University Press.
3102:; Hartzog, Woodrow (2022).
2949:Oppenheimer, Harry (2024).
2424:Lilienthal & Ahmad 2015
1359:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
1159:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
1135:Daswani & Elbayadi 2021
894:
830:
770:
352:
27:Attack on a computer system
10:
5301:
5208:Intrusion detection system
5166:Computer security software
4822:Advanced persistent threat
3918:Asteroid impact prediction
3893:Heat death of the universe
3303:Mutual assured destruction
3064:10.1186/s42400-020-00048-4
2915:10.1016/j.clsr.2015.03.002
2850:10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.126
2728:; Elbayadi, Moudy (2021).
2680:10.1007/s40901-020-00113-0
2555:
946:AsbaĹź & Tuzlukaya 2022
834:
803:
741:intrusion detection system
711:
558:social engineering attacks
521:
293:social engineering attacks
252:
178:
29:
5107:
4807:
4793:
4787:Digital rights management
4707:
4610:
4544:
4536:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4513:
4469:List of apocalyptic films
4446:
4312:2011 end times prediction
4304:
4044:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
4039:Abomination of desolation
3975:
3913:Asteroid impact avoidance
3850:
3761:
3743:List of extinction events
3718:
3711:
3677:
3585:Environmental degradation
3481:
3472:
3387:
3372:Technological singularity
3241:
3216:
3210:Global catastrophic risks
2980:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2976:Perlroth, Nicole (2021).
2968:10.1177/00223433231217687
2955:Journal of Peace Research
2710:. John Wiley & Sons.
2546:Solove & Hartzog 2022
2397:Solove & Hartzog 2022
2023:Shandler & Gomez 2023
4932:Denial-of-service attack
4827:Arbitrary code execution
4531:Future of Life Institute
4433:Resurrection of the dead
4426:Post-tribulation rapture
3808:Colony collapse disorder
2928:Journal of Cybersecurity
2608:Journal of Cybersecurity
1183:Haber & Hibbert 2018
887:Many jurisdictions have
753:denial-of-service attack
749:indicators of compromise
463:Targets and consequences
382:, for their own profit.
310:to carry out the attack.
267:for information security
249:Attack process and types
223:zero-day vulnerabilities
5142:Computer access control
5094:Rogue security software
4757:Electromagnetic warfare
3357:Artificial intelligence
2747:Fowler, Kevvie (2016).
2106:Sloan & Warner 2019
1982:Sloan & Warner 2019
1299:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1171:Sloan & Warner 2019
1123:Ablon & Bogart 2017
1108:Ablon & Bogart 2017
921:Cyberattacks by country
882:draft cybercrime treaty
874:beyond reasonable doubt
779:the vulnerability, and
651:Critical infrastructure
627:Critical infrastructure
609:prescription drug fraud
448:Cybercrime as a service
123:Timeline of a software
5188:Obfuscation (software)
4917:Browser Helper Objects
4801:
4486:List of disaster films
4327:Apocalyptic literature
3427:Malthusian catastrophe
3353:Synthetic intelligence
2941:10.1093/cybsec/tyab021
2373:Skopik & Pahi 2020
2361:Skopik & Pahi 2020
2349:Skopik & Pahi 2020
2325:Skopik & Pahi 2020
1711:Sood & Enbody 2014
1512:Skopik & Pahi 2020
1500:Skopik & Pahi 2020
1441:Skopik & Pahi 2020
1422:Skopik & Pahi 2020
1347:Linkov & Kott 2019
1268:Linkov & Kott 2019
1256:Linkov & Kott 2019
1228:Linkov & Kott 2019
1211:Linkov & Kott 2019
1096:Linkov & Kott 2019
859:crime against humanity
700:
655:cyber-physical systems
647:
533:
480:
472:
412:
276:
268:
132:
5183:Data-centric security
5064:Remote access trojans
4799:
3868:Coronal mass ejection
3330:Electromagnetic pulse
3291:Kinetic energy weapon
2706:Crawley, Kim (2021).
2620:10.1093/cybsec/tyy006
972:, pp. 8177–8179.
690:
634:
591:account information,
546:system administrators
531:
478:
470:
403:
302:, attackers build an
274:
262:
179:Further information:
122:
5115:Application security
5009:Privilege escalation
4877:Cross-site scripting
4730:Cybersex trafficking
4701:Information security
4270:War of Gog and Magog
3947:Near-Earth supernova
3697:Human overpopulation
3501:Mass mortality event
3395:Anthropogenic hazard
2995:Seaman, Jim (2020).
2867:. Rand Corporation.
2751:. Elsevier Science.
2572:. Rand Corporation.
880:began negotiating a
745:indicators of attack
693:were down because of
574:political repression
306:to gain access, and
5285:Security compliance
4762:Information warfare
4720:Automotive security
4342:Blood moon prophecy
4135:Number of the Beast
3733:Holocene extinction
3679:Earth Overshoot Day
3627:Ocean acidification
3590:Habitat destruction
3580:Ecological collapse
3286:Kinetic bombardment
3221:Future of the Earth
3144:. Springer Nature.
3037:20.500.11850/566953
2841:2021EnRep...7.8176L
2482:Cybercrime Module 2
2288:, pp. 117–118.
2252:, pp. 120–122.
1788:, pp. 822–823.
1740:, pp. 831–832.
1472:, pp. 243–244.
1173:, pp. 104–105.
1045:Inside Out Security
847:crime of aggression
767:is maintained.
668:reputational damage
601:medical data breach
504:Reputational damage
342:escalate privileges
5171:Antivirus software
5039:Social engineering
5004:Polymorphic engine
4957:Fraudulent dialers
4862:Hardware backdoors
4802:
4657:Doomsday scenarios
4223:Beast of the Earth
4115:Book of Revelation
3903:Virtual black hole
3883:False vacuum decay
3833:Pollinator decline
3796:Biological warfare
3786:Biotechnology risk
3637:Resource depletion
2506:Aravindakshan 2021
2465:Aravindakshan 2021
2412:Aravindakshan 2021
2136:, pp. 13, 16.
1853:, pp. 10, 12.
1800:, p. 828-829.
1665:, pp. 44, 46.
1393:, pp. 68, 70.
701:
679:their prevention.
648:
645:Oak Hill, Virginia
623:for the business.
534:
498:Psychological harm
481:
473:
413:
405:Website defacement
277:
269:
231:antivirus software
208:micro-segmentation
133:
5280:Attacks by method
5257:
5256:
5219:Anomaly detection
5124:Secure by default
4977:Keystroke loggers
4912:Drive-by download
4800:vectorial version
4767:Internet security
4715:Computer security
4667:
4666:
4498:Zombie apocalypse
4399:Postmillennialism
4194:Great Tribulation
3967:Stellar collision
3928:Near-Earth object
3878:Geomagnetic storm
3846:
3845:
3769:Biodiversity loss
3753:Genetic pollution
3707:
3706:
3496:Biodiversity loss
3459:Societal collapse
3437:Nuclear holocaust
3422:Economic collapse
3405:Doomsday argument
3323:Antimatter weapon
3170:978-3-030-91293-2
3151:978-3-031-52064-8
3132:978-0-12-800619-1
3113:978-0-19-094057-7
3100:Solove, Daniel J.
3091:978-1-351-12729-5
3006:978-1-4842-5808-8
2987:978-1-5266-2983-8
2893:978-3-319-77492-3
2874:978-0-8330-8911-3
2815:978-3-030-91293-2
2796:978-3-319-78440-3
2777:978-1-4842-3627-7
2758:978-0-12-803451-4
2739:978-1-4842-6654-0
2717:978-1-119-81124-4
2698:978-3-030-69174-5
2658:978-1-80262-773-2
2598:978-1-003-05523-5
2579:978-0-8330-9761-3
2337:Li & Liu 2021
2228:, pp. 81–82.
2164:, pp. 13–14.
2152:, pp. 91–93.
1972:, pp. 13–14.
1948:, pp. 10–11.
1885:, pp. 7, 10.
1653:, pp. 44–45.
1641:, pp. 16–17.
1361:, pp. 31–32.
1313:, pp. 49–50.
1270:, pp. 19–20.
1161:, pp. 26–27.
1149:, pp. 47–48.
985:Li & Liu 2021
970:Li & Liu 2021
958:Li & Liu 2021
821:false flag attack
806:Cyber attribution
615:, and especially
372:denial-of-service
346:data exfiltration
319:Drive-by-download
107:payments reached
16:(Redirected from
5292:
5128:Secure by design
5059:Hardware Trojans
4892:History sniffing
4882:Cross-site leaks
4777:Network security
4694:
4687:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4632:
4631:
4623:World portal
4621:
4620:
4582:Financial crisis
4411:Nibiru cataclysm
4389:Premillennialism
4233:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
4201:Son of perdition
4189:Olivet Discourse
4165:Whore of Babylon
3791:Biological agent
3738:Human extinction
3728:Extinction event
3716:
3715:
3687:Overexploitation
3617:Land consumption
3612:Land degradation
3479:
3478:
3341:Micro black hole
3249:Chemical warfare
3203:
3196:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3155:
3136:
3117:
3095:
3076:
3066:
3041:
3039:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2970:
2945:
2943:
2918:
2897:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2852:
2819:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2721:
2702:
2683:
2674:(1–4): 285–299.
2662:
2631:
2602:
2583:
2571:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2351:, pp. 1, 6.
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2196:
2193:Oppenheimer 2024
2190:
2181:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:, pp. 1, 7.
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1936:, pp. 9–10.
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1485:Tjoa et al. 2024
1482:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1214:
1213:, pp. 2, 7.
1208:
1202:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1017:. Fast Forward.
1010:
1004:
994:
988:
982:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
906:
785:penetration test
765:chain of custody
589:customer loyalty
548:, 10 percent by
544:, 10 percent by
376:cryptocurrencies
281:cyber kill chain
204:cyber resilience
185:cyber resilience
110:
47:of its content.
21:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5103:
4803:
4791:
4782:Copy protection
4772:Mobile security
4703:
4698:
4668:
4663:
4642:Future problems
4615:
4606:
4540:
4509:
4476:Climate fiction
4442:
4317:2012 phenomenon
4300:
4206:Sheep and Goats
4093:2 Thessalonians
3971:
3888:Gamma-ray burst
3842:
3757:
3748:Genetic erosion
3703:
3673:
3664:Water pollution
3632:Ozone depletion
3528:Desertification
3468:
3383:
3318:Doomsday device
3298:Nuclear warfare
3237:
3212:
3207:
3177:
3171:
3152:
3133:
3114:
3092:
3007:
2988:
2894:
2875:
2864:
2816:
2797:
2778:
2759:
2740:
2718:
2699:
2659:
2599:
2580:
2569:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:, p. 8177.
2335:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1909:, pp. 7–8.
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1829:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1518:
1514:, pp. 5–6.
1510:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1447:
1439:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1409:, pp. 4–5.
1401:
1397:
1385:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1326:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1007:
995:
991:
987:, p. 8183.
983:
976:
968:
964:
960:, p. 8179.
956:
952:
944:
940:
935:
926:Security hacker
904:
901:Attack patterns
897:
839:
833:
816:secret services
812:
810:Cyber forensics
802:
773:
729:
716:
710:
685:
664:
629:
613:insurance fraud
542:organized crime
526:
520:
465:
398:
355:
257:
251:
195:risk assessment
187:
177:
117:
108:
101:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5249:Site isolation
5246:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5147:Authentication
5139:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5125:
5122:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4947:Email spoofing
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4887:DOM clobbering
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4867:Code injection
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Cyberterrorism
4744:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4735:Computer fraud
4732:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4674:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Apocalypticism
4626:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4495:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4481:Disaster films
4478:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4454:Alien invasion
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4394:Amillennialism
4391:
4381:
4379:Millenarianism
4376:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4332:Apocalypticism
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4228:Dhu al-Qarnayn
4225:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Great Apostasy
4171:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4021:
4019:Last Judgement
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3981:
3979:
3977:Eschatological
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3692:Overpopulation
3689:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3669:Water scarcity
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3642:Sea level rise
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3605:on marine life
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Global warming
3557:
3552:
3550:Global dimming
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:Cascade effect
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3483:Climate change
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Doomsday Clock
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:Cyberterrorism
3261:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3156:
3150:
3137:
3131:
3118:
3112:
3096:
3090:
3077:
3042:
3022:(4): 359–374.
3011:
3005:
2992:
2986:
2973:
2946:
2919:
2909:(3): 390–400.
2898:
2892:
2879:
2873:
2855:
2829:Energy Reports
2820:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2782:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2663:
2657:
2632:
2603:
2597:
2584:
2578:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2510:
2508:, p. 296.
2498:
2469:
2467:, p. 298.
2457:
2428:
2426:, p. 399.
2416:
2414:, p. 299.
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2314:
2312:, p. 188.
2302:
2300:, p. 124.
2290:
2278:
2276:, p. 116.
2266:
2264:, p. 115.
2254:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2197:
2182:
2166:
2154:
2138:
2126:
2110:
2098:
2086:
2070:
2058:
2046:
2027:
2025:, p. 359.
2010:
2008:, p. 285.
1998:
1986:
1984:, p. 104.
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1871:
1855:
1839:
1818:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1776:, p. 821.
1766:
1764:, p. 820.
1754:
1752:, p. 818.
1742:
1730:
1728:, p. 816.
1715:
1713:, p. 117.
1703:
1691:
1679:
1677:, p. 831.
1667:
1655:
1643:
1627:
1606:
1590:
1574:
1572:, p. 828.
1562:
1560:, p. 244.
1547:
1545:, p. 243.
1535:
1516:
1504:
1489:
1474:
1462:
1460:, p. 242.
1445:
1426:
1411:
1395:
1379:
1363:
1351:
1336:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1232:
1215:
1203:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1112:
1100:
1083:
1058:
1031:
1005:
989:
974:
962:
950:
948:, p. 303.
937:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
923:
918:
913:
907:
896:
893:
837:Tallinn Manual
832:
829:
801:
798:
772:
769:
728:
725:
709:
706:
684:
681:
663:
660:
628:
625:
617:identity theft
568:, for example
522:Main article:
519:
516:
515:
514:
507:
501:
495:
492:
489:
464:
461:
441:cryptocurrency
397:
394:
390:cryptocurrency
354:
351:
350:
349:
334:
327:
311:
296:
250:
247:
239:attack surface
200:active defense
176:
173:
116:
113:
100:
97:
87:
84:
76:identity theft
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5297:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5159:Authorization
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5120:Secure coding
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:SQL injection
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:Vulnerability
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5054:Trojan horses
5052:
5050:
5049:Software bugs
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4937:Eavesdropping
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4927:Data scraping
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Cryptojacking
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4690:
4688:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Risk analysis
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Social crisis
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:Organizations
4512:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4438:World to come
4436:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:Millennialism
4382:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4372:Messianic Age
4370:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4357:Gog and Magog
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4347:Earth Changes
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:New Jerusalem
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:War in Heaven
4158:
4156:
4155:Two witnesses
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:Second Coming
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:Deforestation
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3464:World War III
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3379:Transhumanism
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:Technological
3240:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:. CRC Press.
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:Cybersecurity
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:: 8176–8186.
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2726:Daswani, Neil
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:. CRC Press.
2590:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2548:, p. 10.
2547:
2542:
2527:
2526:
2525:Chatham House
2521:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2399:, p. 58.
2398:
2393:
2387:, p. 44.
2386:
2381:
2375:, p. 16.
2374:
2369:
2363:, p. 12.
2362:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2240:, p. 83.
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2216:, p. 95.
2215:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2195:, p. 39.
2194:
2189:
2187:
2180:, p. 94.
2179:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2124:, p. 92.
2123:
2121:
2114:
2108:, p. 64.
2107:
2102:
2095:
2094:Makridis 2021
2090:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2068:, p. 21.
2067:
2062:
2055:
2054:Makridis 2021
2050:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1996:, p. 36.
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1960:, p. 14.
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1924:, p. 13.
1923:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1897:, p. 46.
1896:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1875:
1869:, p. 10.
1868:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1701:, p. 58.
1700:
1699:Perlroth 2021
1695:
1689:, p. 42.
1688:
1687:Perlroth 2021
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1631:
1625:, p. 16.
1624:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1533:, p. 17.
1532:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1377:, p. 63.
1376:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1349:, p. 20.
1348:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1289:, p. 15.
1288:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1201:, p. 65.
1200:
1198:
1191:
1185:, p. 10.
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1137:, p. 25.
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1003:, p. 14.
1002:
1000:
993:
986:
981:
979:
971:
966:
959:
954:
947:
942:
938:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
908:
902:
899:
898:
892:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
828:
826:
822:
817:
811:
807:
797:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
768:
766:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
724:
722:
715:
705:
698:
694:
689:
680:
678:
673:
669:
659:
656:
652:
646:
642:
638:
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:Thousands of
530:
525:
518:Consumer data
512:
511:externalities
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
477:
469:
460:
458:
453:
449:
445:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
421:
419:
410:
406:
402:
393:
391:
387:
383:
381:
377:
373:
370:or carry out
369:
365:
361:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
300:vulnerability
297:
294:
291:or carry out
290:
286:
285:
284:
282:
273:
266:
261:
256:
246:
244:
240:
234:
232:
226:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
186:
182:
181:Cybersecurity
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:vulnerability
146:
142:
137:
130:
126:
125:vulnerability
121:
115:Vulnerability
112:
109:US$ 2 billion
106:
96:
94:
83:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
48:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5270:Cyberattacks
5193:Data masking
4752:Cyberwarfare
4614:
4557:Cyberwarfare
4275:Third Temple
4130:Lake of fire
3940:Rogue planet
3908:Impact event
3898:Proton decay
3851:Astronomical
3801:Bioterrorism
3647:Supervolcano
3545:Flood basalt
3491:Anoxic event
3400:Collapsology
3388:Sociological
3259:Cyberwarfare
3253:
3160:
3141:
3125:. Syngress.
3122:
3103:
3081:
3054:
3050:
3019:
3015:
2996:
2977:
2961:(1): 28–43.
2958:
2954:
2931:
2927:
2906:
2902:
2883:
2860:
2832:
2828:
2805:
2786:
2767:
2748:
2729:
2707:
2688:
2671:
2667:
2640:
2611:
2607:
2588:
2565:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2419:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2327:, p. 1.
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2221:
2211:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2101:
2089:
2084:, p. 5.
2079:
2073:
2061:
2056:, p. 1.
2049:
2041:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1902:
1895:Crawley 2021
1890:
1880:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1848:
1842:
1837:, p. 9.
1832:
1816:, p. 7.
1811:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1604:, p. 9.
1599:
1593:
1588:, p. 3.
1583:
1577:
1565:
1538:
1528:
1507:
1502:, p. 6.
1487:, p. 3.
1465:
1443:, p. 5.
1424:, p. 4.
1404:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1372:
1366:
1354:
1334:, p. 2.
1329:
1306:
1301:, p. 3.
1294:
1284:
1263:
1258:, p. 7.
1251:
1246:, p. 3.
1241:
1235:
1230:, p. 2.
1206:
1196:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1125:, p. 2.
1110:, p. 1.
1103:
1098:, p. 1.
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:
1008:
998:
992:
965:
953:
941:
886:
867:
861:, or act of
840:
813:
774:
757:
730:
717:
702:
672:stock prices
665:
649:
637:panic buying
585:social media
582:
538:data records
535:
482:
457:SMS flooding
446:
432:exploit kits
425:
422:
414:
384:
360:side effects
356:
278:
235:
227:
220:
188:
138:
134:
102:
89:
73:
61:
55:that can be
49:
40:
38:
36:
18:Cyber-attack
5133:Misuse case
4967:Infostealer
4942:Email fraud
4907:Data breach
4742:Cybergeddon
4633:Categories
4602:Survivalism
4289:Zoroastrian
4145:Seven seals
4140:Seven bowls
4066:Historicism
3962:Solar flare
3838:Overfishing
3813:Defaunation
3600:coral reefs
3362:AI takeover
3281:Nanoweapons
3269:Cybergeddon
3254:Cyberattack
2385:Fowler 2016
2310:Fowler 2016
2298:Fowler 2016
2286:Fowler 2016
2274:Fowler 2016
2262:Fowler 2016
2250:Fowler 2016
2238:Fowler 2016
2226:Fowler 2016
2162:Bareja 2021
2134:Bareja 2021
2078:Agrafiotis
2066:Fowler 2016
1970:Fowler 2016
1958:Fowler 2016
1946:Fowler 2016
1934:Fowler 2016
1922:Fowler 2016
1907:Fowler 2016
1879:Agrafiotis
1863:Agrafiotis
1847:Agrafiotis
1831:Agrafiotis
1810:Agrafiotis
1798:Hyslip 2020
1786:Hyslip 2020
1774:Hyslip 2020
1762:Hyslip 2020
1750:Hyslip 2020
1738:Hyslip 2020
1726:Hyslip 2020
1675:Hyslip 2020
1570:Hyslip 2020
1328:Agrafiotis
1147:Seaman 2020
1076:27 February
1051:27 February
800:Attribution
683:Governments
677:incentivize
621:externality
597:credit card
524:Data breach
86:Definitions
64:hacktivists
41:cyberattack
32:CyberStrike
5275:Cybercrime
5264:Categories
5198:Encryption
5074:Web shells
5014:Ransomware
4962:Hacktivism
4725:Cybercrime
4562:Depression
4552:Ransomware
4367:Messianism
4337:Armageddon
4322:Apocalypse
4110:Antichrist
4098:Man of sin
3995:Three Ages
3858:Big Crunch
3720:Extinction
3712:Biological
3474:Ecological
3346:Strangelet
2999:. Apress.
2770:. Apress.
2732:. Apress.
2038:Lehto 2022
1994:Lehto 2022
1024:30 October
933:References
870:cybercrime
835:See also:
804:See also:
781:rebuilding
712:See also:
697:ransomware
639:after the
386:Ransomware
378:, such as
265:kill chain
263:Intrusion
253:See also:
212:zero trust
175:Protection
105:ransomware
99:Prevalence
5029:Shellcode
5024:Scareware
4872:Crimeware
4832:Backdoors
4447:Fictional
4294:Saoshyant
4179:New Earth
4150:The Beast
4083:Preterism
4056:Christian
4012:Kali Yuga
3957:Micronova
3952:Hypernova
3818:Dysgenics
3659:Verneshot
3565:Hypercane
3308:Dead Hand
3073:2523-3246
2628:2057-2085
1047:. Varonis
855:war crime
825:artifacts
733:antivirus
727:Detection
708:Responses
578:espionage
570:Anonymous
550:end users
509:Negative
428:zero-days
324:blackmail
191:hardening
161:exploited
157:zero days
93:CIA triad
57:exploited
5203:Firewall
5108:Defenses
5034:Spamming
5019:Rootkits
4992:Phishing
4952:Exploits
4587:Pandemic
4572:Epidemic
4567:Droughts
4421:Prewrath
4352:End time
4218:Al-Qa'im
4103:Katechon
4088:2 Esdras
4078:Idealism
4061:Futurism
3990:Maitreya
3985:Buddhist
3828:Pandemic
3276:Gray goo
3057:(1): 8.
895:See also
863:genocide
831:Legality
777:patching
771:Recovery
760:volatile
739:, or an
737:firewall
605:spamming
439:and use
437:dark web
409:Lapsus$
353:Activity
331:backdoor
315:phishing
145:hardware
141:software
129:zero day
5044:Spyware
4987:Payload
4982:Malware
4922:Viruses
4902:Botnets
4809:Threats
4647:Hazards
4545:General
4416:Rapture
4265:Messiah
4253:Sufyani
4243:Israfil
4213:Islamic
4051:Messiah
4029:1 Enoch
3863:Big Rip
3575:Ecocide
3570:Ice age
2837:Bibcode
2556:Sources
2531:8 April
2491:8 April
2450:8 April
1071:Gartner
789:malware
699:attack.
554:malware
380:Bitcoin
364:Botnets
308:malware
304:exploit
169:malware
153:Patches
80:warfare
68:malware
5238:(SIEM)
5215:(HIDS)
5099:Zombie
4836:Bombs
4817:Adware
4577:Famine
4503:Zombie
4305:Others
4260:Jewish
4238:Dajjal
4120:Events
4034:Daniel
3935:winter
3762:Others
3652:winter
3452:winter
3447:famine
3442:cobalt
3167:
3148:
3129:
3110:
3088:
3071:
3003:
2984:
2890:
2871:
2812:
2793:
2774:
2755:
2736:
2714:
2695:
2655:
2626:
2595:
2576:
2212:et al.
2176:et al.
2148:et al.
2120:et al.
2080:et al.
2042:passim
1881:et al.
1865:et al.
1849:et al.
1833:et al.
1812:et al.
1637:et al.
1621:et al.
1600:et al.
1584:et al.
1529:et al.
1405:et al.
1389:et al.
1373:et al.
1330:et al.
1285:et al.
1242:et al.
1197:et al.
999:et al.
794:backup
214:, and
165:inject
5084:Worms
5079:Wiper
4997:Voice
4845:Logic
4592:Riots
4284:Norse
4248:Mahdi
4007:Kalki
4002:Hindu
3332:(EMP)
2934:(1).
2865:(PDF)
2614:(1).
2570:(PDF)
2210:Tjoa
2174:Tjoa
2146:Tjoa
2118:Tjoa
1635:Tjoa
1619:Tjoa
1598:Tjoa
1582:Tjoa
1527:Tjoa
1403:Tjoa
1387:Tjoa
1371:Tjoa
1283:Tjoa
1240:Tjoa
1195:Tjoa
997:Tjoa
593:debit
338:crash
4850:Time
4840:Fork
3165:ISBN
3146:ISBN
3127:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3069:ISSN
3001:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2772:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2624:ISSN
2593:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2533:2024
2493:2024
2452:2024
2214:2024
2178:2024
2150:2024
2122:2024
2082:2018
1883:2018
1867:2018
1851:2018
1835:2018
1814:2018
1639:2024
1623:2024
1602:2024
1586:2024
1531:2024
1407:2024
1391:2024
1375:2024
1332:2018
1287:2024
1244:2024
1199:2024
1078:2022
1053:2021
1026:2018
1001:2024
808:and
747:and
595:and
576:and
452:bots
368:spam
279:The
183:and
143:and
53:bugs
4855:Zip
3059:doi
3032:hdl
3024:doi
2963:doi
2936:doi
2911:doi
2845:doi
2676:doi
2645:doi
2616:doi
1019:OZY
643:in
587:or
556:or
151:.
5266::
3355:/
3067:.
3053:.
3049:.
3030:.
3020:20
3018:.
2959:61
2957:.
2953:.
2930:.
2926:.
2907:31
2905:.
2843:.
2831:.
2827:.
2672:59
2670:.
2651:.
2639:.
2622:.
2610:.
2522:.
2484:.
2480:.
2443:.
2431:^
2404:^
2317:^
2200:^
2185:^
2040:,
2030:^
2013:^
1914:^
1821:^
1718:^
1609:^
1550:^
1519:^
1492:^
1477:^
1448:^
1429:^
1414:^
1339:^
1318:^
1275:^
1218:^
1115:^
1086:^
1069:.
1043:.
977:^
884:.
857:,
735:,
695:a
611:,
580:.
407::
348:).
241:.
218:.
210:,
131:)
39:A
4693:e
4686:t
4679:v
3202:e
3195:t
3188:v
3173:.
3154:.
3135:.
3116:.
3094:.
3075:.
3061::
3055:3
3040:.
3034::
3026::
3009:.
2990:.
2971:.
2965::
2944:.
2938::
2932:7
2917:.
2913::
2896:.
2877:.
2853:.
2847::
2839::
2833:7
2818:.
2799:.
2780:.
2761:.
2742:.
2720:.
2701:.
2682:.
2678::
2661:.
2647::
2630:.
2618::
2612:4
2601:.
2582:.
2535:.
2495:.
2454:.
2044:.
1080:.
1055:.
1028:.
326:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
